DOCSLIB.ORG

MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Henry III and Tower of London

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ Henry III and Tower of London MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury Henry III and Tower of London Bakalářská práce Brno 2006 Autor práce: Petra Angelová Vedoucí práce: Andrew Oakland, M.A. Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 2 2. A brief history of the development of the Tower of London ........................ 3 2.1. Kings and queens, their Houses and the Tower of London ..................... 7 3. Henry III of the House of Platagenet .......................................................... 9 3.1. Henry III and architecture ......................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Architecture of the 13th century ............................................................. 17 4. The Tower of London during the reign of Henry III ..................................... 19 5. The present Tower of London and Henry III .............................................. 24 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 26 7. Bibliography ................................................................................................ 27 2 1. Introduction This dissertation is aimed at the Tower of London and Henry III. The magnificent Tower of London is officially called Her Majesty’s Palace and Fortress, the Tower of London. The Tower is actually not a single structure but a cluster of fortified buildings enclosed within a protective wall, which spreads over 13 acres [5.3 hectares]. Over 900 years of British history have taken place behind its walls. No wonder it became a leading historic attraction all over the world with its 2.5 million visitors per year. Throughout the years the Tower has served as fortress, armoury, treasury, zoo/menagerie, mint, palace, place of execution, public records office, observatory, shelter and prison. The huge contribution of William the Conqueror to the Tower is well known, but in my opinion Henry III’s contribution is often limitted. 3 2. A brief history of Tower of London There are legends of theTower of London being built in time of Julius Ceasar, this interesting thesis is mentioned in one of the famous plays [Richard III] by William Shakespeare. But the evidence shows that the first foundations of the building were laid in 1078 during the reign of William I [1066-87], Duke of Normandy. It all started when King Edward of England failed to not keep his promise to give the throne to William I, Duke of Normandy and gave the throne, instead, to Harold Godwinson, his English brother in law. Angry William sent his army across the English Channel to conquer England and, on October 14 th 1066, he defeated the last Saxon King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. After this victory William I, later known as William the Conqueror [1066-87], was crowned at Westminster to be English king. After the shock of the Norman Conquest, the new king may not have received the warmest welcome from his new country. Building a fortress always helped to display a king’s rank and wealth, so after firmly establishing his rule William ordered his new fortress, the Tower of London, to be built. The location, just east of the City on the north bank of the river Thames, just downstream from the Old London Bridge, was perfect for a residence as well as for monitoring all ship movements up and down the river Thames. The fortress was also built as much to protect the king from the people of London as the people of London from anyone else, e.g. to protect the city from Danish attacks. The first building of the Tower of London was the Great Tower and the Norman Chapel, the oldest church in London. The building of the Great Tower and eventually the White Tower as we know it today started in 1078 and took around 20 years to complete. The new building replaced an earlier existing wooden fort built on the site. Although primarily the fortresses, e.g. the Roman one, were of wood, William ordered his tower to be built of stone. It was made of rough-hewn Kentish ragstone, which he had 4 specially imported from France, edged with finely cut Caen stone at the corners and around the windows. The walls of the White Tower were made 15 feet [4.50 m] thick and 90 feet [27.50 m] high. Initially there were conical caps at the top of the four turrets, but they were replaced by the present onion-shaped ones in the sixteenth century. The design was based on the castle palaces of the Norman dukes of the tenth century, and the work was overseen by Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester. This may seem to be a rather curious choice but actually, in this period, priests were perhaps the most experienced in building stone masons, learning through the construction of monasteries, cathedrals and churches. The Chapel of St John the Evangelist is a fine example of early Norman architecture. It is constructed of Caen limestone as part of the White Tower and it remains today much as it was when Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester built it. Another early addition or rebuilding was the Wardrobe Tower then the Broad Arrow Tower, which was built to serve a military purpose. Later on a 'fore-building' [now demolished] was added to the southern front of the White Tower to protect the entrance. The Bell Tower at the south-west corner was also built at that time. The area had already been doubled and covered by the fortress, and by a new and deeper ditch to the north and east, which was intended to flood naturally from the river, although this was not a success. Sections of curtain wall were built. Tower of London in 1200 5 In 1238 Henry launched a new building programme with the construction of a great new curtain wall round the east, north and west sides of the castle. The new wall doubled the area covered by the fortress, enclosing the neighbouring church of St Peter ad Vincula. It was surrounded by a moat, this time successfully flooded by a Flemish engineer, John Le Fosser. The wall was reinforced by nine new towers, the strongest at the corners [the Salt, Martin and Devereux]. King Edward I was determined to complete his father’s defensive works in the Tower of London. The work included building the existing Beauchamp Tower, but the main effort was concentrated on filling in Henry III's moat and creating an additional curtain wall on the western, northern and eastern side, and surrounding it by a new moat. This wall enclosed the existing curtain wall built by Henry III and was pierced by three new entrances, one from the land on the west, passing through the Middle and Byward towers, one from the east, and another under St Thomas's Tower, from the river. The King Edward I also built the infamous river entrance to the Tower of London known as Traitors' Gate. The entrance to the Tower became famous for being used for the admission of State prisoners who were brought to the Tower of London by the River Thames. The Well Tower was also part of Edward I's expansion to the London Tower. King Edward III was probably too busy fighting the French and concerned with the black death, so that his works at the Tower were fairly minor, although he built a new gatehouse between the Lanthorn Tower and the Salt Tower, together with the Cradle Tower and its postern, a further postern behind the Byward Tower and another at the Develin Tower. King Edward III was also responsible for creating the vault over the gate passage and rebuilding the upper parts of the Bloody Tower. The greatest achievement of King Edward III was to extend the Tower Wharf, which is situated between the river and the Tower. The Tower Wharf was 6 extended eastwards as far as St Thomas's Tower. Its present form was completed by his successor, King Richard II. In the reign of King Richard II [1377-99] the Bowayard improvements were completed. In the 15th century the castle was expanded for the last time. King Henry VII extended the Royal lodgings around the Lanthorn Tower. He added a new private chamber and built a library, a long gallery, and also laid out a garden. The Chapel Royal of St Peter ad Vincula [dedicated to St Peter in chains] was rebuilt as the original building was destroyed by fire in 1512. The Chapel was rebuilt and re-sited so the south wall of the previous chapel. The Lieutenant's house was built in the 1540s and extended and modified during the reign of James I. More utilitarian buildings gradually took over the entire area previously covered by the medieval royal lodgings to the south of the White Tower; by 1800, after a series of fires and re-building, the whole of this area had become a mass of large brick Ordnance buildings. All of these, however, have been swept away, and the only surviving storehouse put up by the Ordnance is the New Armouries, standing against the eastern inner curtain wall between the Salt and Broad Arrow towers. Fortunately the First World War left the Tower largely untouched. There was no major damage to the Tower as the only bomb, which fell on the fortress, landed in the moat. The damage during the Second World War was however much greater. A number of buildings were severely damaged or destroyed including the Main Guard, a late 19th-century building to the south west of the White Tower. The role of the Tower as a place of imprisonment and execution was finally put to an end during the Second World War. The last prisoners were spy Joseph 7 Jakobs and Hitler’s deputy Reichsführer Rudolf Hess. The place was closed to the public and reopened after the war. Today the Tower of London has became a leading attraction and remains the storehouse of the Crown Jewels and regalia, as it has been for nearly 700 years.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 900 History, Geography, and Auxiliary Disciplines
    900 900 History, geography, and auxiliary disciplines Class here social situations and conditions; general political history; military, diplomatic, political, economic, social, welfare aspects of specific wars Class interdisciplinary works on ancient world, on specific continents, countries, localities in 930–990. Class history and geographic treatment of a specific subject with the subject, plus notation 09 from Table 1, e.g., history and geographic treatment of natural sciences 509, of economic situations and conditions 330.9, of purely political situations and conditions 320.9, history of military science 355.009 See also 303.49 for future history (projected events other than travel) See Manual at 900 SUMMARY 900.1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901–909 Standard subdivisions of history, collected accounts of events, world history 910 Geography and travel 920 Biography, genealogy, insignia 930 History of ancient world to ca. 499 940 History of Europe 950 History of Asia 960 History of Africa 970 History of North America 980 History of South America 990 History of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds .1–.9 Standard subdivisions of history and geography 901 Philosophy and theory of history 902 Miscellany of history .2 Illustrations, models, miniatures Do not use for maps, plans, diagrams; class in 911 903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history 901 904 Dewey Decimal Classification 904 904 Collected accounts of events Including events of natural origin; events induced by human activity Class here adventure Class collections limited to a specific period, collections limited to a specific area or region but not limited by continent, country, locality in 909; class travel in 910; class collections limited to a specific continent, country, locality in 930–990.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 16: England in the Middle Ages, Part One
    The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 16: England in the Middle Ages, Part One Teacher Overview AS FEUDALISM died out and people began demanding more rights, they naturally encountered opposition from rulers determined to retain their power. King John’s abuses of power stirred the people of England to the point of revolt, and he was at last forced to set his seal to the Magna Carta, a document which established rights for people of all classes and laid the foundation for modern government. Simon de Montfort followed this with the establishment of a council with representative members drawn from the local towns, which paved the way for the elected lawmaking bodies that democratic governments have today. Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will: Complete two lessons in which they will learn about the Magna Carta, and the barons’ wars against Henry III, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read. Define vocabulary words. Visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. Leading Ideas Godly rulers are a blessing to the people. When one rules justly over men, ruling in the fear of God, he dawns on them like the morning light, like the sun shining forth on a cloudless morning, like rain that makes grass to sprout from the earth. — 2 Samuel 23:3-4 Seek godly leaders to represent you. Look for able men from all the people, men who fear God, who are trustworthy and hate a bribe, and place such men over the people as chiefs of thousands, of hundreds, of fifties, and of tens. And let them judge the people at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • Phases of Irish History
    ¥St& ;»T»-:.w XI B R.AFLY OF THE UNIVERSITY or ILLINOIS ROLAND M. SMITH IRISH LITERATURE 941.5 M23p 1920 ^M&ii. t^Ht (ff'Vj 65^-57" : i<-\ * .' <r The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. University of Illinois Library • r m \'m^'^ NOV 16 19 n mR2 51 Y3? MAR 0*1 1992 L161—O-1096 PHASES OF IRISH HISTORY ^.-.i»*i:; PHASES OF IRISH HISTORY BY EOIN MacNEILL Professor of Ancient Irish History in the National University of Ireland M. H. GILL & SON, LTD. so UPPER O'CONNELL STREET, DUBLIN 1920 Printed and Bound in Ireland by :: :: M. H. Gill &> Son, • • « • T 4fl • • • JO Upper O'Connell Street :: :: Dttblin First Edition 1919 Second Impression 1920 CONTENTS PACE Foreword vi i II. The Ancient Irish a Celtic People. II. The Celtic Colonisation of Ireland and Britain . • • • 3^ . 6i III. The Pre-Celtic Inhabitants of Ireland IV. The Five Fifths of Ireland . 98 V. Greek and Latin Writers on Pre-Christian Ireland . • '33 VI. Introduction of Christianity and Letters 161 VII. The Irish Kingdom in Scotland . 194 VIII. Ireland's Golden Age . 222 IX. The Struggle with the Norsemen . 249 X. Medieval Irish Institutions. • 274 XI. The Norman Conquest * . 300 XII. The Irish Rally • 323 . Index . 357 m- FOREWORD The twelve chapters in this volume, delivered as lectures before public audiences in Dublin, make no pretence to form a full course of Irish history for any period.
    [Show full text]
  • Trilingualism and National Identity in England, from the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Fall 2015 Three Languages, One Nation: Trilingualism and National Identity in England, From the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century Christopher Anderson Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Christopher, "Three Languages, One Nation: Trilingualism and National Identity in England, From the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century" (2015). WWU Graduate School Collection. 449. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/449 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Three Languages, One Nation Trilingualism and National Identity in England, From the Mid-Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century By Christopher Anderson Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Kathleen L. Kitto, Dean of the Graduate School Advisory Committee Chair, Dr. Peter Diehl Dr. Amanda Eurich Dr. Sean Murphy Master’s Thesis In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others.
    [Show full text]
  • War of Roses: a House Divided
    Stanford Model United Nations Conference 2014 War of Roses: A House Divided Chairs: Teo Lamiot, Gabrielle Rhoades Assistant Chair: Alyssa Liew Crisis Director: Sofia Filippa Table of Contents Letters from the Chairs………………………………………………………………… 2 Letter from the Crisis Director………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction to the Committee…………………………………………………………. 5 History and Context……………………………………………………………………. 5 Characters……………………………………………………………………………….. 7 Topics on General Conference Agenda…………………………………..……………. 9 Family Tree ………………………………………………………………..……………. 12 Special Committee Rules……………………………………………………………….. 13 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………. 14 Letters from the Chairs Dear Delegates, My name is Gabrielle Rhoades, and it is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to the Stanford Model United Nations Conference (SMUNC) 2014 as members of the The Wars of the Roses: A House Divided Joint Crisis Committee! As your Wars of the Roses chairs, Teo Lamiot and I have been working hard with our crisis director, Sofia Filippa, and SMUNC Secretariat members to make this conference the best yet. If you have attended SMUNC before, I promise that this year will be even more full of surprise and intrigue than your last conference; if you are a newcomer, let me warn you of how intensely fun and challenging this conference will assuredly be. Regardless of how you arrive, you will all leave better delegates and hopefully with a reinvigorated love for Model UN. My own love for Model United Nations began when I co-chaired a committee for SMUNC (The Arab Spring), which was one of my very first experiences as a member of the Society for International Affairs at Stanford (the umbrella organization for the MUN team), and I thoroughly enjoyed it. Later that year, I joined the intercollegiate Model United Nations team.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Thomas Phd Thesis
    'WE HAVE NOTHING MORE VALUABLE IN OUR TREASURY': ROYAL MARRIAGE IN ENGLAND, 1154-1272 Elizabeth Thomas A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2010 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2001 This item is protected by original copyright Declarations (i) I, Elizabeth Thomas, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September, 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in September, 2005, the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2009. Date: Signature of candidate: (ii) I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: Signature of supervisor: (iii) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.
    [Show full text]
  • 6012904936.Pdf
    912288 УДК . ББК .Англ Г Гулов А. П. Olympway. форматов олимпиадных заданий по английскому языку Электронное издание М.: МЦНМО, 8 с. ISBN ---- Учебное пособие предназначено для подготовки к олимпиадам по английскому язы- ку учащихся – классов, включает в себя материалы по разделам «Лексика» и «Грам- матика». Материалы пособия могутбыть использованы для подготовки ко всем этапам олимпиад, от школьного до всероссийского; как при индивидуальных занятиях, так и при работе в классе. Издание адресовано учащимся и учителям средней школы. Подготовлено на основе книги: А. П. Гулов. Olympway. форматов олимпиадных заданий по английскому языку. — М.: МЦНМО, . — ISBN ----. 12+ Издательство Московского центра непрерывного математического образования , Москва, Большой Власьевский пер., , тел. () ––. http://www.mccme.ru © Гулов А. П., . ISBN ---- © МЦНМО, . UNIT 1 Task 1. Choose the correct answer. 1 fi sh in ____ waters (извлекать выгоду) muddy drumly blurred foggy troubled 2 like shooting fi sh in a ____ (очень легко) barrel jar cask teapot kettle 3 need (something) like a fi sh needs a ____ (абсолютно не испытывать потребности в чем-то) car bicycle coach truck scooter 4 there are plenty more fi sh in the ____ (существует много возможностей для успеха) pond lake sea loch river 5 big fi sh in a small ____ (важная персона для небольшой организации) pond lake sea loch river Task 2. Match the two columns. [COLLECTIVE NOUNS] 1 herd A of bees 2 swarm B of fi sh 3 bunch C of dancers 4 shoal D of cattle 5 troupe E of fl owers Task 3. Choose the correct answer. [COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS] 1 “I’m not insinuating anything,” responded he blandly, “but I angel / angle have to look at things from every ____ there is.” 2 They say he succeeded in making her believe that he was an angel / angle ____ of Retribution.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Elizabethans Explained Their Invasions of Ireland and Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1994 Justification: How the Elizabethans Explained their Invasions of Ireland and Virginia Christopher Ludden McDaid College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation McDaid, Christopher Ludden, "Justification: How the Elizabethans Explained their Invasions of Ireland and Virginia" (1994). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625918. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-4bnb-dq93 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Justification: How the Elizabethans Explained Their Invasions of Ireland and Virginia A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fufillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Christopher Ludden McDaid 1994 Approval Sheet This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts r Lucfclen MoEfaid Approved, October 1994 _______________________ ixJLt James Axtell John Sel James Whittenourg ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • This Site (Generic PDF)
    Kathleen Kirkwood Sampler #2 This Sampler contains: The Prologue and the first three chapters of The Valiant Heart, The Prologue and first five chapters of The Defiant Heart, The Prologue and first three chapters of The Captive Heart. Table of Contents Kathleen Kirkwood Sampler #2 The Valiant Heart Dedication Author's Notes Prologue Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 The Story Continues! The Defiant Heart Dedication Author’s Appreciation Prologue Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 The Story Continues! The Captive Heart Dedication Author’s Appreciation Author’s Note Prologue Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 The Story Continues! Author Biography Also Available Coming in Late 2013 ©Copyright 1991, 2013 by Anita Gordon Revised Edition, 2013 All rights reserved. This eBook sample may not be incorporated, in part or whole into any other work without express written permission of the author or publisher. License Notes: This eBook sample is intended for your personal enjoyment. This eBook sample may not be sold, but it may be given away to other people, as long as it is not changed in any manner. This novel is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents, other than those in attributed quotations or references, are either products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. All characters are fictional and any similarity to people living or dead is purely coincidental. Cover art: edhgraphics Model images licensed from Jimmy Thomas at www.romancenovelcovers.com. THE VALIANT HEART Winner of the Golden Heart Award “Wonderful historical fantasy; I read it with avid enjoyment!” — Roberta Gellis, bestselling author of Fires of Winter “Exciting and heartrending, touched with warmth and humor.
    [Show full text]
  • How the World Is, and Has Been Controlled by the Same Families for Millennia
    How the World is, and has been controlled by the same Families for Millennia These are the Secret Elite Families that rule the world from behind the scenes and what WE can do to change society for the better Let us begin with a quick look at the current (as of May 2015) British Prime Minister David Cameron; Aristocracy and politics Cameron descends from King William IV and his mistress Dorothea Jordan through their illegitimate daughter Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence to the fifth female generation Enid Agnes Maud Levita. His father's maternal grandmother, Stephanie Levita (née Cooper) was the daughter of Sir Alfred Cooper and Lady Agnes Duff (sister of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife) and a sister of Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich GCMG DSO PC, the Conservative statesman and author. His paternal grandmother, Enid Levita, who married secondly in 1961 a younger son of the 1st Baron Manton, was the daughter of Arthur Levita and niece of Sir Cecil Levita KCVO CBE, Chairman of London County Council in 1928. Through the Mantons, Cameron also has kinship with the 3rd Baron Hesketh KBE PC, Conservative Chief Whip in the House of Lords 1991–93. Cameron's maternal grandfather was Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet, an army officer and the High Sheriff of Berkshire, and Cameron's maternal great-grandfather was Sir William Mount Bt CBE, Conservative MP for Newbury 1910–1922. Lady Ida Feilding, Cameron's great-great grandmother, was third daughter of William Feilding, Earl of Denbigh and Desmond GCH PC, a courtier and Gentleman of the Bedchamber.
    [Show full text]
  • Tower of London World Heritage Site Management Plan
    Tower of London World Heritage Site Management Plan Published by Historic Royal Palaces © Historic Royal Palaces 2007 Historic Royal Palaces Hampton Court Palace Surrey KT8 9AU June 2007 Foreword By David Lammy MP Minister for Culture I am delighted to support this Management Plan for the Tower of London World Heritage Site. The Tower of London, founded by William the Conqueror in 1066-7, is one of the world’s most famous fortresses, and Britain’s most visited heritage site. It was built to protect and control the city and the White Tower survives largely intact from the Norman period. Architecture of almost all styles that have since flourished in England may be found within the walls. The Tower has been a fortress, a palace and a prison, and has housed the Royal Mint, the Public Records and the Royal Observatory. It was for centuries the arsenal for small arms, the predecessor of the present Royal Armouries, and has from early times guarded the Crown Jewels. Today the Tower is the key to British history for visitors who come every year from all over the world to relive the past and to enjoy the pageantry of the present. It is deservedly a World Heritage Site. The Government is accountable to UNESCO and the wider international community for the future conservation and presentation of the Tower. It is a responsibility we take seriously. The purpose of the Plan is to provide an agreed framework for long-term decision-making on the conservation and improvement of the Tower and sustaining its outstanding universal value.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
    [Show full text]