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Presentazione Di Powerpoint Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle Presidente AIEE Giovani RUOLO DELLA MARINA MILITARE PER L’IMPIEGO DEL GAS NATURALE NELLA PROPULSIONE NAVALE Roma, 21 novembre 2013 Il gas naturale liquido per i trasporti: stato dell’arte 1. Il gas naturale liquido (GNL o LNG): introduzione 2. Filiera, mercato del GNL. Dinamiche innescate dallo Shale gas 3. La promozione del GNL da parte della UE: la proposta di Direttiva 4. Mezzi di trasporto a GNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 2 What is LNG? • The LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is a fluid in the liquid state, colorless, odorless, composed primarily of methane, contains small amounts of ethane, propane, nitrogen and other components normally present in natural gas. It does not contain carbon dioxide and water. • Being primarly composed of methane (CH4), its combustion (+air O2) brings almost only carbon bioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)=> hence it is a very clean fuel. • At atmospheric pressure, methane becomes liquid at about -160°C. • LNG takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state: • It can be thus easily transported by ship in large quantities; • The amount of energy stored for the same volume is almost 3 times larger than with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG at 200bar). Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 3 LNG in campo stradale Some volume: 2,7 times more energy Fonti: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/wpgas/21wpg_2011/18Jan2011/Lage.pdf Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 4 LNG vs pipelines •The LNG represents an alternative way to the transport by pipeline of the natural gas, allowing a direct connection between the regions of production and of consumption where connection by pipeline is not possible. •The use of LNG responds to the strategic need to diversify geographically the sources of supply and make the natural gas market truly global and not limited geographically. Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 5 For transport over long distances, the LNG is more profitable than the pipeline transport. Costi fissi per liquefattori, navi, rigassificatori Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 6 The History of LNG The LNG industry is a young industry with a background of only 40 years. The first experimental transport was made by Methane Pioneer Ship in the 1959 (Lake Charles- USA/Canvey Island-UK). 1971: ESSO (ora SNAM GNL Italia); 100.000 m3 di stoccaggio, metaniere fino a 70.000 m3. Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 7 Il gas naturale liquido per i trasporti: stato dell’arte 1. Il gas naturale liquido (GNL o LNG): introduzione 2. Filiera, mercato del GNL. Dinamiche innescate dallo Shale gas. 3. La promozione del GNL da parte della UE: la proposta di Direttiva 4. Mezzi di trasporto a GNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 8 The LNG chain (1/2) COMMERCIAL AND PHYSICAL FLUX At 2012 end: •89 liquefaction trains in •378 tankers •93LNG regasification • operation terminal (end 2012) Regas .capacity •282 Mtons/year total •668 Mtons/year total almost 2,4 times capacity capacity bigger than liquefaction Source GIIGNL, other Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 9 The LNG Ships: also an Italian business Source: http://www.fincantieri.it/cms_display/catalogo_prodotti.aspx?cms640909ff=58ce660078b14421a48b452c32deca2d Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 10 International trade flow of natural gas (1/2) Source: 2012 BP Statistical Review Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 11 International trade flow of natural gas (2/2) Source: 2012 BP Statistical Review Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle ~32% of methane trade is LNG 12 LNG exporter suppliers in 2011 Others: Peru, Equatorial Guinea, Norway, USA (Alaska) Source GIIGNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 13 LNG exports by country Source: REPSOL THE H ISTORY OF LNG http://www.streamlng.com/servlet/ficheros/1297114316513/430%5C348%5CTheHistoryofLNG20120327.pdf Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 14 Spot and Short-Term LNG Trade & Share of Total LNG Trade since 2000 Note: Short-term trade denotes trades under contracts of a duration of 4 years or less. Source: GIIGNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 15 LNG trade has increased by 141% in the last decade X1,8 X2,4 Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 16 Highlights on demand side •On the demand side, 7 importing countries out of a total of 26 (Japan, South Korea, China, India, Taiwan, Spain, UK) attracted 81% of the total LNG volumes. •Japan and South Korea’s combined share was around 53%. •Demand side is almost entirely directed toward production of compressed natural gas; very little quantity is used directly for transportation (ship, truck or rail) as LNG – data is not available. Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 17 Liquefaction and regasification plants 18 Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 18 Liquefaction and regasification plants 19 Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 19 Liquefaction and regasification plants 20 Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 20 Regasification capacity vs LNG imports in 2012 The LNGMillion industry metric is a young industry with a background of only 40 years. The first experimental Tonne per annum transport was made in the 1959 (Lake Charles/Canvey Island). Nuclear power plants 3.3 stop Economic crisis and Shale gas Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle renewables 21 Prices (1/2) Japan 11.3.2011: Earthquake comparsa Shale gas and Tsunami e (Fukushima) disaccoppiamento mercato USA Japan UE USA Source: 2012 BP Statistical Review http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 22 Applications Received by DOE/FE to Export Domestically Produced LNG (1/2) Ok May 2011 Ok May 2013 OK 07.08.2013 OK approved 0,77 Bcf/day On 16.09.2013: almost 8 Billion m3/year Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 23 Applications Received by DOE/FE to Export Domestically Produced LNG (2/2) 1 BTU = 0,00004 liter=0,04m3 1cf= 0,02831685 m3 Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 24 World natural gas stocks Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 25 The evolution of natural gas reserves Source: 2012 BP Statistical Review Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 26 Il gas naturale liquido per i trasporti: stato dell’arte 1. Il gas naturale liquido (GNL o LNG): introduzione 2. Filiera, mercato del GNL. Dinamiche innescate dallo Shale gas. 3. La promozione del GNL da parte della UE: la proposta di Direttiva 4. Mezzi di trasporto a GNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 27 La strategia UE sui combustibili puliti La stategia UE sui combustibili puliti prevede: Gas naturale liquefatto (GNL) e compresso (GNC): il GNL viene utilizzato per il trasporto per via d’acqua, sia marittimo che per vie navigabili interne. Le infrastrutture per il rifornimento di GNL per le navi sono ancora in fase iniziale: soltanto la Svezia è provvista di alcune infrastrutture per navi marittime e altre sono previste in vari Stati membri. La Commissione propone che vengano installate stazioni di rifornimento di GNL in tutti i 139 porti marittimi e interni della rete centrale transeuropea rispettivamente entro il 2020 e il 2025. Non si tratta di importanti terminal di gas, bensì di stazioni di rifornimento fisse o mobili. Questa misura riguarda tutti i principali porti dell’UE. GNL: il gas naturale liquefatto è utilizzato anche per gli autocarri, ma nell’UE ci sono soltanto 38 stazioni di servizio. La Commissione propone che, entro il 2020, vengano installate stazioni di rifornimento ogni 400 km lungo le strade della rete centrale transeuropea. GNC: il gas naturale compresso è utilizzato principalmente per le autovetture. Attualmente questo combustibile è utilizzato da un milione di veicoli, pari allo 0,5% del parco automobilistico – il settore punta a decuplicare questo dato entro il 2020. La proposta della Commissione garantisce che, entro il 2020, siano disponibili in tutta Europa punti di rifornimento accessibili al pubblico, con norme comuni e ad una distanza massima di 150 km. Fonte: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-40_it.htm; http://www.fiat.it/it/500L/motori-specifiche-tecniche; http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/wpgas/21wpg_2011/18Jan2011/Lage.pdf http://www.iveco.com/italy/prodotti/pages/daily_natural_power_vantaggi_per_il_cliente.aspx Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 28 La proposta di Direttiva UE sulla realizzazione di un'infrastruttura per i combustibili alternativi: le specifiche tecniche ALLEGATO III Specifiche tecniche 3. Specifiche tecniche per i punti di rifornimento di gas naturale 3.1. Specifiche tecniche per i punti di rifornimento di gas naturale liquefatto (LNG) per imbarcazioni I punti di rifornimento di gas naturale liquefatto per imbarcazioni devono essere conformi alle pertinenti norme EN, la cui adozione è prevista per il 2014. 3.2. Specifiche tecniche per i punti di rifornimento di gas naturale liquefatto (LNG) per veicoli a motore I punti di rifornimento di gas naturale liquefatto per veicoli a motore devono essere conformi alla pertinente norma EN, la cui adozione è prevista per il 2014. 3.3. Specifiche tecniche per i punti di rifornimento di gas naturale compresso (CNG) per veicoli a motore 3.3.1. I connettori/contenitori per GNC devono essere conformi al regolamento 110 dell'UNECE (che fa riferimento alle parti I e II della norma ISO 14469). 3.3.2. I punti di rifornimento di GNC e GNC-L devono essere conformi alla pertinente norma EN, la cui adozione è prevista per il 2014. Fonte: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2013:0018:FIN:IT:PDF; UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe _http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2013/wp29grsg/GRSG-105-10e.pdf Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 29 Il gas naturale liquido per i trasporti: stato dell’arte 1. Il gas naturale liquido (GNL o LNG): introduzione 2. Filiera, mercato del GNL. Dinamiche innescate dallo Shale gas. 3. La promozione del GNL da parte della UE: la proposta di Direttiva 4. Mezzi di trasporto a GNL Ing. Alberto G. Pincherle 30 LNG nei trasporti L’utilizzo del GNL in campo navale e stradale è ormai una realtà, seppure ancora non molto diffuso.
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