Herbal Ethnopharmacology of Lithuania, Vilnius Region. 3

MÉDICAMENZS ET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I 243

Herbal ethnopharmacology of Lithuania/ Vilnius region III. Medicament and food

HENNEBERG Maria” and STASrZnEWICZ Maria** * Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 99, Marymoncka str.,01-813 Warsaw, Poland ** Polish Universityof VilniusNilno, 5, Suboc str., 2601 Vilnius, Lithuania

“Even the poorest man every day consumes medicines in the food”. (Plinius Caius Secundus: “Natural History”- 23-79 post C1l.n.)

RÉsuMlj: Au moins 500 espkces de plantes ont été utilisées comme remèdes traditionnels en Lituanie. Cette abondance de drogues végétales s’explique par les grandes ressources et labiodiversité de la flore lituanienne ainsi que par la richesse des traditions due à la diversité du peuplement. De nos jours, il est possible de trouver beaucoup de plantes médicinales vendues aumarché de Vilnius (Wilno). Nombre d’entreelles ont des usages alimentaires et thérapeutiques. Nous avons menédes recherches sur le terrain (interviews de guérisseurs locaux, herboristes et autres, dans la région de Wilno) et entrepris des investigations botaniques et bibliographiques sur les plantes locales médicinales et alimentaires. Ces recherches ont permis de constater qu’un bon nombre de ces plantes suscitent actuellement un grand intérêt en raison des propriétés pharmacologiquesqui leur ont été reconnues. Dans cet article sont présentés des exemples de plantes médicinales intéressantes et dignes d‘attention, avec leurs usages et leurs indications. Parmi ces espèces, beaucoup semblentêtre des drogues de valeur, prometteuses dans le traitement de certains maux dits << de civilisation >>,ainsi que l’alcoolisme et les toxicomanies. Des remèdes végétauxtirés de la médecine traditionnelle pourraient aussi être utilisés dans les soins de santé primaire.

INTRODUCTION and since centuries, the borderland of two civilisations: West- The traditional pharmacopoeiaof Lithuania is very abounding Latin and East-Byzantin withsome Asiatic influences. in vegetal drugs. At least 500 plant species have been utilised as Formerly, the simple Lithuanian people had a very cult of plants. traditional remedies. Formerly they were circa 347-437 plants The ancient Lithuanians were able to distinguish and to de- used for herbal medicines in both: Crown Land (Poland) and nominate hundredsof diverse plants, explaining their healing Lithuania (ROSTAFI&KI 1895,WYaCKI 1845). One cen- properties (KLTMAS 1921, KAWAEKO 1986). Since the tury ago, among the species nativeor naturalised in the Great christianisation of the Lithuanian people and unionof Great Duchy of Lithuania, more than 100 plants had been reported as Duchy of Lithuania with Kingdomof Poland, under Jagellon medicinal (Rvd. JUNDZEL 1791) (Fig. l), Before the World Lithuanian Dynasty (1386), the pharmacobotanical knowledge War at least110 herbs were utilisedfor ethnopharmacology in II empirally acquired by natives little by little has been widely the Vius (Wilno) region (MUSZY&XI 1927-1939) (Fig. 2). enriched. Therefore manyof newmedicinal plants from Medi- 50 years later 169 species of medicinal plants of Lithuania were terranean andWest European flora have been introduced and described (DUDENAS 1976). Todayit is possible to find many cultivated in Lithuania (vide: D. Simon SYRENIUS 16 13: of those herbs sold on the Vilnius market and elsewhere Ksiegi Pienvsze O Zio€ach Rozmaitych. Skalski, Krak6w). (HENNEBERG and STASIULEWICZ 1992, part1 and II). Catholic monasteries played a paramount part in spreading Great resources and biodiversity of Lithuanian flora seem to phytotherapeutic practices.For instance the Bonifratres Con- be relatedto diversity of its natural ecosystems. Manyof them vent, which carried out the wide phytotherapeutic activity, was are still preserved, especially those abounding in numerous founded in Wilno in 1635 (Rvd.KSI&%JEWICZ 1992). This -rare - taxa, as follow: natural forests and unregulated input of foreign knowledgeon herbal medicinewas propagated water reservoirs, swamps, marshlands, turbaries. into people in local villages, by contribution of numerous On the other hand, the rich and diverse traditions of ethno- nobleman’s manors too. Afterall this flow of information and pharmacobotany in Vilnius environs are the result of the eth- empiric knowledge was reciprocal(BITTEL-DOBRZmSKA nically mixed population of this region: Polish, Lithuanian 1991). Therefore very often it is impossible to ascertain the and Byelorussian. That is also the borderland with Russia, origin of given herbal remedyor therapetic practice.

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In the 20-30ties years of this century Who was a traditional be of a great interest now, because of their important centre of harvesting and wholesale trade of medicinal plants. pharmacologic properties recently discovered. There were continuedand flourished the traditional herbmar- Al1 data on medicinal uses of edible plants is categorised in kets, includingthe most famous St.John’s fair then fair on As- 4 ways: sumption day (so called holiday of Herbal Holy Virgen). (MU§ZY&39z 1927, HENNEBERG and STASIULEWICZ - By taxon. 1993) (Fig.2). Contribution of well hown pharmacognosts and - By local indication of Vilniusregion ethnophannacology. botanists from Bathory Universityof Wilno was very important and valuable to preservation of ethnopharmacological knowl- Fig. 1 edge and traditionsthis of region (Prof.Prof. Jan MUSZYT@W, Revd. JUNDZEL SB.,1791, Description ofplants Waclaw STkG%WIC.Z et al., vide: MAUS1938). naturally growing in Province Great Duchy of Liflzuwia, It is veryinteresting how many ofthose patrimonial herb tra- according fo Linneus sysfem,Wilno, in the printing-finn of ditions held out the War and 50 years post-war ceasure still to His Majesty King and Republic (of Poland or “of two present day. Nations”), at the Pyar’s Priests (convent). Following Our investigations we can state, that quite a lot of . . . vegetal drugs from traditional and contemporary Lithuanian ethnomedicine were consumed together for food: vegetables, or fruits, condiments, nutriments, beverages. The main objectives of this study were: - to collect information on the medicinal and nutritional uses of plants by native inhabitants of Vilnius region today; - to investigate what is the basic medical usage (indications) of such plants which have been employed also for food; - to perform screening for potentially interesting plant species: a “mostpromising herbs” for future use in research on modem medicines; - to cal1 attention to some ethnobotanically important plants such as wild species occuring in the typic ecosystems of Vilnius region. Also taxa which seem to play a crucial dietary and medical role in the own tradition of native populationof Vilnius region.

We conducted the interviews of local popular kealers and of herb sellers in the bazaars of Vilnius and environs. As well conversations about plantutilisation with some representants (mainly houseviwes) of the local native populations: Polish, Lithuanian and Byelorussian origin. Voucher specimens of medicinal plants and the.ircrude drugs were collected in the field and onmarket. We performed also the bibliographic researches, to complete the ethnopharmacobotanicdata of the pst.

In this way we found more than 100 food plants applied into Lithuanian ethnopharmacologytoday and formerly.Al1 those were used for the more or less popular aliments. Circa Y4 maybe more than I/j of those drug- and food plants occured to

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- By such distinguishing mark as that of promising perspec- Fig. 2 tive to employ givenvegetal drug for conception and creation Peasant and coster women herb sellers on the St. John’s- of modem medicines. market in Wilno (Vilnius), 24thJune, 1925. - By ecological incidence and widespreadusage for medical and nutritional purposes. Figure 3 is an example of relative frequency of ethnopharmacological indications andof number of drug- and food plant species used in Vilnius region today. The considerable part of indications is rather of banal character. The most numerous and diverse plant species are utilised as gastro-intestinalrem- edies (25), diuretic or pulmonary aid (aa14), sedative (14), heart and vascular medicines (13), dermatological aid (11). Generally, among those it was found the highest percentage of food plants. respectivelly:48%, 29% and 29%,except the greatest input of edible plants to remedies for diabetes: 100% and for liver diseases: 60%. Table 1 lists the species selected among al1 drug- and food plants of ethnopharmacobotany of Lithuania (BITTEL- DOBRZYkKA 1991, DUDENAS 1976, HENNEBERG and STASKKEWICZ 1992 - part 1 and II, MUSZmSIU 1927 - medication (WAGNER 1989). The other drug with analogous 1939, ROSTmSKI 1985, STASIULEWICZ 1992-1993, ethnophamacological indication, as respiratory aid,is garlic, KAUNIENEand KAUNAS 1991, TYSZYRSKA- which contains recently discovered ajoenes. Both drugsof are KOWNACKA 1993, VASILIAUSKAS 1991and 1994, interest now, because of their antitumoral and antiabscess WYZYCKI 1845). Especially noteworthy are those herbs whichproperties, too. serve now for modem medicines and more in future those Formerly, which Archangelica ofSicinalis was a folk remedy for are the object of new, interesting scientific discoveries. scarlatina fever and morbilli. Recently its immunostimulant For instance a lectin (glycoprotein) was isolated from elder activity is confirmed and attributed to furocoumarins. What (Sambucusnigru) bark. Other well-known examples of typi- more, acytostatic-antimitotic properties of archangelica were cal non-seed lectins are the tuber, leaf andfruit lectins from proved. The coumarin fraction (in particulary xanthotoxin) SoZunuceœ species such as potato (Solanum tuberosum) and has the inhibiting effect on the cancer ce11 (HeLa) growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculenturn) (BROEKAERT 1984, vitro. It is like with Pustinucu sutivu, but parsnip extracts exert ALLEN 1973, NACHBAR 1980). Some lectins have been a lower influence. Moreover, coumarin administered to shown to have a greater capacity to agglutinate transformed patients with cancer or brucellosis causes an increase of the (malignant) cells, than normal cells, thus to interfere in the helper T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood, as immunological development and growth of cancers. They agglutinate also response of the organism (GAWRON1987). cells transformed by viruses, asfor example wheat germ ag- Great Nettle herb (Urticu dioicu) is a well-known old tonic glutinin. In the folk medicine of Lithuania elder bark served and immunostimulant. Recently were discovered its agents as remedy for erysipeles. The raw potato and its recent juice generating interferon and viral antigens. Nettle root extract were used for eyesore, stomach and duodenic ulcer, also for seems to be a veryactive remedy in beningn prostatic hyper- haemon-hoids, and warts. Tomatojuice is a popular Spanish trophy causingaremarquable reduction ofsize of the adenoma. medicine for haemorrhoids, tumor and callus(VILLAR 1992). Atoxic by manafter 4 years (HCE: GOETZ 1990). Considering thoseabove-mentioned examples and others, For a long time freshly sliced carrot and its juice were used in some relation between given empirical indicationof tradi- the folk medicine practice for wounds and especially burns. tional ethnopharmacology and a nowadays scientific The last investigations proved an antimicrobial activity of discovery seem to exist. essential oil of the fruits of wild and and cultivated carrot Onion (AZZium cepu) is utilised as traditional cold and cough (HCE : KILIBARDA 1990). also catarrh remedy.The contemporary investigations proved Fatty oil of seeds of Ribes nigrum (especially valuable be- an anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic activityof its constituents cause of GLA content) and other seed oils rich in NSFA, as (cepaenes and thiosulfinates). Allergen-induced bronchial asthma attacs were suppressed almost totallyby onion extract continued page 249

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Rg. 3 Medicinal and edible plantsof medical interest soldon the marketof Vilnius nowaday: sumer 1992. INDICATIONS NUMBER OF USED PLANT SPECIES

GASTROINTESTINAL AID

DIURETIC

PULMONARY AID and EXPECTORANT

SEDATIVE

HEART and VASGULAR MEDICINES

DERMATOLOGICAL AID

GYNECOLOGICAL AID

CANCER TREATMENT

LIVER AID

ANTIRHEUMATIC EXT. and INT.

ANTHELMINTIC

DIABETES REMEDY

LAXATIVE m ABORTIFACIENT m HAEMORRHOIDAL REMEDY U TONIC and SEXUALPOTENTIALIZING a ALCOHOLISM REMEDY czp EYE MEDICINE a WITCHCRAFT MEDICINE a

c1 u ONE UNIT /= 1 SPECIES/ OF ALL MEDICINAL AND DRUG/FOOD PLANTS

ONE UNIT/= 1 SPECIES/ OF ONLY DRUG/FOCIDPLANTS

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Table 1 Drug- andfood plants selected from among al1 native and naturalised/or cultivated species, whichhave been utilised for ethnomedical purposesin the past and nowin Vilnius region Name ofplant Part of plant Indications Contraindications (CI) Interesting and (T-poisonous plant) (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) xomising perspectives. region pharmacology) and other remarks modern medicines, discoveries (2) (4) (5)

~~~~~~ ~~~~~ BuTbus Antihypertonicum CIliver, kidney also Hypotensive Antilithiasicum heart and gastro-enteric Antiasthmatic Antiscleroticum disturbances Antiallergic Antitussivum (WAGNER, 1989) Cold remedy Onion causes immunity Diaphoreticum increase from diseases Diureticum including cancer. Enteric fever remedy (WAWRZYNIAK, 1992) Gangrena remedy Ext. Helminthiasis remedy Fresh onionjuice Ext. To destroy germs remedy for Angina. Nose catarrh remedy Fresh onion for Prostate Tumor, abscess and boil hypertrophy. InLvov also furuncle rem. (ext.) region onion is used as cancer remedy. (BALICKI, 1982) 41lium sativuln L. Bulbus CIstomach ulcer, acute F’reparations: stomach and intestine Biovit (F) catharrh, low blood SHE - Garlic (GB) pressure, lactation. Knoblauch-Rathiophm (D Alliofil and Alliosat (PL)

Garlic “Youth Elixir“ High blood pressure from 4000-5000 anfe Chria complementaryremedy found in Tibet monastery Antiseptic by UNESCO group in In Tibet and China medicine: 1971 (PEECZYfiSKI, 1993 for cancer (KAUNIENE, KAUNAS 1991) 4rchangelica oficinalis Radix Antiastmaticum CI: photosensibility Immunostimulant :Moench) Hoffm. Antiphlogisticum (furanocumarins) (HIROKO IWANSA, 1986) Antirheumaticum acute stomach and Antitussivum intestine catarrb, Cytostatic Diaphoreticum pronounced gastric or Antineoplasmatic ‘To destroy germs” rem. duodenal ulcer. Antimicrobial “Nervo-strengthener” Pregnancy, andbefore (GAWRON, 1987) Scarlatina remedy and post delivery, Stomachicum menstruation. Morbilli rernedy Glomerulonephritis, Appendicitis. 4vena safiva L. Herba Antiphlogisticum 1. Avenadorm gutt. (CH): Antipyreticum Hypnoticum, Sedativum Antidiarrhoicum 2. Avena force gutt. (CH) Antirheumaticum Ext. Neurosis remedy Cholagogum 3. Tinct. Avenm safite: Cold remedy, Cough antagonized the medicine antinociceptiveeffect of Diaphoreticum morphine (CONNOR, Diureticum 1975) Dermaticum Liver aid

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Table 1 (conf’d) Drug- and food plants selectedfrom among al1 native and naturalisedor cultivated species, which havebeen utilised for ethnomedical purposesin the past and now in Vilnius region

Part of plant Indications Contraindications (CU Interesting and (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) romising perspectives region pharmacology) and other remxks modern rnedicines, discoveries (2) (5) rhe decoction of herb used juccesfully in India to “curc the opium habit .Alç0 reduces the craving for rabaco”.

~ ~ ~~ Radix Angina remedy Cjuice) Salad from raw common Anlemia remedy Antianaemicum Beet is recommended for Anticancerosum Anticancerosum men impotency. Antihypertonicum (PELCZY&SKI, 1993) Preparation of Beet juice Antiphlogisticum Anthozym-Petrash is Antiscleroticum zffective in malignant Dermaticum tumors. (BALICKI, 1982) Diabetes remedy (juice) Diureticum Diet in cancer and preven- Laxans tive diet (recent raw juice) Nephritis remedy (GAWLER, 1984-1990) Cjuice Ext.) High blondpressure complementary remedy.Liver, kidney and intestine remedj (WAWRZYNIAK 1992) Capita In Lithuania, Poland, Byela SE: Flatulence and abdo- mssia and Ukraine minal discomfort, Antialcoholismum(Sauer diarrhoea. haut juice as sobering remedy). CI Liver disturbances, Diureticum Thyreopxnia, struma. Gaetroduodenal ulcer Morbus aid Quice) Headache aid (poultice of Leafs) Haemorrhoid remedy Laxans (juice) “Water content in the Knee’ (poultice of Ieds). Radix Fungicidum CI Hepdtitis Cholecistitis CNS troubles Enterocolitis Ga§triti§ Stomach ulcer FNC~~S Antialcoholismum CI Pregnancy Post-coital antifertility Anthelminticum (LODYGINA, 1987) activity (MONSOOR, 1987 Carminativum For Haemorrhoids and Hypotension Obesity treatment wounds (MAuwLEwE, (KA\VALICO, 1986) Liver and spleen aid KAUNAS 1991) Incontinence of urine Semen Pulpa Dennaticum Vermifugum (OZAROWSE Pumpkin seed oil (GBj Diureticum 1987: VILLM, 1992) (NSFA and antioxidants)

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Table 1 (cont’d) Dmg- and food plants selected from among al1 native and naturalisedor cultivated species, which have been utilised for ethnomedicalpurposes in the past and now in Vilnius region

~ ~~ Name of plant Part of plant Indications Contraindications (CI) Interesting and (T-poisonous plant) (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) xomising perspectives. region pharmacology) and other remarks modem medicines, discoveries (2) (4) (5) Liver aid Indications: Nephritis complementary Tonicum at coronary diseasl Arteriosclerosis remedy For Insomnia and Diabetes Prostatis and Prostatis Obstruction remedy (RUMINSKA, 1990) hYPe&oPhY Ext.: Burns, Dermatosis Cancer prophylaxis Daucus carota subsp. Radix Anticancerosum Gastric and hyperacidity Antineoplasmaticum yufivus(Hoffm.) Arcangeli. Anthelminticum ulcer remedy (recentjuice) (SADOWSKA, 1987) Antilithiasicum Diuretic and Nephritis and Antiphlogisticum Nephrocalculosisremedy Juice from Garden carrot Antitussivum (KAUNENF,, KAUNAS, is recommended for pro- For Helminthiasis (juice) 1991) phylactic cancer diet Parotiditis remedy (GAWLER, 1984-1990) Tumor, abscess and furuncl remedy Wound and Bum dressiug (including Mamilla treahneu

Daucus carota L. Fructus Antibacterial activity of the (essential oil) essential oil of the wild carrot and of the cultivated carrot (FICE KILBARDA, 1990) Yelianthus ann~msL. Flores Antipyreticum Belarus: Rheumaticum Antirnalarialdrug Cold remedy (ext.) remedy (KAUNIENE (WAWRZYNIAK, 1992) Dermaticum KAUNAS, 1991) Diureticum For Jaundice Palludism remedy Spasmolyticum

Semen Oleum “Good for intellect” Dietetics : prophylactic Dietetic, Cholagogue Antiatheroscleroticagent (NSFA 62%) (WAWRZYNIAK, 1992) Strobulus Anaphrodiasicum SE: Headache (durable use: Antiueoplasmaticum Anticancerosum Allergy (BALICKI, 1982) Anthelminticum Kidney irritation Antiphlogisticum Diminution of sexual Sedative of CNS Antiulcerosum disposition Estrogeuic active Clinical Dermaticum effectiveness of hop onhot Fungicidum CI Depression flushes in women with estro. Nose catarrh remedy Hypotension genic lack syndrome related “Nervo-strengthener” (KAUNIENE, to praemenopause Sedatiwm KAUNAS, 1991) Menopause or ovarectomy Stomachicum (FICE GOETZ, 1990) Tumor, abscess and furunclr remedy Poverful bactericidal (inclu- Wound remedy ding TuberCuIosis rod-shaped Bacillus) (WAWRZYNIAK 1992)

~~ kpidium sativum L. ’olium Herba Antiscorbutic Matrix cancer and ovaritis popular remedy

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Table 1 (cont 'd) Drug- and food plants selected from among al1 native and naturalisedor cultivated species, which have been utilised for ethnomedical purposes in the past and now in Vilnius region Name of plant Part of plant Indications Contraindications (,CI) Interesting and (T-poisonous plant) (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) 9romising perspectives. region pharmacology) and other remarks modern medicines, discoveries (2) (5) (PELCZmSKI 1993)

CI: Pregnancy Lycopersicon escrtlentunz Fructus Antiphlogisticum Haemorrhoid remedy Immunological properties of Mill. Glaucoma remedy (Spain: juice ex fruits Ext.) lectins (MACHBAR, 1980) Metabolicum For callus and tumor Ext. Stomachicum (VILLAR, 1992) Medicago sativa L. Herba Contraceptivum CI: Pregnancy Contraceptivum (Valuable fodder plant) Famononetin (nonsteroidal estrogenic compounds 1 (OZAROWSKI, 1987)

Component of mixed tea plant for protection against cancer (GAWLER, 1992) Pastinaca sativa L. Fructus Antilitiasicum For Nephro-insufficiency Pastinacin tab. (RI: Antitussivum and Nephrocalculosis Spasmolyticum (Officia Dermaticum (KAUNIENE, Drug Lexicon of Russia) Diureticum KAUNAS, 1991) Expectorans Hypotensivum

Phaseolrcs vdgaris L. Pericqium Antidiabeticum CI: Diarrhoea Immunological properties O Dropsy remedy Hepatitis Lectins (YACHMN, 1971: ICidney medicine Nephritis FELSTED, 1977) Podagra remedy Stomach ulcer Diureticum (for œdema) Dermaticum (bum, wound and eczema remedy) (OiAROWSKI,1957; RU"XA, 1990) Rapharzzls sativus L. Rdix Antialcoholismum CI gastric, intestinal and Antilithiasic remedy, liver. var: rziger Kemer Antilithiasicum kidney acute catarrh cholecyst and alimentary Antirheumaticum Acute Hepatitis. tract aid Antiscleroticum Antitussivum (succus) SE Great doses on empty Preparation: Dermaticum stomach (may to cause Raphacholin (PL) Diureticum irritation and congestion Raphalamid (PL) Expectorans of stomach mucosa) Rettich-Pflanzensaft (D) (OhROWSKI, 1984) Ribes nigrum L. Fructus Anaemia remedy of childre. Stomach and duodenic Complementary prophylactic (fresh juice) ulcer remedy treatment of hormonic Antihaemorrhagic (WAWRZYMAK, 1992) troubles (diabetes, anti- Antilithiasicum menstrual syndrom) and of Avitaminosis remedy high blood pressure Antirheumaticum (folia) Semen (Oleum) Artritism andPoda,m Arteriosclerosis (MSFA<' incl Dermaticum GLA;? Glanolin caps. (GB) Diureticum Parotiditis remedy Antioxidants in berries Folia Scrofulosis remedy at leaves and buds

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Table 1 (cont'd) Drug- and food plants selected from among al1 native and naturalisedor cultivated species, which have been utilised for ethnomedical purposesin the past and now in Vilniusregion

Part of plant Indications Zontraindications (CI) Interesting and (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) lromising perspectives region pharmacology) and other remarks modern medicines, discoveries (2) (3) (5) children (ext. folia, intem.: [VASILIAUSKAS, 1994) fructus) Stomachicum

Cortex Erysipelas remedy C Sambunigrin (cyanogenic Immunological properties O' Vomitory glycoside in the seeds and lectin found in the bark Fructus Antiphlogisticum lnripe fruits) (BROEKAERT, 1984) Antitussivum :HENNEBERG, 1984) Diaphoreticum Kaemodepurativum Diureticum 31 Proteinuria Detoxifying Emmenagogum Leucopenia (O-OWSKI, 1987) Glandular aid Nephrocalculosis Headache and Migrena Incontinence of urine remedy Extensive blood Kaemorrhoid remedy coagulation Laxans (KAUNIENE, Nose catharrh remedy KAUNAS, 1991) Dropsy and Ascitesremedy (Radix too) Stomach and duodenic ulce~ remedy I'ooth-ache Flores Parotiditis remedy Cold remedy Rash remedy Bulbus Eyesore remedy r: CNS and gastro-entero- [mmunological property of Keart and kidney logic troubles (solaninein lectin (ALLEN, 1973) complementary aid sprouts, germing tubers, Eytostatic activity of Heart - angionic - Oedema fruits and whole above a- solanine and tomatine remedy ground partj Fungicidal and bactericidal Headache remedy (recent (HENNEBERG, 1984) activities of tomatine juice of potato) (WAWRZYNIAK, 1992) Stomach and duodenic ulce remedy Stomach catarrh Hyperacidity (recent potato juice) Flores Tuberculosis remedy For haemorrhoids Ext.: Eczema, bums Herba Semen Antiphlogisticum Tribusponin tab (R): Expectorans antiscleroticum (steroid Metabolicum glycoside diosgenine) Protectivum (Offkial Dmgs Lexicon of Stomachicum Russia)

Antidiabetic Strengthener (WAWRZYNIAK, 1992) (OZAROWSKI1980,1989, -~ Flores Antiphlogisticum Rye fluor with honeyor saled Wheat germ agglutinin of Dermaticum rye bread appliedas furuncle unprocessed wheat germ

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Table 1 (cont’d) Drug- and food plants selected fi-om among al1 native andnaturalised/or cultivated species, which have been utilised for ethnomedical purposesin the past and now in Vilnius region Part of plant Indications Zontraindications (CI) Interesting and (by traditional Vilnius Side effects (SE) romising perspectives region pkanmacology) and other rernarks modem medicines, discoveries (2) (5) Expectorans and abscess remedy cells. It agglutinates viral Witchcraft medicine to (Ext. poultice) transformed cells. Chmm away Erysipeles (PELCZY&XI, 1993) (YOSHIHONAGATA, 1974)

Preparation: -Wheat-germ oil caps. (GB) Foliurn Antianaemicum CI: excessive blood Stimulant agents to generate Herba Antihaemorrhagicum coagulation (KALlNIEN€ interferon and viral antigen! Radix Antirheumaticum (for“bania’ KAUNAS, 199 1) Complementary used as =vapour bath) Antidiabetic Antiscleroticum (JVAWRZYNIAK, 1992) Coagulans Dermaticum Haemostaticum Rejuvenating aid Roborans Vitarninurn

Herba Paralysis T: Dermatotoxic (HENWBERG, 1984) - Stigmata Anticholelithiasicum CI Excessive blood Anorecticum (obesity Cholagogum coagulation remedy) Diureticum Diabetes remedy Dropsy remedy (WhWRZYPJZAK, 1992) Haemostaticum (JARONIEWSKI, 1993)

Fatty oil is most rich in NSFA (70%) Indications: Arteriosclerosis and its prophylaxis (WAWRZYNIAK, 1929)

::: Non-saturated Fatty Acids ** Gamma Linolenic Acid

Actes du 2eColloque Européen d’Ethnopharmacologie et de la 1le Confkrence internationale d’Ethnom6decine. Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993. kfkDICAMEhTS ET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE I253

Zen mays, Cucurbita pepo and Helianthus annuus -oils are remedy for consumption, cough and fever (MOERMAN utilised as modem medicines to arteriosclerosisprophylaxis. 1986); likewise Siberia peoples and those in Norway. Maybe it should be ofinterest, to apply some traditional remedies for alcoholism and other addictions (those as: Avena CONCLUSIONS sativa, Coriandrum sativum, Raphanus sativus var. niger and - Many of the medicinal plants of Lithuania ethnopharma- others), nowadays. Sometimes practitioners -physicians cology (more than 100 species, i.e. above ‘15 of al1used herbs) working in the anti-drug centres inform about satisfactory have been utilised for food. effects of mixed herbaltees used- as complementary remedy - There are a lot of interesting herbal drugs among the tradi- -for the detoxifying cure. tional remediesof Lithuania.They may become -in future- Figure 4 shows some ecologically original, native or a valuable complementary, sometimes even essential naturalised food plants, in terms of their contemporary and medicines for the treatment of some civilisation illnesses. future usage, with possibility to produce from them modern - There are examples of indications for nowadays andfuture medicines. herbal therapeutics: Aronia melanocarpa and Hippophaë rhamnoides (Sea Buck- Cardiovascular (Allium sativum, Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes thorn) both cultivated berry shrubs were introduced in nigrum). Lithuania from the East, relatively not long ago; buckthorn late in the xIxth century, imported by Polish deportees Oncologic (Archangelicaofficinalis, Lycopersicon returning from Siberia at home (STEINBRICH 1992). esculentum, Sambucus nigra, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum vulgare). Their fruits are very aboundant in vitamins (aronia: one of the richest sources of vit. P (bioflavonoides),then vit. C and Imrnunologic(Immunostimulants: AIliumsativum, others; buckthorn: very rich in vit. C, then vit. P and others) Archangelica ofJicinalis, Pastinaca sativa, Urtica dioica). and respectivelly: antocyaninsandor carotenes. They became Antiviral (Archangelica ofJicinalis, Sambucus nigra, Urtica to be now a drug of great interest. Aronia is a modern dioica). immunostimulant, antisclerotic and against high pressure Pulmonary andrespiratory aid (Allium cepa). complementary remedy.Moreover dermatological aid. Espe- cially it is recommended for respiratory tract disturbances, Radioprotective (Aronia melanocarpa, a Blueberry taon, convalescence and anaemiain consequence of the prolonged Hippophaë rhamnoides). antibiotic therapy andor of radiogenic damage (FRONC Antidiabetic (Phaseolus vulgaris, Trigonellafœnum grœcum, 1992).The oil of buckthorn seeds, very richin vit. E and caro- Vaccinium myrtillus, Zea mays ). tene and carotenoides, is proposed against stomach ulcer and Antimicrobial (Allium sativum, Daucus carota, Humulus dermatoses, especially radiodermatitis and radionecrosis.The lupulus). juice of berries as an auxiliary remedy for high arterial pressure (STEINBRICH 1992). Alcoholism and other addictions (Avena sativa, Brassica oleracœ var. capitata, Coriandrum sativum, Luctuca sativa, Blueberry fruits, too, have a radioprotective properties, what Raphanus sativus var. niger). is provedfor its North American taxa(ETB 92: IVANOVTCH) The leaves of Vacciniummyrtillus exert an antidiabetic activity Antidota; detoxifying remedies (Betula sp. juice from cam- of glucokinins (OZAROWSKI1992). bium (Succus Betulœ), Oxycoccus palustris, Taraxacum ofJicinale, Vacciniummyrtillus, Urtica dioica). Oxycoccus quadripetalus -the native plant ofLithuania high peat-bogs and wet forests, should to be of importance, now. - Recently thenew scientific discoveriesconfirmed some in- Formerly, its berries were well-knownas antipyretic and anti- dications and recommendations of Lithuania traditional paludism remedy; at present those revealed own reducing ethnopharmacology concerning the of use certain herbal drugs arterial pressure activity (WAWRZYNIAK 1992). (as above). Very rare, however sometimes occuring on the turbaries of - The screening and collection of ethnopharmacobotanicdata Lithuania,Rubus cltamœmorus (“‘MoroSka”,tundra raspberry about usage of plant drugs in the past -nowadays- with with yellow-orange fruits) formerly has been appreciated as future perspectives -seem to be one of advisable and useful vitaminisant or diuretic and cold remedy. Maybe this plantis ways, to realize certain present medical, also ecological pur- worthy of notice because of its tuberculostatic and poses. antiscorbutic properties (RUMI&SKA 1990). It is interest- - The chosen plant remediesfromthe traditional medicine should ing, that till now the North American Indians use this plant be applied within the formalF’rimary Health Care System.

Actes du2e Colloque Europien d’Ethnopharmacologieet de la 1le Conférence internationale d’Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg,24-27 mars 1993. 234 Hhf~DlCAMENTSET AUMENTS :L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE

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Actes du T Colloque Europken d'Ethnopharmacologie et de la 1 le Confkrence internationaled'Ethnom&decine, Heidelberg,24-27 mars 1993. M~DICAMENTSET ALIMENTS :L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUEm 255

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Actes du 2e Colloque EuropQn d‘Ethnophannacologie et de la Ile Codérenceinternationale d‘Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.