Coordinated Development Between Assistance to Tibet and Tourism Development: Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors

Home , Ngari Prefecture, Transhimalaya

Hindawi Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 2020, Article ID 9723587, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9723587

Research Article Coordinated Development between Assistance to Tibet and Tourism Development: Spatial Patterns and Influencing Factors

Song Liu ,1 Xia Xie ,2,3 Xiaofei Zhang ,1 Chunshan Zhou ,1,2,3 and Yonglong Cai 4

1School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2Key Laboratory of the Sustainable Development of Xinjiang’s Historical and Cultural Tourism, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China 3College of Tourism, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China 4School of Geography, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xia Xie; [email protected]

Received 1 August 2020; Accepted 24 September 2020; Published 16 October 2020

Academic Editor: Lifei Chen

Copyright © 2020 Song Liu et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. )e Chinese government has provided various forms of assistance to the Tibet Autonomous Region and has substantially improved their facilities, which has had a positive influence on the development of tourism in Tibet. )e present study investigated how assistance to Tibet (AT) coordinates with tourism development (TD) by exploring the patterns and influencing factors of AT and TD using statistical data from 74 prefectural units from 1991 to 2015. )e findings led to several conclusions: (1) ATdisplayed strong and constant coupling interactions with TD, and the coupling coordination degree increased from moderately unbalanced development (MUD) to barely balanced development (BBD). However, the coupling coordination degree remains low (MUD) in most prefectural units; (2) in 2015, the degree of coupling coordination displayed a “core-periphery” spatial pattern (i.e., low in center and high in the periphery), which highly coincides with the patterns of AT (x) and TD (y), and should thus be improved further; and (3) both AT factors and TD factors have significant effects on the spatial differentiation of coupling coordination degree but not on the coupling degree. )is study expands research on coupling coordination and AT and provides scientific guidance for further coordinating AT and TD.

1. Introduction and western regions [4]; therefore, promoting the coordinated development of western regions, especially the mar- Since the reform and opening-up, China’s economic growth ginal areas, is crucial. has adopted a “two-step” strategy based on the unbalanced Assistance to Tibet (AT) refers to the sum of assistance growth and balanced growth theories [1]. From 1978 to the received by the Tibet Autonomous Region, which is a system early 1990s, China implemented an unbalanced develop- of economic assistance (e.g., finance and funds), projects, ment strategy that prioritized the eastern region. From the talent, education, and technical assistance [5]. ATis regarded early 1990s to the beginning of the twenty-first century, as a systematic project. AT is a valuable means of macro- China continued the unbalanced development strategy that control by the Chinese government by promoting Tibet’s prioritized the development of the eastern region, but also socioeconomic development through the reallocation of considered the central and western regions (Western de- assistance resources to reduce the regional gaps and promote velopment strategy, 2000; Rise of Central China Plan, 2004). the coordinated development of Tibet [6]. After the early twenty-first century, a balanced and coor- Tibet Autonomous Region, which is located in marginal dinated development strategy was implemented [2, 3]. China, has been in an inferior position in terms of the Under the unbalanced development strategy, the regional national economic pattern since 1951 [7]. CPC Central disparity of China’s economy grew in the eastern, central, Committee provided various forms of assistance and held six 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

“Work Forum on Tibet” (WFT) [8], which promoted the ecological, and transportation improvement have been socioeconomic development of Tibet. However, tourism demonstrated to have coupling relationships with TD. development (TD) in Tibet has not garnered sufficient at- Urbanization improves several factors that are crucial in tention, and the AT prioritizes urban development and tourism, such as infrastructure, products, services, and livelihood improvement projects rather than tourism [6], image [37, 38]; the regional economy increases the dis- which caused the decoupling of TD and AT. Moreover, AT posable income of households and improves the tourism also caused regional inequalities within Tibet because of infrastructure by increasing investments [39, 40]; the eco- imbalances and reallocation of assistance [6, 9]. )erefore, logical environment provides tourists with authentic tour- coordinating the development of AT and TD in Tibet was ism products [41, 42]; transportation improves tourism addressed. accessibility [43–45]. )ese factors promote tourism by After the third WFT (1994), tourism assistance increased accelerating the growth of related industries. [10]. Tourism in Tibet became a dominant sector in the AT has high coupling relationships with ED and UR in tertiary industry, accounting for 61% of tertiary industry Tibet. However, the coordinated development level is still output in 2019 (9% in 1994). A further increase in assistance low and spatially varied [5, 46]. )e results indicate that AT was proposed in the sixth WFT (2015), which also provided is vital to Tibet and should be further intensified. the opportunity for TD. Investigating the coupling rela- Previous studies are focused on “what is AT?” “why is AT tionships between AT and TD could provide further de- important?” and “how can AT be improved?” For the first velopment guidance. question, scholars are concerned about where AT systems )erefore, the present study focused on the coordination originate and how they evolve [47, 48]. Scholars have of AT with TD by exploring the types, spatial distributions, concluded that AT originates from first-generation Chinese and influencing factors of coordinated development of AT national leaders who strived for the equal development of and TD, using statistical data from 74 prefectural units in Tibet by implementing the assistance strategy [49]. )e Tibet from 1991 to 2015. evolution of “strategy to system” focuses on the economy, Coupling is a widespread method to evaluate the in- staff, education, and techniques [50] developed by five terrelationships between systems or geographical features generations of national leaders [51]. For the second question, and aspects, such as economic development (ED), urbani- studies have determined that AT promoted the socioeco- zation (UR), eco-environment (ECE), resource utilization nomic development of Tibet [52] and changed the industry (RU), and land use (LU), in China. In the late 1990s to early structure [53]. Furthermore, AT strengthened the atypical 2000s, as eco-environment topics emerged because of the dual economic structure of Tibet society [54]. For the third rapid development of the economy and urbanization, question, findings have emphasized that improving Tibet’s scholars began exploring the coupling relationship between self-development ability is crucial [55]. Promoting the ef- ED and ECE, as well as UR and ECE, to enable coordinated fectiveness and reallocation of AT is also vital [6, 9]. Fur- and sustainable development [11, 12]. From 2010 to 2020, thermore, tourism assistance was analyzed [56, 57]. )e TD the eco-environment has received increasing attention by in Tibet and literature on the exploitation of tourism re- the Chinese government, and research on the coupling sources and tourism-related industries were discussed coordination of ECE and ED, as well as ECE and UR, is [58, 59]. becoming increasingly popular and crucial topics in cou- )e aforementioned studies have investigated the de- pling coordination research [13–16]. )e coupling coordi- velopment of AT and TD. However, the coordinated de- nation relationship of UR and LU is also an increasingly velopment in coupling relationships between AT and TD popular and vital topic. Land-use efficiency and the intensive warrants further investigation. use of land are especially emphasized [17–19]. Moreover, the To bridge the gap in knowledge, we suggested that the coupling relationship between RU and UR, RU and ECE, coupling relationship and coordinated development of AT and LU and ECE are also regarded as critical topics to be and TD should be considered when exploring the devel- discussed [20–22]. Moreover, numerous new studies have opment of AT and TD in Tibet. investigated the coupling coordination relationships be- )e present study aims to fulfill the three objectives to tween ED, UR, ECE, RU, and LU and geographical features reduce the economic gap: first, the temporal changes and (such as carbon emission, environment carrying capacity, spatial distribution characteristics of the coupling and co- infrastructural development, tourism development, liveli- ordination of AT and TD are assessed; second, the coupling hood level, and rural hollowing, respectively) [23–28]. coordination patterns of ATand TD and their distribution in China’s socioeconomic diversification in the 2000s and space are assessed; third, the influencing factors on the 2010s led to contradictions to development that are not spatial distribution of the coupling and coordination degree limited to ED, UR, ECE, RU, and LU, but also extend to the are assessed. diverse geographical features, which are also extensively )e findings will contribute to the theoretical knowledge investigated [29–32]. on the relationships between AT and TD. For example, scholars have discussed the coordination of 2. Study Area the population, economic, social, and spatial urbanization [33, 34], whereas others have discussed the coupling rela- Tibet has 74 prefectural units that are divided into four tionships between multidimensional urbanization and the landform regions by several huge mountains: the Northern service industry [35, 36]. Urbanization and economic, Tibetan plateau region (TPR), the Southern Brahmaputra Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 3 river basin region (BRBR), the eastern alpine valley region (0 < η < 0.80) indicates that the integration value of AT is (AVR), and the Himalayan mountain region (HMR). smaller than that of TD (i.e., AT-lagged type); AT (x) � TD )e “Yijiangsihe” region—the Brahmaputra River, the (y) (0.80 < η < 1.20) indicates that the integration value of AT Nianchu River, the Lhasa River, the Yalong River, and the is equal to that of TD (i.e., AT and TD synchronized type); Niyang River—is located in the BRBR, which is the center of AT (x) < TD (y)(η > 1.20) indicates that integration value of population, economy, and culture in Tibet, and has a rel- AT is larger than that of TD (i.e., TD-lagged type); x′t and ye′ atively high socioeconomic development level and numer- are the standardized value of xt and ye, respectively, which ous scenic spots. )e marginal regions—the TPR, AVR, and can be calculated using Xij′ in formulas (1) and (2); wt and we HMR—have relatively low socioeconomic development are the weight of xt and ye, respectively, which can be cal- levels and fewer scenic spots. culated using information entropy weight (IEW). )e scenic spots present a “core-periphery” spatial IEW has been employed in studies evaluating the status pattern (Figure 1). uncertainty of the system [14]. )e index weight can be determined by analyzing the correlation and information 3. Materials and Methods among the indices, which avoids bias caused by subjective preferences and guarantees objectivity. Steps are as follows 3.1. Evaluation Index System. An AT evaluation index sys- [41]: tem, with five second-class indicators within the first-class (1) Calculating the proportion of the index j in year/unit indicators of financial assistance, infrastructure develop- i (R ) ment, and public service development, was adopted based on ij previous studies [5, 42]. An evaluation index system of TD, with 11 second-class indicators under the first-class indi- Xij′ cators of tourism economic environment, tourism social R � . (5) ij m ′ benefits, tourism economic benefits, and tourism develop- �i�1 Xij ment vitality, was adopted (Table 1). (2) Calculating the information entropy of the index j (e ) 3.2. Data Collection and Preprocessing. )e time-series data j (from 1991 to 2015) and the cross-sectional data (74 prefectural units) of AT and TD were collected separately from 1 m the Tibet County Survey, Tibet Statistical Yearbook, Tibet e � − � R × ln R . (6) j ln m ij ij Yearbook, and the Fifth and Sixth Batch of AT. i�1 To eliminate bias caused by the difference of dimension and magnitude, the min-max normalization was utilized. (3) Calculating the weight of the index j (wj) For positive indices, the calculation is as follows [60]:

Xij − min1≤j≤nXij X ′ � , 1 − ej ij (1) w � , max1≤j≤nXij − min1≤j≤nXij j n (7) �j�1 �1 − ej � whereas for negative indices, the calculation is as follows: where n is the number of indexes and m is the number of max1≤j≤nXij − Xij years or units. Xij′ � , (2) max1≤j≤nXij − min1≤j≤nXij 3.3. Calculating the T, C, and D of AT and TD where Xij′ and xij represent the standardized value and the original value of index j in year and unit i, respectively; 3.3.1. Calculating the Comprehensive Development Degree of X X max1≤j≤n ij and min1≤j≤n ij indicate the maximum and AT and TD. To evaluate the comprehensive development minimum value of index j among all years and units, degree (T) of AT and TD, the formula is as follows [41]: respectively. If x1, x2, ..., xp represent the indices of ATand y1, y2, ..., T � α × AT(x) + β × TD(y), (8) yq represent the indices of TD, then where T reﬂects the comprehensive development degree of p AT and TD; α and β represent the contribution of AT and AT(x) � � w x′ , (3) t t TD, respectively. AT is vital for the development of Tibet, t�1 and thus the values of α and β are 2/3 and 1/3, respectively q [5]. )e evaluation grade of T is set up into four grades [62] TD(y) � � weye′ , (4) (Table 2). e�1 where AT (x) and TD (y) are the integration values of ATand 3.3.2. Calculating the Coupling Coordination Degree. TD, respectively; η � AT (x)/TD (y) is the relative devel- Coupling refers to the motion of the system, whereby the opment degree of AT and TD [61], and AT (x) < TD (y) subsystems interact with each other. Coordination refers to 4 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Kunlun Mountains Kunlun Mountains

Study area KarakoramNgari Prefecture

Transhimalaya

Himalayas South China Sea Nagqu Kunlun Mountains Transhimalaya Himalayas

Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains Shigatse 46–3,000 Lhasa Qamdo 3,001–4,300 4,301–4,800 Himalayas Himalayas Nyingchi 4,801–5,500 Lhoka 5,501–8,384 Historical attractions Natural attractions 0 130 260 e Brahmaputra River basin N km Figure 1: Study area.

Table 1: Evaluation index system of AT and TD. Variables First-class indicator Second-class indicator and direction Notation Unit 10,000 million Financial assistance (FS) Fiscal transfer payment (+) (x1) FTP ￥ Ratio of infrastructure investment to fixed asset Infrastructure development RIIFAI % Assistance to Tibet AT investment (+) (x2) (ID) (x) Density of road network (+) (x3) DRN km/km2 Number of primary and secondary schools per Public service development NPSSP Number 1,000 people (+) (x4) (PSD) Number of medical beds per 1,000 people (+) (x5) NMBP Number Per capita GDP (+) (y1) PGDP yuan Growth rate of tertiary industry output value (+) Tourism economic GRTIOV % (y2) environment (TEE) Ratio of tertiary industry output value to GDP (+) RTIOVGDP % (y3) Tourism consumption per capita (+) (y4) TCC yuan Ratio of tourists to tertiary industry employees Tourism development Tourism social benefit (TSB) RTTIE % (+) (y5) TD (y) Number of staffs in danwei (+) (y6) NSWD 10,000 people Contribution of tourism revenue to GDP (+) (y7) CTRGDP % Tourism economic benefit Ratio of tourism revenue to tertiary industry (+) RTRTI % (TEB) (y8) Retail sales of hoteling and catering trade (+) (y9) RSHCT 100 million ￥ Tourism development vitality Growth rate of tourists (+) (y10) GRT % (TDV) Growth rate of tourism revenue (+) (y11) GRTR %

Table 2: Evaluation grade of T of AT and TD. Value T < 0.25 0.25 < T < 0.50 0.50 < T < 0.75 T ≥ 0.75 1 m l C � � � ξ , (9) Grade Poor Fair Good Excellent m × l ij i�1 j�1 the relationship of subsystems that work together harmo- where ξij � min min |X′i − Yj′| + ρ max max |X′i − Yj′|/ niously [63]. i j i j |X′i − Yj′| + ρ max max |X′i − Yj′|, which represents the i j (1) Calculating the coupling degree (C) of ATand TD. A gray relational coeﬃcient; m � 5 and l � 11 are the gray correlation method was employed [5]: numbers of variables of AT and TD, respectively. C is Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 5

the coupling degree (0 ≤ C ≤ 1), which was divided into )e spatial distribution minimum, maximum, mean, four levels [64] (Table 3). When C � 0, AT and TD are median, and standard deviation of AT (x) in 2015 were irrelevant. When 0 ≤ C ≤ 0.3, there is a low-coupling 0.055, 0.600, 0.269, 0.268, and 0.096, respectively. )e areas phase with low-level TD demand and high-level AT with larger AT (x) than the mean were distributed in supply. When 0.3 ≤ C ≤ 0.5, AT and TD are in the marginal Tibet, whereas areas with smaller AT (x) than the antagonistic stage, and the increase in TD demand mean were mainly concentrated in central Tibet causes disorder in the AT with a decline in AT supply. (Figure 3(a)). When 0.5 ≤ C ≤ 0.8, AT and TD are in a running-in )e minimum, maximum, mean, median, and standard phase, in which the TD enhances AT, and AT, in turn, deviation of TD (y) in 2015 were 0.126, 0.521, 0.231, 0.203, upgrades tourism facilities to further promote devel- and 0.083, respectively. )e areas with higher TD (y) than the mean were distributed in marginal Tibet, whereas the opment. When 0.8 ≤ C < 1, there is a high-level cou- areas with smaller TD (y) than the mean were distributed in pling phase in which AT and TD achieve harmony central Tibet (Figure 3(b)). benefit. If C � 1, a benign resonance coupling phase is AT (x) and TD (y) displayed a “core-periphery” spatial achieved, and AT and TD progress toward a new or- pattern, and both are lower in the center. dered structure with optimal TD and balanced AT Because both AT (x) and TD (y) are relatively low in supply and demand. central regions and high in marginal regions, T is also low in (2) Calculating the coupling coordination degree (D) of central and high in marginal Tibet (Figure 3(c)). Compared AT and TD. with TD (y), AT (x) is smaller in central regions and larger in )e coupling degree does not fully reflect the marginal ones. )erefore, η is low in central Tibet and high comprehensive development level of AT and TD. in marginal Tibet (Figure 3(d)). )erefore, the coupling coordination degree (D) was employed [64]. )e formula is as follows: 4.2. Results of Coupling Coordination Degree of AT and TD. In terms of time series, from 1991 to 2015, C was always in √�� the “running-in phase,” whereas D increased to the “fa- D � C × T. (10) vorably balanced development” (FBD, 0.754 in 2015) from Studies have indicated that D is divided into 3 classes, 6 the “moderately unbalanced development” (MUD, 0.343 in subclasses, and 18 types [17, 41] (Table 4). 1991) (Figure 4). )ese results indicated that the coupling interactions of AT and TD were strong, and the coordinated development of AT and TD improved substantially. 3.3.3. Calculating the Influencing Factors of C and D. )e spatial pattern minimum, maximum, mean, median, For cross-sectional data of 74 prefectural units of Tibet in and standard deviation values of C in 2015 were 0.590, 0.773, 2015, a multiple linear regression model was used to identify 0.661, 0.653, and 0.035, respectively. )e coupling level was the influencing factors of spatial differences of C and D generally high (running-in phase) across the 74 units. )e [65, 66]: areas with larger values of C than the mean were distributed in central Tibet, whereas areas with smaller values of C than y � c + α1 × AT1+, ··· , α5 × AT5 + β1 × TD1, ··· , the mean were distributed in marginal Tibet (Figure 5(a)). ( ) 11 )e minimum, maximum, mean, median, and standard + β11 × TD11 + ε, deviation values of D in 2015 were 0.285, 0.548, 0.397, 0.383, where y is C or D; α and β are the coefficients; AT1 ... AT5 and 0.054, respectively. )e coordination level was relatively are variables of AT (x); TD1 ... TD5 are variables of TD (y); low (MUD) across the 74 units. Areas with larger values of D and ε is the residual. than the mean were concentrated in marginal Tibet, whereas areas with smaller values of D than the mean were dis- 4. Results and Discussion tributed in central Tibet (Figure 5(b)). )e coupling coordination level was classified into the 4.1.AeComprehensiveDevelopmentDegree(T)ofATandTD. MUD, SUD, and BBD (Figure 5(c)). )e MUD In the time series, T increased to the “excellent” grade (0.802 (0.285–0.400) had 45 units, which were mainly concentrated in 2015) from the “poor” grade (0.168 in 1991). AT (x) and in the Qamdo, “Yijiangsihe” region, and Ngari Prefecture. TD (y) achieved the “good” (0.711 in 2015) and “excellent” )e SUD (0.401–0.500) had 25 units, which were mainly grades (0.847 in 2015), respectively (Figure 2). T, AT (x), and concentrated in Nyingchi-Lhoka region, Nagqu-Shigatse TD (y) declined in 1996 and then increased in 1997. region, and western Ngari Prefecture. )e BBD Before 1996, AT (x) was larger than TD (y); however, TD (0.501–0.548) had four units, which are the capitals of Lhasa (y) surpassed AT (x) after 1996. Correspondingly, the rel- Prefecture, Nyingchi Prefecture, and Ngari Prefecture. ative development degree was η > 1.20 from 1991 to 1996, Both C and D display a “core-periphery” spatial pattern. 0.80η < 1.20 from 1997 to 2008, and 0η < 0.80 from 2009 to However, C was higher in the center and D was higher in the 2015. )ese results indicated that AT and TD changed from periphery. TD-lagged to AT-lagged and then to AT and TD syn- Central Tibet displayed relatively bigger external effects chronized (Figure 2). from the assistance which caused small differentiations in 6 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Table 3: Evaluation grade of the C of AT and TD. Value 0 < C ≤ 0.30 0.30 < C ≤ 0.50 0.50 < C ≤ 0.80 0.80 < C < 1.00 Coupling level Low-coupling phase Antagonistic stage Running-in phase High-level coupling phase

Table 4: Coordinated development types of AT and TD. Classes Subclasses Types Characteristic AT (x) < TD Seriously unbalanced development with AT- I-A (y) hindered Seriously unbalanced AT (x) � TD Seriously unbalanced development with AT 0.0 < D ≤ 0.2 I-B development (SeUD) (y) and TD synchronized AT (x) > TD Seriously unbalanced development with TD- I-C Unbalanced (y) hindered development AT (x) < TD Moderately unbalanced development with AT- II-A (y) hindered Moderately unbalanced AT (x) � TD Moderately unbalanced development with AT 0.2 < D ≤ 0.4 II-B development (MUD) (y) and TD synchronized AT (x) > TD Moderately unbalanced development with II-C (y) TD-hindered AT (x) < TD III Slightly unbalanced development with AT- (y) A hindered Slightly unbalanced AT (x) � TD III- Slightly unbalanced development with AT and 0.4 < D ≤ 0.5 development (SUD) (y) B TD synchronized AT (x) > TD III- Slightly unbalanced development with TD- Transitional (y) C hindered development AT (x) < TD IV- Barely balanced development with AT-lagged (y) A Barely balanced development AT (x) � TD IV- Barely balanced development with AT and TD 0.5 < D ≤ 0.6 (BBD) (y) B synchronized AT (x) > TD IV- Barely balanced development with TD-lagged (y) C AT (x) < TD Favorably balanced development with AT- V-A (y) lagged Favorably balanced AT (x) � TD Favorably balanced development with AT and 0.6 < D ≤ 0.8 V-B development (FBD) (y) TD synchronized AT (x) > TD Favorably balanced development with TD- V-C Balanced (y) lagged development AT (x) < TD VI- Superiorly balanced development with AT- (y) A lagged Superiorly balanced AT (x) � TD VI- Superiorly balanced development with AT and 0.8 < D ≤ 1 development (SBD) (y) B TD synchronized AT (x) > TD VI- Superiorly balanced development with TD- (y) C lagged

1.00 3.00

0.80 2.40

0.60 1.80

0.40 1.20

0.20 0.60

0.00 0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 AT (x) T TD (y) η = AT (x)/TD (y)

Figure 2: Changes of AT (x), TD (y), T, and η from 1991 to 2015. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 7

Minimum: 0.055 Minimum: 0.126 Maximum: 0.600 Maximum: 0.521 Mean: 0.269 Mean: 0.231 Median: 0.268 Median: 0.203 Standard deviation: 0.096 Standard deviation: 0.083

<–1.5 std. dev. –1.5 – –0.50 std. dev. <–0.50 std. dev. –0.50 – 0.50 std. dev. –0.50 – 0.50 std. dev. 0.50 – 1.5 std. dev. 0.50 – 1.5 std. dev. 1.5 – 2.5 std. dev. 1.5 – 2.5 std. dev. >2.5 std. dev. 0 130 260 >2.5 std. dev. 0 130 260 e Brahmaputra river basin N km e Brahmaputra river basin N km

(a) (b)

Minimum: 0.124 Maximum: 0.508 Mean: 0.244 Median: 0.244 Standard deviation: 0.076

<–1.5 std. dev. –1.5 – –0.50 std. dev. –0.50 – 0.50 std. dev. 0.50 – 1.5 std. dev. 0.293 – 0.800; (AT lagged) 1.5 – 2.5 std. dev. 0.801 – 1.200; (AT and TD synchronized ) >2.5 std. dev. 0 130 260 1.201 – 2.300; (TD lagged) 0 130 260 e Brahmaputra river basin km N e Brahmaputra river basin N km (c) (d)

Figure 3: )e spatial pattern of AT (x), TD (y), T, and η in 2015. (a) Integration value of AT (b) Integration value of TD (c) Comprehensive development of degree (T) of AT and TD (d) Relative development degree (η) of AT and TD.

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Coupling degree Coupling coordinated degree

Figure 4: Time-series changes of coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of AT and TD (1991–2015). 8 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

Minimum: 0.590 Minimum: 0.285 Maximum: 0.773 Maximum: 0.548 Mean: 0.661 Mean: 0.397 Median: 0.653 Median: 0.383 Standard deviation: 0.035 Standard deviation: 0.054

<–1.5 std. dev. <–1.50 std. dev. –1.5 – –0.50 std. dev. –1.50 – –0.500 std. dev. –0.50 – 0.50 std. dev. –0.500 – 0.500 std. dev. 0.50 – 1.5 std. dev. 0.500 – 1.50 std. dev. 1.5 – 2.5 std. dev. 1.50 – 2.50 std. dev. >2.5 std. dev. 0 130 260 >2.50 std. dev. 0130260 e Brahmaputra river basin km e Brahmaputra river basin km N N

(a) (b)

II-A; 10 number II-B; 9 number II-C; 26 number III-A; 4 number III-B; 7 number III-C; 14 number 0.285 – 0.400; (Moderately unbalanced development IV-A; 2 number 0.401 – 0.500; (Slightly unbalanced development IV-B; 1 number 0.501 – 0.548; (Barely balanced development) 0 130 260 IV-C; 1 number 0 130 260 e Brahmaputra river basin km e Brahmaputra river basin km N N

Figure 5: Spatial distribution of C and D, coupling coordination level, and coordinated development types of AT and TD in 2015. (a) Coupling degree (C). (b) Coupling coordination degree (D). (c) Coupling coordination level. (d) Coupling development types. socioeconomic development, which led to a higher coupling (TII-B � 0.191) and an AT (x) that is approximately equal to TD relationship between AT and TD. However, central Tibet is (y). )is type is scattered in Qamdo, Nagqu, Lhoka, and Shi- low-lying ground of assistance, and the AT (x), TD (y), and gatse. Type II-C (26 units) is the MUD with TD-hindered type, D were relatively low. which is characterized by a relatively small T (TII-C � 0.204) and Marginal Tibet obtained small external effects from an AT (x) that is larger than TD (y). )is type is concentrated in assistance, which led to a lower coupling relationship be- the western Ngari Prefecture (i.e., Gaize-Geji-Pulan region) and tween AT and TD. However, marginal Tibet was in the the Shigatse-Lhoka region and scattered in Qamdo. highlands of assistance, and the AT (x), TD (y), and D were Type III-A (4 units) is the SUD with AT-hindered type, relatively high. which is characterized by a median T (TIII-A � 0.333) and an AT )erefore, differentiated strategies should be adopted to (x) that is larger than TD (y). )is type is scattered in the units of improve the coordinated development level of AT and TD. Nyingchi, Nagqu, and Ngari Prefecture. Type III-B (7 units) is the SUD with AT and TD synchronized type, which is characterized by a median T (TIII-B � 0.297) and an AT (x) that is 4.3. Types of Coordinated Development of AT and TD. As approximately equal to TD (y). )is type is scattered in Qamdo, illustrated in Table 4, coordinated development types were Nagqu, Lhoka, and Shigatse. Type III-C (14 units) is the SUD identified (Figure 5(d)). with TD-hindered type, which is characterized by median T Type II-A (10 units) is the MUD with AT-hindered type, (TIII-C � 0.288) and an AT (x) that is larger than TD (y). )is which is characterized by a relatively small T (TII-A � 0.178) and type is mainly located in the western Ngari Prefecture, Nagqu- an AT (x) that is smaller than TD (y). )is type is mainly Shigatse region, southern Shigatse, and Nyingchi-Lhoka region. concentrated in Lhasa and eastern Nagqu (i.e., Biru-Suoxian- Type -A (2 units) is the BBD with AT-lagged type, which Baqing region). Type II-B (9 units) is the MUD with ATand TD is characterized by a relatively high T (TIV-A � 0.430) and an synchronized type, which is characterized by a relatively small T AT (x) that is larger than TD (y). )is type is located in Milin Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 9

Unbalanced development Transitional development Balanced development 2.4 TD lagged

1.2 x )/TD ( y ) AT (

0.8 AT and Td synchronized AT lagged

0.0 0.2 MUD 0.4 SUD 0.5 BBD 0.6 FBD 0.8 Low coupling High coupling coordination Coordinated development type coordination Figure 6: Evolution of the coordinated development types of ATTD. Note: TII-A � 0.178, TII-B � 0.191, TII-C � 0.204; TIII-A � 0.333, TIII-B � 0.297, TIII-C � 0.288; TIV-A � 0.430, TIV-B � 0.430, and TIV-C � 0.508.

Table 5: Results of OLS method of the MLR model. C D Variables Coefficient Std. error T statistic Coefficient Std. error T statistic Constant 0.679 0.019 34.878∗∗∗ 0.199 0.006 33.487∗∗∗ X1_FTP −0.039 0.036 −1.093 0.004 0.011 0.401 X2_RIIFAI −0.079 0.017 −4.578∗∗∗ 0.026 0.005 4.910∗∗∗ X3_DRN −0.032 0.026 −1.247 0.027 0.008 3.396∗∗∗ X4_NPSSP −0.078 0.017 −4.498∗∗∗ 0.068 0.005 12.750∗∗∗ X5_NMBP −0.041 0.038 −1.092 0.041 0.012 3.575∗∗∗ Y1_PGDP −0.014 0.035 −0.405 0.051 0.011 4.683∗∗∗ Y2_GRTIOV −0.011 0.029 −0.370 0.034 0.009 3.808∗∗∗ Y3_RTIOVGDP 0.047 0.016 2.922∗∗∗ 0.109 0.005 22.240∗∗∗ Y4_TCC 0.010 0.023 0.459 0.083 0.007 11.890∗∗∗ Y5_RTTIE 0.008 0.016 0.523 0.027 0.005 5.359∗∗∗ Y6_NSWD 0.039 0.076 0.510 0.011 0.023 0.483 Y7_CTRGDP 0.131 0.033 4.006∗∗∗ 0.122 0.010 12.231∗∗∗ Y8_RTRTI −0.037 0.040 −0.933 −0.007 0.012 −0.601 Y9_RSHCT −0.102 0.076 −1.331 0.033 0.023 1.409 Y10_GRT −0.042 0.063 −0.668 0.025 0.019 1.314 Y11_GRTR −0.033 0.086 −0.384 0.031 0.026 1.192 R2 0.676 0.987 Adj. R2 0.585 0.984 S.E. of regression 0.023 0.007 F statistic 7.434 277.035 Obs ∗ R2 0.849 0.614 Note: “∗∗∗” represents significant at 1% level.

County and in Chengguan District, the capital of Lhasa. Type Increasing AT (x) and TD (y) and balancing them to higher IV-B (1 unit) is the BBD with AT and TD synchronized type, coordination levels is generally a challenge (V–B) (Figure 6). which is characterized by a relatively high T (TIV-B � 0.430) and an AT (x) that is approximately equal to TD (y). )is type 4.4. Influencing Factors of the Spatial Differentiation of C and is concentrated in Bayi District, the capital of Nyingchi. Type D. By employing the multicollinearity test and hetero- IV-C (1 unit) is the BBD with TD-lagged type, which is scedasticity test, we estimate the MLR model. )e results are characterized by a relatively high T (TIV-C � 0.508) and an AT presented in Table 5. (x) that is smaller than TD (y). )is type is located in Gaer For the spatial differentiation of C, the OLS method County, the capital of Ngari Prefecture. indicated that the RIIFAI and NPSSP (AT factors) had 10 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

AT Coupling degree (C) TD

Smaller gaps in AT (x), TD (y); Higher level of C

Elements of AT Elements of TD TEE FS Motivation Consumption Regional economic TSB Investment Attractiveness ID Infrastructure Accessibility TEB Public service Satisfaction Experience PSD Ecology Image Products TDV

Larger AT (x), TD (y); Higher level of T

AT Development degree (T) TD

Figure 7: Dynamics of the coordinated development of AT and TD.

significant positive effects at a 1% significant level, whereas Assistance increased and tourism improved, which RTIOVGDP and CTRGDP (TD factors) had significant promoted AT (x) and TD (y). If AT (x) and TD (y) improve, negative effects. then T flourishes; otherwise, it declines. If differences be- For the spatial differentiation of D, the OLS method tween AT (x) and TD (y) decrease, then C increases; oth- indicated that both AT and TD displayed significant effects. erwise, it decreases. )e coordinated development of ATand )e RIIFAI, DRN, NPSSP, and NMBP AT factors had TD was the unification of C and T (Figure 7). significant positive effects at a significance level of 1%, whereas the effects of FTP were not significant at the 1% level; the PGDP, GRTIOV, RTIOVGDP, TCC, RTTIE, and 5. Conclusions CTRGDP TD factors had significant positive effects at a 1% )e analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing significance level, whereas the effects of NSWD, RTRTI, factors of coordinated development of AT and TD led to the RSHCT, GRT, and GRTR are not significant at 1% level. following conclusions: )ese results indicate that AT factors of ID and PD have significant effects on the spatial differentiation of D, whereas (1) AT had strong, continuous coupling interactions the effects of FA were not significant. )e TD factors of TEE, with TD. )e coordination degree increased (BBD) TSB, and TEB had significant effects on the spatial differ- under this interaction. However, the level remained entiation of D, whereas the effects of TDV were not relatively low (MUD) across Tibet. significant. (2) )e lower-level coordinated development types were )e results indicated that the improvement of socio- predominant in central Tibet, whereas the higher- economic conditions and tourism facilities promoted level ones were predominant in marginal Tibet. )e tourism in Tibet. )ese improvements were rooted in the spatial pattern highly coincides with the patterns of financial assistance, infrastructure construction, and public AT (x) and TD (y) (i.e., low in center and high in the service investments. periphery). )e assistance established a basic framework for so- (3) AT and TD factors had significant positive effects on cioeconomic development in Tibet, which provided the the spatial pattern of the degree of coupling coor- socioeconomic conditions for tourism, such as economic, dination, but not on the spatial pattern of the cou- infrastructural, service, and environmental improvements. pling degree, especially the ID, PSD, TEE, TSB, and However, the socioeconomic conditions forced Tibet TEB. tourism to promote its image, products, attractiveness, and accessibility to enhance tourism, which aggrandized the To improve the coordinated development level in central tourism scale, quality, and benefits, both directly and in- and marginal Tibet, the following suggestions are provided. directly. 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