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Mortalités, Effondrements Et Affaiblissements Des Colonies D’Abeilles

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Mortalités, Effondrements Et Affaiblissements Des Colonies D’Abeilles University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Entomology Papers from Other Sources Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 11-2008 Mortalités, effondrements et affaiblissements des colonies d’abeilles Julie Chiron Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments Anne-Marie Hattenberger Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother Part of the Entomology Commons Chiron, Julie and Hattenberger, Anne-Marie, "Mortalités, effondrements et affaiblissements des colonies d’abeilles" (2008). Entomology Papers from Other Sources. 3. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Papers from Other Sources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Mortalités, effondrements et affaiblissements des colonies d’abeilles - novembre 2008 - Coordonnateurs de rédaction Melle Julie CHIRON Mme Anne-Marie HATTENBERGER Secrétariat administratif Mme Sheila GROS-DESIRS 1 Composition du groupe de travail sur les "mortalités, effondrements et affaiblissements des colonies d’abeilles" Président M. Bernard TOMA Maladies contagieuses Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort Membres du groupe de travail Mme Anne ALIX Ecotoxicologie et environnement Afssa Direction du végétal et de l’environnement (DiVE) M. Mike BROWN Directeur de l’unité nationale « Abeilles » du laboratoire de York Apiculture Field and advisory services - (Royaume-Uni) M. Patrice CARPENTIER Biostatistiques Afssa Direction du végétal et de l’environnement Mme Magali CHABERT-RIBIERE Virologie, Unité pathologie de l’abeille Afssa Sophia-Antipolis Mme Marie-Pierre CHAUZAT Ecotoxicologie de l’abeille, Unité pathologie de l’abeille Afssa Sophia-Antipolis M. Robert DELORME Toxicologie INRA Versailles M. Jean-Paul FAUCON Pathologie de l’abeille, Unité pathologie de l’abeille Afssa Sophia-Antipolis M. Jean-Pierre GANIERE Maladies contagieuses, microbiologie, antibiorésistance, réglementation sanitaire Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Nantes M. Laurent GAUTHIER Virologie (abeilles) Pôle Agro Montpellier (ENSAM) M. Eric HAUBRUGE Entomologie Faculté des sciences Agroalimentaires-Université de Gembloux (Belgique) M. Franz JACOBS Physiologie et pathologie de l’abeille Université de Gand (Belgique) M. Yves LECONTE Ecologie des invertébrés, laboratoire de biologie et de protection de l’abeille INRA Avignon 2 M. François MOUTOU Epidémiologie générale, faune sauvage, analyse de risque Afssa Lerpaz (Laboratoire d’études et de recherches en pathologie et zoonoses) M. Bach Kim NGUYEN Entomologie Faculté des sciences Agroalimentaires-Université de Gembloux (Belgique) M. Alain RERAT Président du groupe de travail « Abeilles » de l’AAF (Académie d’Agriculture de France) Académie d’Agriculture de France M. Claude SAEGERMAN Epidémiologie et analyse de risques appliquée aux sciences vétérinaires Faculté vétérinaire de Liège (Belgique) Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments Melle Julie CHIRON Coordinatrice scientifique Unité de l’évaluation des risques liés à l’alimentation et à la santé animales (UERASA) Afssa Direction évaluation des risques nutritionnels et sanitaires (DERNS) Mme Anne-Marie HATTENBERGER Chef de l’unité d’évaluation des risques liés à l’alimentation et à la santé animales (UERASA) Afssa Direction évaluation des risques nutritionnels et sanitaires (DERNS) M. Philippe VANNIER Directeur de la santé animale et du bien-être des animaux (DSABA) Afssa Direction générale 3 Personnes auditées M. Jean-Marie BARBANÇON Président de la FNOSAD (Fédération nationale des organisations sanitaires apicoles départementales) Apiculteur M. Raymond BORNECK Président du Groupement de défense sanitaire apicole du Jura, ancien président de l’Itapi et Apimondia Apiculteur Mme Monique ELOIT Directrice générale adjointe, CVO DGAl M. Pascal JOURDAN Membre du CNDA (Centre national du développement apicole) et directeur de l’ADAPI (Association pour le développement de l’apiculture provençale) Apiculteur Mme Monique L’HOSTIS Responsable du diplôme inter-Ecoles (DIE) en "Apiculture et Pathologie apicole" des Ecoles nationales vétérinaires de Nantes et d’Alfort Ecole nationale vétérinaire de Nantes M. Michel POTTIEZ Directeur départemental des services vétérinaires de la Haute-Marne (52) Apiculteur Relecteurs du rapport M. Didier BOISSELEAU Directeur départemental des services vétérinaires de Vendée (85) M. Patrick DEHAUMONT Directeur de l’agence nationale du médicament vétérinaire (ANMV) Afssa Fougères M. Gilbert JOLIVET Professeur de parasitologie Directeur de recherche honoraire INRA M. Claude SARRAZIN Ancien Directeur du laboratoire vétérinaire départemental des Hautes-Alpes (05) Assistant départemental et intervenant aux cours de pratique sanitaire apicole et au cours supérieur pour la formation des agents sanitaires apicoles Apiculteur 4 SOMMAIRE LISTE DES TABLEAUX........................................................................................................................... 9 LISTE DES FIGURES............................................................................................................................ 10 LISTE DES SIGLES............................................................................................................................... 11 RESUME................................................................................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 15 1 INVENTAIRE DES CAUSES DE MORTALITÉ DES COLONIES D’ABEILLES18 1.1 RAPPEL DE DÉFINITIONS......................................................................................18 1.1.1 État de la normalité.................................................................................................................. 18 1.1.1.1 Composition d’une colonie d’abeilles........................................................................................................ 18 1.1.1.2 Phases du cycle du développement d’une colonie d’abeilles................................................................. 20 1.1.2 États de l’anormalité................................................................................................................ 21 1.1.2.1 Le dépérissement......................................................................................................................................... 21 1.1.2.2 L’affaiblissement.......................................................................................................................................... 21 1.1.2.3 Le dépeuplement (ou dépopulation) des colonies ................................................................................... 22 1.1.2.4 L’effondrement............................................................................................................................................. 22 1.1.2.5 La mortalité et la morbidité ......................................................................................................................... 22 1.2 CAUSES DE MORTALITÉ DES COLONIES D’ABEILLES.....................................24 1.2.1 Agents biologiques .................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.2 Agents chimiques .................................................................................................................... 29 1.2.2.1 Modalités d’exposition des abeilles aux produits phytopharmaceutiques............................................ 29 1.2.2.2 Réglementation de la mise sur le marché des produits phytopharmaceutiques .................................. 31 1.2.2.3 Effets recensés des produits phytopharmaceutiques sur l’abeille......................................................... 32 1.2.3 Environnement ........................................................................................................................ 36 1.2.3.1 Alimentation ................................................................................................................................................. 36 1.2.3.2 Facteurs climatiques ................................................................................................................................... 40 1.2.3.3 Champs électriques et magnétiques.......................................................................................................... 40 1.2.3.4 Pratiques agricoles...................................................................................................................................... 41 1.2.4 Pratiques apicoles ................................................................................................................... 43 1.2.4.1 Généralités.................................................................................................................................................... 43 1.2.4.2 L’essaimage.................................................................................................................................................. 43 1.2.4.3 Le milieu de vie de la colonie...................................................................................................................... 44 1.2.4.4 Le nourrissement........................................................................................................................................
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