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Download Book Amelie Ewert Stephan Schmid Mascha Brost Huw Davies Luc Vinckx Editors Small Electric Vehicles An International View on Light Three- and Four-Wheelers Small Electric Vehicles Amelie Ewert • Stephan Schmid • Mascha Brost • Huw Davies • Luc Vinckx Editors Small Electric Vehicles An International View on Light Three- and Four-Wheelers 123 Editors Amelie Ewert Stephan Schmid German Aerospace Center e.V. (DLR) German Aerospace Center e.V. (DLR) Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Mascha Brost Huw Davies German Aerospace Center e.V. (DLR) Institute for Future Transport and Cities Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Coventry University Coventry, UK Luc Vinckx Elephant Consult B.V.B.A. Tervuren, Belgium ISBN 978-3-030-65842-7 ISBN 978-3-030-65843-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adap- tation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Graphic: DLR, CC-BY 3.0 This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide, the EV stock of passenger cars reached 5.1 million in 2018 with battery electric vehicles (BEVs) holding 64 % (IEA 2018). Especially, the sales numbers and models available on the market of larger vehicles, i.e. large cars, SUVs or pick-ups, grew significantly in the past years. This is problematic from an ecological point of view, as they require more energy for operation than small and lightweight electric vehicles (SEVs) and are in most cases a less efficient transport option. SEVs offer the same benefits that come with the deployment of BEVs, such as no emission of exhaust pollutants, but they beyond that require less critical raw materials for the production of batteries and overall emit less greenhouse gases (GHGs) than large vehicles or vehicles with internal combustion engine (ICEs). SEVs are an alternative especially in urban areas. Due to their small size, they occupy less space and could therefore help in the development of attractive city centres. In order to holistically evaluate the potential of SEVs for optimized land use, it is important to consider which transportation modes might be substituted. While figures of SEVs in China are growing rapidly with 50 million electric three-wheelers and an estimated 5 million low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) in 2019, other countries show by far smaller numbers. Especially, considering world markets such as the USA and Europe, SEVs have only limited success. Different rules for homologation complicate a comparison of world markets and the intro- duction of vehicle models into new markets. This book should give a first overview of different SEV types of vehicles and their possible applications. It aims for an international view on chances and obstacles for SEVs as well as new research, pilot projects and developments in the area. The present status of SEV technologies, the market situation and main hin- dering factors for market success as well as options to attain a higher market share including new mobility concepts will be highlighted. The book is realized against the background of the International Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Technology Collaboration Programme (IEA-HEV) in the frame- work of the International Energy Agency within the Task 32 on small electric vehicles. v vi Preface Definition of Small Electric Vehicles The term small electric vehicles comprises in this book three- and four-wheel vehicles which are powered by a locally emission-free drive. Depending on the regional background, they are classified differently, e.g. as low- and medium-speed vehicles, low-speed electric vehicle or kei cars. According to EU regulation (No. 168/2013), they belong to one of the L-categories L2e, L5e-L7e. Additionally, electric cargo bikes and vehicles of cat- egories M1 or N1 which do not exceed 3.5 m, a maximum drive power of 55 kW and an unladen weight of up to 1200 kg, are in the scope. Review Process The contributions in this book were reviewed by experts in the field in a double-blind two-step process. The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who contributed their knowledge and expertise to the book’s editorial process over the past six months. The editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all reviewers for their cooperation and dedication in 2020 including: Adrian Braumandl, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Annick Roetynck, LEVA-EU Prof. Dr.-Ing. Alexander Müller, Hochschule Esslingen Christian Ulrich, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Christian Wachter, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Christina Wolking, Technische Universität Berlin Değer Saygın, SHURA Energy Transition Center Florian Kleiner Friederike Pfeifer, IKEM—Institut für Klimaschutz, Energie und Mobilität Gabriele Grea, Università Bocconi J. R. Reyes Garcia, University of Twente Jörg Sonnleitner, Universität Stuttgart Marc Figuls, FACTUAL Paul Nieuwenhuis Prof. Peter Wells, Cardiff University Dr. Richard Barrett, University of Liverpool in London Sebastian Sigle, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Susanne Balm, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Sylvia Stieler, IMU Institut Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Blees, Hochschule RheinMain Werner Kraft, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Stuttgart, Germany Amelie Ewert Stuttgart, Germany Stephan Schmid Stuttgart, Germany Mascha Brost Coventry, UK Huw Davies Tervuren, Belgium Luc Vinckx Contents Introducing SEVs Small Electric Vehicles—Benefits and Drawbacks for Sustainable Urban Development ........................................ 3 Amelie Ewert, Mascha Brost, and Stephan Schmid Courses of Action for Improving the Safety of the Powered Cycle ..... 17 Luc Vinckx and Huw Davies Velomobiles and Urban Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges ...... 29 Geoffrey Rose and Alex Liang The UK Approach to Greater Market Acceptance of Powered Light Vehicles (PLVs) ........................................... 41 Huw Davies, Allan Hutchinson, Richard Barrett, Tony Campbell, and Andy Eastlake Case Studies and Applications of SEVs The ELVITEN Project as Promoter of LEVs in Urban Mobility: Focus on the Italian Case of Genoa ................................. 55 Francesco Edoardo Misso, Irina Di Ruocco, and Cino Repetto Small Electric Vehicles in Commercial Transportation: Empirical Study on Acceptance, Adoption Criteria and Economic and Ecological Impact on a Company Level ................................. 69 Tim Hettesheimer, Cornelius Moll, Kerstin Jeßberger, and Saskia Franz An Energy Efficiency Comparison of Electric Vehicles for Rural–Urban Logistics ................................... 85 Andreas Daberkow, Stephan Groß, Christopher Fritscher, and Stefan Barth vii viii Contents Electrification of Urban Three-Wheeler Taxis in Tanzania: Combining the User’s Perspective and Technical Feasibility Challenges ............................................... 97 Mirko Goletz, Daniel Ehebrecht, Christian Wachter, Deborah Tolk, Barbara Lenz, Meike Kühnel, Frank Rinderknecht, and Benedikt Hanke Impact Studies and Effects of SEV Deployment Small Electric Vehicles (SEV)—Impacts of an Increasing SEV Fleet on the Electric Load and Grid ................................ 115 Tobias Gorges, Claudia Weißmann, and Sebastian Bothor Fields of Applications and Transport-Related Potentials of Small Electric Vehicles in Germany ................................. 127 Christine Eisenmann, Johannes Gruber, Mascha Brost, Amelie Ewert, Sylvia Stieler, and Katja Gicklhorn Vehicle Concepts and Technologies KYBURZ Small Electric Vehicles: A Case Study in Successful Deployment .................................... 143 Erik Wilhelm, Wilfried Hahn, and Martin Kyburz BICAR—Urban Light Electric Vehicle .......................... 157 Hans-Jörg Dennig, Adrian Burri, and Philipp Ganz Conception and Development of a Last
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