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Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão – Uema Centro De Ciências Agrárias Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agroecologia Curso De Doutorado

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Universidade Estadual Do Maranhão – Uema Centro De Ciências Agrárias Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Agroecologia Curso De Doutorado UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO – UEMA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGROECOLOGIA CURSO DE DOUTORADO RAYSA VALÉRIA CARVALHO SARAIVA CERRADO ECOTONAL MARANHENSE: RELAÇÕES FLORÍSTICAS E FILTROS AMBIENTAIS EM ÁREA DE ELEVADA IMPORTÂNCIA BIOLÓGICA São Luís – MA 2020 i RAYSA VALÉRIA CARVALHO SARAIVA Bióloga Mestra em Biodiversidade e Conservação CERRADO ECOTONAL MARANHENSE: RELAÇÕES FLORÍSTICAS E FILTROS AMBIENTAIS EM ÁREA DE ELEVADA IMPORTÂNCIA BIOLÓGICA Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, para obtenção do título de doutora em Agroecologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Tiago Massi Ferraz Co-orientadora: Profª Drª Francisca Helena Muniz São Luís – MA 2020 i Saraiva, Raysa Valéria Carvalho. Cerrado ecotonal maranhense: relações florísticas e filtros ambientais em área de elevada importância biológica / Raysa Valéria Carvalho Saraiva. – São Luís, 2020. 180 f Tese (Doutorado) – Curso de Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, 2020. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Tiago Massi Ferraz. Coorientador: Profa. Dra. Francisca Helena Muniz. 1.Chapada das Mesas. 2.Savana. 3.Herbáceo-arbustivo. 4.Fatores edáficos. 5.Conservação. I.Título CDU: 581.527(812.1) Elaborado por Giselle Frazão Tavares - CRB 13/665 ii RAYSA VALÉRIA CARVALHO SARAIVA Tese apresentada ao Curso de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, para obtenção de título de doutora em Agroecologia. Aprovada em: 11/03/2020 BANCA EXAMINADORA: _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Tiago Massi Ferraz – orientador (Presidente da banca) Universidade Estadual do Maranhão __________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Roberto Pereira de Sousa Universidade Estadual do Maranhão ___________________________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Maria Ivanilde de Araujo Rodrigues Universidade Estadual do Maranhão ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luis Manuel Hernández García Universidade Estadual do Maranhão ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alessandro Wagner Coelho Ferreira Universidade Federal do Maranhão iii Dedico Aos meus avós (in memoriam), Zinda e Carvalho, Zeca e Saraiva. Aos meus pais, Vitória e Cloves e ao meu irmão, Andrei. iv AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por ter concedido saúde e forças. Aos meus meus pais, Maria Vitória C. Saraiva e José Cloves V. Saraiva, por terem me incentivado a seguir nos estudos e por terem me apoiado nessa importante etapa. Ao meu irmão, Andrei W.C. Saraiva, pela amizade e incentivo. Todo amor e carinho por vocês. Ao Prof. Tiago Massi Ferraz, pela orientação, pelo estímulo à pesquisa, valioso apoio durante toda a execução do projeto, pelo suporte logístico para que as viagens para Carolina e as coletas fossem possíveis. Agradeço também por ter transmitido conhecimentos importantes para minha formação. À Profª Francisca Helena Muniz, pela co-orientação, transmissão de conhecimentos para identificação de plantas, pelo apoio, pelas sugestões de livros e boa recepção no grupo do Herbário Rosa Mochel (SLUI), onde pude realizar grande parte dos métodos da pesquisa. Aos Professores e pesquisadores: Roberto Sousa, pelo apoio durante a escrita e pelo apoio logístico para as viagens para Carolina; Fábio Figueiredo, pelo apoio logístico que muito contribuiu para o trabalho de campo; Elidio Guarçoni, pela parceria durante a escrita, análise morfológica e identificação de Dyckia Schult. & Schult.f.; Alessandro Ferreira, pela identificação de Orquidaceae, Bromeliaceae e disponibilidade em participar da banca; Luís Hernández, pelas orientações quanto às análises estatísticas; Ivanilde Rodrigues, pela disponibilidade em participar da banca; Camila Nobre, pela orientação quanto à coleta de solos e pela parceria na execução do projeto e Danielle Celentano, pelo fornecimento de referências, transmissão de experiências nas disciplinas. A valiosa equipe de trabalho de campo: Léo Leonel, por ter participado de todas as expedições, ter sido parceiro que muito contribuiu durante as coletas, por ter transmitido conhecimentos sobre a vegetação da região, pelas fotos e pela boa convivência. A Izadora Carvalho, por ter fornecido imagens referentes a cicatrizes de queimadas nas áreas de coleta, pelo apoio durante a coleta de plantas e do solo. Ao Felipe Reis pelo auxílio durante as coletas de plantas e do solo. Aos moradores da Chapada das Mesas: Sr. Genésio, Sr. Zé Maria, Sr. Edmar e familiares que aceitaram nos receber em suas residências, permitiram que participássemos do convívio familiar e além disso, transmitiram conhecimentos sobre a vegetação e nos guiaram até áreas de acesso mais dificultoso. Ao ICMBio e ao brigadista Sr Edvan, pelo apoio técnico e permissões de coleta. v A equipe do herbário SLUI, pelo suporte durante herborização e identificação de plantas: Profª Ana Maria Maciel, Paloma Fonseca, Maurício Santos, Thamires Reis, Laiza Oliveira e Luciana Belfort. Aos especialistas que identificaram ou confirmaram identificações de espécies: Diego Santos (UFRPE), Teresa Buril (UFRPE), Lamarck Rocha (UEFS), Nádia Roque (UFBA) e orientandos, Carolyn Proença (UnB), Rafael Trevisan (UFSC), Juliana Schaefer (UFRGS), Pedro Cardoso (UFJF), Gabriela Amorim (UFMA) e Renato Mello-Silva (USP). Ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia, pelo suporte educacional. À secretária Rayanne Cristine, pelo apoio. Aos amigos: Francisneide Lourenço, Vivian Loch, Mauriana Sobrinho, Zélia Nunes, Caroline Rabelo, Larisse Dias, Lesbia Rodríguez, Henry Reyes, Jesus Burgos, Wendell Dias, Jailson Moreira, Vanessa Lira e turma de doutorado (mar/2016), pela troca conhecimentos e boa convivência. À CAPES e à FAPEMA, pela concessão de financiamentos. vi SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................................ viii LISTA DE TABELAS ....................................................................................................... xi LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ...................................................................... xiv RESUMO ........................................................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xvii CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUÇÃO E REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO ........................................ 18 1 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................... 19 2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ....................................................................................... 20 2.1 Cerrado, a savana tropical brasileira .......................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Estudo pioneiro e conceitos .......................................................................................... 20 2.1.2 Características gerais .................................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Biodiversidade florística ............................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Fogo e vegetação .......................................................................................................... 27 2.1.5 Comunidades e filtros ambientais ................................................................................. 29 2.1.6 Cerrado maranhense ..................................................................................................... 31 2.1.7 Parque Nacional da Chapada das Mesas ........................................................................ 34 2.2 Práticas em florística e fitossociologia .......................................................................... 36 2.2.1 Dados sobre a flora: onde podemos obter? .................................................................... 36 2.2.2 Método caminhamento e suficiência amostral em levantamento florístico ................... 37 2.2.3 Fitossociologia e aplicações do método de interseção na linha ..................................... 39 3 HIPÓTESES ...................................................................................................................... 43 4 OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................................... 43 4.1 Objetivo geral ................................................................................................................. 43 4.2 Objetivo específicos ........................................................................................................ 43 5 REFERÊNCIAS ................................................................................................................ 44 CAPÍTULO II: CERRADO PHYSIOGNOMIES IN CHAPADA DAS MESAS NATIONAL PARK (MARANHÃO, BRAZIL) REVEALED BY PATTERNS OF FLORISTIC SIMILARITY AND RELATIONSHIPS IN A TRANSITION ZONE..................................................................................................................................... 57 vii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 59 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………..…........... 60 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................
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