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Restauration Des Terres Arides De L'afrique

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Restauration Des Terres Arides De L'afrique ETFRN NEWS Publication no. 60, juillet 2021 ETFRN NEWS NO. 60 Restauration des terres arides de Restauration des terres arides de l’Afrique l’Afrique Cette édition de ETFRN News a été produite pour le compte du Réseau Européen de Recherche sur les Forêts Tropicales par Tropenbos International. Nous remercions les auteurs pour leurs contributions, et le comité de rédaction comprenant Salima Mahamoudou (World Resources Institute), Habtemariam Kassa (CIFOR), Robert Winterbottom (Global EverGreening Alliance), et John Livingstone (PENHA). Des remerciements spéciaux également à Gray Tappan (USGS) pour les photographies supplémentaires. Cette publication a été produite avec l’assistance financière du Ministère des affaires étrangères des Pays-Bas. Les articles et entretiens présentés dans cette édition ont été rédigés entre juin et novembre 2020. Les opinions exprimées ici relèvent de la seule responsabilité des auteurs et ne peuvent en aucun cas être considérées comme reflétant les vues de l’ETFRN, de Tropenbos International, du gouvernement des Pays-Bas ou des organisations contributrices. Publié par: Tropenbos International, Ede, Pays-Bas Droits d’auteur : © 2021 ETFRN et Tropenbos International, Ede, Pays-Bas. Le texte peut être reproduit à des fins non commerciales, en citant la source. Citation: Pasiecznik, N. et C. Reij (eds.). 2021. Restauration des terres arides de l’Afrique. Tropenbos International, Ede, Pays-Bas. viii + 292 pp (Titre original en anglais : Restoring African Drylands) Editeurs: Nick Pasiecznik et Chris Reij Traduction française: Chahenda Adam ([email protected]) Layout: Juanita Franco (Tropenbos International) ISBN: 978-90-5113-149-9 ISSN: 1876-5866 Photo de couverture : Femmes impliquées dans la restauration des terres arides, construisant des terrasses en gradins dans le bassin versant de Gergera, Tigray, Ethiopie. Photo : ICRAF/Niguse Hagazi Available from: ETFRN c/o Tropenbos International Horaplantsoen 12 6717 LT, Ede, Pays-Bas Tel: +31 317 702 020 e-mail: [email protected] www.etfrn.org Restauration des Terres Arides de l'Afrique ETFRN NEWS Publication No. 60, juillet 2020 Contents Préface iv Les succès de la restauration des terres arides au Sahel et dans la Grande Corne de l'Afrique montrent comment élargir l'échelle et l'impact 1 Chris Reij, Nick Pasiecznik, Salima Mahamoudou, Habtemariam Kassa, Robert Winterbottom et John Livingstone Section 1 La restauration gérée par les agriculteurs et la communauté 1.1 Restauration des paysages agricoles et des forêts sèches au Sénégal 31 Gray Tappan, Mike McGahuey et Robert Winterbottom 1.2 Impacts post-projet de la restauration des terres dégradées à Tahoua, Niger 40 Abdou Hassane et Chris Reij 1.3 Restauration réussie du paysage dans le bassin versant d'Abreha We Atsbeha, Tigray, Ethiopie 49 Mitiku Haile et Dawit Gebregziabher 1.4 Histoire et impacts de la restauration des terres arides au Yatenga, Burkina Faso 58 Adama Belemviré, Mathieu Ouedraogo, Chris Reij et Gray Tappan 1.5 Deux décennies d'agriculteurs ont géré la régénération naturelle dans la plaine du Seno, Mali 66 Mary Allen, Mamadou Diakhite et Drissa Gana En bref (i) : Les agriculteurs travaillent ensemble pour restaurer leurs terres dégradées et diversifier la production 74 Beverly Mugure Gichiri 1.6 Adoption par les agriculteurs de la régénération naturelle assistée au Sénégal 76 Robert Winterbottom, Mike McGahuey et Gray Tappan 1.7 Les stratégies des agriculteurs pour l'adaptation au changement climatique au Niger 85 Soulé Moussa et Abasse Tougiani 1.8 L'approche des villages climato-intelligents : les communautés au cœur de la restauration au Sénégal 94 Diaminatou Sanogo, Moussa Sall, Baba Ansoumana Camara, Mouhamadou Diop, Marcel Badji et Halimatou Sadyane Ba 1.9 Reverdissement à grande échelle au Niger : leçons pour la politique et la pratique 103 Adam Toudou, Abasse Tougiani et Chris Reij Section 2 Le secteur privé et les initiatives de projets 2.1 Utiliser les incitations du marché pour stimuler le reverdissement : le cas de Sahara Sahel Foods au Niger 115 Josef Garvi et Renate D. Garvi-Bode 2.2 Les incitations financières favorisant le boisement dans les terres arides de l'Ouganda 124 Zainabu Kakungulu et Leonidas Hitimana En bref (ii) : Les bombes à graines : une façon innovante de restaurer les terres arides 133 Teddy Kinyanjui 2.3 Les organisations de producteurs forestiers et agricoles dans les zones arides du Ghana : des partenaires clés de la restauration 135 Elvis Kuudaar, Sophie Grouwels, Pauline Buffle et Saadia Bobtoya En bref (iii) : Les chaînes de valeur durables du charbon de bois soutiennent la restauration des terres arides au Ghana 144 Mercy Owusu, Daniel Abu et Joseph Asante 2.4 La restauration des terres nécessite un passage de la quantité à la qualité : leçons de Tigray, Éthiopie 146 Niguse Hagazi, Aster Gebrekirstos, Emiru Birhane, Frans Bongers, Rob Kelly et Achim Bräuning En bref (iv) : Les avantages polyvalents d'Acacia saligna dans les zones arides du nord de l'Éthiopie 155 Emiru Birhane, Abrha Brhan, Niguse Hagazi, Kinfe Mezgebe, Girmay Darcha, Peter Cunningham, Rob Kelly, Frans Bongers et Adugna Gessesse 2.5 Restaurer la ceinture de la gomme arabique au Soudan avec les communautés locales 157 Elsayda Mohamed Elhassan Elfadul, Tarig Elsheikh Mahmoud, Hassan Mofadel, Erkan Ozcelik, Simon Rietbergen, Faiza Siddig et Brent Simpson 2.6 Restaurer les prairies dans la vallée du Rift au Kenya 165 Elizabeth Meyerhoff, Peter de Groot et Billy Jones En bref (v) : Lier les initiatives de restauration et de bois-énergie durable au Cameroun sahélien 173 Denis Jean Sonwa, Abdon Awono, Lydie Flora Essamba à Rim et Pamela Tabi Section 3 Questions transversales 3.1 Les plans locaux d’occupation et d’affectation des sols, les règlements et les conventions réduisent les conflits liés aux ressources 177 Brook Johnson et Douglas Steinberg 3.2 Gouvernance évolutive et équitable dans la régénération naturelle assistée par les agriculteurs 186 Matt Kandel, Chanimbe Benamba, Rahinatu S. Alare, Genevieve Agaba et Kate Schreckenberg En bref (vi) : Comprendre les dimensions et le contexte de la participation à la restauration 195 Aster Gebrekirstos, Niguse Hagazi, Emiru Birhane et Meine van Noordwijk 3.3 Améliorer les droits et les vies des femmes grâce à une restauration équitable entre les sexes 197 Safiétou Tiendrébéogo, Adidjata Ouedraogo, Ramané Kabore, Sita Zougouri, Marlène Elias, Alain Touta Traore, Barbara Vinceti, Daouda Traore et Emma Lucie Yago-Ouattara En bref (vii) : Relier les jeunes aux arbres grâce à l'expérience, à l'éducation et à l'appropriation 206 Peter Borchardt, Mitiku Ketema, Kifle Worku, Shibru Siku, Deresse Kochena et Maximilian Schmid 3.4 Les avancées dans la gestion et l'utilisation des invasions d'arbres exotiques dans la Grande Corne de l'Afrique 208 Nick Pasiecznik, Amsale Shibeshi, John Livingstone et Simon Choge En bref (viii) : Gérer « l’empiètement de la brousse » indigène dans les parcours d’Afrique de l’Est 219 Staline Kibet, Simon Choge, Ross Shackleton et Urs Schaffner 3.5 Agroforesterie : augmenter durablement la productivité des sols dans le Sahel ouest-africain 221 Mike McGahuey 3.6 Plus d'arbres pour plus d'eau dans les terres arides : mythes et opportunités 230 Douglas Sheil et Aida Bargués Tobella Section 4 Actions et intentions internationales 4.1 Reverdir l'Afrique : une transformation ascendante des terres dégradées 241 Grace Koech, Leigh Ann Winowiecki, Olaf Westermann, Mieke Bourne, Davis Wamawungo, Sammy Carsan, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Stephanie Ojee et Susan Chomba 4.2 La restauration du paysage est plus que la restauration des terres : l e Programme de Développement des Terres Arides 250 Phosiso Sola, Judith Oduol, Niguse Hagazi, Sammy Carsan, Rob Kelly, Jonathan Muriuki, Kiros Hadgu et Maimbo Malesu « Tirer parti des riches expériences de la restauration à la base vraiment réussie » 259 Entretien avec Dennis Garrity « La restauration des paysages forestiers ne consiste pas seulement à planter des arbres » 263 Entretien avec Mamadou Moussa Diakhité « Les décideurs politiques sont des acteurs clés, en particulier aux niveaux régional et continental » 267 Entretien avec Elvis Paul Tangem « Nous devons mieux travailler ensemble et unir nos efforts de restauration » 271 Entretien avec Nora Berrahmouni 4.3 Améliorer le suivi de la restauration des forêts et des paysages en Afrique 276 Salima Mahamoudou et Bernadette Arakwiye Préface Au début de la Décennie des Nations Unies pour la Restauration des Ecosystèmes, et reflétant l'at- tention croissante accordée aux terres arides, le sujet de cette 60ème édition d'ETFRN News est très opportun. Les terres arides couvrent environ 40% de la superficie terrestre mondiale et contiennent certains des paysages les plus gravement dégradés de la planète. Elles abritent également un tiers de la population mondiale, dont un nombre disproportionné des personnes les plus pauvres, ainsi que des écosystèmes et une biodiversité uniques. Et ces problèmes sont plus ardus en Afrique que sur tout autre continent. Cette compilation de connaissances sur la restauration des terres arides se concentre sur le Sahel et la Grande Corne de l'Afrique où les niveaux de pauvreté, de dégradation des terres et d'émigra- tion sont très élevés. Elle rassemble 36 contributions, y compris des entretiens avec des experts émi- nents, et de nombreux exemples de succès et d'espoir. Celles-ci comprennent des analyses à long terme des augmentations remarquables du couvert arboré et des rendements agricoles améliorés sur de vastes zones
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