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Geology and Geochemistry of the Upper Miocene Phosphate Deposit Near New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California

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Geology and Geochemistry of the Upper Miocene Phosphate Deposit Near New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California ' It Geology and Geochemistry of the Upper Miocene Phosphate Deposit Near New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1635 Geology and Geochemistry of the Upper Miocene Phosphate Deposit Near New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California By ALBERT E". ROBERTS AND THOMAS L. VERCOUTERE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1635 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1986 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center, Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberts, Albert Eugene, 1921- Ceology and geochemistry of the Upper Miocene phosphate deposit near New Cuyama, Santa Barbara County, California. (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1635) Bibliography: p. 23-27. Supt. of Doc. No.: I 19.3:1635sa 1. Phosphate rock California New Cuyama. 2. Geology, stratigraphic Miocene. 3. Geology California New Cuyama. 4. Geochemistry California New Cuyama. I. Vercoutere, Thomas L. II. Title. III. Series. QE75.B9 no. 1635 557.3 s [553.6'4] 85-600182 [QE471.15.P48] CONTENTS Glossary IV Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Location and areal extent 2 Scope of investigation 2 Acknowledgments 2 Methods of study 3 Definition of terms 3 Geologic setting 3 Stratigraphic summary 5 Structural summary 6 Santa Margarita Formation 9 General features 9 Fauna and age 10 Lithologic composition 10 Lower phosphatic mudstone member 10 Lower sandstone member 11 Upper phosphatic mudstone member 11 Upper sandstone member 11 Mineralogy and petrography of phosphatic components 11 Carbonate fluorapatite 11 Diagenetic alterations 12 Opal-CT 13 Carbonates 13 Mica and smectite groups 14 Chemical composition 15 : Major constituents 15 Minor constituents 15 Barium 16 Cadmium 16 Cerium 16 Manganese 17 Strontium 17 Thorium 17 Uranium 17 Zinc 19 Zirconium 19 Geochemical ratios 19 Phosphatic setting 19 Depositional environment 20 Phosphogenesis 20 Model for the Santa Margarita Formation 21 Phosphate resources of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation 22 References cited 23 Stratigraphic sections and tables 7-12 30 PLATES In pocket i 1. Geologic map of Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 2. Structure sections of Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 3. Isopach of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama> Val.ley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 4. Columnar section and histogram of the major oxides of the trench 100 reference section, upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 5. Correlation of trench data from the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 6. Photographs showing primary and secondary features of the phosphatic components in the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California Contents 111 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of the phosphate study area in Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, California 2 2. Generalized stratigraphic column of the phosphate area in Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, California 4 3. Map showing relation of-Salinian block to faults in California 7 4. Graph showing diagenetic variation of opal-CT d(101) spacing related to depth of burial 14 5. Columnar section of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation showing ore zones used in tonnage estimates 22 TABLES 1. X-ray characteristics, d(101) spacing and 28, of opal-CT from the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 100 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 14 2. Rapid rock analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 296 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 15 3. Average chemical composition of phosphorite pellets from trench 299, stratigraphic unit 81, upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 15 4. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of major and minor elements of phosphorite pellets from trench 299, stratigraphic unit 81, of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 16 5. Uranium and thorium analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 100 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 18 6. Inferred phosphate resources in the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 23 7. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 100 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 76 8. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 294 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 82 9. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 295 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 83 10. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 296 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 84 11. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trench 297 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 88 12. Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses of the upper phosphatic mudstone member of the Santa Margarita Formation, at trenches 299 and 300 in Cuyama Valley phosphate area, Santa Barbara County, California 89 GLOSSARY Apatite. A group of minerals composed of varying amounts of calcium phosphate, fluorine, chlorine, hydroxyl, or carbonate as well as several minor elements. When not specified, the term refers to carbonate fluorapatite. Bentonite. Generally considered to be a claystone composed essentially of smectite (montmorillonite) clay minerals. It is formed by post-depositional alteration of volcanic ash. Claystone. An indurated rock containing more than two-thirds clay-size grains. Grainstone. A mud-free carbonate rock. Massive. A textural term for a compact, internally structureless (usually bioturbated) rock that may be fine- to coarse-grained. Muddy rock. Rocks with greater than 20 percent clay-size particles but insufficient to be classified as a mudstone or claystone. Mudstone. Rocks with subequal amounts of clay-size particles, silt, and very fine sand-size grains. Nodule. A constructional particle generally irregular in shape with contrasting composition from enclosing matrix and larger than 2 mm. This size corresponds to the sand-gravel boundary. Oolith. A constructional particle 0.0625 to 2 mm in diameten having internal concentric structure. IV Contents Opal-CT. A form of silica derived from biogenic silica in which X-ray diffraction patterns indicate a poorly ordered or interlayered arrangement of cristobalite and tridymite lattices. Pellet. A constructional particle 0.0625 to 2 mm in diameter having no regular internal structure. Phosphorite. Rocks that contain more than 50 percent phosphatic framework. Porcellanite. A hard, dense, diagenetic alteration product of siliceous biogenic sediment caused by pressure owing to depth of burial. It is intermediate between diatomaceous mudstone and impure chert and less indurated, dense, and vitreous than chert. Sandstone. An indurated rock containing more than two-thirds sand-size grains. Sandy. Rocks with greater than 20 percent sand-size particles but insufficient to be classified a sandstone. Shale. A structural term for a fissile mudstone. Siltstone. An indurated rock containing more than two-thirds silt-size grains. Silty. Rocks with greater than 20 percent silt but insufficient to be classified a siltstone. Wackestone. A mud-supported carbonate sedimentary rock containing more than 10 percent grains. Clastic rock terminology (Folk, 1957) Phosphatic framework point counts (%) Rock Components Very abundant >60 Claystone >% clay-size fraction Abundant 40-60 Mudstone Subequal amounts of clay-size particles, silt, Plentiful 20-40 and very fine sand-size grains Common 10-20 Siltstone >Va silt-size fraction Rare 1-10 Sandstone >% sand-size fraction Very rare Rock beds, thickness (Maher, 1959) Composition of phosphate rocks Rock Phosphatic framework <%) English Metric Phosphorite >50 Beds Very phosphatic 40-50 Thick 2-1- ft 0.6+ m Phosphatic 20-40 Medium 6 in.-2 ft 150 mm-0.6 m Moderately phosphatic 10-20 Thin 2-6 in 50-150 mm Slightly phosphatic 1-10 Very thin !/2-2 in 12-50 mm Laminae Thick '/i6-'/2 in. 1.5-12 mm Grain sizes (Powers, 1953) Thin <'/i6 in. <1.5 mm Panicle Size (mm) Granule 2.00 -4.00 Very coarse grain 1.00 -2.00 Coarse grain 0.50 -1.00 Sorting Medium grain 0.25 -0.50 Well-sorted grains 90 percent concentrated in 1 or 2 size classes Fine grain 0.125 -0.25 Medium-sorted grains 90 percent distributed in 3 or 4 size classes Very fine grain 0.0625-0.125 Poorly
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