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Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa's Drylands A WORLD BANK STUDY Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands Conference Edition Erin Gray, Norbert Henninger, Chris Reij, Robert Winterbottom, and Paola Agostini Conference Edition Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands A WORLD BANK STUDY Conference Edition Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands Erin Gray, Norbert Henninger, Chris Reij, Robert Winterbottom, and Paola Agostini The text of this conference edition is a work in progress for the forthcoming book, Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands (doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0826-5). A PDF of the final book, once published, will be available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ and print copies can be ordered at www.amazon.com. Please use the final version of the book for citation, reproduction and adaptation purposes. © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Gray, Erin, Norbert Henninger, Chris Reij, Robert Winterbottom, and Paola Agostini. 2016. “Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands.” World Bank Studies. Conference Edition. World Bank, Washington, DC. 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Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0826-5 Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi About the Authors xiii Executive Summary xv Abbreviations xxvii Chapter 1 Objective, Audience, and Key Questions 1 Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework 3 Introduction 3 Defining Integrated Landscape Management 13 Resilience and Integrated Landscape Management 31 Integrated Landscape Management in Practice 37 Chapter 3 Role of Public and Private Stakeholders to Implement Integrated Landscape Management 45 Identification of Key Stakeholders and Rationales for Participation 46 Policy Actions to Address Differences in Rationales 53 Implications for Implementing Integrated Landscape Management 57 Chapter 4 Economic and Ecological Evidence for Integrated Landscape Management 61 Review of Valuation Approaches and Challenges 61 Economic Framework—Reviewing Unique Costs and Benefits of Integrated Landscape Management 69 Evidence from Landscape Approaches in Ethiopia 73 Integrated Landscape Management Benefits and Resilience 79 Implications for Implementing Integrated Landscape Management 82 Note 83 Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0826-5 v vi Contents Chapter 5 Case Studies for Integrated Landscape Management in African Drylands 85 Ethiopia Case Study 86 Niger Case Study 97 Kenya Case Study 110 Insights from the Case Studies That Are Relevant to Implement Integrated Landscape Management 121 Notes 129 Chapter 6 Recommended Policies and Other Interventions to Advance Integrated Landscape Management and Enhance Resilience in Drylands 131 Conclusions 141 References 143 Boxes 2.1 Landscape Definitions: Two Examples 14 2.2 Ecological and Institutional Scales, Agricultural Interventions, and Ecosystem Services 15 2.3 Landscape Approach Definitions: Examples 17 5.1 Green Water Credit Scheme 117 Figures ES.1 Core Components of Integrated Landscape Management xviii B2.2.1 Agricultural Interventions and Ecological and Institutional Scales 15 2.1 Core Components of Integrated Landscape Management 19 2.2 Household-Level Interventions and Dimensions of Resilience 33 2.3 Landscape-Level Interventions and Dimensions of Resilience 34 3.1 Policy Approaches for Collective Action Initiatives 53 4.1 Conceptual Framework for Measuring Community Resilience 80 5.1 Tree Cover Change in Southern Niger, 1955–2005 99 5.2 Upper Tana River Green Water Credits: Costs and Benefits 119 Photos 5.1 Landscape Dynamics Southwest of Zinder, Niger, 1995–2005 99 5.2 Water Harvesting and Agroforestry 100 5.3 Extent and Density of Tree Cover Across Southern Niger 101 5.4 Regenerated Gao Trees (Faidherbia albida) on Cropland in Niger 101 5.5 Restored Agroforestry Parklands in Niger 102 Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0826-5 Contents vii Tables ES.1 Major Intervention Areas and Associated Policy Options to Advance integrated Landscape Management xxiii ES.2 Integrated Landscape Management Programs in Three Dryland Farming Systems xxiv 2.1 Sample of Development Approaches Used in Africa 5 B2.2.1 Agricultural Interventions and Ecosystem Services at Different Scales 16 2.2 Principles of Good Practice for Integrated Landscape Management: Examples 20 2.3 Differences Between a Sectoral and a Landscape Approach 29 2.4 Integrated Landscape Management Initiatives in Practice: Examples of Farm and Landscape-Level Benefits 39 3.1 Key Stakeholders in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Niger 47 3.2 Example of Stakeholder Analysis Matrix for Sub-Saharan African Drylands 51 3.3 Policy Options to Reconcile Differences between Winners and Losers 59 4.1 Cost Evaluation Framework 69 4.2 Ecosystem Services Provided by Drylands in Africa 71 4.3 Benefits of Integrated Landscape Management 72 4.4 Integrated Approaches in Ethiopia: Evidence of Costs and Benefits of the MERET Program 76 4.5 Shocks and Preparation Strategies for MERET and Control Households 81 5.1 How Were Principles of Good Practice for Integrated Landscape Management Addressed in Ethiopia’s Landscape Restoration? 92 5.2 Integrated Approaches Operating in Tigray, Ethiopia 95 5.3 How were Principles of Good Practice for Integrated Landscape Management Addressed in the Niger Case Study? 104 5.4 Benefits of Trees on the Farm and Landscape Levels 106 5.5 Rainfall, Water-Harvesting Techniques and Cereal Yields in Niger (1991–96) 107 5.6 Average Annual Household Income from Agroforestry Parklands (US$) 108 5.7 Upper Tana River Basin Case Study Details 113 5.8 How Were Principles of Good Practice for Integrated Landscape Management Addressed in the Kenya Case Study? 114 5.9 How Were Principles of Good Practice for Integrated Landscape Management Applied in the Three Case Studies? 122 Integrated Landscape Approaches for Africa’s Drylands • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0826-5 Foreword Drylands—defined here to include arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid zones— are at the core of Africa’s development challenge. Drylands make up 43 percent of the region’s land surface, account for 75 percent of the area used for agricul- ture, and are home to 50 percent of the population, including a disproportionate share of the poor. Due to complex factors, the economic, social, political,
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