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Home , Fugue, Giacomo Puccini, Samuel Scheidt

PERIODS OF CLASICAL HISTORY

Medieval Music 500-1400...... Feudalism and a time when the most potent art music (modal chants) were created in the service of God. Late in the period simple instruments, the lute (guitar like), the tabor (drum) and rebec (small 1 to 5 strings tucked in the arm) became popular for dancing. Notation (two steps equals two beats) was still rudimentary but on the move.

HILDEGARD VON BINGEN: O Quam Mirabilis CD 4-1 DOMENICO: Giloxia CD 4-2 EL GRILLO: Josquin des Pres CD 4-3

Renaissance Music 1400-1600...... Discovery of the New World, William Shakespeare, Leonardo da Vinci, and the printing press were the stars. Italian court dance (masques) moved across Europe. More versatility in instruments...the crumphorn (long curled woodwind) ( like) trumpet (no valves) (bowed and fretted), recorder and (plucked keyboard) led to advances in harmony and related notation.

MARCHETTO CARA: Se non fusse la speranza CD 4-4 : Est ist ein Ros entsprungen CD 4-5 MICHAEL PRAETORIUS: Courante CD 4-6

Baroque Music 1600-1750...... The Pilgrims, Jamestown, Galileo and Sir Isaac Newton, ballet, , the times were changing. Rhythm became the predominant driver of music. Homophony ( supported by harmonic chords) major and minor scales joined the transformation. The violin replaced the viol, and rudimentary brass and woodwind instruments were developed.

SAMUEL SCHEIDT: Galliard Battaglia CD 4-7 : Four Seasons: Winter CD 4-8 JOHANN SEBASTIEN BACH: and Fugue CD 4-9

Classical Music 1730-1820...... The American Revolution and US Independence are the local keynotes. More variety and contrast in keys, tunes, rhythms and dynamics (crescendo and decrescendo) with clean cut phrases, endings, and contributed to the advances in expressive yet structured music. The piano replaces the harpsichord. An expanded .

WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART: Horn Concerto No 3 CD 4-10 : Hymn to the Virgin: Ave Maria CD 4-11 : Piano Concerto No 5 CD 4-12

Romantic Music 1810-1910...... Abraham Lincoln, Civil War and westward migration, Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell were stars on the home front. Music is becoming more powerful, often with intense emotional expression. sought more freedom in form and design embracing legends, nature, and fairly tales for thematic ideas. Expanded orchestra included brass with valves and more percussion.

PETER ILICH THAIKOVSKY: Piano Concerts No 1 CD 4-13 : Hungarian dance No 5 CD 4-14 JOHANN STRAUSS JR: Roses from the South CD 4-15 GIACOMO PUCCINI: CD 4-16 FREDERIC CHOPIN: Minute Waltz CD 4-17

Impressionism 1875-1925...... WWI, women's suffrage and Roaring 20s at home. Composers, labeled impressionists by analogy to French Impressionist painters, wrote in images rather than details. The suggestion of moods and atmosphere rather than musical specifics, exploring ambiguous , modes, or exotic scales are features of Impressionist music.

ERIK SATIE: Gymnopedie No 1 CD 4-18 : Prelude in A Minor CD 4-19

Modern Music 1900 to present...... WWII, the Great Depression, and Modern Dance at home. An expanded use of compositional techniques, borrowing from previous periods, creative new approaches and , innovation in electronic instruments propels the new wave of music with technology.

SERGEI RACHMANINOFF: Rhapsody Theme from Paganini CD 4-20 DMITRI SHOSTIKOVICH: No 5 CD 4-21 CARL ORFF: Carl Orff: O Fortuna CD 4-22 STANLEY MYERS: Cavatina CD 4-23 JONATHAN ELIAS: Prayer Cycle: Hope CD 4-24

DYNAMICS Recognition of Loud or Soft Recognition of Fast or Slow

Very soft.....pianissimo pp Slow.....adagio Soft.....piano p Very slow and broad.....largo Medium soft.....mezzo piano mp Walking pace slow.....andante Medium loud.....mezzo forte mf Moderate pace.....moderato Loud.....forte f Lively.....allegro Very loud.....fortissimo ff Fast and lively.....vivace Gradually louder.....crescendo Very quick.....presto Gradually softer.....decrescendo or Gradually faster.....accelerando diminuendo Gradually slower.....ritardando

ARTICULATION PITCH Recognition of Note Strength Recognition of High or Low Smooth, Separate and Distinct, or Forceful Variables in Playing Technique Notes on high instruments.....flute or violin Notes on low instrument..... or tuba Detached staccato Notes on medium instruments.....viola or oboe Smooth legato Notes in a melody can move higher or lower Played with force accent Notes in a melody can stay on the same pitch Strongly accented marcato Notes can move up or down in steps Notes can move up or down in skips or leaps

TEXTURE INSTRUMENT FAMILIES Recognition of Many or Few Recognition of Individual Instrument Vocal or Instrument Combinations Sound Quality, Voice, or Timbre

Monophonic...one voice, one melody String Family: Homophonic...one melody + accompaniment Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, Harp, Polyphonic....several voices or parts Mandolin, Classical Guitar Woodwind Family: Single solo instrument.....piano, violin, guitar Flute, Clarinet, Oboe, English Horn, Bassoon Solo instrument with piano accompaniment Brass Family: Solo instrument with chamber Trumpet, Coronet, French Horn, Trombone, accompaniment Tuba, Sousa Phone for two instruments Percussion Family: with or without accompaniment Timpani, Bass Drum, Snare Drum, Cymbals, .....four string instruments Chimes, Xylophone, Marimba, Chamber orchestra.....strings with winds Piano, Harpsichord Large concert orchestra.....all instrument family groups included

HIGH * * * * * LOW

FAST * * * * * SLOW

LOUD * * * * * SOFT

MANY * * * * * FEW