Virginia Studies Review
VS.2 a-g
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, early inhabitants of Virginia by: a) locating Virginia and its bordering states on maps of the United States. b) locating and describing Virginia’s Coastal Plain (Tidewater), Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau. c) locating and identifying water features important to the early history of Virginia (Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay, James River, York River, Potomac River, Rappahannock River, Lake Drummond and the Dismal Swamp). d) locating three American Indian language groups (the Algonquian, the Siouan, and the Iroquoian) on a map of Virginia. e) describing how American Indians/First Americans related/adapted to the climate and their environment to secure food, clothing, and shelter. f) describing how archaeologists have recovered new material evidence through sites including Werowocomoco and Jamestown. g) identifying and locating the current state-recognized tribes.
VS.10 b-c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by: b) describing the major products and industries of Virginia’s five geographic regions. c) explaining how advances in transportation, communications, and technology have contributed to Virginia’s prosperity and role in the global economy. VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, early inhabitants of Virginia by: a) locating Virginia and its bordering states on maps of the United States. Questions: Answers: What are some ways that relative Locations of places can be described in location can be described? relative terms. Relative location may be described using terms that show connections between two places such as “next to,” “near,” “bordering.” What large bodies of water border Bordering bodies of water Virginia? • Atlantic Ocean • Chesapeake Bay What states border Virginia? Bordering states • Kentucky • West Virginia • Maryland • Tennessee • North Carolina VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, early inhabitants of Virginia by: b) locating and describing Virginia’s Coastal Plain (Tidewater), Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau. Essential Questions: Terms to know:
1) What are the five geographic regions in • Fall Line: The natural border between Virginia? the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions, where waterfalls 2) Where are the geographic regions of prevent further travel on the river Virginia located? • Plateau: Area of elevated land that is flat on top)
Geographic Regions (East to West) Characteristics Also known as the Coastal Plain Flat land Location near Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay Includes Eastern Shore East of the Fall Line
Land at the Foot of Mountains Rolling hills West of the Fall Line
Old, rounded mountains Part of Appalachian mountain system Located between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge regions Source of many rivers
Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated by ridges Part of Appalachian mountain system Located west of Blue Ridge Mountains
Located in Southwest Virginia Only a small part of the plateau is located in Virginia
VS.10 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by: b) describing the major products and industries of Virginia’s five geographic regions. What are the major products and Selected Examples of Products/Industries industries of each region in Virginia? Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Products: 1) Seafood P-1 P-2 2) Peanuts
Industries: I-2 I-1 I-3 1) Shipbuilding 2) Tourism 3) Military bases Piedmont P-2 Products: P-1 1) Tobacco products 2) Information technology
Industries: I-2 I-3 I-1 1) Federal and state government 2) Farming 3) Horse Industry Blue Ridge Mountains Products: P-1 1) Apples I-1 I-2 Industries: 1) Recreation 2) Farming
Valley and Ridge P-4 Products: P-1 P-2 P-3 1) Poultry 2) Apples 3) Beef I-1 4) Dairy
Industries: 1) Farming Appalachian Plateau Products: P-1 I-1 1) Coal
Industries: 1) Coal mining VS.10 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by c) explaining how advances in transportation, communications, and technology have contributed to Virginia’s prosperity and role in the global economy. Questions: Answers: How have advances in transportation Virginia’s transportation system (highways, facilitated migration and economic railroads, and air transportation) moves growth? raw materials to factories and finished products to markets. Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships. How have advances in communications Virginia has a large number of and technology helped the economy communications and other technology grow? industries. In what ways is Virginia part of the Tourism is a major part of Virginia’s U.S. economy? economy. Because many federal workers live and/or work in Virginia, the federal government has a significant impact on Virginia’s economy. VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present of Virginia by c) locating and identifying water features important to the early history of Virginia (Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay, James River, York River, Potomac River, Rappahannock River, Lake Drummond, and the Dismal Swamp). Questions: Answers: Why are Virginia’s water features important? They influenced the early history of Virginia. Many early Virginia cities developed along the Fall Line. Where are Virginia’s peninsulas? The four major rivers that flow into the Chesapeake Bay are separated by peninsulas. Where is the Eastern Shore located? The Eastern Shore is a peninsula bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Each river was a source of food and How did the flow of rivers affect the provided a pathway for exploration and settlement of Virginia? settlement of Virginia. Terms to know Which water features were important to • Peninsula: A piece of land the early history of Virginia? bordered by water on three sides. Important Water Features Characteristics of Water Features Provided transportation links Atlantic Ocean between Virginia and other places (e.g., Europe, Africa, Caribbean) Provided a safe harbor Was a source of food and Chesapeake Bay transportation separates the Eastern Shore from the mainland of Virginia. Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Potomac River Alexandria located along the Potomac River Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Rappahannock River Fredericksburg located on the Rappahannock River Flows into the Chesapeake Bay York River Yorktown located along the York River Flows into the Chesapeake Bay James River Richmond and Jamestown located along the James River Located in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region Lake Drummond Shallow natural lake surrounded by the Dismal Swamp Located in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region Dismal Swamp Variety of wildlife George Washington explored and surveyed the Dismal Swamp. VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present of Virginia by d) locating three American Indian language groups (the Algonquian, the Siouan, and the Iroquoian) on a map of Virginia. Questions: Answers: Why are First Americans/ native Christopher Columbus called the people peoples called Indians? he found in the lands he (discovered) explored “Indians” because he thought he was in the Indies (near China). American Indians were the first people who lived in Virginia.
What evidence is there that American Artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery, Indians lived in all areas of the state? and other tools that have been found tell a lot about the people who lived in Virginia.
1) What were the three major language groups found in Virginia? 2) Which groups of people spoke them? 3) Where was each located?
Spoken Language Group of People Location
Algonquian Powhatans
Siouan Monacan
Iroquoian Cherokee
VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, of Virginia by e) describing how American Indians First Americans related adapted to the climate and their environment to secure food, clothing, and shelter. Questions: Answers: What are some characteristics of Virginia’s Climate in Virginia climate? The climate in Virginia is relatively mild with distinct seasons—spring, summer, fall, and winter—resulting in a variety of vegetation. What are some ways Virginia’s American Forests, which have a variety of trees, Indians related to the climate and interacted cover most of the land. Virginia’s Indians with their environment to meet their basic are referred to as Eastern Woodland needs? Indians. (Adaptations to) Environmental Connections The kinds of 1) clothing they wore, the 2) shelters they had, and the 3) foods they ate depended upon the seasons.
1) Animal skins (deerskin) were used for clothing. 2) Shelter was made from materials around them. 3) Food changed with the seasons.
Summer Fall Winter Spring Grew crops Harvested crops Hunted birds Hunted o Beans Hunted for foods and animals Fished o Corn to preserve and Lived on stored Picked berries o Squash keep for the foods from the winter previous fall. Questions: Answers: How do Virginia’s American Indians live Native peoples of the past farmed, today in relation to the way they lived in the hunted, and fished. They made homes past? using natural resources. They used animal skins for clothing in the winter.
Today, most native peoples live like other Americans. Their cultures have changed over time. VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, of Virginia by: f) describing how archaeologists have recovered new material evidence through sites including Werowocomoco and Jamestown. Questions: Answers:
Archaeology is another way to help people understand the past. Why is archaeology important?
Archeologists study all kinds of material evidence left from people of the past.
Recent archaeological digs have recovered How can new findings change the new material evidence about understanding of history? Werowocomoco and historic Jamestown.
Werowocomoco was a large Indian town used by Indian leaders for several What was Werowocomoco? hundred years before the English settlers came. It was the headquarters for the leader, Powhatan, in 1607.
Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Archaeologists have discovered the site What was Jamestown? of the original fort. The recovered artifacts give archaeologists clues about the interactions of English, African, and Indians in early Virginia. VS.2 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the physical geography and native peoples, past and present, of Virginia by: g) identifying and locating the current state-recognized tribes. Questions: Answers:
American Indians, who trace their Where are the current state-recognized family history back to before 1607, tribes located in Virginia today? continue to live in all parts of Virginia today. American Indian people have lived in Virginia for thousands of years.
Today, eleven American Indian tribes in What are the names of the current state Virginia are recognized by the recognized tribes? Commonwealth of Virginia.
The current state-recognized tribes are located in the following regions:
Coastal Plain (Tidewater)Region • Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Tribe • Chickahominy tribe • Eastern Chickahominy Tribe • Mattaponi Tribe • Nansemond Tribe • Nottoway Tribe • Pamunkey Tribe • Patawomeck Tribe • Rappahannock Tribe • Upper Mattaponi Tribe
Piedmont Region • Monacan Tribe
Virginia Studies Review
VS.3 a-g
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by:
a) explaining the reasons for English colonization. b) describing how geography influenced the decision to settle at Jamestown. c) identifying the importance of the charters of the Virginia Company of London in establishing the Jamestown settlement. d) identifying the importance of the General Assembly (1619) as the first representative legislative body in English America. e) identifying the importance of the arrival of Africans and women to the Jamestown settlement. f) describing the hardships faced by settlers at Jamestown and the changes that took place to ensure survival. g) describing the interaction between the English settlers and the native peoples including the contributions of Powhatan to the survival of the settlers.
VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: a) explaining the reasons for English colonization. Questions: Answers: What was the first permanent English The first permanent English settlement in settlement in America? America was Jamestown, founded in 1607 as an economic venture.
What were the reasons for English Reasons for English colonization in America colonization in America? England wanted to establish an American colony to increase her wealth and power. England hoped to find silver and gold in America. An American settlement would furnish raw materials that could not be grown or obtained in England, while opening new markets for trade.
What were the reasons why the Jamestown Jamestown settlers came to America? Jamestown was primarily an economic venture. The stockholders of the Virginia Company of London financed the settlement of Jamestown. Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607. VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: b) describing how geography influenced the decision to settle at Jamestown. Questions: Answers: Where is Jamestown located? When the settlers arrived in 1607, Jamestown was located on a narrow peninsula bordered on three sides by the James River. Today, Jamestown is located on an island in the James River
Why did the settlers choose the site at Reasons for site choice Jamestown? The location could be easily defended from attack by sea (Spanish). The water along the shore was deep enough for ships to dock. They believed they had a good supply of fresh water. VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: c) identifying the importance of the charters of the Virginia Company of London in establishing the Jamestown settlement. Questions: Answers: Who had the power to grant charters The King of Great Britain had the power to allowing a settlement in North America? grant charters allowing settlement in North America.
What was the importance of the charters The king of England granted charters to the of the Virginia Company of London to the Virginia Company of London to: Jamestown settlement? Establish a settlement in North America, and Extend English rights to the settlers VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: d) identifying the importance of the General Assembly (1619) as the first representative legislative body in English America. Questions: Answers: What was the system of government in System of government Virginia called? In 1619, the governor of Virginia called a meeting of the General Assembly. The General Assembly met as one legislative body.
General Assembly Governor Governor’s Council Burgesses
What were burgesses? Burgesses were representatives. There were two from each of the divisions of Virginia.
Who could take part in the meeting of the At that time, only certain free adult men General Assembly? had a right to take part.
When did the burgesses become a By the 1640s, the burgesses became a separate legislative body? separate legislative body, called the Virginia House of Burgesses. They met separately from the Governor’s Council as one of the two legislative bodies of the General Assembly.
What was the Virginia House of Burgesses, House of Burgesses and why was it important? The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in English America giving settlers the opportunity to control their own government. The current Virginia General Assembly dates from the establishment of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown of 1619.
VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: e) identifying the importance of the arrival of Africans and women to the Jamestown settlement. Questions: Answers: What was the impact of the arrival of The arrival of additional women in 1620 additional women on the Jamestown made it possible for more settlers to settlement? establish families and a permanent settlement at Jamestown. When did Africans arrive in Jamestown? Africans arrived in Jamestown against their will in 1619. Where did the Africans come from? Portuguese sailors captured African men and women from what is present-day Angola. Were the Africans servants or slaves? The status of these early African men and women as either servants or slaves in Virginia is unknown. What was the impact of the arrival of The arrival of Africans made it possible to Africans on the Jamestown settlement? expand the tobacco economy. VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: f) describing the hardships faced by settlers at Jamestown and the changes that took place to ensure survival. Questions: Answers: What hardships did the Jamestown Hardships faced by the settlers settlers face? The site they chose to live on was marshy and lacked safe drinking water. The settlers lacked some skills necessary to provide for themselves. Many settlers died of starvation and disease. What changes took place that resulted in Changes that resulted in survival survival of the settlers? arrival of two supply ships forced work program and strong leadership of Captain John Smith emphasis on self-sustaining agriculture VS.3 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the first permanent English settlement in America by: g) describing the interaction between the English settlers and the native peoples including the contributions of Powhatan to the survival of the settlers. Questions: Answers: How did the native peoples and the The native peoples and the English settlers English settlers interact? at Jamestown established trading relationships and for a while had positive interactions. Who initiated trading relationships with Captain John Smith initiated trading the native peoples? relationships with the native peoples. What did the English settlers and the The native peoples traded mainly food with native people trade? the English in exchange for tools, pots, and copper for jewelry. How did Powhatan contribute to the The native peoples contributed to the survival of the settlers? survival of the Jamestown settlers in several ways. Powhatan, chief of many tribes, provided leadership to his people and taught the settlers survival skills. Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, served as a contact between the native peoples and the English. The native peoples showed the settlers how to plant corn and tobacco. Why did the relationship between the Over time, the native peoples realized the Jamestown settlers and the native peoples English settlement would continue to grow. change? The native peoples came to see the settlers as invaders who would take over their land.
Virginia Studies Review
VS.4 a-e
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by:
a) explaining the importance of agriculture and its influence on the institution of slavery. b) describing how the culture of colonial Virginia reflected the origins of European (English, Scots-Irish, German) immigrants, Africans, and American Indians. c) explaining the reasons for the relocation of Virginia’s capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg to Richmond. d) describing how money, barter, and credit were used. e) describing everyday life in colonial Virginia.
VS. 4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by: a) explaining the importance of agriculture and its influence on the institution of slavery. Questions: Answers: Term to Know Cash crop: A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the growers What effect did agriculture have on the The success of tobacco as a cash crop Virginia colony? transformed life in the Virginia colony and encouraged slavery.
How did agriculture affect the economy of The economy of the Virginia colony the Virginia colony? depended on agriculture as a primary source of wealth.
What agricultural product was the most Tobacco became the most profitable profitable in the Virginia colony? agricultural product.
Tobacco was sold in England as a cash crop.
How did agriculture in the Virginia colony The successful planting of tobacco influence the institution of slavery? depended on a steady and inexpensive source of labor.
African men, women and children were brought to the colony against their will to work as slaves on the plantations.
The Virginia colony became dependent on slave labor, and the dependence lasted a long time. VS. 4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by: b) describing how the culture of colonial Virginia reflected the origins of European (English, Scots-Irish, German) immigrants, Africans, and American Indians. Although a colony of England, Virginia developed a unique culture different from that of England. Questions: Answers: How did the culture of colonial Virginia Culture of colonial Virginia reflect beliefs, customs, and architecture of Whenever people settle an area, they Europeans, Africans and American Indians? change the culture and landscape to reflect their beliefs, customs, and architecture. What are some examples of architecture that Barns Homes Places of worship reflect different cultures? (churches)
What are some places that have names that Place Names Reflecting Culture reflect the different cultures of colonial English—Richmond Virginia? American Indian —Roanoke How did the migration affect people? Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment. Where did the various cultural groups settle? Cultural Group Settlement Area English and Other Europeans Primarily in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions. Germans and Scots-Irish Primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, which was along the migration route. Africans Primarily in the Tidewater and Piedmont regions, where agriculture required a great deal of labor. American Indians Prior to the arrival of the settlers, they lived throughout Virginia. After the settlers arrived, most were forced inland. VS. 4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by: c) explaining the reasons for the relocation of Virginia’s capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg to Richmond. Reasons why the capital was moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg 1) Drinking water was 2) Unhealthy living 3) Fire destroyed wooden contaminated by seepage of conditions caused diseases. and brick buildings at salt water. Jamestown.
Reasons why the capital was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond 1) Population was moving 2) Richmond was a more 3) Moving to Richmond westward. central location. increased the distance from attack by the British.
R R
England became “Great Britain” in the early 1700’s.
VS. 4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by: d) describing how money, barter, and credit were used. Money was not often used in the early Virginia colony. Terms to Know Money Barter Credit Debt Saving A medium of Trading/exchan Buying a good A good or Money put exchange ging of goods or service now service owed to away to save or (currency, and services and paying for it another to spend at a which includes without the use later later time coins and paper of money Now Later bills)
Money Due!!! Questions: Answers: What forms of exchange were used in the Few people had paper money and Virginia colony? coins to use to buy goods and NO BANKS services. TOBACCO = $$$ Barter was commonly used instead of money.
Tobacco was used as money. A tobacco farmer could use his tobacco to pay for goods and services.
Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and services on credit and pay their debts when their crops were harvested and sold.
Colonial Virginia had no banks.
VS. 4 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the life in the Virginia colony by: e) describing everyday life in colonial Virginia. People living in colonial Virginia depended on natural, human, and capital resources to produce the goods and services they needed. Natural Resources Human Resources Capital Resources Items obtained from nature Daily tasks completed/skills Tools
How did resources influence the food, housing, and clothing in colonial Virginia? Food Housing Clothing Food choices were limited Most people lived in one- Households made their room homes own clothes Meals were made of local with dirt (nearby) produce and floors. Most clothing meats. was made from cotton, Some people (farmers) wool, and leather. lived in large
houses.
Everyday life was different for whites, enslaved African Americans, and free African Americans in colonial Virginia. Cultural Group Everyday Life White Virginians Most made their living from the land as small farmers. A few owned large farms (plantations). Enslaved African Americans Most worked with tobacco, crops, and livestock. Enslaved Africans had no rights. Free African Americans Many owned their own business and property, but were denied most rights.
Virginia Studies Review
VS.5 a-c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the American Revolution by:
a) identifying the reasons why the colonies went to war with Great Britain as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. b) identifying the various roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, free African Americans, and American Indians in the Revolutionary War era, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and James Lafayette. c) identifying the importance of the Battle of Great Bridge, the ride of Jack Jouett, and the American victory at Yorktown.
VS.5 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the American Revolution by: a) identifying the reasons why the colonies went to war with Great Britain as expressed in the Declaration of Independence. Questions: Answers: How did the colonists’ ideas about Conflicts developed between the colonies government different from those of British and Great Britain over how the colonies Parliament? should be governed. The colonists and the British Parliament disagreed over how the colonies should be governed.
Parliament Colonists believed… believed… it had legal their local authority in the assemblies had colonies legal authority Parliament Colonists believed… believed… it had the right to they should not be tax the colonies taxed since they had no representation in Parliament.
Why is the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence gave and important document? reasons for independence and ideas for self-government. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, states that authority to govern
belongs to the people rather than to kings
and that all people are created equal= and
have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit
of happiness. VS.5 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the American Revolution by: b) identifying the various roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, free African Americans, and American Indians in the Revolutionary War era, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and James Lafayette. Various Roles of Virginians during the American Revolution Patriots Loyalists Neutral Women Served in the Remained loyal to Did not take sides Took on more Continental Army Great Britain responsibility to and fought for support the war independence effort Enslaved African Americans Free African Americans American Indians Fought for a better chance Fought for independence in Fought alongside both the of freedom the American Revolution Virginia patriots and the British Contributions of Virginians during the Revolutionary War Era George Washington Provided military leadership by serving as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
Thomas Jefferson Provided political leadership by expressing the reasons for colonial independence from England in the Declaration of Independence. Patrick Henry Inspired patriots from other colonies when he spoke out against taxation without representation by saying, “…give me liberty or give me death.”
James Lafayette An enslaved African American from Virginia who served in the Continental Army and successfully requested his freedom after the war.
VS.5 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the American Revolution by: c) identifying the importance of the Battle of Great Bridge, the ride of Jack Jouett, and the American victory at Yorktown. Questions: Answers: What was the importance of the Battle of The Battle of Great Bridge was the first land Great Bridge? battle of the American Revolution fought in Virginia. The American victory forced the
British colonial governor to flee the City of
Norfolk.
Who was Jack Jouett? Jack Jouett rode on horseback through the backwoods of Virginia to Charlottesville to warn Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, that the British were coming to arrest him and members of the General Assembly. The actions of Jack Jouett prevented the capture of key members of the Virginia General Assembly. What was the importance of the American The last major battle of the Revolutionary victory at Yorktown? War was fought at Yorktown, Virginia. The American victory at Yorktown resulted in the surrender of the British army, which led to the end of the war.
Virginia Studies Review
VS.6a-c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the establishment of the new American nation by:
a) explaining why George Washington is called the “Father of Our Country” and James Madison is called the “Father of the Constitution.” b) identifying the ideas of George Mason and Thomas Jefferson as expressed in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. c) explaining the influence of geography on the migration of Virginians into western territories.
VS.10a The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by:
a) identifying the three branches of Virginia government and the function of each.
VS.6 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the establishment of the new American nation by: a) explaining why George Washington is called the “Father of Our Country” and James Madison is called the “Father of the Constitution.” The actions and ideas of Virginians formed the basis for the new constitutional government of the United States. Questions: Answers: Why is George Washington referred to as George Washington, a Virginian: the “Father of Our Country?” elected as the first President of the United States of America. provided the strong leadership needed to help the young country provided a model of leadership for future presidents. called the “Father of Our Country.” Why is James Madison referred to as the James Madison, a Virginian: “Father of the Constitution?” Believed in the importance of having a United States constitution. Kept detailed notes during the Constitutional Convention. His skills at compromise helped the delegates reach agreement during the difficult process of writing the Constitution of the United States of America. VS.6 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the establishment of the new American nation by: b) identifying the ideas of George Mason and Thomas Jefferson as expressed in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Ideas expressed in the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom served as models for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America. Questions: Answers: What was the influence of the Virginia The Virginia Declaration of Rights, written Declaration of Rights on the Constitution by George Mason, states that all Virginians of the United States of America? should have certain rights, including freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to a trial by jury. The document became the basis for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America. What was the influence of the Virginia The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Statute for Religious Freedom on the written by Thomas Jefferson, states that all Constitution of the United States of people should be free to worship as they America? please. This document was the basis for the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, the amendment that protects religious freedom. VS.6 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the role of Virginia in the establishment of the new American nation by: c) explaining the influence of geography on the migration of Virginians into western territories. Geography influenced the movement of people and ideas as Virginians moved to and beyond the Virginia frontier. Questions: Answers: What geographic factors influenced After the American revolution, Virginia’s Virginians to move to the western frontier agricultural base began to change, and as a of Virginia and beyond? result large numbers of Virginians moved west and to the deep South to find better farmland and new opportunities. As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and cultures with them. What were Virginians looking for in the Virginians migrated into western territories western territories? looking for large areas of land and new opportunities. How did tobacco farming influence the Tobacco farming was hard on the soil, decision of many farmers to look west and causing many farmers to look west and south for new land? south for new land to farm. How did the settlers get to the new lands Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains in the west? through the Cumberland Gap as they migrated to new lands in the west. VS.10 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by: a) identifying the three branches of Virginia government and the function of each. Three Branches of Government in Virginia Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judicial Branch Headed by the governor General Assembly State’s court system Senate House of Delegates
Function: Function: Function: makes sure that state Makes state laws decides cases about laws are carried out people accused of breaking the law decides whether or not a law agrees with Virginia’s constitution.
Virginia Studies Review
VS.7 a-c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by:
a) identifying the events and differences between northern and southern states that divided Virginians and led to secession, war, and the creation of West Virginia. b) describing Virginia’s role in the war, including identifying major battles that took place in Virginia. c) describing the roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, free African Americans, and American Indians.
VS.7 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by: a) identifying the events and differences between northern and southern states that divided Virginians and led to secession, war, and the creation of West Virginia. Because of economic differences between the North and South, they were unable to resolve their conflicts and the South seceded from the United States. Virginians were divided about secession from the Union, which led to the creation of West Virginia. Questions: Answers: What conflicts developed between the Differences between northern and northern and southern states in the years southern states following the American Revolution and led North South to the Civil War? Economy was Economy was industrialized agricultural and relied on slave labor
wanted the new wanted the new states created out states to be “slave of the western states.” territory to be “free states
What major events led to secession and Nat Turner led a revolt against the war? plantation owners in Virginia. Abolitionists campaigned to end slavery. Harriet Tubman supported a secret route that escaped enslaved African Americans took; it became known as the “Underground Railroad.” John Brown led a raid on the United States Armory (Arsenal) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion. He was captured and hanged. Why did Virginia secede from the Union? After Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States in 1860, some southern states seceded from the Union and formed the “Confederate States of America.” Later, Virginia seceded and joined them. How did West Virginia become a state? Creation of West Virginia Many disagreements between the two regions of the state led to the formation of West Virginia.
Eastern Virginia ‘West’ern Virginia Relied on Slavery Did not favor Slavery
VS.7 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by: b) describing Virginia’s role in the war, including identifying major battles that took place in Virginia. Battle Name Where Who Details Battle of Bull Run Manassas, Virginia Confederate General First major clash of the Thomas “Stonewall” Civil War. General Jackson Jackson gets the nickname “Stonewall.” Battle of Fredericksburg Fredericksburg, Virginia General Robert E. Lee, Confederate Victory Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia Richmond, Virginia Union General Ulysses The Confederate capital S. Grant city of Richmond burned near the end of the war. Battle of the Iron-Clads Virginia waters near Union President The Union navy Norfolk and Hampton. Abraham Lincoln blockaded southern Monitor (North) ports with two iron-clad VS ships. The battle was Merrimack (South) fought to a draw. End of the Civil War Appomattox Confederate General Confederates surrender Courthouse in Robert E. Lee to the Union in April of Appomattox, Virginia surrendered his army to 1865. Union General Ulysses S. Grant VS.7 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by: c) describing the roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, free African Americans, and American Indians. Whites, slaves free blacks, and American Indians all had various roles during the Civil War. White Virginians Most white Virginians supported the Confederacy.
Enslaved African Americans The Confederacy relied on enslaved African Americans to raise crops and provide labor for the army. Free African Americans Some free African Americans felt their limited rights could best be protected by supporting the Confederacy. American Indians Most American Indians did not take sides during the Civil War.
Virginia Studies Review
VS.8 a-c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the reconstruction of Virginia following the Civil War by:
a) identifying the effects of Reconstruction on life in Virginia. b) identifying the effects of segregation and “Jim Crow” on life in Virginia for whites, African Americans, and American Indians. c) describing the importance of railroads, new industries, and the growth of cities to Virginia’s economic development.
VS.8 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the reconstruction of Virginia following the Civil War by: a) identifying the effects of Reconstruction on life in Virginia. Virginians faced serious problems in rebuilding the state after the war. Term to Know Reconstruction: The period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the Union What were some of the problems Problems faced by Virginians during Virginians faced during the period of Reconstruction: Reconstruction following the Civil War? Millions of freed slaves needed o Housing o Education o Clothing o Food o Jobs
Virginia’s economy was in ruins: o Money had no value. o Banks were closed. o Railroads, bridges, plantations, and crops were destroyed. What measures were taken during Measures taken to resolve problems Reconstruction to resolve Virginia’s The Freedmen’s Bureau was a problems? government agency that provided food,
schools, and medical care for freed slaves and others in Virginia and the rest of the South.
Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia after the war in which freedmen and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crop.
VS.8 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of the reconstruction of Virginia following the Civil War by: b) identifying the effects of segregation and “Jim Crow” on life in Virginia for whites, African Americans, and American Indians. The freedoms and rights promised to African Americans were slowly taken away after Reconstruction, and it would take years to win them back. Terms to Know Segregation: The separation of people, usually based on race or religion Discrimination: An unfair difference in the treatment of people What happened to the rights of African During Reconstruction, African Americans Americans after Reconstruction? began to have power in Virginia’s During After government, and men of all races could Reconstruction Reconstruction vote. After Reconstruction, these gains were lost when “Jim Crow” Laws were passed by southern states. “Jim Crow” Laws established segregation or separation of
the races and reinforced prejudices held by whites. What impact did “Jim Crow” laws have on Jim Crow” laws had an effect on the lives whites, African Americans and American of African Americans and American Indians in Virginia? Indians.
Unfair poll taxes and voting tests were established to keep African Americans from voting. African Americans found it very difficult to vote or hold public office. African Americans were forced to use separate poor quality services, such as drinking fountains. “Jim Crow” laws had an effect on American Indians. African American and white children attended separate schools.
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the reconstruction of Virginia following the Civil War by: c) describing the importance of railroads, new industries, and the growth of cities to Virginia’s economic development. What changes took place in Virginia to Virginia began to grow in many areas after boost the economic growth? the Civil War and Reconstruction.
Virginia’s cities grew with people, businesses, and factories. Railroads were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. They facilitated the growth of small towns to cities. Railroad centers stimulated the growth of factories where clothing, furniture, and other useful items were made. Other parts of Virginia grew as other industries developed. Coal deposits, discovered in Tazewell County after the Civil War. The need for more and better roads increased. Tobacco farming and tobacco products became important Virginia industries.
Virginia Studies Review VS.9 a-d The student will demonstrate knowledge of twentieth- and twenty-first- century Virginia by: a) describing the economic and social transition from a rural, agricultural society to a more urban, industrialized society, including the reasons people came to Virginia from other states and countries. b) identifying the impact of Virginians, such as Woodrow Wilson and George C. Marshall, on international events. c) identifying the social and political events in Virginia linked to desegregation and Massive Resistance and their relationship to national history. d) identifying the political, social, and/or economic contributions made by Maggie L. Walker; Harry F. Byrd, Sr.; Oliver W. Hill; Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.; A. Linwood Holton, Jr.; and L. Douglas Wilder.
VS.10 c
The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by: b) explaining how advances in transportation, communications, and technology have contributed to Virginia’s prosperity and role in the global economy.
VS.9 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of twentieth- and twenty-first- century Virginia by: a) describing the economic and social transition from a rural, agricultural society to a more urban, industrialized society, including the reasons people came to Virginia from other states and countries. Questions: Answers: Why did Virginia change from During the early twentieth century, agriculture began to change. an agricultural to a more industrialized society? Old systems of farming were no longer effective.
Crop prices were low.
What caused Virginia’s cities to 1) People moved from rural to urban areas for economic opportunities. grow? (JOBS)
Rural Areas (Small Farms) Urban Areas (Big Cities)
What caused Virginia’s cities to 2) Technological developments in transportation (roads, railroads, and grow? (cont.) streetcars) helped cities grow.
3) Coal mining spurred the growth of Virginia towns and cities as people moved from the countryside to find jobs.
4) During the twentieth century, Northern Virginia experienced growth due to an increase in the number of federal government jobs located in the region.
5) In the late twentieth century and the early twenty-first century, Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region have grown due to computer technology.
6) People have moved to Virginia from many other states and countries.
VS.9 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of twentieth- and twenty-first- century Virginia by: b) identifying the impact of Virginians, such as Woodrow Wilson and George C. Marshall, on international events. Questions: Answers: How did Woodrow Wilson’s actions impact international events? Woodrow Wilson was a 20th Century President who wrote a plan for world peace.
How did George C. Marshall’s actions impact America’s role with other world nations? George C. Marshall was a military leader who created an economic plan to ensure world peace.
VS.9 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of twentieth- and twenty-first- century Virginia by: c) identifying the social and political events in Virginia linked to desegregation and Massive Resistance and their relationship to national history. The separation of people, usually based on race or religion
Segregation
Abolishment of racial segregation
Terms to Desegregation know:
Full equality of people of all races in the use of public facilities and services Integration
Desegregation and Massive Resistance in Virginia
1) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education) that “separate but equal” public schools were unconstitutional.
2) All public schools, including those in Virginia, were ordered to desegregate.
3) Virginia’s government established a policy of Massive Resistance, which fought to “resist” the integration of public schools.
Harry F. Byrd, Sr., led the Massive Resistance Movement against the desegregation of public schools.
4) Some schools were closed to avoid integration.
5) The policy of Massive Resistance failed, and Virginia’s public schools were finally integrated.
VS.9 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of twentieth- and twenty-first- century Virginia by: d) identifying the political, social, and/or economic contributions made by Maggie L. Walker; Harry F. Byrd, Sr.; Oliver W. Hill; Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.; A. Linwood Holton, Jr.; and L. Douglas Wilder.
Maggie L. Walker was the first African American woman to establish and become a bank president in the United States.
Harry F. Byrd, Sr., as governor, was known for a “Pay As You Go” policy for road improvements, and he modernized Virginia state government.
Oliver W. Hill, Sr., was a lawyer and civil rights leader who worked for equal rights of African Americans. He played a key role in the Brown v. Board of Education decision.
Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., was the first African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship. He was also an author and eloquent spokesperson for social change.
Linwood Holton, Jr., as governor of Virginia, promoted racial equality and appointed more African Americans and women to positions in state government than previous governors.
L. Douglas Wilder, as governor of Virginia, was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States.
VS.10 - The student will demonstrate knowledge of government, geography, and economics by c) explaining how advances in transportation, communications, and technology have contributed to Virginia’s prosperity and role in the global economy. Questions: Answers: How have advances in transportation Virginia’s transportation system (highways, railroads, facilitated migration and economic growth? and air transportation) moves raw materials to factories and finished products to markets.
Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships. How have advances in communications and Virginia has a large number of communications and technology helped the economy grow? other technology industries. In what ways is Virginia part of the Tourism is a major part of Virginia’s economy. U.S. economy? Because many federal workers live and/or work in Virginia, the federal government has a significant impact on Virginia’s economy.