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Monsoons and Coastal Ecosystems in Kenya - - - Q.., I = ' :, -. .C r-.- - - I -1 -- --. - .'.=- ? .-8.8 : - I- - .-. .-- 'C ' . -2 . r I- -'c~ir~~i~e~'rl~s.:-~N-$,Ii&-- ~CEAMP'LnbQ. , -- I' MONSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA editors ILr - I - .- -7 - C.H.R. Heip, -.- M.A. Hemminga & - - ..** 3--< M.J.M. de Bie . -- -- - 8 8. -. w w 3 1 b - 1Sdsn 1995 > VLlZ (vzw) VLAAMS INSTITUUT VOOR DE ZEl FLANDERS MARINE INSTITUTE Oostende - Belaium" NETHERLANDS INDIAN OCEAN PROG MOFrlSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA Editors: C.H.R. Heip, M.A. Hernminga & M.J.M. de Bie Published by National Museum of Natural History Leiden on behalf of Netherlands Geosciences Foundation The Hague CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Monsoons Monsoons and coastal ecosystems in Kenya / eds.: C.H.R. Heip, M.A. Hemminga & M.J.M. de Bie. - Leiden : National Museum of Natural History. - Ill., with ref. - (Cruise reports Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme, ISBN 90-73239-29-X ; VO~.5) Publ. on behalf of the Netherlands Geosciences Foundation (GOA). - ISBN 90-73239-28-1 Subject headings: monsoons ; Indian Ocean / oceanography ; Kenya / coastal ecosystems Editing: C.H.R. Heip, M.A. Hemminga & M.J.M. de Bie Final editing: J. van der Land, National Museum of Natural History, Leiden Lay-out and cover design: F.J.A. Driessen, National Museum of Natural History, Leiden NIOP-logo: H. Hobbelink, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel Photographs: SOZ (F. Hoogervorst) Printing: Ridderprint, Ridderkerk This report was published on behalf of the Netherlands Geosciences Foundation (GOA) (a merger of the Netherlands Marine Research Foundation (SOZ) and some other organizations), P.O. Box 93.120,2509 AC The Hague, the Netherlands. CONTENTS The Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme - J. van der Land & J.H. Stel 5 1. Introduction 9 2. Report on the two cruises of R.V. Tyro 13 2.1. Participants and institutes 13 2.2. Cruise narratives 14 2.3. Stations and activities 3. Kenyan coastal ecosystems and their interrelations 3.1. Introduction - M.A. Hemminga 27 D(3.2. Carbon fluxes between mangroves and seagrass meadows in Gazi Bay M.A. Hemminga, F.J. Slim, J. Kazungu, G. Ganssen, P. Gwada & J. Nieuwenhuize 3.3. Fish fauna of mangrove creeks, seagrass meadows and sand flats in Gazi Bay: a study with nets and stable isotopes G. van der Velde, P.H. van Avesaath, M.J. Ntiba, G.K. Mwatha, S. Marguiller & A.F. Woitchik 39 3.4. Some preliminary results on the biogeochemistry of mangrove sediments from Gazi Bay J. J. Middelburg, J. Nieuwenhuize, M.M. Markusse & B. Ohowa 5 1 3.5. Importance of biological nitrogen fixation for nutrient input into the seagrass meadows of Gazi Bay A.F. Woitchik & F. Dehairs 67 4. Preliminary results of the ship-based programme 7 1 $, 4.1. Temperature, salinity and water mass structure along the Kenyan coast during the 1992 cruises A1 and A2 of R.V. Tyro - M.M. Nguli 71 )(" 4.2. Nutrients - C.H.R. Heip & M.J.M. de Bie 8 1 ~4.3.Primary production of phytoplankton in the coastal ecosystem of Kenya J. Kromkamp, J. Peene, P. van Rijswijk, J. Sinke & N. Goosen ?:' 4.4. Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients by phytoplankton in the tropical western Indian Ocean (Kenyan coast): monsoonal and spatial variability - M. Semeneh, F. Dehairs & L. Goeyens 101 x 4.5. Biomass and production of Bacteria and Protozoa in coastal waters of the western Indian Ocean N. Goosen, P.R van Rijswijk & M.J.M. de Bie 105 E4.6. Zooplankton communities off the Kenyan coast - M. Osore, L. Zhu, M. Tackx & M. Daro 109 )( 4.7. Zooplankton species distribution and abundance during the monsoons off the Kenyan coast, 1992 J. Mwaluma 113 3( 4.8. Distribution and activity of the benthic infauna along the Kenyan shelf G.C.A. Duineveld, E.M. Berghuis, T. Tahey & P.A.W.J. de Wilde MONSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA 3 4 MONSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA THE NETHERLANDS INDIAN integrated with those of the Dutch and brought back to OCEAN PROGRAMME realistic proportions. The central theme of the Indian Ocean programme is Global Change. This multidisci- Jacob van der Land & Jan H. Stel plinary research theme fits very well in a number of Chairman & Secretary Indian Ocean-Committee international research activities such as the Interna- tional Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the Since the late seventies marine, but especially blue Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) and pro- ocean research was stimulated by the Netherlands grammes on biodiversity. The overall scientific objec- government. During the last fifteen years our Govern- tive of the programme is the study of the effects, on ment through the Netherlands Geosciences Foundation different spatial and temporal scales, of the monsoon (GOA) and its predecessors the Netherlands Marine on the marine ecosystem in the area. Research Foundation (SOZ) and the Netherlands The planning phase was followed by the execution Council of Oceanic Research (NRZ), allocated some phase (May 1992 - April 1993) during which onboard hundred million Dutch guilders to support this devel- training was given. Transfer of scientific knowledge opment. In a recent policy evaluation it is demonstrat- and assistance in education and infrastructure building ed that the objectives set by the Government are met. are objectives of the programme. Junior scientists and By this the Netherlands' blue ocean research is technicians of countries involved also were given an brought onto the European scene. opportunity to study at Dutch research institutes. The execution of the Snellius I1 Programme in the mid Dutch scientists gave guest lectures before, during and eighties and the present Indian Ocean programme after the expedition in several countries. A special (1990-1995) were instrumental in reaching these regional training course was organized in Mombasa in goals. The fast developments of the last decade are cooperation with the Kenya Marine and Fisheries reflected in the wide variety and quantity of equip- Research Institute (KMFRI). A detailed description of ment on board the Dutch research vessel Tyro during the programme is given in the "Scientific Programme the expedition phase of the programmes mentioned - Plan of the Netherlangs Indian Ocean Programme above. As a rule these programmes are divided in a 1990-1995". An overview of the projects is given in planning and an elaboration phase prior to and after Table 1. The research areas covered are given in Fig- the research expedition. ure 1. During the planning phase the research proposals of The expeditions were organized by the Netherlands Kenyan, Pakistani and Seychellois scientists were Marine Research Foundation (since January 1, 1994 Table 1. Overview of the Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme: projects and responsible scientists Project A Monsoons and coastal ecosystems in Kenya C.H.R. Heip & M.A. Hemminga, Centre for Estuarine and Coastal Ecology, Yerseke. In cooperation with the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa (E. Okemwa) Project B Monsoons and pelagic systems M.A. Baars, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel & S. van der Spoel, Institute for Taxonomic Zoology, University of Amsterdam Project C Tracing a seasonal upwelling J.E. van Hinte, Institute of Earth Sciences, Free University Amsterdam & Tj.C.E. van Weering, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel Project D Geology of the Arabian Sea C.H. van der Weijden & W.J.M. van der Linden, Marine Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht. In cooperation with the National Institute of Oceanography, Karachi. (A. Ali Khan) Project E Oceanic reefs of the Seychelles J. van der Land, National Museum of Natural History, Leiden & R.W.M. van Soest, Institute for Taxonomic Zoology, University of Amsterdam In cooperation with Seychellois institutes (Nirmal Jivan Shah & D.P. BoullC) MONSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA 5 -kistan k 2, L Som Fig. 1. Research areas covered during the Netherlands Indian Ocean Programme. Table 2. Cruises of RV Tyro in 1992 and 1993 Leg Ports Periods Areas BOICO Port Said - Mombasa 21 May - 12 June 1992 Red Sea, Somali Basin (launch sediment traps) A 1 Mombasa - Mombasa 18 June - 9 July 1992 Kenyan coast B 1 Mombasa - Djibouti 12 July - 8 August 1992 Somali Basin, Gulf of Aden C 1 Djibouti - Victoria 12 August - 4 Sept. 1992 YemedOman, .Somali Basin D 1 Victoria - Karachi 8 Sept. - 26 Sept. 1992 Arabian Sea D 2 Karachi - Karachi 4 Oct. - 25 Oct. 1992 Northern Arabian Sea D 3 Karachi - Mombasa 27 Oct. - 16 Nov. 1992 Arabian Sea A 2 Mombasa - Mombasa 19 Nov. - 8 Dec. 1992 Kenyan coast E Mombasa - Victoria 1 1 Dec. 1992 - 9 Jan. 1993 Seychelles, Amirante Islands B 2 Victoria - Djibouti 11 Jan. - 6 Feb. 1993 Somali Basin, Gulf of Aden, southern Red Sea * C 2 Djibouti - Djibouti 9 Feb. - 7 March 1993 Somali Basin (retrieval sediment traps) YemedOman 6 MONSOONS AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN KENYA Fig. 2. R.V. Tyro of the Netherlands Marine Research Foundation. the Netherlands Geosciences Foundation). The Besides the containerized laboratories a variety of responsibility for the execution of the expeditions was oceanographic equipment was available on board the delegated to a special Indian Ocean Committee. SOZ Tyro. Maintenance and repair of the equipment as well appointed an operational coordinator at its office in as the technical assistance on board was sub-contract- The Hague and took care of the application of research ed to the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research permits, public relations, visa, travel arrangements, (NIOZ). A few participating research institutes custom facilities and other administrative and logistic installed their own special instruments aboard ship. arrangements. All data and specimens collected during the pro- Research was carried out in the northwest Indian gramme are being shared according to formal agree- Ocean between May 1992 and April 1993 (Table 2).
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