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Encyclopedia of Disasters ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DISASTERS Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies VOLUME 1 ANGUS M. GUNN GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunn, Angus M. (Angus Macleod), 1920– Encyclopedia of disasters : environmental catastrophes and human tragedies / Angus M. Gunn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34002–4 ((set) : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34003–1 ((vol 1) : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34004–8 ((vol 2) : alk. paper) 1. Natural disasters—Encyclopedias. I. Title. GB5014.G86 2008 904—dc22 2007031001 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright 2008 by Angus M. Gunn All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007031001 ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34002–4 (set) 978–0–313–34003–1 (vol 1) 978–0–313–34004–8 (vol 2) First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U Contents Credits for Illustrations xi Guide to Thematic Entries xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii Introduction xxix Volume 1 1. Supervolcano Toba, Indonesia, 74000 BC 1 2. Rome, Italy, fire, 64 5 3. Pompeii, Italy, volcanic eruption, 79 11 4. Alexandria, Egypt, tsunami, 365 17 5. Antioch, Syria (now Antakya, Turkey), earthquake, 526 21 6. Constantinople, Byzantine Empire, Black Death plague, 542 26 7. Corinth, Greece, earthquake, 856 32 8. Damghan, Persia, earthquake, 856 34 9. Aleppo, Syria, earthquake, 1138 38 10. Shaanxi, China, earthquake, 1556 41 11. Arequipa, Peru, volcanic eruption, 1600 46 12. London, England, Black Death plague, 1665 52 13. London, England, fire, 1666 58 14. Port Royal, Jamaica, earthquake, 1692 63 15. Cascadia earthquake, 1700 68 16. Lisbon, Portugal, earthquake and tsunami, 1755 75 17. Massachusetts offshore earthquake, 1755 81 18. Bengal, India, famine, 1770 83 19. Connecticut earthquake, 1791 88 20. New Madrid, Missouri, earthquakes, 1811 and 1812 90 21. West Ventura, California, earthquake, 1812 95 22. Tambora, Indonesia, volcanic eruption, 1815 98 23. Natchez, Mississippi, tornado, 1840 103 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U vi CONTENTS 24. Fort Tejon, California, earthquake, 1857 106 25. Calcutta, India, cyclone, 1864 111 26. Kau, Hawaii, earthquake, 1868 114 27. Chicago, Illinois, fire, 1871 119 28. Owens Valley, California, earthquake, 1872 122 29. Bangladesh cyclone, 1876 124 30. Marshfield, Missouri, tornado, 1880 126 31. Georgia/South Carolina hurricane, 1881 128 32. Haiphong, Vietnam, typhoon, 1881 130 33. Krakatau, Indonesia, volcanic eruption, 1883 132 34. Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake, 1886 137 35. Yellow River, China, flood, 1887 141 36. Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood, 1889 145 37. Louisville, Kentucky, tornado, 1890 151 38. Japan earthquake, 1891 153 39. Imperial Valley, California, earthquake, 1892 155 40. Georgia/South Carolina hurricane, 1893 156 41. Louisiana hurricane, 1893 158 42. St. Louis, Missouri, tornado, 1896 160 43. Sanriku, Japan, earthquake and tsunami, 1896 163 44. Assam, India, earthquake, 1897 165 45. Eureka, California, earthquake, 1899 168 46. New Richmond, Wisconsin, tornado, 1899 169 47. Yakutat, Alaska, earthquake, 1899 171 48. Galveston, Texas, hurricane, 1900 176 49. Cook Inlet, Alaska, earthquake, 1901 181 50. Mount Pelee volcanic eruption, 1902 186 51. Goliad, Texas, tornado, 1902 192 52. Santa Maria, Guatemala, volcanic eruption, 1902 195 53. Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada, landslide, 1903 197 54. Chicago, Illinois, fire, 1903 202 55. St. Petersburg, Russia, revolution, 1905 209 56. Mongolia earthquake, 1905 215 57. San Francisco, California, earthquake, 1906 217 58. Socorro 1, New Mexico, earthquake, 1906 224 59. Socorro 2, New Mexico, earthquake, 1906 226 60. Ecuador offshore earthquake, 1906 228 61. Monongah, Pennsylvania, explosion 1907 231 62. Amite, Louisiana, tornado, 1908 236 63. Louisiana hurricane, 1909 238 64. Oregon earthquake, 1910 241 65. Titanic iceburg tragedy, 1912 243 66. Katmai, Alaska, volcanic eruption, 1912 250 67. Omaha, Nebraska, tornado, 1913 256 68. Texas hurricane, 1915 258 69. Pleasant Valley, Nevada, earthquake, 1915 260 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U CONTENTS vii 70. Mattoon, Illinois, tornado, 1917 263 71. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, explosion, 1917 265 72. World-wide flu pandemic, 1918–1919 270 73. Mona Passage, Puerto Rico, earthquake, 1918 276 74. Vancouver Island, Canada, earthquake, 1918 279 75. Kelud, Indonesia, volcanic eruption, 1919 281 76. Florida/Gulf of Mexico hurricane, 1919 283 77. Humboldt, California, earthquake, 1923 286 78. Kamchatka, Russia, earthquake, 1923 288 79. Tokyo, Japan, earthquake, 1923 291 80. Charlevoix, Quebec, earthquake, 1925 296 81. Illinois/Indiana/Missouri tornado, 1925 299 82. Clarkston Valley, Montana, earthquake, 1925 302 83. Santa Barbara, California, earthquake, 1925 305 84. Florida hurricane, 1926 307 85. Lompoc, California, earthquake, 1927 310 86. St. Francis Dam failure, 1928 312 87. Lake Okeechobee hurricane, 1928 316 88. Stock Market Collapse, 1929 319 89. Grand Banks, Nova Scotia, earthquake, 1929 324 90. Ukraine catastrophe, 1932 326 91. Nevada earthquake, 1932 331 92. Sanriku, Japan, earthquake, 1933 333 93. Baffin Bay, Canada, earthquake, 1933 335 94. Bihar, India, earthquake, 1934 337 95. Quetta earthquake, 1935 340 96. Labor Day hurricane 1935 343 97. Gainesville tornado, 1936 345 98. Hindenburg crash, 1937 347 99. Nanking massacre, 1937 353 Volume 2 100. New England hurricane, 1938 359 101. Imperial Valley, California, earthquake, 1940 364 102. Paricutin, Mexico, volcanic eruption, 1943 366 103. San Juan, Argentina, earthquake, 1944 371 104. Shinnston, West Virginia, tornado, 1944 373 105. Northeast United States hurricane, 1944 375 106. Cleveland, Ohio, gas explosion, 1944 377 107. Hiroshima, Japan, nuclear bomb, 1945 383 108. Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, nuclear tests, 1946 389 109. Unimak, Alaska, tsunami, 1946 396 110. Vancouver Island, Canada, earthquake, 1946 399 111. Nankaido, Japan, earthquake, 1946 402 112. Woodward, Oklahoma, tornado, 1947 404 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U viii CONTENTS 113. Texas City, Texas, explosion, 1947 406 114. Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake, 1949 412 115. Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, earthquake, 1949 414 116. Assam, India, earthquake, 1950 417 117. Kern County, California, earthquake, 1952 419 118. Kamchatka, Russia, earthquake, 1952 422 119. London, England, suffocating smog, 1952 425 120. Netherlands (Holland) flood, 1953 431 121. Waco, Texas, tornado, 1953 436 122. Flint, Michigan, tornado, 1953 438 123. Fallon-Stillwater, Nevada, earthquake, 1954 441 124. Thalidomide drug tragedy, 1957 444 125. Lituya Bay, Alaska, earthquake, 1958 449 126. West Yellowstone, Montana, earthquake, 1959 451 127. Japan typhoon, 1959 456 128. Chile earthquake, 1960 459 129. New York City, New York, mid-air collision, 1960 464 130. Tristan da Cunha volcanic eruption, 1961 470 131. Vaiont Dam, Italy, collapse, 1963 475 132. Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake, 1964 479 133. Hurricane Betsy, 1965 484 134. Aberfan, South Wales, Britain, landslide, 1966 487 135. Hurricane Camille, 1969 493 136. Peru earthquake, 1970 497 137. Bangladesh cyclone, 1970 501 138. Iraq mercury poisoning, 1971 503 139. Hurricane Agnes, 1972 508 140. Munich, Germany, terrorism, 1972 510 141. Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake, 1972 515 142. Iceland volcanic eruption, 1973 518 143. Brisbane, Australia, flood, 1974 521 144. Kalapana, Hawaii, earthquake, 1975 525 145. Guatemala earthquake, 1976 528 146. Teton Dam, Idaho, collapse, 1976 531 147. Seveso, Italy, dioxin spill, 1976 536 148. Tangshan, China, earthquake, 1976 541 149. France oil spill, 1978 545 150. Love Canal, New York, contamination, 1978 549 151. Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, nuclear accident, 1979 554 152. Mount St. Helens, Washington, volcanic eruption, 1980 559 153. Canada, sinking of oil platform, 1982 565 154. Coalinga, California, earthquake, 1983 569 155. Bhopal, India, gas poisoning, 1984 572 156. Air terrorism, 1985 577 157. Mexico earthquake, 1985 582 158. Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, volcanic eruption, 1985 584 11-07-07 08:42:13GUNN$$FM1U CONTENTS ix 159. Challenger (space shuttle), Florida, fire/explosion, 1986 587 160. Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear accident, 1986 591 161. Armenia earthquake, 1988 596 162. Alaska oil spill, 1989 598 163. Tiananmen Square, China, massacre, 1989 604 164. Loma Prieta, California, earthquake, 1989 608 165. Persian Gulf oil inferno, 1991 611 166. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, volcanic eruption, 1991 615 167. Hurricane Andrew, 1992 619 168. New York City, New York, terrorism, 1993 623 169. Northridge, California, earthquake, 1994 628 170. Rwanda genocide, 1994 631 171. Kobe, Japan, earthquake, 1995 639 172. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, terrorism, 1995 642 173. Srebrenica, Bosnia-Herzegovina, genocide, 1995 652 174. Red River flood, 1997 658 175. Hurricane Floyd, 1999 661 176. Peru offshore earthquake, 2001 664 177. Nine Eleven, New York City, New York, terrorism, 2001 666 178. United States anthrax terrorism, 2001 672 179. Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake and tsunami, 2004 676 180. Northern California offshore
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