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Chapter 2, State Executive Branch

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Chapter 2, State Executive Branch CHAPrERTWO STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE GOVERNORS, 1984-85 By Thad L. Beyl. Throughout the 1980s, the importance of and 26 (67 percent) aought reelection; and in the atates and their elected leaders has 1984-86, there were 15 races and seven (47 grown, especially as the federal government percent) aought another term. Preliminary haa sought to reduce ita involvement in and estimates for the 1986 elections. in which 36 responsibility for domestic programs and is­ seats will be open, indicate that only 50 per­ sues. This trend has helped push the gover­ cent of the incumbents will seek reelection, norship ever more into the leading position continuing the trend noted. I However, those in the state&-if for no other reason than 88 seeking reelection in the 1980s generally the one state official who mtUt take the lead have fared well, with 31 of the 45 (69 per­ in sorting out the responsibilities the states cent) winning-increasing from a 58 percent will continue to perform and determining at win rate (seven of 12) in the first two years, what level of etTort. Further, the governors to a 73 percent rate (24 of 33) in the laat four have continued to become more active in the years. traditional functions of the states, such 8S Gubernatorial campaign coets continued to education and health. escalate in 1984-85. As shown in Table A, in the 15 races of the biennium, candidstes Gubernatorial Elections spent about $65 million aa officially re­ Fifteen governorships were up for election ported-led by North Carolins at $13.7 mil­ in 1984-85; in seven of these contests the in· lion and New Jersey at $10.7 million-for an cumbent stood for an additional term, with average of $4.3 million per race. There was five winning reelection. Both of the defeated a significant difference between races for an incumbents, Allen Olson of North Dakota open seat ($40.5 million for an average $5.1 and John Spellman of Washington, were He­ million) and roces in which the incumbent puhlicana who lost the 1984 general elections or a former governor was seeking reelection in their states. Incumbent governors Bill ($24.5 million for an average of$3.5 million). Clinton (D.Arkansaa), Robert Orr (R.Indi. Four years earlier, in the 1980-81 elections ana), Ted Schwinden (D-Montana), John for governor in these states, the total spent Sununu (R-New Hampshire), and Thomas was $49 million. Thua, there haa been an in­ Kean (R-New Jersey) all won their attempts crease of$16 million between the two time to serve an additional term. periods; controlling for inflation, the increase Four incumbent governors were constitu­ was $1.6 million (i n 1967 dollars) or 8 per· tionally ineligible to seek another term: cent, still an indication that the COflt of be­ Pierre duPont (R·Delaware), Chriswpher coming governor continue, to rise. Bond (R-Mi880uri), James Hunt (D-North Clearly, the road to the governorship in the Carolina), and Charles Robb (D.Virginia); 1980s continues to have stops at elected state while four other incumbents opted to retire offices. Of the 15 governors elected in from office: Joseph Garrahy (D-Rhode Is­ 1984-85, 10 (67 percent) had run successfully land), Scott Mathe&On (D-Utah), Richard in previous atate races and had held a visible Snelling (R. Vermont), and John RockefelJer state-level office. Of the 10, five previously (D.West Virginia). These eight out-going gov­ held JJtatewide office: two moved up from the ernors. five Democrats and three Republi­ lieutenant governor's office (Michael Castle. cans, had served a combined total of 60 years DelawBN! and Madeleine Kunin, Vermont), in the governorship, all serving for eight two from the attorney general's office (John years (except Robb, who served under a one· Ashcroft, Missouri and Gerald Baliles, Vir­ term constitutional limitation). ginia), and one from previous service as There has been s general trend in the governor (Arch Moore, West Virginia). Two 19809 for fewer gubernatorial incumbents to others moved from the state legislature (Nor- seek reelection: in 1980-81, there were 15 races, and 12 incumbents (80 percent) &Ought Thad L. Beyle is Proreuor or Political Science at reelection; in 1982·83, there were 39 races, the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 24 Table A Costa of Gubernatorial Campaigns, 1984-86 CoM Winne". voce ~r total s• ••• Yur All nndldl\eol Winner Ptreent ~reentaK~ "ote(b) Total ........... .....11'72.$49 125.949.011 .,1.,10 Arkl n ••o( c)••••••••••• 0 1.9oIU13 8740592 " " 2. 111 o..laware(d) •••••..••. ",. .. 0 1.1)57.769 6$,111 .. .. ~ Indian':.) •••..... ",. U!III.284 2.701.966 MI ....... ri(d) ••••••..... ,• 7.014.292 2.940.503 " " Mon ••n ••) •.••... "" 482.113(.) .." " '" 0 370.744 ,,, "" " " '" N~w 1I . ... poloJ...,rcl .. "" , 1,0II'7,l118 " ' .M N.w J"e ..... 10.125,190 .. ,w ..... , &.61 North Caroiln.dl ..... "" 2.l136,176 " ,"... " , 13.727.12Stn 3'== ~ 8.1' North nlk::J.hI ..•. • ,... 0 630,00011") " M" ' .00 Rhod ~ '''.nd( ) •...... , 3.475.483 1,401.1181..... " .. 8.&1 ",. , " " ,... 0 '''' 0 ,""... 0 "", • " man Bangerter, Utah, and George Sinner while continuing to hold onto seats in Arkan­ North Dakota); two were local government sas, Montana, and Virginia. The net of this leaders (Edward DiPrete, former mayor of electoral activity is that Democrat governors Cranston. Rhode Island, and Booth Gardner, stiU hold more than a two-to-one ratio(34-16) former county executive in Washington); and of the governorships as of January 1986. one was a former congressman (James Mar­ tin, North Carolina)_ Investigations The importance of previous statewide elec­ In 1985, two gubernatorial incumbents toral experience in winning the governor· were the foc us of investigations in their ship, however, is down somewhat from the states_ In February 1985, a grand jury in­ 198().81 period when 80 percent had such ex· dicted Governor Edwin Edwards (D·Louisi· perience, and the 1982-83 period when 85 aDa)on 51 countsoffraud and racketeering, percent had come from state offices. The posi. in which he was charged with influence ped. tions from which to lauDch a winning guber. dling by steering state hospital permits to nalorial race over lhe six-year period were companies in which he was alleged to have lieutenant governor (nine of 10, for a 90 per· had a secret interest. He argued the monies cent win rate), attorney general (eight of 13, received were for legal fees earned while he for 62 percent), and former governor (seven was out of the governor's office between of 11, for 64 percent). terms, and that the secrecy was necessary as Republicans began to show more parity in then-Governor David Treen, a Republican, their ability to hold and win gubernatorial would have thrown out any application with seats, as they won Di ne of the 15 races in Edward's name on it. The first trial ended 1984-85. They captured four governorships with a hung~ury; the second is underway at previously held by Democrats in North Caro­ this writing_ lina, Rhode Island, Utah, and West Virginia, On July 1, 1985. an Alaskan grand jury is­ while continuing their hold on five seats in sued a 69.page report on alleged favoritism Delaware, indiana, Missouri, New Hamp­ by Governor Bill Sheffield (D-Alaska) in the shire, and New Jersey. But Democrats cap­ signing ofa $9.1 million, 100year lease by the tured three formerly Republican-held spots slate, in which one of his major political sup­ in North Dakota, Vermont, and Washington, porters was the benefi ciary. The allegation 25 was that the governor personally changed legislature in Nebraska, and the upper house the specifications necessary for the leasing in Alaska. Ten states require a two·thirds of a building by the state so that only one vote to impeach, as is suggested in the Model building fit-that owned by his 1982 cam­ State Constitution, developed by the Na­ paign fund raiser. The grand jury did not tional Municipal League/' 17 require a ma­ issue any indictments in its report, but jority, and 22 have no provision for the vote recommended the state legislature call a to impeach. special session to consider impeaching the Impeachment trials are held in the upper governor for actions which thejury felt were houses in 45 states, the lower house in Alas· "a hairbreadth above the criminal level. .. 3 ka, a court of impeachment in Nebraska, a Aft.er a highly publicized set of hearings, the special commission elected by the Senate in Republican-dominated Senate refused to im­ Missouri (for impeachment of a governor or peach the governor, and the process stopped. Supreme Court member), and the Senate and judges of the Court of Appeals (co urt of last Gubernatorial Impeachment resort) in New York. Most state constitutions The Sheffield situation marked the first require an extraordinary majority vote to serious threat of impeachment since the late convict an official: 29 requ.ire a two-thirds 19308 when Governor Richard Leche ofLoui­ vote of the members, and 15 require a two­ siana was threatened with impeachment and thirds vote of those members present and resigned. While counts vary, there appear to voting. In Missouri, a five-sevenths vote of have been 15 gubernatorial impeachments the court of special commission is necessary and seven convictions across the 50 states.~ to convict, and in Nebraska, a two-thirds vote Threats of gubernatorial impeachment are of the court of impeachment. Alabama, Mas­ more than events concerning the activities sachusetts. and New Hampshire do not spe­ of individual governors.
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