DOCSLIB.ORG

BDSM and Women's Gendered Embodiment: Other-Than-Sex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BDSM and Women's Gendered Embodiment: Other-Than-Sex BDSM and Women’s Gendered Embodiment: Other-Than-Sex Pleasure, Pain, and Power By Morgan Oddie A thesis submitted to the Graduate Program in Cultural Studies in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada September, 2020 Copyright © Morgan Oddie, 2020 Abstract Bondage/Discipline/Dominance/submission/Sadism/Masochism (BDSM) is most frequently conceptualized as only non-normative, ‘kinky’ sex. In this dissertation, I combine feminist ethnographic accounts of women’s experiences as BDSM practitioners alongside theoretical frameworks of gendered embodiment to propose a reading of some BDSM practices as other-than-sex. Rather than narrowing the definition of sex, I instead take up Foucault’s expression of the possibilities of bodies and pleasures to explore how alternative relationality is formed between practitioners with some types of BDSM play with pain and power. In doing so, there is an expanded potential for women’s queer pleasure and a real possibility of disrupting patriarchal social structure with practitioners’ altered being-in-the-world. This analysis is centred on accounts from eighteen women participants in Toronto and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, who were active BDSM practitioners. Participants in this project challenged traditional understandings of pain and masochism to produce new understandings of both. They accounted for safety and risk considerations in practices that help formulate a more robust consideration of the complications of consent in other-than-sex practices than is typically allowed for in either mainstream or BDSM-specific frameworks of consent. Lastly, they expressed conceptions of the strategic eroticization of power that accounted for it in play without eliminating the social power that some bodies exercise more flexibly than others. The alternative relationality that is fostered by other-than-sex BDSM practices is powerfully intimate and based on the radical vulnerability and bodily access between practitioners. ii Acknowledgments This dissertation is dedicated to my partner, who is my favourite person, biggest fan, and unwavering foundation who encourages me to flourish in all things that I do. I am deeply indebted to the participants of this project who opened themselves to share their experiences, thoughts, and feelings with me. They were truly the backbone of this work and have taught me an immeasurable amount. Thank you to my bio family, especially my parents, for supporting my academic and professional choices. Each endeavour, however different than the last, they answer with pride and praise. I would not have been able to complete this without the emotional labour of countless individuals in my networks and collectives. My mentors are too many to name. Lastly, I’m grateful for all of the bottoms, switches (and sometimes even the tops) in my life whom I love and am loved by. iii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... iii Glossary of Terms ....................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 The Early Sexological Study of BDSM ................................................................................................ 8 New Sexuality Studies .......................................................................................................................... 11 Radical Feminist Objections .............................................................................................................. 13 Other-Than-Sex Stakes and Claims ................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Outlines ................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2: Feminist Methodological Considerations .............................................. 26 Rationale for Research Approach ..................................................................................................... 28 Participants and Communities in Research Design ........................................................................ 33 What Does it Mean to Be a Feminist Ethnographer? ...................................................................... 42 Methods for Interviews, Transcriptions, and Coding ..................................................................... 48 Chapter 3: Bodies and Gendered Embodiment ......................................................... 54 What’s Sex Got to Do With it? .......................................................................................................... 55 Phenomenological Bodyminds ......................................................................................................... 59 Material Bodies and Fleshy Vulnerabilities ..................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4: Painful Sensations ................................................................................... 76 Traditional Understandings of Pain and Masochism ...................................................................... 78 Reimagining Sensational Pain ........................................................................................................... 84 Connecting Pain Inside and Outside BDSM .................................................................................... 92 Chapter 5: Consent, Safety, and Risk ....................................................................... 100 Don’t Make People Drink Tea and Other Simple Consent Lessons ............................................. 102 Safety, Sanity, and Consensuality .................................................................................................... 105 Risk Awareness and Mitigation ........................................................................................................ 112 Community Responses and Considerations .................................................................................... 115 Communication and Consent .......................................................................................................... 118 Pushing Boundaries and Consent Violations ................................................................................. 122 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 125 Chapter 6: Power ...................................................................................................... 127 iv Trust and Intimacy ........................................................................................................................... 129 Social Power ...................................................................................................................................... 133 Feminist Politics and Desire in Kink ............................................................................................... 139 Power and Play .................................................................................................................................. 141 Power, Play, and Race ....................................................................................................................... 146 Power to and of Consent .................................................................................................................. 154 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 156 Chapter 7: Conclusions ............................................................................................ 158 Suggestions for Future Research ..................................................................................................... 164 Final Thoughts ................................................................................................................................. 166 References ................................................................................................................ 168 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 179 APPENDIX A: Recruitment Poster .................................................................................................. 179 APPENDIX B: Letter of Information and Consent Form ............................................................... 180 APPENDIX C: Interview Guide ........................................................................................................ 183 APPENDIX D: General Review Ethics Board Approval .................................................................. 184 v Glossary of Terms BDSM: compound acronym for Bondage, Discipline, Dominance, submission, Sadism, Masochism; umbrella term for a wide range of mutually consensual practices that involve playing with power and sensation/pain. Bondage: the physical restriction of a BDSM practitioner using different techniques and tools, including specific clothing, rope, and other materials. Bottom: the recipient of physical sensation in a BDSM
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maid to Order: Commercial Fetishism and Gender Power
    Maid to Order COMMERCIALFETISHISM AND GENDERPOWER In Sex, Madonna has her wits, if not her clothes, about her. The scandal Anne McClintock of Sex is the scandal of S/M: the provocative confession that the edicts of power are reversible. So the critics bay for her blood: a woman who takes sex and money into her own hands must-sooner or later-bare her breast to the knife. But with the utmost artifice and levity, Madonna refuses to imitate tragedy. Taking sex into the street, and money into the bedroom, she flagrantly violates the sacramental edicts of private and public, and stages sexual commerce as a theater of transformation. Madonna's erotic photo album is filled with the theatrical parapher- nalia of S/M: boots, chains, leather, whips, masks, costumes, and scripts. Andrew Neil, editor of the Sunday Times, warns ominously that it thus runs the risk of unleashing "the dark side" of human nature, "with par- ticular danger for women."1 But the outrage of Sex is its insight into con- sensual S/M as high theater.2 Demonizing S/M confuses the distinction between unbridled sadism and the social subculture of consensual fetishism.3 To argue that in consensual S/M the "dominant" has power, and the slave has not, is to read theater for reality; it is to play the world forward. The economy of S/M is the economy of conversion: slave to master, adult to baby, pain to pleasure, man to woman, and back again. S/M, as Foucault puts it, "is not a name given to a practice as old as Eros; it is a massive cultural fact which appeared precisely at the end of the eighteenth century, and which constitutes one of the greatest conver- sions of Western imagination: unreason transformed into delirium of the heart."4 Consensual S/M "plays the world backwards."5 In Sex, as in S/M, roles are swiftly swapped.
    [Show full text]
  • Bdsm) Communities
    BOUND BY CONSENT: CONCEPTS OF CONSENT WITHIN THE LEATHER AND BONDAGE, DOMINATION, SADOMASOCHISM (BDSM) COMMUNITIES A Thesis by Anita Fulkerson Bachelor of General Studies, Wichita State University, 1993 Submitted to the Department of Liberal Studies and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2010 © Copyright 2010 by Anita Fulkerson All Rights Reserved Note that thesis work is protected by copyright, with all rights reserved. Only the author has the legal right to publish, produce, sell, or distribute this work. Author permission is needed for others to directly quote significant amounts of information in their own work or to summarize substantial amounts of information in their own work. Limited amounts of information cited, paraphrased, or summarized from the work may be used with proper citation of where to find the original work. BOUND BY CONSENT: CONCEPTS OF CONSENT WITHIN THE LEATHER AND BONDAGE, DOMINATION, SADOMASOCHISM (BDSM) COMMUNITIES The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in Liberal Studies _______________________________________ Ron Matson, Committee Chair _______________________________________ Linnea Glen-Maye, Committee Member _______________________________________ Jodie Hertzog, Committee Member _______________________________________ Patricia Phillips, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my Ma'am, my parents, and my Leather Family iv When you build consent, you build the Community. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser, Ron Matson, for his unwavering belief in this topic and in my ability to do it justice and his unending enthusiasm for the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetishism and the Culture of the Automobile
    FETISHISM AND THE CULTURE OF THE AUTOMOBILE James Duncan Mackintosh B.A.(hons.), Simon Fraser University, 1985 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Communication Q~amesMackintosh 1990 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1990 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME : James Duncan Mackintosh DEGREE : Master of Arts (Communication) TITLE OF THESIS: Fetishism and the Culture of the Automobile EXAMINING COMMITTEE: Chairman : Dr. William D. Richards, Jr. \ -1 Dr. Martih Labbu Associate Professor Senior Supervisor Dr. Alison C.M. Beale Assistant Professor \I I Dr. - Jerry Zqlove, Associate Professor, Department of ~n~lish, External Examiner DATE APPROVED : 20 August 1990 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Dissertation: Fetishism and the Culture of the Automobile. Author : -re James Duncan Mackintosh name 20 August 1990 date ABSTRACT This thesis explores the notion of fetishism as an appropriate instrument of cultural criticism to investigate the rites and rituals surrounding the automobile.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex, Violence and the Body: the Erotics of Wounding
    Sex, Violence and the Body The Erotics of Wounding Edited by Viv Burr and Jeff Hearn PPL-UK_SVB-Burr_FM.qxd 9/24/2008 2:33 PM Page i Sex, Violence and the Body PPL-UK_SVB-Burr_FM.qxd 9/24/2008 2:33 PM Page ii Also by Viv Burr AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM GENDER AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY INVITATION TO PERSONAL CONSTRUCT PSYCHOLOGY (with Trevor W. Butt) THE PERSON IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Also by Jeff Hearn BIRTH AND AFTERBIRTH: A Materialist Account ‘SEX’ AT ‘WORK’: The Power and Paradox of Organisation Sexuality (with Wendy Parkin) THE GENDER OF OPPRESSION: Men, Masculinity and the Critique of Marxism MEN, MASCULINITIES AND SOCIAL THEORY (co-editor with David Morgan) MEN IN THE PUBLIC EYE: The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies THE VIOLENCES OF MEN: How Men Talk about and How Agencies Respond to Men’s Violence to Women CONSUMING CULTURES: Power and Resistance (co-editor with Sasha Roseneil) TRANSFORMING POLITICS: Power and Resistance (co-editor with Paul Bagguley) GENDER, SEXUALITY AND VIOLENCE IN ORGANIZATIONS: The Unspoken Forces of Organization Violations (with Wendy Parkin) ENDING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: A Call for Global Action to Involve Men (with Harry Ferguson et al.) INFORMATION SOCIETY AND THE WORKPLACE: Spaces, Boundaries and Agency (co-editor with Tuula Heiskanen) GENDER AND ORGANISATIONS IN FLUX? (co-editor with Päivi Eriksson et al.) HANDBOOK OF STUDIES ON MEN AND MASCULINITIES (co-editor with Michael Kimmel and R. W. Connell) MEN AND MASCULINITIES IN EUROPE (with Keith Pringle et al.)
    [Show full text]
  • WARNING: This Book Changes Women's Attitudes About Relationship Dynamics, Forever
    G WARNING: This book changes women's attitudes about relationship dynamics, forever. In Geneviéve's journey of discovery she dabbles in the BDSM lifestyle which forces her to recognize and acknowl- edge her true nature. Her memoir, woven together with that of a male slave, draws the reader into an intense od- yssey of sexual expression triumphing over sexual repres- sion while delivering fascinating insight about a different kind of love. "The aptly titled Dommemoir delivers on so many levels... It quickly sucks you in and envelopes you in the bondage of its spell... Dommemoir is a character study that breathes complex and compelling life into its hero, the devastating Lady Geneviéve and the fortunate submissives who wor- ship at her feet... placing you in the delicious bondage of its dark and compelling landscape..." Larry Brooks, USA Today bestselling author of Darkness Bound and Bait and Switch G Dommemoir by the Lady Geneviéve et al as told to I.G. Frederick Second Electronic Edition ISBN: 978-1-937471-94-1 © 2012 by I.G. Frederick First published in the U.S.A. 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permis- sion in writing from the author, except by reviewers who may quote brief excerpts in connection with a review. This book is a work of fiction. The names, characters, places, and incidents are products of the writer’s imagination or have been used fictitiously and are not to be construed as real.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinky Checklist
    Sex Gets Real invites you to... Get Your Kinky On Ready to explore some edgy, kinky play in the bedroom? This comprehensive checklist is the perfect way for you and your lover to discover fantasies you may have in common, and to help launch a more open discussion about desires and needs. Remember - our limits and desires change over time. Use this periodically to check in and try new things! Time to get sexy... sexgetsreal.com Copyright 2016, Sex Gets Real, LLC Welcome to your kinky, juicy checklist of fun. Before we begin, let's go over a few tips and guidelines to ensure you get exactly what you want out of this list. 1. Different strokes for different folks. What follows is a collection of sweet, intimate, edgy, invasive, loving, violent, and dangerous types of play. Keep an open mind, but never do anything you aren't ready to explore. 2. Do it alone, or with others. Use this list to check in with yourself. What interests you? What scares you, but sets your body on fire? Or, make a few copies, and have your lover complete one, as well. Compare notes, and see what you may have in common. 3. You determine the intensity. Honor your body. Respect your limits. This is not about harming yourself or others. This is about having fun and making sex into an adventure. If you see something like biting or flogging or hair pulling, those things can be done so lightly they almost tickle. Rape play sounds scary, but what if it's just you blindfolded and your lover wearing new cologne so they smell like a stranger? Get creative.
    [Show full text]
  • My Father's Secret
    WhatIMeant. Prt 2 95-222 24/08/2005 3:22 pm Page 129 David Hayes ’ First the snapshots. In this one, my father, then twenty-eight years old, is sitting in a Plymouth roadster convertible, beige with a red pinstripe along the side. It has red leather upholstery, including the rumble seat. My father was, according to my mother, a rakish bachelor who lived with a gang of fellows in a house in St. Catha- rines, nicknamed “the homestead.” His friends called him “Hurry- Up Hayes” because he walked purposefully, with short, quick steps, as though there were important things ahead. My mother was a tall, leggy brunette with an angular face who looked like a great, noble, WhatIMeant. Prt 2 95-222 24/08/2005 3:22 pm Page 130 | wading bird. She had her pick of eligible men, and chose my father. Later, when he infuriated or disappointed me, I would remind myself of this past life of his, the easy grace with which he carried himself, defining for me the idea of unforced masculinity. I believe to this day that he was more self-possessed, more relaxed with who he was than I was at his age, or, for that matter, later. Here he’s sitting, obviously posed but looking most at ease, every inch the successful executive: the double-breasted chalk-stripe suit, the dark tie with bold diagonals, the half-Windsor knot. It’s the mid-s and he is now in senior management at Abitibi’s head office on University Avenue in Toronto. Look at his steady gaze into the camera, as if to say, I am a man both comfortable and successful in this masculine world.
    [Show full text]
  • Common BDSM Terminology
    Common BDSM Terminology Common Terminology: • BDSM – Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism. • SSC – Safe, Sane, Consensual • RACK – Risk Aware Consensual Kink • PRICK – Personal Responsibility Informed Consensual Kink • Scene – Both the BDSM Community as a whole and a play interaction. • “Thud” – Sensation produced when struck with broad/heavy/soft toys – e.g .floggers, big paddles. • “Sting” – Sensation produced when struck with thin/light/hard toys – e.g. cane or single tail. • Dungeon – a (public or private) play space. • DM (Dungeon Monitor) – Public playspace lifeguard. • Squick – Something that viscerally turns you off. The sound of your parents fucking on the kitchen table. • BBW – Big Beautiful Woman • Sub Frenzy – The desire to try everything when one is new to the scene. • Subspace – An altered state often resulting from endorphins released through sensation/impact play. • Sub Drop/Top Drop – Temporary depression sometimes experienced (hours or days) after intense play. Safeword – a word or phrase used to pause or stop play. • Stop!/No! - If you’re a beginner (or playing with a beginner), keep it simple, no means no, stop means stop. • Safeword!/Red! – Stop now! Something is seriously wrong. DMs/bystanders requested to help. • Yellow/Mercy – I can’t take much more, need a break, please check in. • Green – I’m having a good time, please continue! • Beige – I’m so bored I’m thinking about what color to paint the ceiling. Roles: • Top/Bottom – Enjoy physical play (bondage, flogging, whipping, etc.) • Sadist/Masochist – Enjoy inflicting/receiving pain (intense physical sensation). • Dom/Sub – Enjoy mental power exchange (following orders, serving, etc.) • Master/Slave – Enjoy long term owner/property relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, and Sadomasochism (Bdsm)/Kink
    BONDAGE AND DISCIPLINE, DOMINANCE AND SUBMISSION, 6 AND SADOMASOCHISM (BDSM)/KINK Brian is a white gay man of 55 who has been working with you in therapy for several sessions on the panic attacks and nightmares he has been expe- riencing following witnessing a person committing suicide at a tube sta- tion some months ago. For a couple of weeks you have sensed that there are some aspects of his life that he hasn’t been completely open about with you. At the end of a session he looks uncomfortable and says that there is something he has to tell you which he hopes won’t influence your opinion of him but which has been holding him back from talking about all aspects of his life. He says that he is in a 24/7 BDSM relationship as a slave for his partner, Jordan. Think about: • What is your formulation/understanding of the key issues for Brian? • What themes can you imagine emerging as you continue? • What assumptions might you bring to this? • How would you proceed? Being a kink-aware professional you let Brian know that you have some understanding of BDSM practices and relationships. He has probably already seen SM 101 and Powerful Pleasures on your bookshelf, and that probably helped him to tell you about this aspect of his life. Like many people, the idea of ‘24/7’ BDSM is one that you find difficult to understand, so you note your negative gut reaction as one you want to bracket as much as possible and explore in supervision.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One: Fantasy Versus Reality
    UNIVERSITEIT GENT 2006-2007 ASPECTS OF POWER IN THE PROSE OF MARY GAITSKILL FROM A PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE WITH FOCUS ON SADOMASOCHISM PROMOTOR Verhandeling voorgelegd PROF. DR. GERT BUELENS aan de Faculteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte voor het verkrijgen van de graad van licentiaat in de taal- en letterkunde: Germaanse talen door ALISE VAN HECKE - JAMESON ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have completed this thesis on my own and there are many people who, both directly and indirectly, have aided me in my efforts. In particular, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my promoter, Prof. Dr. Gert Buelens, not only for his initial interest in my topic, but also for his guidance, patience, suggestions, and critical commentary, all of which were both motivational and beneficial. I also wish to thank my good friends Elke, Johan, Kathy, Lucie, and Veerle, my brother, Ralph, and my future brother-in-law, Jeff, for their emotional support and encouragement during this trying year. My sister, Annette, deserves recognition for reading my very first, very rough draft and for keeping me sane through our telephone chats. I wish to honor the memory of my Aunt Lynne (November 1937-April 2007) who always believed in me and encouraged me to continue my education. My husband, Omer, receives extra special thanks, as he originally discovered Mary Gaitskill and planted the idea which has since grown into this thesis. Words cannot express my gratitude for his unending support and patience. I thank him for reading many of my previous drafts and offering thoughtful advice. I have also benefited from his computer skills, which saved me much precious time.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-05-25 Prohibited Words List
    Clouthub Prohibited Word List Our prohibited words include derogatory racial terms and graphic sexual terms. Rev. 05/25/2020 Words Code 2g1c 1 4r5e 1 1 Not Allowed a2m 1 a54 1 a55 1 acrotomophilia 1 anal 1 analprobe 1 anilingus 1 ass-fucker 1 ass-hat 1 ass-jabber 1 ass-pirate 1 assbag 1 assbandit 1 assbang 1 assbanged 1 assbanger 1 assbangs 1 assbite 1 asscock 1 asscracker 1 assface 1 assfaces 1 assfuck 1 assfucker 1 assfukka 1 assgoblin 1 asshat 1 asshead 1 asshopper 1 assjacker 1 asslick 1 asslicker 1 assmaster 1 assmonkey 1 assmucus 1 assmunch 1 assmuncher 1 assnigger 1 asspirate 1 assshit 1 asssucker 1 asswad 1 asswipe 1 asswipes 1 autoerotic 1 axwound 1 b17ch 1 b1tch 1 babeland 1 1 Clouthub Prohibited Word List Our prohibited words include derogatory racial terms and graphic sexual terms. Rev. 05/25/2020 ballbag 1 ballsack 1 bampot 1 bangbros 1 bawdy 1 bbw 1 bdsm 1 beaner 1 beaners 1 beardedclam 1 bellend 1 beotch 1 bescumber 1 birdlock 1 blowjob 1 blowjobs 1 blumpkin 1 boiolas 1 bollock 1 bollocks 1 bollok 1 bollox 1 boner 1 boners 1 boong 1 booobs 1 boooobs 1 booooobs 1 booooooobs 1 brotherfucker 1 buceta 1 bugger 1 bukkake 1 bulldyke 1 bumblefuck 1 buncombe 1 butt-pirate 1 buttfuck 1 buttfucka 1 buttfucker 1 butthole 1 buttmuch 1 buttmunch 1 buttplug 1 c-0-c-k 1 c-o-c-k 1 c-u-n-t 1 c.0.c.k 1 c.o.c.k.
    [Show full text]
  • Contextualising Gay Nazi Fetish Subcultures
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenGrey Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/835 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Queering Nazism or Nazi Queers? A Sociological Study of an Online Gay Nazi Fetish Group by Danny Beusch A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of Warwick, Department of Sociology August 2008 Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................... 6 Declaration............................................................................................................... 7 Abstract.................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction............................................................................................................. 9 Why Study Nazi Fetishism? ..................................................................... 11 Chapter Outline........................................................................................
    [Show full text]