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Hybrid and Electric Vehicles the ELECTRIC DRIVE ADVANCES Hybrid and Electric Vehicles THE ELECTRIC DRIVE ADVANCES MOVE ELECTRIC MARCH 2010 International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive advances March 2010 Move electric The IA-HEV, also known as the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes, functions within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IA-HEV do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of all its individual member countries. Cover Design: The electric drive advances. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are now considered mainstream vehicles, while plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are beginning sales to larger markets than ever before. Pictured are the Protoscar Lampo BEV concept from 2009 (photo courtesy of Protoscar) and the 2011 Chevrolet Volt PHEV (photo courtesy of General Mo- tors). These cars are set against a background image of a full hybrid engine. (Night traffic photo credit Henk L. Cover designer: Kizita Awuakye.) International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes Annual report of the Executive Committee and Annex I over the year 2009 Hybrid and electric vehicles The electric drive advances Concept and editing: Kristin Abkemeier (Operating Agent Annex I, New West Technologies, LLC) Co-editing: Martijn van Walwijk (IA-HEV secretary) and ANL team Design and layout: Kizita Awuakye and Bret Barker, New West Technologies, LLC Contributing authors: Kristin Abkemeier New West Technologies, LLC USA James Barnes DOE USA Arie Brouwer Agentschap NL The Netherlands Carol Burelle NRCan Canada Mario Conte ENEA Italy Jørgen Horstmann Consultant Denmark Peter Kasche Swedish Energy Agency Sweden Sigrid Kleindienst Muntwyler Energietechnik AG Switzerland B.J. Kumar on behalf of DOE USA Juan Fco. Larrazábal Roche IDAE Spain Urs Muntwyler IA-HEV chairman Switzerland Carlo Mol VITO Belgium Nils-Olof Nylund VTT Technical Research Centre Finland Eren Öszu TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Maxime Pasquier ADEME France Chris Saricks ANL USA Jussi Suomela Helsinki University of Technology Finland Gabriela Telias A3PS Austria Charles Thibodeau NRCan Canada Tom Turrentine UC Davis USA Hamdi Ucarol TÜBITAK MRC Turkey Martijn van Walwijk IA-HEV secretary France Frédéric Vergels AVERE Belgium Tim Ward Office for Low Emission Vehicles United Kingdom I Contents Page Contents II Report structure IV A: About IA-HEV 1 Chairman’s message 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The IEA and IA-HEV collaborate on hybrid and electric vehicles in 2009 2 1.3 Summary of IA-HEV activities in 2009 3 1.4 Strategy for the 4th phase of the IA-HEV, 2009 – 2014 11 1.5 Acknowledgments and final remarks 12 2 The IEA and its Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 14 2.1 The International Energy Agency 14 2.2 The Implementing Agreement on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 24 3 IA-HEV clean vehicle awards 32 B: IA-HEV task forces 4 Information exchange (Annex I) 38 5 Electrochemical systems (Annex X) 42 6 Electric cycles (Annex XI) 46 7 Heavy-duty hybrid vehicles (Annex XII) 52 8 Fuel cells for vehicles (Annex XIII) 57 9 Market deployment of electric vehicles: Lessons learned (Annex XIV) 64 10 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (Annex XV) 71 11 Fuel and technology alternatives for buses (Annex XVI) 78 C: H&EVs worldwide 12 Overview of hybrid and electric vehicles in 2009 83 12.1 Statistical information and fleets 83 12.2 National goals for vehicles with electric drives 85 13 Strategies out of the automotive crisis 90 14 Austria 102 15 Belgium 118 16 Canada 143 II 17 Denmark 159 18 Finland 175 19 France 183 20 Italy 201 21 The Netherlands 216 22 Spain 224 23 Sweden 243 24 Switzerland 253 25 Turkey 272 26 United Kingdom 284 27 United States 294 28 Developments in selected IA-HEV non-member countries 314 28.1 China 314 28.2 Germany 317 28.3 India 318 28.4 Japan 319 28.5 Portugal 321 28.6 Republic of Korea 322 D: Outlook 29 Outlook for hybrid and electric vehicles 325 E: Practical information IA-HEV publications 329 Vehicle categories 334 Conversion factors 335 Glossary 338 Abbreviations 353 IA-HEV contact information 360 III Report structure This report consists of five main parts. Part A “About IA-HEV” describes the Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Tech- nologies and Programmes (IA-HEV), its activities, and its plans for the coming years. The Chairman’s message in chapter 1 includes a summary of IA-HEV activities in 2009, as well as the current structure of the IA-HEV today and its strategy for the 4th phase of the programme which is currently in its first year. Chapter 2 explains the relationship between IA-HEV and the International Energy Agency (IEA), as well as describing the IA-HEV history, results, and working programme. Chapter 3 presents the latest recipients of the IA-HEV clean vehicle awards. Part B “IA-HEV task forces” presents the results of the work that is performed by the task forces working under this Agreement. The work of each task force is organized in the form of an Annex. A general picture of hybrid and electric vehicles (H&EVs) around the globe is painted in part C, “H&EVs worldwide.” The first chapter (12) in this section gives worldwide H&EV statistical information and developments in 2009. This year the overview chapter includes a section on national goals for H&EVs on the road as a special topic. The following chapter addresses the impact of the global economic slowdown on overall automotive sales in various IA-HEV member countries and the strategies each pursued during 2008 and 2009 in or- der to sustain its domestic automotive industry and increase the fuel efficiency of its fleet. More detailed information on H&EV activities in each IA-HEV member country is presented in chapters 14 through 28. Chapter 28 highlights H&EV issues in selected IA-HEV non-member countries. Part D is dedicated to an outlook for the future of hybrid and electric vehicles through offering up a summary of the factors that should influence the uptake of these vehicles by the market as named by the members of the IA-HEV Execu- tive Committee. Finally, Part E gives practical information related to hybrid and electric vehicles and the Agreement, including a list of IA-HEV publications, definitions of ve- hicle categories, conversion factors for H&EV related units, a glossary of terms, abbreviations, and contact information of the IA-HEV participants. IV 1 Chairman’s Message THE FUTURE WILL BE ELECTRIC AND RENEWABLE The strong interest in hybrid and electric vehicles among politicians and the public creates the danger of confusion and too-high expectations. As a result, accurate information and international collaboration are more important than ever. Communicating balanced information to governmental decision makers is one of the goals of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmes (IA-HEV) in its 4th phase, extending from December 2009 through 2014. 1.1 Introduction Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been enjoying a heightened profile among politicians and members of the public over the past couple of years. The pub- lic’s higher level of awareness has arisen from the imminent announcement of new PHEVs and BEVs to the consumer market as well as from the increasing number of governments incorporating these vehicles as part of their transporta- tion and energy policies. As a result, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and its program the Imple- menting Agreement for co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technolo- gies and Programmes (IA-HEV) consider fostering policy discussions and the exchange of information on HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs to be more important than ever. In 2009, collaboration and communication within these organizations has borne fruit as the IEA created a roadmap for EVs and PHEVs, and IA-HEV worked with other IEA Implementing Agreements on several joint efforts. Also, last year the IA-HEV moved ahead in its own efforts and welcomed new mem- ber countries. Finally, the IA-HEV concluded its 3rd phase in November 2009 and has now entered its 4th phase, which lays out a new set of goals through 2014 towards informing decision makers about the benefits and challenges re- lated to hybrid and electric vehicles. 1 IA-HEV ANNUAL REPORT 2009 1.2 The IEA and IA-HEV collaborate on hybrid and electric vehicles in 2009 1.2.1 The IEA roadmap for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles shows the way The International Energy Agency (IEA) has identified 20 important technolo- gies to lower CO2 emissions towards 2050. One of these is the technology for EVs and PHEVs. In 2009, the IEA began to publish roadmaps that describe how these technologies can contribute to the whole picture. In one of the first five roadmaps, electric and hybrid vehicles are described as part of the solution. The IEA’s roadmap for PHEVs and EVs over the next few decades is described in the next chapter of this report. The roadmap is an important milestone for the IA-HEV because it brings to- gether different energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources into a single integrated picture. Equally important is the fact that the roadmap provides a good example for strong collaboration between the researchers in the IEA headquarters and our Implementing Agreement.
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