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Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminiferal Recolonisation Following A Marine Micropaleontology 44 (2002) 57^76 www.elsevier.com/locate/marmicro Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal recolonisation following a volcaniclastic event in the lower Campanian of the Scaglia Rossa Formation (Umbria^Marche Basin, central Italy) S. Galeotti a;b;Ã, M. Bellagamba a, M.A. Kaminski c;d, A. Montanari e a Istituto di Geologia dell’Universita', Campus Scienti¢co, Localita' Crocicchia, 61029 Urbino, Italy b Centro di Palinologia dell’Universita', Campus Scienti¢co, Localita' Crocicchia, 61029 Urbino, Italy c Research School of Geological and Geophysical Sciences, Birbeck College and University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK d KLFR, 3 Boyne Avenue, Hendon NW4 2JL, UK e Osservatorio Geologico di Coldigioco, 62020 Frontale di Apiro, Italy Received 1 February 2000; received in revised form 23 July 2001; accepted 23 July 2001 Abstract We studied the distribution of deep water agglutinated foraminiferal (DWAF) assemblages across a 15-cm-thick volcaniclastic layer in the lower Campanian Scaglia Rossa limestones of the Umbria^Marche Basin. Above the volcaniclastic layer, which is devoid of foraminifera, a remarkable pattern of recovery among DWAF has been observed. The complete recovery of DWAF in terms of trophic groups and complexity of assemblages is observed in the first 5 cm above the volcaniclastic layer, representing 4.8 kyr based upon the mean sedimentation rate of the Campanian Scaglia Rossa Formation. In its initial stage, the recovery pattern is remarkably similar to that observed following the 15 June 1991 Mount Pinatubo ashfall in the abyssal South China Sea where various species of Reophax, a small organically cemented species of Textularia, and the calcareous species Quinqueloculina seminula and Bolivina difformis are the earliest recolonisers on top of the tephra layer. Such similarities between modern and fossil analogues strengthens the reliability of environmental reconstructions based on DWAF. ß 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Benthic foraminifera; Volcanic ash; Substrate disturbance; Biotic recovery 1. Introduction prerequisite for understanding the processes re- lated to disequilibrium in deep-sea benthic com- Information on life history and community munities, which constitute a key component of the structure of deep-sea benthic foraminifera is a Earth’s largest biotope. Recolonisation of deep- sea substrates, in particular, is a topic that has received growing interest in recent years with sev- * Corresponding author. eral studies on both modern and fossil benthic E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Galeotti). foraminiferal communities following major envi- 0377-8398 / 02 / $ ^ see front matter ß 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0377-8398(01)00037-8 MARMIC 851 10-4-02 58 S. Galeotti et al. / Marine Micropaleontology 44 (2002) 57^76 ronmental disturbances (see Alve, 1999 for a re- (2001), who documented the initial stage of re- view of the topic). colonisation on top of the tephra layer deposited In the fossil record, attention has recently fo- in the South China Sea as a result of the 1991 cused on recolonisation patterns by benthic fora- eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. minifera following global catastrophic events such The initial observations suggest that faunal re- as the Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events (Kuhnt, covery (largely by species of Reophax, Subreo- 1992; Coccioni et al., 1995; Peryt and Lamolda, phax, and a minute organically cemented species 1996), the Cretaceous^Tertiary Boundary event of Textularia) had begun as early as 3 years fol- (Kuhnt and Kaminski, 1993, 1996; Coccioni and lowing the eruption. Galeotti, 1994, 1998; Speijer and van der Zwaan, The process of faunal decimation and recovery 1994, 1996; Galeotti, 1998), and the Palaeocene^ following tephra falls must undoubtedly be a Eocene Boundary event (Kaminski et al., 1996; common occurrence in the geological record, con- Speijer et al., 1995, 1997). Successive recolonisa- tributing to local di¡erences in the patch structure tion of the sea £oor has also been suggested to and successional patterns observed in deep-sea explain the patterns observed in the vertical suc- benthic foraminifera. However, a major unknown cession of ‘£ysch-type’ foraminiferal assemblages question is whether or not this process leaves an within turbidite sequences in alpine and boreal observable fossil record, and if so what the time- regions (Gru«n et al., 1964; Butt, 1981; Verdenius scale of faunal recovery in the deep sea is. In this and Van Hinte, 1983; Kuhnt and Kaminski, paper we address these questions by documenting 1989). the pattern of the recolonisation through a high In the modern ocean, recolonisation by benthic resolution study of deep water agglutinated fora- foraminifera has been observed in shallow water miniferal (DWAF) assemblages from below, with- environments following arti¢cial disturbance (El- in, and above a 15-cm-thick volcaniclastic layer in lison and Peck, 1983; Schafer, 1983), in the deep a deep-sea sequence of the Scaglia Rossa Forma- sea following bottom current disturbance (Kamin- tion exposed in the Furlo Gorge (Umbria^Marche ski, 1985), and after local volcanic ashfalls (Finger Apennines, central Italy). and Lipps, 1981). In an experiment using recolo- nisation trays at an abyssal site in the Panama Basin, Kaminski et al. (1988a,b) identi¢ed several 2. Geological and stratigraphical setting species of benthic foraminifera as opportunistic, including Psammosphaera, Reophax excentricus The upper Turonian^middle Eocene Scaglia and Reophax dentaliniformis. Rossa Formation in the Umbria^Marche Basin Deep-sea basins that experience seasonal dys- consists of regularly bedded pink and reddish oxia also support communities of opportunistic limestones interbedded with reddish marly layers benthic foraminifera. In a study of the deep deposited under well oxygenated conditions in a San Pedro Basin o¡ southern California, Ka- lower bathyal depositional environment (Arthur minski et al. (1995) reported a faunal assem- and Fischer, 1977; Kuhnt, 1990). The faunal and blage consisting of Psammosphaera, Reophax, £oral associations of the Scaglia Rossa mostly and a minute organically cemented species of consist of calcareous nannofossils and subordi- Textularia that was interpreted as opportunistic. nate planktonic foraminifera along with rare Many of the species were the same as those benthic foraminifera (mainly DWAF). The found in the recolonisation trays in the Panama DWAF assemblages in these limestones are Basin, suggesting that di¡erent types of distur- highly diversi¢ed and are unique within the bance may result in similar benthic communities. Upper Cretaceous. They include elements of The sole observations of in situ recolonisation by mixed calcareous and organically cemented bathy- modern deep-sea benthic foraminifera in a vast al assemblages, purely agglutinated ‘£ysch-type’ disturbed habitat were carried out by Hess and assemblages, and a number of species known Kuhnt (1996), Hess (1998), and Hess et al. from Upper Cretaceous sequences deposited be- MARMIC 851 10-4-02 S. Galeotti et al. / Marine Micropaleontology 44 (2002) 57^76 59 Fig. 1. Location map of the studied section. low the Carbonate Compensation Depth. Ac- 3. Material and methods cording to Kuhnt (1990), the agglutinated fora- miniferal assemblage of the Scaglia Rossa is in- To document changes in benthic foraminiferal dicative of a water depth between 1500 m and assemblages and recolonisation patterns above 2000 m. the volcaniclastic layer, a quantitative analysis In outcrops of the lower Campanian Scaglia of DWAF was carried out on acid residues or Rossa sequence at Furlo (Marche region of Italy, washed residues obtained from 18 samples. Sam- Fig. 1), Mattias et al. (1988) described a discrete ples were collected across a 255-cm interval, from 15-cm-thick bentonitic layer. According to the 125 cm below the volcaniclastic layer (FB1 to litho-, magneto- and biostratigraphic investigation FB6), within it (FB7a, b), to 115 cm above it of the Furlo sequence by Alvarez and Lowrie (FB8 to FB17). The interval spanning the ¢rst (1984), this bentonitic layer falls within the Globo- 5 cm above the volcaniclastic layer was sampled truncana elevata planktonic foraminiferal zone, every centimetre (FB8 to FB12). and within the lower part of Chron 33r of early Considering the duration of Chron 33r (Grad- Campanian age. Based on detailed geochemical stein et al., 1995) and its thickness in the Furlo and mineralogical analyses, Mattias et al. (1988) section (Alvarez and Lowrie, 1984), the mean sed- suggested a volcanic origin for this bentonite. The imentation rate during the early Campanian at layer is predominantly comprised of calcium dioc- Furlo was about 8.6 m/Myr. Therefore, assuming tahedric montmorillonite derived from the trans- a constant sedimentation rate and geologically in- formation, in a marine environment, of ¢ne vol- stantaneous deposition of the volcaniclastic layer, canic glass originating from sub-aerial volcanic the studied interval represents approximately 370 activity. The sudden deposition of a 15-cm-thick kyr. Although a hiatus is known to occur within (post-compaction thickness) volcanic ash layer the Scaglia Rossa within the basal Palaeocene would have created a sudden disturbance of the (e.g. Dingus, 1984), there is no visible evidence sea £oor ecosystem, including mass mortality of of hiatuses or turbidites within the studied inter- benthic organisms. This event,
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