Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

"CONTRIBUTIONS OF FAMILY FARMING AND THE COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT IN THE ERADICATION OF HUNGER AND PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION"

Abstract: Family farming is a social category that involves individuals who live in rural areas and that work the land with productive and reproductive objectives; they perform these activities mainly with their relatives. The agglomeration, localization and proximity relationships in family farming in specific territories aim at the enormous associative potential that this category presents. One of the main challenges that family farming faces, in order to consolidate the fundamental role it has in the struggle against hunger, is how to perform its productive activities in an organized and collective manner. Therefore, a new generation of public policies for the promotion of the cooperative movement is needed. Authors: Breno Aragao Tiburcio, who is Brazilian, owns a PhD in Social Sciences in Developm1 ent, Agriculture and Society from the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, a master's degree in Agribusiness from the University of Brasilia; he is an Agricultural Engineer and a Specialist in Energy Planning for Sustainable Development. He has worked professionally for over 26 years in the fields of agriculture, sustainable development and international technical cooperation. He has been professor in a university degree program in agronomy and veterinary medicine. He has worked in agricultural programs (in the public and private sector) as a specialist, analyst and manager. He co-organizes 12 publications from the series Desarrollo Rural Sostenible (Urban Sustainable Development) and he is also the author of the book Agroenergía y Desarrollo de Comunidades Aisladas (Agroenergy and the Development of Isolated Communities).

Byron Miranda Abaunza, Nicaraguan, main specialist in the topic "Inclusion in Agriculture and Rural Territories." PhD in Organizational and Human Development, MC in Rural, Agronomy and Agricultural Administration graduate. Author or co-author of recent publications: “Programa de formación líderes: desatando energías locales", 2015; 80 tools for participatory development (2017); Políticas públicas y Agricultures Familiares, 2015; “Innover avec les acteurs du monde rural: la recherche-action en partenariat” (CIRAD 2009) y “Social Capital, Institutions and Territories: The Case of Central America” (IICA 2008). His areas of interest include: management of technical development and cooperation programs; facilitation of participative programs of institutional and human transformation; local systems of innovation performed by local actors; the development of collaborative leadership, the systemic approach in the development of rural territories, the promotion of associativity and the empowerment of social actors.

1 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Cooperatives of the Americas or the Co-operative Confederation of Argentina.” 1

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Marvin Blanco, from Costa Rica, is a specialist in Agribusiness and Value Aggregation in IICA. He graduated as a Food Engineer in the University of Costa Rica; he has a master's degree in Tourism Management from the National University of Costa Rica and majors in Agri-Food Economy (CEFAS-Italy), Management of the Small and Medium-Sized Agri- Food Enterprise (SINNEA-Italy) and Rural Tourism (University of Buenos Aires- Argentina). He has over 30 years of experience in Latin America in areas such as value aggregation, agroindustrial development, business management, project creation, agricultural tourism, touristic development planning, information management, on-line training, short circuits of commercialization and organizations of agri-food markets. He has experience in research, teaching and counseling for international organisms, universities, NGOs and private enterprises.

INTRODUCTION Family farming (FF), understood as a social category that involves individuals who live in rural areas and who work the land with productive and reproductive objectives and with their relatives, has become a relevant social subject in different countries. Nowadays, there are several FF definitions; the most significant ones are the definitions from the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming (REAF), approved by the resolution 25/07 from the Common Market Group (GMC); in the Central American Strategy for Rural and Territorial Development 2010-2030 (ECADERT) and by the Andean Community (CAN). Several countries have adopted an official definition in which they recognize FF as a social category, subject to public policies with distinguished measures. The year 2014 was a very important year for FF at the global level since this year was declared, by the General Assembly from the United Nations Organization (UNO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from the UNO, as the International Year of Family Farming (IYFF) with the objective of showing the real contribution and the potential of FF regarding global feeding. On December 20th, 2017, the United Nations General Assembly officially adopted, in its 72nd session, the Decade for Family Farming 2019-2028. The objective of this decade is the promotion of projects and policies for family farming, acknowledging its contribution to nutritional safety and global feeding, the eradication of poverty and hunger, biodiversity conservation, the improvement of environmental sustainability and the capacity to face migratory challenges. This Resolution also recognizes the significance of women and young farmers for family farming and the need to promote their empowerment in view of a development coherent with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco on the basis of a fair market, open to small farmers and family farming. According to CEPAL et al. (2014) in Latin America and the Caribbean (ALC) around 16.5 million exploitations belong to family farmers and they concentrate a population of about 60 million people. 56% of these exploitations are in South America and 35% in Mexico and the Central American countries. In this context, the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) considers that FF constitutes a type of production that: performs an important role regarding food provision in our societies, improves family work in rural areas, energizes local and territorial economies and contributes to environment and biodiversity management. IICA also considers that FF preserves a part of the significant cultural patrimony of each community of our diverse continent and that it is a fundamental piece for the integral and sustainable development of nations. Besides, the Institute recognizes the territorial systems of family farming, which are complex sets of production systems based on the family, interwoven though social networks and economic chains, associated with: the natural resource base of a territory, the cultural practices related to its use and transformation, the means and ways of living and the historically constructed identities. FF territoriality, by means of agglomeration, localization and proximity relationships aim at the enormous associative potential of this category. In the last few years, FF became noticeable in public policies of the Americas and, in one way or another, recognition started to be given to the potential of FF in societies from different perspectives (social, economic, environmental), and also to the need of strengthening and consolidating it. However, in the complex and dynamic current international and national scenery, FF faces several challenges, such as being competitive against the instability of agricultural prices; solving the problems related to land ownership; overcoming production models difficult to sustain, with low productivity and without productive and technological innovation; increasing food supply; eliminating generational and gender gaps and increasing FF participation in the dynamics of territories and in their management. Besides, according to Dulclair Sternadt and Alberto Ramírez (In: Salcedo and Guzmán 2014.) "One of the main challenges that family farming faces, in order to consolidate the fundamental role it has in the struggle against hunger, is how to perform its productive activities in an organized and collective manner and with a sense of collaboration among its members and, at the same time, to move towards an organization with a political representation able to produce the changes that the sector needs for its development and growth. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the current situation of the cooperative movement in the region." 3

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

It is important to realize that thanks to promotion policies, important steps have been taken in the cooperative sector in Latin America and this has positioned it as one of the economically and socially relevant forms of organization, but this effort has not been enough to invigorate the rural sector. To face these challenges and in the process towards the V Cooperative Summit of the Americas, within the topic "Cooperatives and the Defense of the Planet", it is especially important to discuss about the "Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture."

This document aims at presenting a brief context of the state of affairs of the agricultural cooperative movement in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic; it also presents considerations regarding the potential of the cooperative movement. Argentina In Argentina, agricultural cooperatives are organizations with a great significance for agriculture, due to their contributions to the economy, labor and regional development. The first agricultural cooperative was created in 1898 and from that moment onwards the cooperative movement expanded quickly; this coincides with the rural colonization process performed by multiple immigration waves (Obschatko, 2011). The national registry of cooperatives -updated on April 30th, 2012- has registered 21,168 active first and second grade entities from different sectors: agricultural, consumer, credit, provision, public services, insurance, work and housing (Acosta, Levin and Verbeke, 2013). In 2008, the total amount of active agricultural cooperatives was 798, which represented 9.1% of the Argentine cooperative sector, with around 112,000 associates (MHFP, 2016, quoted by IICA, 2017). These are important for certain crops and agroindustrial products: the main ones are: cereals, oilseed, dairies, wine, cotton, yerba mate, tobacco and honey. The main activities developed by agricultural cooperatives are two: the commercialization and production of agricultural products, in proportions of 60% and 40%, respectively, from the total of entities (Obschatko, 2011). The greatest number of cooperatives (63%) and associates (87%) is in the Pampean region, a fertile land with 45 million of hectares apt for the production of cereals and oilseed mainly for exportation.

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Figure 1. Producers Associated to Cooperatives in Argentina

Cooperative members 35%

Independent workers and members of other organizations 65%

Independent workers and members of other organizations Cooperative members

Source: IICA data (2017) Brazil

The agricultural cooperative movement has an important role in the Brazilian economy; it is responsible for almost 50% of agricultural GDP and over a million people are involved. Among the different areas in which the cooperative movement participates in this country, the agricultural sector plays an important role, with 1,597 institutions and 180,000 cooperative producers (MAPA, 2018). According to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census, it is estimated that 48% of the Brazilian farm production is related, in some way or another, with a cooperative. Cooperatives produce 80% of the wheat, 40% of the oil, (5 trillion liters a year in 300 cooperatives) and big quantities of meat, honey, fruits and vegetables, corn, soy and its derivatives. Small owners – covering up to 50 hectares– represent 77% of all rural cooperatives. In several states, the cooperative movement is responsible for a big part of the production; in the case of Paraná, for example, 52% of agribusiness are associated with cooperatives (Serón, 2015).

A big portion of family farming and solidarity economy cooperatives are associated with UNICAFES (National Union of Family Farming and Solidarity Economy Cooperatives) and the stronger sectors are credit, commercialization and industrialization. According to FAO, 2012, quoted by Serón 2015, UNICAFES has 632 officially associated cooperatives and 317,233 family farmer members.

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Costa Rica

Costa Rica is a country with a great cooperative culture. The first associative activities emerged in the 1900s, in union associations, in a process which resulted in the creation of cooperatives with a big tradition, like CoopeVictoria, were created years after the Second World War. (IICA, 2010).

Nowadays, a third of all the cooperatives registered in the Institute for Cooperative Promotion (INFOCOOP) are farming cooperatives, spread all over the country in several agricultural activities. According to the national cooperative census, 39% of the population is associated to a cooperative (IICA, 2017). According the cooperative census from INFOCOOP (2014), in Costa Rica, there are around 376 cooperatives, 39 of which are dedicated to farming, cattle raising, fishing, forestry and agroindustrial activities. They represent 4% of the national GDP, while farming cooperatives are a 10% of the agricultural GDP (Infoccop, 2012).

On the other hand, in Costa Rica, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) (2014), there are 93,017 farms involved in farming activities with an extension of 2,406,418.4 hectares, of which 15,905 properties are managed by cooperative organizations; this means that farming cooperatives are 17% of the total of farms, and their approximate extension is 67,000 hectares.

Among the most renowned farming cooperatives, the following cooperatives can be found: the milk producers’ cooperative “Dos Pinos R.L”, with more than 1700 associates; CoopeDota R.L., with more than 800 coffee producers; and Coope Victoria R.L., with over 3000 associated producers from the sugar and coffee sector.

The producers associated to farming, fishing, agroindustrial and agri-commercial cooperatives are around 29,000 (INFOCOOP,2018), an estimate of 35% of the total of producers in the census by CENAGRO 2014 (Inec, 2014).

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Figure 2. Producers Associated to Cooperatives in Costa Rica

Cooperative members 36%

Independent workers or members of other organizations 64%

Source: Data from INEC 2014

El Salvador

The cooperative movement in El Salvador has played an important part in the country's economy and also in the redistribution of wealth and social development. The creation of Federations and Confederations was achieved and this allowed the integration of cooperatives from different sectors.

During the years 2009 and 2010, the cooperative sector generated an economic income for the country of 14.35 million dollars in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Cruz, Flores, and Hernández, 2013). Nowadays, there are 1184 active cooperatives in the country; 43 of these cooperatives belong to the agroindustrial sector and only 2 are agricultural and a total of 46 cooperatives belong the farming sector specifically. That is to say, barely a 3,8% of the total are active farming cooperatives.

Until 2017, the total of cooperative members is 519,729, of which 991 belong to farming and agroindustrial cooperatives; besides, 50.56% are women (INSSFOCOOP, 2017).

The Confederation of Federations of the Agrarian Reform of El Salvador (CONFRAS) is a cooperative organization for integration that strengthens, defends and promotes the cooperative sector of El Salvador. It has widened its activity with producers and independent non-cooperative producers and it has incorporated their association, by grouping them according to their productive sector. In this way, in its work strategy, CONFRAS has ordered the cooperatives according to their productive sectors: coffee, sugar

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

In 2009, 47% of the total members of the cooperatives of CONFRAS are women heads of household and, together with the job they perform to generate income, they work in their houses taking care of their relatives. This percentage is higher than the national average, which is 35,2% (CONFRAS from R.L., 2009).

The Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic, along with the reconstruction process of the economy and society, a process in which cooperatives played an important role was initiated (IDECOOP, 2018). This boom of the cooperative movement occurred mainly in saving and credit cooperatives and also in cooperatives from the primary sector, that is to say, of animal and agricultural production.

At present, according to Álvarez (2017), at the end of 2016, around 867 cooperatives were registered in the Dominican Republic; 24% of this total are farming cooperatives, which gives a total sum of 204 cooperatives, with 49,833 members of a total 242,956 Dominicans who work in this sector (Sena, 2014).

Thus, the cooperative farming sector in the Dominican Republic involves 20% of producers from the Dominican Republic, distributed along the country; however, they are mostly found in Azua, the National District and Coutí; they group together 136 farming cooperatives (Álvarez, 2017).

However, there is not a direct relation between the number of cooperatives and the number of members since the districts with great amounts of members are the National District, Santiago de los Caballeros and San Cristóbal; together they have 27,321 members (Álvarez, 2017).

The main farming activities they perform according to the Central Bank of the Dominican Republic (BCRD), 2015, quoted by Álvarez, 2017, are: sugar cane production, vegetables, such as tomatoes, and there is also a great proportion destined to the poultry industry, for fattening and for egg production. They also produce cocoa, avocado, corn and plantain.

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Figure 3. Producers Associated to Cooperatives in the Dominican Republic

Independent workers or members of other organizations 21%

Members of Agricultural Cooperatives 79%

Source: Data from Álvarez (2017) and Sena (2014)

Considerations for the Promotion of the Cooperative Movement

If we analyze the evolution of associations from family farmers, a transition from a domestic economy to a market economy can be observed. A portion of the farmers moves to the production of supplies for the textile and agri-food industry. In this transition, competition conditions are almost never favorable to family farmers. Besides facing their everyday activities (weather, resource scarcity, small size properties, absence of technical assistance and public policies, etc.), they encounter the instabilities and inherent disputes of the market economy (Francelino and Saquet, 2013).

Cooperatives, in theory, can place farmers in more favorable conditions, enabling them to develop their activities and to reach scales, markets and competitive conditions that are impossible to reach if they were to act in isolation.

The historical and current permanence of cooperatives proves their capacity to adapt to market demands and to the changing conditions of the environment, taking on a strong commitment on the social and economic development of both their associates and the local community. This is achieved because a cooperative, as an organization, makes it possible to create scale economies, improve the use of its resources, respond to high quality requirements regarding their products and food safety, reduce expenses (purchase of supplies, freight, etc.), improve the services they provide and receive (commercialization, supplies, credits, etc.), improve competition, to generate capacities to lead the commercial management

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco and economic initiatives, provide services of technical and business counseling appropriate to specific needs and competitive demands, among other possibilities.

These cooperatives can be formed, mainly, in small municipalities, as an alternative for development, since they have the potential for growing and diversify themselves by promoting value aggregation to local products. In this sense, the cooperative practice contributes to the reduction of poverty, to the creation of jobs in proper conditions, to health, to food security and to the rendering of services (electric energy, insurance, etc.), to local price control, to the progressive redistribution of income, to the integration of people, to the recognition of women participation and to the improvement of the living conditions of the poorer sectors, both urban and rural.

However, according to Vitar (2013), the cooperative movement needs State generation of linking mechanisms for participation so as to have a more significant role in the design and implementation of public policies and normative frames. At the same time, organizing cooperatives is not an easy task; the complexity of rural and urban production requires the cooperative movement to comprise several areas, such as credit, production, labor, commercialization, technical assistance and infrastructure of agriculture and solidarity economy.

Finally, the cooperative sector, mainly by means of federations and unions, faces the challenge of increasing its dialog and representation capacity to achieve an effective participation in the design and implementation of public policies that enable an economic growth and social, local, regional and national development.

To conclude, in the rural sector, without solid organizations, it will be difficult for the rural population to fight for their rights and aspirations and to contribute in an effective way to the national development; in order to do this, the creation of a new generation of public policies that promote the cooperative movement is needed and this will generate the conditions to consolidate the existing ones and mainly to support the development of a new generation of cooperatives with more benefits.

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

References:

Acosta, M., Levin, A., and Verbeke, G. 2013. El sector cooperativo en Argentina en la última década. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Denisse/Downloads/Dialnet- ElSectorCooperativoEnArgentinaEnLaUltimaDecada-4866398.pdf

Álvarez, Y. 2017. Cooperativas agropecuarias impulsan auge del sector. El Dinero. Retrieved 2018 from https://www.eldinero.com.do/43855/cooperativas-agropecuarias- impulsan- crecimiento-del-sector/

Cruz, Flores, & Hernández, 2013. Organización financiera contable con base a la norma internacional de información financiera para pequeñas y medianas entidades (NIIF para las pymes), aplicado a la asociación cooperativa de producción nuevo modelo de esperanza de r.l., del sector agropecuario no reformado, del Municipio de Jiquilisco, Departamento de Usulután, en el período de mayo 2012 a mayo 2013. Graduation dissertation. University of El Salvador. Consulted in June, 2018. Available on: http://ri.ues.edu.sv/3286/1/ORGANIZAACION%20FINANCIERA%20CONTABLE.pdf

ICAFE (Instituto Costarricense del Café) s.f. Zonas Cafetaleras. Retrieved on May, 2018, from http://www.icafe.cr/nuestro-cafe/regiones-cafetaleras/tarrazu/

IDECOOP (Instituto de Desarrollo Cooperativo y Crédito, República Dominicana). (2018). Retrieved from http://idecoop.gob.do/index.php/sobre-nosotros/historia

CONFRAS (Confederación de Federaciones de la Reforma Agraria Salvadoreña R.L). 2009. Situación de las cooperativas y asociaciones agropecuarias afiliadas a Federaciones y CONFRAS. Retrieved from http://confras.com/documentos_b/Estudios/Situacion%20de%20las%20Cooperativas%20y %20Asociaciones%20Agropecuarias%20Afiliadas%20a%20Federaciones%20y%20CON F RAS%202009.pdf

CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Chile); FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, Italia); IICA (Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura, Costa Rica). 2014. Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe (on line). San José, Costa Rica, IICA. Available on: http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3702s/i3702s.pdf

Francelino Alves, Adilson; Saquet, Marcos Aurelio. (2013). La reproducción de las cooperativas de agricultura familiar y economía solidaria: el caso de la unión nacional de

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco cooperativas de la agricultura familiar y economía solidaria (UNICAFES). Perfil de Coyuntura Económica, Universidad de Antioquia.

IICA (Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura). (2010). Un nodo de cooperación sobre: la experiencia de Costa Rica en cooperativas agrícolas. San José. IICA.

IICA. (2017). Institucionalidad de apoyo a la asociatividad en América Latina y el Caribe: un análisis en países seleccionados. San José, 208 p.

INEC (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos). 2014. CENAGRO. San José. Retrieved in June, 2018, from http://www.inec.go.cr/sites/default/files/documentos/agropecuario/publicaciones/reagropec cenagro2014-ti-006.pdf

INFOCOOP (Instituto de Fomento Cooperativo, Costa Rica). 2012. Censo Nacional Cooperativo. San José. Retrieved in June, 2018, from http://www.infocoop.go.cr/cooperativismo/estadistica/censo_cooperativo_2012.pdf

INFOCOOP. (2012). Sectores del cooperativismo. Retrieved in June, 2018, from http://www.infocoop.go.cr/cooperativismo/sectores.html

INSAFOCOOP (Instituto Salvadoreño de Fomento Cooperativo). Asociados según tipo, sexo y zona al 31 de diciembre/2017. Consulted in June, 2018. file:///C:/Users/dgarro/Downloads/Datos%20estad%C3%ADsticos%20de%20Hombres%2 0y%20Mujeres%20al%2031%20de%20diciembre%202017.pdf

Ministerio de Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento. Cooperativismo no Brasil. Consulted in June, 2018. http://www.agricultura.gov.br/assuntos/cooperativismo- associativismo/cooperativismo-brasil

Obschatko, E. (2011). Las cooperativas agrarias en la República Argentina: logros y desafíos. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/dgarro/Downloads/Argentina%201.pdf

Salcedo, S.; Guzman, L. (eds). (2014). Agricultura familiar en América Latina y el Caribe: recomendaciones de políticas (on line). Santiago, Chile, Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y Caribe. Available on http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3788s/i3788s.pdf

Sena, M. (2014). El sector agropecuario en República Dominicana. Retrieved from Fundación CEDESPA: https://www.codespa.org/blog/2014/01/22/el-sector-agropecuario- en-republica- dominicana/

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]

DISCUSSION PAPER 1.3 Contributions of Family Farming and the Cooperative Movement in the Eradication of Hunger and Promotion of Sustainable Agriculture. B. Aragao, B. Miranda, M. Blanco

Serón Leiva, JF. (2015). Cooperativas de la agricultura familiar (AF) en los países que integran Mercosur. Retrieved in June, 2018 from http://www.reafmercosul.org/component/k2/item/download/208_22d5d9fd0255da62d209cf 0722f24a94

Vitar, María Cecilia. Cooperativa y Agricultura familiar. Aspectos Normativos e Impositivos. INTA. 2013. Retrieved in June, 2018, from https://inta.gob.ar/documentos/cooperativa-y-agricultura-familiar

Translated by Agostina Giannone for Abrapalabra Linguistic Services Cooperative

Paseo Colón 38, 6th Floor, Office 6-10, San José, Costa Rica Ecuador 374, Buenos Aires, Argentina +506 40203540 [email protected] +541121132107 [email protected]