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It's Complicated but It's Probably Already Booting Your Computer
FAQ SYSTEMD SYSTEMD It’s complicated but it’s probably already booting your computer. dynamically connect to your network, a runlevel of 1 for a single-user mode, GRAHAM MORRISON while syslogd pools all the system runlevel 3 for the same command messages together to create a log of prompt we described earlier, and Surely the ‘d’ in Systemd is everything important. Another daemon, runlevel 5 to launch a graphical a typo? though it lacks the ‘d’, is init – famous environment. Changing this for your No –it’s a form of Unix notation for being the first process that runs on next boot often involved editing the used to signify a daemon. your system. /etc/inittab file, and you’d soon get used to manually starting and stopping You mean like those little Isn’t init used to switch your own services simply by executing devils inhabiting Dante’s between the command-line the scripts you found. underworld? and the graphical desktop? There is a link in that Unix usage For many of us, yes. This was the You seem to be using the past of the term daemon supposedly main way of going from the tense for all this talk about the comes from Greek mythology, where desktop to a command line and back init daemon… daemons invisibly wove their magic again without trying to figure out which That’s because the and benign influence. The word is today processes to kill or start manually. aforementioned Systemd wants more commonly spelt ‘demon’, which Typing init 3 would typically close any to put init in the past. -
Ada Departmental Supercomputer Shared Memory GPU Cluster
Ada Departmental Supercomputer Shared Memory GPU Cluster The Ada Departmental Supercomputer is designed to provide System Specifications near top 500 class supercomputing capabilities at your office Processors: Head Node: 2 AMD EPYC 7702 Processors or lab. (64 core-2.0/3.3 GHz) Compute Nodes: 1 AMD EPYC 7702P Proces- Ada is a hybrid supercomputer consisting of a large memory sor (64 core-2.2/3.2 GHz), 8 AMD Radeon head node and 2 to 5 compute nodes, each with eight AMD Instinct MI50 GPUs Radeon Instinct MI50 GPUs. With 5 compute nodes Ada con- Global Memory: 2TB or 4TB 3200 MHz DDR4 tains 448 AMD EPYC processor cores, 40 MI50 GPUs and 2 or 4 TB of globally shared memory. The compute nodes are Compute Node 128 GB 3200 MHz DDR4 (each) Memory: connected to the head node with 200 Gb/s Mellanox Infini- band. The Ada departmental supercomputer can be config- Storage: 1TB on-board M.2 OS SSD ured to deliver 1060 TFLOPS of FP16, 532 TFLOPS of FP32 12x 3.5" SATA/SAS hot-swap and 264 TFLOPS of FP64 GPU floating point performance SSD/HDD bays (head node) Additional 8x 2.5” SSD hot-swap bays on each capable of operating on large computational models. compute node Ada is a true symmetric multi-processing (SMP) computer Interconnect: ConnectX-6 VPI 200 Gb/s InfiniBand Dual Port with a large shared memory and a single operating system PCIe Gen 4 Host Bus Adapters user interface based on Centos 8 Linux. It provides a 1TB (No InfiniBand switch is needed) globally shared fast file system, and a large disk storage ar- I/O: 2x 1 Gb/s LAN ports ray. -
Sprite File System There Are Three Important Aspects of the Sprite ®Le System: the Scale of the System, Location-Transparency, and Distributed State
Naming, State Management, and User-Level Extensions in the Sprite Distributed File System Copyright 1990 Brent Ballinger Welch CHAPTER 1 Introduction ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ This dissertation concerns network computing environments. Advances in network and microprocessor technology have caused a shift from stand-alone timesharing systems to networks of powerful personal computers. Operating systems designed for stand-alone timesharing hosts do not adapt easily to a distributed environment. Resources like disk storage, printers, and tape drives are not concentrated at a single point. Instead, they are scattered around the network under the control of different hosts. New operating system mechanisms are needed to handle this sort of distribution so that users and application programs need not worry about the distributed nature of the underlying system. This dissertation explores the approach of centering a distributed computing environment around a shared network ®le system. The ®le system is chosen as a starting point because it is a heavily used service in stand-alone systems, and the read/write para- digm of the ®le system is a familiar one that can be applied to many system resources. The ®le system described in this dissertation provides a distributed name space for sys- tem resources, and it provides remote access facilities so all resources are available throughout the network. Resources accessible via the ®le system include disk storage, other types of peripheral devices, and user-implemented service applications. The result- ing system is one where resources are named and accessed via the shared ®le system, and the underlying distribution of the system among a collection of hosts is not important to users. -
Getting to Grips with Unix and the Linux Family
Getting to grips with Unix and the Linux family David Chiappini, Giulio Pasqualetti, Tommaso Redaelli Torino, International Conference of Physics Students August 10, 2017 According to the booklet At this end of this session, you can expect: • To have an overview of the history of computer science • To understand the general functioning and similarities of Unix-like systems • To be able to distinguish the features of different Linux distributions • To be able to use basic Linux commands • To know how to build your own operating system • To hack the NSA • To produce the worst software bug EVER According to the booklet update At this end of this session, you can expect: • To have an overview of the history of computer science • To understand the general functioning and similarities of Unix-like systems • To be able to distinguish the features of different Linux distributions • To be able to use basic Linux commands • To know how to build your own operating system • To hack the NSA • To produce the worst software bug EVER A first data analysis with the shell, sed & awk an interactive workshop 1 at the beginning, there was UNIX... 2 ...then there was GNU 3 getting hands dirty common commands wait till you see piping 4 regular expressions 5 sed 6 awk 7 challenge time What's UNIX • Bell Labs was a really cool place to be in the 60s-70s • UNIX was a OS developed by Bell labs • they used C, which was also developed there • UNIX became the de facto standard on how to make an OS UNIX Philosophy • Write programs that do one thing and do it well. -
If Data Is Confidential and Available but Altered Decryption of Altered Data Usually Gives Garbage Exception: Electronic-Codeboo
38 40 If Data is Confidential and Available but Altered Encryption • do not use ECB–Mode • use CBC– or CTR–mode (recommendation Schneier/Ferguson) • use AES or one of the finalists – Twofish (Schneier, Ferguson, Kelsey, Whiting, Wagner, Hall) decryption of altered data usually gives garbage – Serpent (Anderson, Biham, Knudsen) – MARS (Coppersmith et al., IBM) exception: electronic-codebook-mode (ECB) (uses independent blocks) – RC6 (Rivest, patented by RSA) 39 41 ECB-Mode Encrypted Penguin If Data is Non-Alterable and Confidential but not Available ,,Your message with authenticator 08931281763e1de003e5f930c449bf791c9f0db6 encryption is block by block has been received, but unfortunately the server is down. ❀ every block gets another color Your mail-service will never be accessible.” Example: lavabit.com, Snowden’s e-Mail-Provider 42 44 Authorization: Who is Allowed to Do All This? Problem: Person/Process/Role ⇐⇒ String (2) How to link a person to a string? • Person knows something (password, secret cryptographic key). • Person has something (token, USB–key, chipcard). Authorized entities only. • Person is something (biometrics, fingerprint etc.). Only Bob is allowed to enter here. We have to identify persons, processes and their roles. 43 45 Problem: Person/Process/Role ⇐⇒ String (1) Proof of Identity is Called Authentication Person identified by picture String identified by equality relation. 46 48 Proof of Identity: Links Person to a String Third party guarantees real identity. Has something: ID–card. 47 49 Proof of True Source is Called Authenticity -
Introduction to Unix Shell (Part I)
Introduction to Unix shell (part I) Evgeny Stambulchik Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Atomic Processes in Plasmas February 27 – March 3, 2017 Trieste, Italy Contrary to popular belief, Unix is user friendly. It just happens to be very selective about who it decides to make friends with. Unknown Initially used at Bell Labs, but soon licensed to academy (notably, U. of California, Berkeley) and commercial vendors (IBM, Sun, etc). There are two major products that came out of Berkeley: LSD and Unix. We don’t believe this to be a coincidence. Jeremy S. Anderson, Unix systems administrator Historical overview (kind of) Unix is a family of multiuser, multitasking operating systems stemming from the original Unix developed in the 1970’s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie1, and others. Some consider Unix to be the second most important invention to come out of AT&T Bell Labs after the transistor. Dennis Ritchie 1Also famous for creating the C programming language. Historical overview (kind of) Unix is a family of multiuser, multitasking operating systems stemming from the original Unix developed in the 1970’s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie1, and others. Some consider Unix to be the second most important invention to come out of AT&T Bell Labs after the transistor. Dennis Ritchie Initially used at Bell Labs, but soon licensed to academy (notably, U. of California, Berkeley) and commercial vendors (IBM, Sun, etc). There are two major products that came out of Berkeley: LSD and Unix. -
Containers: a Sound Basis for a True Single System Image
Containers : A Sound Basis For a True Single System Image Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin To cite this version: Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin. Containers : A Sound Basis For a True Single System Image. [Research Report] RR-4085, INRIA. 2000. inria-00072548 HAL Id: inria-00072548 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072548 Submitted on 24 May 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE Containers : A Sound Basis For a True Single System Image Renaud Lottiaux, Christine Morin N˚4085 Novembre 2000 THÈME 1 apport de recherche ISRN INRIA/RR--4085--FR+ENG ISSN 0249-6399 Containers : A Sound Basis For a True Single System Image Renaud Lottiaux , Christine Morin Thème 1 — Réseaux et systèmes Projet PARIS Rapport de recherche n˚4085 — Novembre 2000 — 19 pages Abstract: Clusters of SMPs are attractive for executing shared memory parallel appli- cations but reconciling high performance and ease of programming remains an open issue. A possible approach is to provide an efficient Single System Image (SSI) operating system giving the illusion of an SMP machine. In this paper, we introduce the concept of container as a mechanism to unify global resource management at the lowest operating system level. -
Command Line Interface (Shell)
Command Line Interface (Shell) 1 Organization of a computer system users applications graphical user shell interface (GUI) operating system hardware (or software acting like hardware: “virtual machine”) 2 Organization of a computer system Easier to use; users applications Not so easy to program with, interactive actions automate (click, drag, tap, …) graphical user shell interface (GUI) system calls operating system hardware (or software acting like hardware: “virtual machine”) 3 Organization of a computer system Easier to program users applications with and automate; Not so convenient to use (maybe) typed commands graphical user shell interface (GUI) system calls operating system hardware (or software acting like hardware: “virtual machine”) 4 Organization of a computer system users applications this class graphical user shell interface (GUI) operating system hardware (or software acting like hardware: “virtual machine”) 5 What is a Command Line Interface? • Interface: Means it is a way to interact with the Operating System. 6 What is a Command Line Interface? • Interface: Means it is a way to interact with the Operating System. • Command Line: Means you interact with it through typing commands at the keyboard. 7 What is a Command Line Interface? • Interface: Means it is a way to interact with the Operating System. • Command Line: Means you interact with it through typing commands at the keyboard. So a Command Line Interface (or a shell) is a program that lets you interact with the Operating System via the keyboard. 8 Why Use a Command Line Interface? A. In the old days, there was no choice 9 Why Use a Command Line Interface? A. -
A Single System Image Java Operating System for Sensor Networks
A SINGLE SYSTEM IMAGE JAVA OPERATING SYSTEM FOR SENSOR NETWORKS Emin Gun Sirer Rimon Barr John C. Bicket Daniel S. Dantas Computer Science Department Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 {egs, barr, bicket, ddantas}@cs.cornell.edu Abstract In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a distributed operating system for sensor net- works. The goal of our system is to extend total system lifetime through power-aware adaptation for sensor networking applications. Our system achieves this goal by providing a single system image of a unified Java virtual machine to applications over an ad hoc collection of heterogeneous sensors. It automatically and transparently partitions applications into components and dynamically finds a placement of these components on nodes within the sensor network to reduce energy consumption and increase system longevity. This paper describes the design and implementation of our system and examines the question of where and when to mi- grate components in a sensor network. We evaluate two practical, power-aware, general-purpose algorithms for object placement, as well as an adaptive scheme for deciding the time granularity of object migration. We demonstrate that our algorithms can increase sensor network longevity by a factor of four to five by effec- tively distributing energy consumption and avoiding hotspots. 1. Introduction able to components at each node, in particular the available power and bandwidth may change over Sensor networks simultaneously promise a radi- time and necessitate the relocation of application cally new class of applications and pose signifi- components. Further, event sources that are being cant challenges for application development. -
UNIX/Linux Fundamentals – Lecture 1
UNIX/Linux Fundamentals – Lecture 1 Md Modasshir What will we cover? • Operating system overview • UNIX commands, shell & process mgt. • Scripting languages • Programming tools • Various text editors • X11 & KDE windows env • Basic C/C++ programming and other applications (emacs, gcc-g++, gzip, tar, …) Schedule Lectures – Monday through Friday 08:30 – 10:50am • Quizzes taken at the end of lecture/beginning of 2nd class • Final: Saturday May 14th. • Project due May 14th @ 05:00 pm. Books USC Bookstore Other helpful resources http://safari.oreilly.com Who cares, how do I get an A? • 4 Assignments: 40% • 1 Project: 20% • 4 Quizzes: 20% • Final: 20% Cheating • Don’t Cheating • Don’t • Seriously, don’t Individual Effort • Assignments and quizzes are open book, open notes, open computer/internet! • This is a hands on course designed to familiarize YOU with the unix/linux environment. • You will need these skills in future classes. • Cheat and pay the price later. • Why not learn this stuff now? Our Heroes Ken Thompson Dennis Ritchie Video Games Spark Innovation PDP-7 Space Pilot In the Beginning • UNICS: 1969 – PDP-7 minicomputer • PDP-7 goes away, rewritten on PDP-11 to “help patent lawyers” • V1: 1971 • V3: 1973 (pipes, C language) • V6: 1976 (rewritten in C, base for BSD) • V7: 1979 (Licensed, portable) PDP-11 Derivative Systems • PWB, MERT • BSD: Adds many important features (networking, job control). • AT&T enters the computer business with System III, V Commercial Success • AIX • SunOS, Solaris • Ultrix, Digital Unix • HP-UX • Irix • UnixWare -> Novell -> SCO -> Caldera ->SCO • Xenix: -> SCO • Standardization (Posix, X/Open) Standards and Wars • 1998: POSIX Standard • Unix International vs. -
Architectural Review of Load Balancing Single System Image
Journal of Computer Science 4 (9): 752-761, 2008 ISSN 1549-3636 © 2008 Science Publications Architectural Review of Load Balancing Single System Image Bestoun S. Ahmed, Khairulmizam Samsudin and Abdul Rahman Ramli Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Problem statement: With the growing popularity of clustering application combined with apparent usability, the single system image is in the limelight and actively studied as an alternative solution for computational intensive applications as well as the platform for next evolutionary grid computing era. Approach: Existing researches in this field concentrated on various features of Single System Images like file system and memory management. However, an important design consideration for this environment is load allocation and balancing that is usually handled by an automatic process migration daemon. Literature shows that the design concepts and factors that affect the load balancing feature in an SSI system are not clear. Result: This study will review some of the most popular architecture and algorithms used in load balancing single system image. Various implementations from the past to present will be presented while focusing on the factors that affect the performance of such system. Conclusion: The study showed that although there are some successful open source systems, the wide range of implemented systems investigated that research activity should concentrate on the systems that have already been proposed and proved effectiveness to achieve a high quality load balancing system. Key words: Single system image, NOWs (network of workstations), load balancing algorithm, distributed systems, openMosix, MOSIX INTRODUCTION resources transparently irrespective of where they are available[1].The load balancing single system image Cluster of computers has become an efficient clusters dominate research work in this environment. -
The Tragedy of Systemd
The Tragedy of systemd [email protected] @jeamland The Tragedy of systemd [email protected] @jeamland Aurynn Shaw, “Contempt Culture” http://blog.aurynn.com/2015/12/16-contempt-culture Change The Ancestry of systemd UNIX Seventh Edition Unix (1979) … housekeeping functions like… mounting filesystems, and starting “ daemons. - init(8) manual page, Seventh Edition Unix PDP-11/70, Seventh Edition Unix VAX-11/730, 4.3BSD Living Computers Museum+Labs https://livingcomputers.org Then things changed Service … housekeeping functions like… mounting filesystems, and starting “ daemons. - init(8) manual page, Seventh Edition Unix System Configuration System Configuration Service Bootstrap Automated Service Management The Idea of systemd launchd The Idea of launchd From launchd to systemd Lennart Poettering, “Rethinking PID 1” http://0pointer.net/blog/projects/systemd.html For a fast and efficient boot-up two things are crucial: “ ➤ To start less. ➤ And to start more in parallel. -Lennart Poettering, “Rethinking PID 1” An init system that is responsible for maintaining services needs to listen to “ hardware and software changes. -Lennart Poettering, “Rethinking PID 1” [I]s this kind of logic new? No, it certainly is not. The most prominent “ system that works like this is Apple's launchd system… -Lennart Poettering, “Rethinking PID 1” System Management Userspace Kernel Userspace System Kernel The Reality of systemd Adoption Fedora 15 May, 2011 openSUSE 12.2 September, 2012 CentOS 7.14.04 April, 2014 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 June, 2014 SUSE Linux Enterprise