Structure/Function Relationships in the Rosette Cellulose Synthesis Complex Illuminated by an Evolutionary Perspective
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Invasive Weeds of the Appalachian Region
$10 $10 PB1785 PB1785 Invasive Weeds Invasive Weeds of the of the Appalachian Appalachian Region Region i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………...i How to use this guide…………………………………ii IPM decision aid………………………………………..1 Invasive weeds Grasses …………………………………………..5 Broadleaves…………………………………….18 Vines………………………………………………35 Shrubs/trees……………………………………48 Parasitic plants………………………………..70 Herbicide chart………………………………………….72 Bibliography……………………………………………..73 Index………………………………………………………..76 AUTHORS Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill, Extension Assistant, The University of Tennessee Gregory R. Armel, Assistant Professor, Extension Specialist for Invasive Weeds, The University of Tennessee Robert J. Richardson, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, North Caro- lina State University G. Neil Rhodes, Jr., Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, The University of Ten- nessee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all the individuals and organizations who have contributed their time, advice, financial support, and photos to the crea- tion of this guide. We would like to specifically thank the USDA, CSREES, and The Southern Region IPM Center for their extensive support of this pro- ject. COVER PHOTO CREDITS ii 1. Wavyleaf basketgrass - Geoffery Mason 2. Bamboo - Shawn Askew 3. Giant hogweed - Antonio DiTommaso 4. Japanese barberry - Leslie Merhoff 5. Mimosa - Becky Koepke-Hill 6. Periwinkle - Dan Tenaglia 7. Porcelainberry - Randy Prostak 8. Cogongrass - James Miller 9. Kudzu - Shawn Askew Photo credit note: Numbers in parenthesis following photo captions refer to the num- bered photographer list on the back cover. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Tabs: Blank tabs can be found at the top of each page. These can be custom- ized with pen or marker to best suit your method of organization. Examples: Infestation present On bordering land No concern Uncontrolled Treatment initiated Controlled Large infestation Medium infestation Small infestation Control Methods: Each mechanical control method is represented by an icon. -
Blackberry Rosette Cercosporella Rubi
Blackberry Rosette Cercosporella rubi Rosette disease, also called double blossom disease, is a destructive disease of blackberries in Louisiana and other southeastern states. If left unmanaged, commercial production can be severely limited because diseased canes will not produce berries. The disease, caused by the fungus Cercosporella rubi, has a biennial cycle, which matches the growth pattern of blackberries. The fungus attacks primocanes in the spring, overwin- ters in dormant buds, and the infected canes then develop symptoms the following year on the flo- ricanes. Spores of the fungus are dispersed from infected flowers to the young buds of primocanes by wind and insects. The fungus has a very narrow host range and has not been reported on other types of brambles such as raspberry, boysenberry or tayberry in the United States. Flowers on diseased fruiting canes are more red or pink in color than healthy flowers and have distorted petals and enlarged sepals, which gives them the appearance of a double flower. Infected plants produce multiple branches with abnormal leaf production. Young leaves are light green and eventually turn yellowish-brown giving the leaves a bronzing appearance. Diseased canes do not produce berries, and berry production on non- infected canes is small and of poor quality. Rosette can be successfully managed through a combination of resistance, cultural practices and chemical treatments. Plant-resistant varieties. Most of the thorny, erect blackberry varieties are very suscep- tible to rosette and require careful and extensive attention to management. The thornless varieties Rosette formations on blackberries infected with ‘Arapaho’, ‘Apache’, ‘Navaho’ and ‘Ouachita’ are the fungus Cercosporella rubi moderately resistant to resistant to rosette and also grow well in Louisiana. -
Chapter 2. Vegetative Morphology of Plants Vegetative Morphology of Plants
Chapter 2. Vegetative morphology of plants Vegetative morphology of plants INTRODUCTION: THE PLANT’S BASIC BODY PLAN Most plants are photosynthetic machines: they capture the energy contained in sunlight and transform solar radiation into chemical energy stored the form of bonds in chains of carbon molecules. Through the process of photosynthesis, light and atmospheric CO2 are combined in the leaves of green plants to form simple carbohydrates, which are then used to build other organic molecules such as cellulose, starch, oils, waxes, proteins, or DNA. Six molecules of CO2 (and some 72 photons of light) are needed to form one molecule of glucose: sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 As a byproduct of the process, six molecules of oxygen are formed and dissipated from the leaf tissue into the atmosphere. To achieve this remarkable feat of turning atmospheric carbon dioxide into living molecules while releasing oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere, plants have evolved highly specialized organs. The light-intercepting structure par excellence is the leaf. The set of leaves in the upper aerial part of the plant form the plant’s canopy, where the plant exchanges gases with the atmosphere and intercepts light from the sun. But in order to work its chemical wonder up in the leaves, the plant also needs water and mineral nutrients such as phosphorus, essential for the synthesis of DNA, or nitrogen, essential for manufacturing proteins. In order to obtain these, plants have developed the root —a complex network of underground stem-like organs— whose role is the absorption of water and mineral nutrients from the soil, and, in doing so, anchoring the plant to the ground. -
Rose Rosette Disease Demystified
EPLP-010 6/14 Rose Rosette Disease Demystified Kevin Ong, Associate Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist Molly Giesbrecht, Extension Associate (Plant Pathology) Dotty Woodson, Extension Program Specialist; Laura Miller, County Extension Agent–Tarrant County Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, The Texas A&M University System What do we know? The disease has been around Rose rosette disease, a lethal rose disease with no for more than 70 known cure, has recently increased in the Dallas-Fort years. As early as Worth area. Many people who grow and enjoy roses the 1940s, symp- as well as landscapers who take care of them are con- toms of witches’ cerned about how to protect their plants and confused broom (growth of by all the information available from various sources a tight, brush-like on the Internet, in publications, and from the media. cluster of plant So, what do we know about this disease? shoots) (Fig. 1) The following review of information from peer- were described on reviewed (evaluated by experts in the field) articles in roses in Manitoba, scientific journals summarizes what we know so far. Canada (Conners, 1941). In the United Figure 2. Witches’ broom effect on States, rose plants a flower cluster. Distorted flowers in Wyoming with and increased, atypical reddish color similar symptoms on the buds. were described in 1942 (Thomas and Scott, 1953), and the disease was subsequently found in other states. In 1990, George Philley reported the disease in East Texas. It appeared in the Dallas-Fort Worth area in the mid-1990s and has expanded there in the last 2 to 3 years. -
Enzyme Phosphatidylserine Synthase (Saccharomyces Cerevisae/Chol Gene/Transformation) V
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 7279-7283, December 1983 Genetics Isolation of the yeast structural gene for the membrane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase (Saccharomyces cerevisae/CHOl gene/transformation) V. A. LETTS*, L. S. KLIG*, M. BAE-LEEt, G. M. CARMANt, AND S. A. HENRY* *Departments of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and tDepartment of Food Science, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experimental Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Communicated by Frank Lilly, August 11, 1983 ABSTRACT The structural gene (CHOI) for phosphatidyl- Mammals, for example, synthesize PtdSer by an exchange re- serine synthase (CDPdiacylglycerol:L-serine O-phosphatidyl- action with PtdEtn (9). However, PtdSer synthase is found in transferase, EC 2.7.8.8) was isolated by genetic complementation E. coli and indeed the structural gene for the E. coli enzyme has in Saccharomyces cerevmae from a bank of yeast genomic DNA been cloned (10). Thus, cloning of the structural gene for the on a chimeric plasmid. The cloned DNA (4.0 kilobases long) was yeast enzyme will permit a detailed comparison of the structure shown to represent a unique sequence in the yeast genome. The and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and gene DNA sequence on an integrative plasmid was shown to recombine products. The availability of a clone of the CHOI gene will per- into the CHOi locus, confwrming its genetic identity. The chol yeast mit analysis of its regulation at the transcriptional level. Fur- strain transformed with this gene on an autonomously replicating thermore, the cloning of the CHOI gene provides us with the plasmid had significantly increased activity of the regulated mem- the levels of PtdSer synthase in the cell, brane-associated enzyme phosphatidylserine synthase. -
Taxonomy of Cultivated Potatoes (Solanum Section
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 165, 107–155. With 5 figures Taxonomy of cultivated potatoes (Solanum section Petota: Solanaceae)boj_1107 107..155 ANNA OVCHINNIKOVA1, EKATERINA KRYLOVA1, TATJANA GAVRILENKO1, TAMARA SMEKALOVA1, MIKHAIL ZHUK1, SANDRA KNAPP2 and DAVID M. SPOONER3* 1N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 42–44, St Petersburg, 190000, Russia 2Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 3USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison WI 53706-1590, USA Received 4 May 2010; accepted for publication 2 November 2010 Solanum tuberosum, the cultivated potato of world commerce, is a primary food crop worldwide. Wild and cultivated potatoes form the germplasm base for international breeding efforts to improve potato in the face of a variety of disease, environmental and agronomic constraints. A series of national and international genebanks collect, characterize and distribute germplasm to stimulate and aid potato improvement. A knowledge of potato taxonomy and evolution guides collecting efforts, genebank operations and breeding. Past taxonomic treatments of wild and cultivated potato have differed tremendously among authors with regard to both the number of species recognized and the hypotheses of their interrelationships. In total, there are 494 epithets for wild and 626 epithets for cultivated taxa, including names not validly published. Recent classifications, however, recognize only about 100 wild species and four cultivated species. This paper compiles, for the first time, the epithets associated with all taxa of cultivated potato (many of which have appeared only in the Russian literature), places them in synonymy and provides lectotype designations for all names validly published where possible. -
Skunk Cabbage
Notable Natives the plants wilt and wither away. The plants reproduce readily by seed and will create colonies around a mother plant. They do not reproduce through rhizomes. Skunk Cabbage Although toxic to many herbivores, the Native Symplocarpus foetidus, skunk cabbage, is a unique Americans used skunk cabbage as an important herbal spring woodland plant native to northern Illinois. It medicine. They used fresh leaves to treat headaches and inhabits wet woods, stream-sides, wetlands, hillside sores and roots to make into infusions to treat colds, seeps, and other shaded areas with wet, mucky soil. In coughs, sore throats, and earaches. They also dried the the Araceae family, it is related to Arisaema triphyllum, roots to make into tea and powdered and mixed roots Jack-in-the-pulpit, another spring woodland wildflower. with grease to treat everything from asthma to skin sores and to stop bleeding, muscle pain and rheumatism. Like other plants in this family, skunk cabbage flowers have a spadix that is covered by many perfect flowers This spring when you’re walking in the woods, don’t shy (flowers that include both male and female reproductive away from the wet areas; seek them out, and you may parts). A large bract, called a spathe, encloses the entire come across this unique flower native to our woods in inflorescence (the cluster of flowers on the stem). This northern Illinois. bract can be many colors, ranging from pale yellow to dark purple, depending on the local ecotype. —Tim Moritz Pizzo & Assoc. Symplocarpus, the genus, comes from the Greek symploce and carpos, meaning connection and fruit. -
Assembly of the Membrane Domain of ATP Synthase in Human Mitochondria
Assembly of the membrane domain of ATP synthase in human mitochondria Jiuya Hea,1, Holly C. Forda,1, Joe Carrolla, Corsten Douglasa, Evvia Gonzalesa, Shujing Dinga, Ian M. Fearnleya, and John E. Walkera,2 aMedical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom Contributed by John E. Walker, January 16, 2018 (sent for review December 20, 2017; reviewed by Ulrich Brandt and Nikolaus Pfanner) The ATP synthase in human mitochondria is a membrane-bound mitochondria in human ρ0 cells lack organellar DNA and contain assembly of 29 proteins of 18 kinds. All but two membrane another incomplete ATP synthase, necessarily with no ATP6 or components are encoded in nuclear genes, synthesized on cyto- ATP8 (7, 9). These incomplete vestigial ATP synthases provide plasmic ribosomes, and imported into the matrix of the organelle, insight into the pathway of assembly of the complete enzyme. where they are assembled into the complex with ATP6 and ATP8, Here we investigated the effects of the selective removal of su- the products of overlapping genes in mitochondrial DNA. Disrup- pernumerary membrane subunits e, f, g, DAPIT, and 6.8PL on tion of individual human genes for the nuclear-encoded subunits assembly of human ATP synthase. in the membrane portion of the enzyme leads to the formation of intermediate vestigial ATPase complexes that provide a descrip- Results tion of the pathway of assembly of the membrane domain. The Human Cells Lacking Supernumerary Subunits. The human genes key intermediate complex consists of the F1-c8 complex inhibited ATP5I, ATP5J2, ATP5L, USMG5, and C14orf2 (SI Appendix, Fig. -
Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants
e-book ISBN: 978-81-952644-1-4 Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants Anjula Pandey RK Pamarthi K Pradheep Rita Gupta SP Ahlawat Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India © 2021 ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi 110012, India This document is an outcome of taxonomic studies undertaken and new taxa described by the scientists of ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR), New Delhi. All technical descriptions and contents on ‘type’ discussed in this publication are provided with minor modifications in the original description. Images of ‘type’ specimen have been captured and documented by the NHCP. Citation: Pandey Anjula, RK Pamarthi, K Pradheep, Rita Gupta and SP Ahlawat (2021) Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 67p + i-iii Technical support: Shashi Kant Sharma Cover page photo identity: Curcuma amada var. glabra (‘type’ specimen from Kerala) Published by: The Director ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110012, India Contact Dr. Kuldeep Singh Director ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India E-mail: [email protected] e-book ISBN: 978-81-952644-1-4 Catalogue of the Type Specimens in the National Herbarium of Cultivated Plants Anjula Pandey RK Pamarthi K Pradheep Rita Gupta SP Ahlawat Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India About the book………. -
Comparative Analysis of High-Throughput Assays of Family-1 Plant Glycosyltransferases
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Comparative Analysis of High-Throughput Assays of Family-1 Plant Glycosyltransferases Kate McGraphery and Wilfried Schwab * Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-8161-712-912; Fax: +49-8161-712-950 Received: 27 January 2020; Accepted: 21 March 2020; Published: 23 March 2020 Abstract: The ability of glycosyltransferases (GTs) to reduce volatility, increase solubility, and thus alter the bioavailability of small molecules through glycosylation has attracted immense attention in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical industries. The lack of GTs known and the scarcity of high-throughput (HTP) available methods, hinders the extrapolation of further novel applications. In this study, the applicability of new GT-assays suitable for HTP screening was tested and compared with regard to harmlessness, robustness, cost-effectiveness and reproducibility. The UDP-Glo GT-assay, Phosphate GT Activity assay, pH-sensitive GT-assay, and UDP2-TR-FRET assay were applied and tailored to plant UDP GTs (UGTs). Vitis vinifera (UGT72B27) GT was subjected to glycosylation reaction with various phenolics. Substrate screening and kinetic parameters were evaluated. The pH-sensitive assay and the UDP2-TR-FRET assay were incomparable and unsuitable for HTP plant GT-1 family UGT screening. Furthermore, the UDP-Glo GT-assay and the Phosphate GT Activity assay yielded closely similar and reproducible KM, vmax, and kcat values. Therefore, with the easy experimental set-up and rapid readout, the two assays are suitable for HTP screening and quantitative kinetic analysis of plant UGTs. This research sheds light on new and emerging HTP assays, which will allow for analysis of novel family-1 plant GTs and will uncover further applications. -
Citrate Synthase a Mitochondrial Marker Enzyme
Oroboros Protocols Enzymes Mitochondrial Physiology Network 17.04(04):1-12 (2020) Version 04: 2020-04-18 ©2013-2020 Oroboros Updates: http://wiki.oroboros.at/index.php/MiPNet17.04_CitrateSynthase Laboratory Protocol: Citrate synthase a mitochondrial marker enzyme Eigentler A1,2, Draxl A2, Gnaiger E1,2 1D. Swarovski Research Laboratory Dept Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery Medical Univ Innsbruck, Austria www.mitofit.org 2Oroboros Instruments High-Resolution Respirometry Schöpfstrasse 18, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Email: [email protected]; www.oroboros.at 1. Background 1 1.1. Enzymatic reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase 2 1.2. Principle of spectrophotometric enzyme assay 2 1.3. Temperature of enzyme assay 3 2. Reagents and buffers 3 2.1. Prepare every month new and store at 4 °C 3 2.2. Prepare 12.2 mM acetyl-CoA, store at -20 °C 3 2.3. Prepare fresh every day 3 2.4. Chemicals 4 3. Sample preparation 4 4. Measurement: Spectrophotometer HP8452A Diode Array 6 4.1. Measurement of CS activity in 1 mL cuvette 6 4.2. Blank measurement 6 4.3. Sample measurement 7 4.4. Experimental procedure 7 5. Data analysis: calculation of specific CS activity 8 5.1. Absorbance, concentration and rate of reaction 8 5.2. Specific enzyme activity: reaction rate per unit sample 8 6. Normalization of respiratory flux for CS activity 9 6.1. Flow per instrumental chamber, IO2 9 6.2. Flux per chamber volume, JV,O2 10 6.3. Flow per experimental object, IO2/N 10 6.4. Flux per sample mass, JO2/m 10 7. References 10 8. -
Supplementary Information
Supplementary information (a) (b) Figure S1. Resistant (a) and sensitive (b) gene scores plotted against subsystems involved in cell regulation. The small circles represent the individual hits and the large circles represent the mean of each subsystem. Each individual score signifies the mean of 12 trials – three biological and four technical. The p-value was calculated as a two-tailed t-test and significance was determined using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure; false discovery rate was selected to be 0.1. Plots constructed using Pathway Tools, Omics Dashboard. Figure S2. Connectivity map displaying the predicted functional associations between the silver-resistant gene hits; disconnected gene hits not shown. The thicknesses of the lines indicate the degree of confidence prediction for the given interaction, based on fusion, co-occurrence, experimental and co-expression data. Figure produced using STRING (version 10.5) and a medium confidence score (approximate probability) of 0.4. Figure S3. Connectivity map displaying the predicted functional associations between the silver-sensitive gene hits; disconnected gene hits not shown. The thicknesses of the lines indicate the degree of confidence prediction for the given interaction, based on fusion, co-occurrence, experimental and co-expression data. Figure produced using STRING (version 10.5) and a medium confidence score (approximate probability) of 0.4. Figure S4. Metabolic overview of the pathways in Escherichia coli. The pathways involved in silver-resistance are coloured according to respective normalized score. Each individual score represents the mean of 12 trials – three biological and four technical. Amino acid – upward pointing triangle, carbohydrate – square, proteins – diamond, purines – vertical ellipse, cofactor – downward pointing triangle, tRNA – tee, and other – circle.