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United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,935,808 Hirschberg Et Al

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United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,935,808 Hirschberg Et Al USOO5.935808A United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,935,808 Hirschberg et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 10, 1999 54). CAROTENOID-PRODUCING BACTERIAL 5,591,343 1/1997 Kitaoka et al. ......................... 210/634 SPECIES AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION 5,607,839 3/1997 Tsubokura et al. ... 435/67 OF CAROTENOIDS USING SAME 5,648,264 7/1997 Kume ...................................... 435/264 OTHER PUBLICATIONS 75 Inventors: Joseph Hirschberg; Mark Harker, both of Jerusalem, Israel Matsuyama et al J.Gen. Microbiol. 1986. Vol. 132 Part 4 pp. 865-875 Apr. 1986. 73 Assignee: Yissum Research and Development Primary Examiner Herbert J. Lilling Company of the Hebrew University of Attorney, Agent, or Firm Mark M. Friedman Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 57 ABSTRACT 21 Appl. No.: 08/902,518 A novel Paracoccus species type strain DSM 11574 which 22 Filed: Jul. 29, 1997 produces and Secretes carotenoids Such as B-caroteine, echinenone, B-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, adonirubin, (51) Int. Cl. ................................................ C12P 23/00 cis-adonixanthin, adonixanthin, astaXanthin and Zeaxanthin 52 U.S. Cl. ............................................ 435/67; 435/252.1 in Vesicles, carotenoid containing vesicles, and a proceSS for 58 Field of Search ..................................... 435/67, 252.1 production of carotenoids comprising (a) culturing a bacte rial Species in an nutrient medium including Sources of 56) References Cited carbon, nitrogen and inorganic Substances, and (b) recover U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS ing an individual carotenoid pigment or a mixture of CO tenoid pigments from the cells, vesicles and/or medium. 3,951,742 4/1976 Shepherd et al.......................... 435/67 5,308,759 5/1994 Gierhart .................................... 435/67 14 Claims, 7 Drawing Sheets U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 1 of 7 5,935,808 mevalonate 4-chopp- - CHOPP DMAPP PP ----CH2OPP GPP PP PP N --~----- CHOPP GGPP GGPP CHOPP H CH S as aS ran as a S sas aS phytoene -2H aS SS aS Sa/ an aS1 as as sa taS phytofluene -2H aS as saS aS -2Hsa sasar NS sS as aS saS -Carotene sas NS so as asar as as aSaar aS S-1 aS N1 neurosporene -2H s Naar S1 s- Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa Sar S S lycopene s so s- Sa Sale so sers- aSal-S sas y-carotene v na/ a set s Sa Sa S1 as S B-carotene Fig. 1 (PRIOR ART) U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 3 of 7 5,935,808 O HO O AStaxanthin (3,3'-Dihydroxy-b,B-Carotene-4,4'-dione) HO O Adonixanthin (3,3'-Dihydroxy-3,B-Carotene-4-One) B-Carotene (B.B-Carotene) O Echinenone (B,B-Caroten-4 one) O Canthaxanthin (B.f3-Caroten-4,4'-dione) co HO Zeaxanthin ((3R,3'R)-B,B-Carotene-3,3'-diol) Fig. 3 U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 4 of 7 5,935,808 U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 5 of 7 5,935,808 Rhodovulum sulfidophilum Rhodobacter sphaeroides Rhodobacter capsulatus Paracoccus marcusii strain MH1 ParacOCCUS alcaliphilus Paracoccus aminovorans Paracoccus aminophilus Paracoccus thiocyanatus Paracoccus denitrificans ParacOCCuS verSutuS ParacocCuS SolventivOranS ParacocCuskoCurii Roseobacter denitrificans 0.10 Fig. 5 U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 6 of 7 5,935,808 U.S. Patent Aug. 10, 1999 Sheet 7 of 7 5,935,808 5,935,808 1 2 CAROTENOID-PRODUCING BACTERIAL Most of the total carotenoids is located in the light SPECIES AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION harvesting complex II Bassi R., Pineaw B., Dainese P. and OF CAROTENOIDS USING SAME Marquartt J. (1993) Carotenoid binding proteins of photo system II. Eur J. Biochem 212:297-302). The identities of FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE the photosynthetically active carotenoproteins and their pre INVENTION cise location in light-harvesting Systems are not known. The present invention relates to a novel bacterial Species. Carotenoids in photochemically active chlorophyll-protein The novel Species is most Similar to the genus Paracoccus, complexes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechoc as was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA analysis. occuS Sp. were investigated by linear dichroism Spectros However, the novel bacterial Species produces and actively copy of oriented samplessee, Breton J. and Kato S. (1987) Secretes carotenoid containing vesicles, during at least Some Orientation of the pigments in photosystem II: low Stages of its life cycle, a phenomenon yet unseen, and temperature linear-dichroism Study of a core particle and of therefore, the novel bacterial Species, most likely, represents its chlorophyll-protein Subunits isolated from Synechococ the first isolate of a new genus. The present invention further cus sp. Biochim Biophys Acta 892: 99-107). Those com 15 plexes contained mainly a B-caroteine pool absorbing around relates to a process for production of carotenoids, Such as, 505 and 470 nm, which is oriented close to the membrane but not limited to, B-caroteine, echinenone, B-cryptoxanthin, plane. In photochemically inactive chlorophyll-protein canthaxanthin, adonirubin, cis-adonixanthin, adonixanthin, complexes, the B-caroteine absorbs around 495 and 465 nm, astaxanthin and Zeaxanthin, using a species producing and and the molecules are oriented perpendicular to the mem Secreting Same. brane plane. The carotenoids of the present invention are natural Evidence that carotenoids are associated with cyanobac pigments useful as feed additives, food additives, cosmetics, terial photosystem (PS) II has been describedsee, Suzuki R. etc. AS further detailed below, especially, astaxanthin is and Fujita Y. (1977) Carotenoid photobleaching induced by valuable from an industrial point of view as a feed additive, the action of photosynthetic reaction center II: DCMU Such as a color improver, for bred fishes Such as Salmon, 25 sensitivity. Plant Cell Physiol 18: 625-631; and, Newman P. trout, red Sea bream etc., and as a Safe natural food additive. J. and Sherman L. A. (1978) Isolation and characterization In addition, adonixanthin is, if its industrial production of photosystem I and II membrane particles from the blue proceSS is established, promising as both food and feed green alga SynechococcuS cedrorum. Biochim BiophyS Acta additive as the astaxanthin is. 503: 343-361). There are two B-caroteine molecules in the Further, B-caroteine has been used as a food additive, feed reaction center core of PS II see, Ohno T., Satoh K. and additive, pharmaceutical Substance, etc. Echinenone is Katoh S. (1986) Chemical composition of purified oxygen promised as a food additive, feed additive, etc. Canthaxan evolving complexes from the thermophilic cyanobacterium thin has been used as a food additive, feed additive, in Synechococcus sp. Biochim Biophys Acta 852: 1-8; cosmetics etc. And Zeaxanthin has been used as a food Gounaris K., Chapman D. J. and Barber J. (1989) Isolation additive, feed additive, etc. 35 and characterization of a D1/D2/cytochrome b-559 complex Carotenoids are natural pigments that are responsible for from Synechocystis PCC6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 973: many of the yellow, orange and red colorS Seen in living 296-301; and, Newell R. W., van Amerongen H, Barber J. organisms. Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature and and van Grondelle R. (1993) Spectroscopic characterization have, in various living Systems, two main biological func of the reaction center of photosystem II using polarized tions. They serve as light-harvesting pigments in 40 light: Evidence for B-carotene excitors in PS II reaction photosynthesis, and they protect against photooxidative centers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1057: 232-238) whose exact damage. These and additional biological functions of function(s) is still obscure reviewed by Satoh K. (1992) carotenoids, their important industrial role, their biosynthe Structure and function of PSII reaction center. In: Murata N. sis and organisms producing them are discussed hereinbe (ed) Research in Photosynthesis, Vol. II, pp. 3-12. Kluwer, low. 45 Dordrecht). It was demonstrated that these two coupled AS part of the light-harvesting antenna, carotenoids can B-caroteine molecules protect chlorophyll P680 from photo absorb photons and transfer the energy to chlorophyll, thus damage in isolated PSII reaction centers see, De Las Rivas assisting in the harvesting of light in the range of 450–570 J., Telfer A. and Barber J. (1993) 2-coupled B-carotene nm see, Cogdell R. J. and Frank H. A. (1987) How molecules protect P680 from photodamage in isolated PS II carotenoids function in photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim 50 reaction centers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1142: 155-164), Biophys Acta 895: 63-79; Cogdell R. (1988) The function and this may be related to the protection against degradation of pigments in chloroplasts. In: Goodwin T. W. (ed) Plant of the D1 subunit of PS II see, Sandmann G. (1993) Genes Pigments, pp 183-255. Academic Press, London; Frank H. and enzymes involved in the desaturation reactions from A., Violette C. A., Trautman J. K., Shreve A. P., Owens T. G. phytoene to lycopene. (abstract), 10th International Sympo and Albrecht A. C. (1991) Carotenoids in photosynthesis: 55 sium on Carotenoids, Trondheim CL1-2). The light structure and photochemistry. Pure Appl Chem 63: 109-114; harvesting pigments of a highly purified, oxygen-evolving Frank H. A., Farhoosh R., Decoster B. and Christensen R. L. PSII complex of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synecho (1992) Molecular features that control the efficiency of coccus sp. consists of 50 chlorophylla and 73-caroteine, but carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer in photosynthesis. no Xanthophyll, molecules See, Ohno T., Satoh K. and In: Murata N. (ed) Research in Photosynthesis, Vol I, pp 60 Katoh S. (1986) Chemical composition of purified oxygen 125-128. Kluwer, Dordrecht; and, Cogdell R. J. and Gar evolving complexes from the thermophilic cyanobacterium diner A.T. (1993) Functions of carotenoids in photosynthe Synechococcus sp. Biochim Biophys Acta 852: 1-8). sis. Meth Enzymol 214:185-193). Although carotenoids are B-caroteine was shown to play a role in the assembly of an integral constituents of the protein-pigment complexes of active PS II in green algae see, Humbeck K., Romer S.
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