Fatal, Cativa E Independente: a Mulher No Film Noir

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Fatal, Cativa E Independente: a Mulher No Film Noir View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Estudo Geral Débora Sofia Lemos Pinto de Carvalho FATAL, CATIVA E INDEPENDENTE: A MULHER NO FILM NOIR FACULDADE DE LETRAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA COIMBRA 2011 Débora Sofia Lemos Pinto de Carvalho FATAL, CATIVA E INDEPENDENTE: A MULHER NO FILM NOIR Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Artísticos , apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor Abílio Hernandez Cardoso FACULDADE DE LETRAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA COIMBRA 2011 AGRADECIMENTOS Terminado este trabalho gostaria de manifestar a minha gratidão, em primeiro lugar à minha mãe e ao meu pai, pelo amor, incentivo, e por toda a ajuda. Agradeço ao Pedro, à restante família e a todos os meus amigos, pela compreensão, força e motivação. Agradeço também ao Professor Abílio Hernandez, que sempre me contagiou com a sua paixão pelo film noir . E ainda a todos os meus colegas de licenciatura e mestrado, bem como aos docentes, que ao longo dos anos me proporcionaram discussões construtivas e interessantes. A todos, muito obrigado. i RESUMO A presente dissertação inicia-se por uma breve tentativa de definição do período clássico do film noir . Após uma contextualização sociocultural, histórica e política, é abordada a dificuldade em categorizar os filmes deste tipo. Propondo dar um contributo para a discussão, o film noir é assumido como sendo uma categoria transgenérica. Partindo da análise dos contextos do film noir , é proposta uma abordagem da figura feminina presente no mesmo. Mulher fatal, mulher cativa e mulher independente são os três tipos considerados. Analisar a mulher no film noir é um contributo para compreender o lugar das mulheres na sociedade americana. Enquanto as duas primeiras são claramente reconhecidas pela crítica noir , bem como as suas significações, a mulher independente é uma figura pouco explorada, e que merece um maior reconhecimento, para além de ser das que mais está associada à sua época. Em Double Indemnity (1944) é mostrada a polaridade entre a mulher fatal e a mulher cativa. A análise da mulher independente encontra a representação adequada em Phantom Lady (1944). Palavras-chave: Film Noir ; Figura Feminina; Femme Fatale ; Mulher Cativa; Mulher Independente. ABSTRACT This dissertation begins by a brief attempt to define the classic period of film noir . After a sociocultural, historical and political contextualization, is approached the difficulty to categorize this films. Proposing to make a contribution to the discussion, film noir is assumed as being a transgeneric category. Based on the analysis of the contexts of film noir , an approach of the female figure is proposed. Femme fatale , captive woman and independent woman are the three types considered. Analyze the woman in film noir is a contribution to understand the place of women in American society. While the first two are clearly recognized by noir criticism, as well as their meanings, the independent woman is a figure less explored, and deserves a greater recognition, besides being one of the most associated with her time. In Double Indemnity (1944) is shown the polarity between the femme fatale and the captive woman. The analysis of independent woman finds adequate representation in Phantom Lady (1944). Keywords: Film Noir; Female Figure; Femme Fatale; Captive Woman; Independent Woman . ii INDÍCE INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................................ 1 CAPÍTULO I – FILM NOIR: UMA DEFINIÇÃO ...................................................................................... 4 I.1 . Influências culturais e artísticas do film noir .................................................................................. 4 I.2. Características sociais, políticas e históricas definidoras do film noir ........................................ 24 I.3. A característica transgenérica do film noir .................................................................................. 30 CAPÍTULO II – A FIGURA FEMININA DO FILM NOIR ....................................................................... 38 II.1 . Mulher num mundo de homens .................................................................................................. 38 II.2. Mulher Fatal ................................................................................................................................ 49 II. 3. Mulher Cativa ............................................................................................................................ 58 II. 4. Mulher Independente ................................................................................................................. 62 CAPÍTULO III – DOUBLE INDEMNITY: a polaridade entre a mulher fatal e a mulher cativa ........ 74 CAPÍTULO IV – PHANTOM LADY: a mulher indepentendete investigadora ................................ 81 CONCLUSÃO ........................................................................................................................................ 90 BIBLIOGRAFIA ..................................................................................................................................... 94 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................................................. 100 ANEXO I - FILMOGRAFIA ............................................................................................................. 100 ANEXO II – MOTION PICTURE PRODUCTION CODE ................................................................. 114 iii "A arte da vida consiste em fazer da vida uma obra de arte" Mahatma Gandhi iv INTRODUÇÃO Esta dissertação centra-se na figura feminina do film noir , propondo uma interpretação da figura feminina dentro de todo o contexto histórico, cultural e cinematográfico ligado ao film noir . A escolha da personagem feminina, dentro de um mundo de homens que é o noir , foi uma escolha quase imediata, devido ao fascínio que sempre tive pela femme fatale . Seguiu-se- -lhe o grande interesse em compreender melhor os outros tipos de mulher noir que existem nos filmes, para além da mítica femme fatale . O meu interesse pelo noir remonta à primeira vez que assisti a Double Indemnity (1944) de Billy Wilder, um momento que me foi muito marcante. O filme fascinou-me de uma maneira quase inexplicável, com o seu ambiente fatalista e alienado, ambiguidade moral e crítica social, os diálogos inteligentes e, principalmente, com a femme fatale , impressionantemente interpretada por Barbara Stanwyck. Depois fui descobrindo o mundo do film noir , toda a importância do contexto em que foi produzido, ficando por ele seduzida. E, mesmo depois do visionamento de mais de cento e cinquenta filmes ao longo do estudo e elaboração desta dissertação, continuo sempre a lembrar-me do que senti na primeira vez que vi Double Indemnity , o filme que escolhi para analisar a figura da femme fatale . Mas antes de dissertar sobre a figura feminina do film noir é coerente abordar em que consistiu esse conjunto de filmes, uma vez que o film noir existiu num período da história do cinema americano e é importante contextualizá-lo para conseguir entender melhor o fenómeno complexo que foi. Este estudo propõe uma análise da evolução do film noir , na medida em que as discussões críticas sobre o film noir permanecem, após várias décadas, e existem variadas definições e muitos pontos de vista diferentes sobre este. Isto prova como é difícil chegar a uma conclusão clara, definitiva e unificada sobre a eterna questão “o que é o film noir ?”. Deste modo, no primeiro capítulo são analisadas as influências culturais e artísticas do film noir . As duas grandes influências são a literatura hard-boiled e o Expressinismo Alemão dos anos vinte. As histórias hard-boiled tratavam do sexo e da violência no submundo do crime, numa visão cínica da sociedade, com personagens que ditavam as suas próprias leis. Era dado um destaque ao lado psicológico do herói, que contava a sua história na terceira pessoa. Todos estes aspectos vieram a revelar-se importantes nas narrativas do film noir , ou não fossem grande parte dos filmes adaptados destas histórias. Os escritores hard-boiled 1 “influenced noir screenwriting as much as the German influenced noir cinematography” (Schrader, 2004:56). O Expressionismo Alemão, com o seu ambiente pessimista e protagonistas atormentados numa sociedade alienada, contribui, de igual modo, para o film noir . A técnica chiaroscuro , os cenários distorcidos, com linhas e ângulos instáveis, são elementos que se tornam adequados ao estilo visual do film noir . Para além destas, também os filmes de Gangsters , o Realismo Poético Francês e a Psicanálise devem ser consideradas. Todo o contexto sociocultural, histórico e político que assistiu ao film noir também deve ser considerado. A sociedade americana, que tinha saído da Depressão, entra na Segunda Guerra Mundial, sofre depois todas as implicações do pós-guerra, enfrenta uma desilusão generalizada, na qual predomina o pessimismo e a alienação, afectando a produção noir e transformando as temáticas dos filmes. Seguidamente, o Macartismo trouxe o medo do comunismo, agravando o ambiente instável de medo e paranóia. É possível associar tudo isto a muitas das características do film noir , e os seus significados devem ser interpretados. A quantidade de discussões críticas em torno do film noir contribuíram
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