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Proceedings of the 4Th International Conference on Climate, Tourism and Recreation Cctr2015

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Proceedings of the 4Th International Conference on Climate, Tourism and Recreation Cctr2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE, TOURISM AND RECREATION CCTR2015 Istanbul Policy Center Bankalar Caddesi No: 2 Minerva Han 34420 Karaköy, İstanbul TURKEY +90 212 292 49 39 +90 212 292 49 57 @ [email protected] ISBN: 978-605-9178-18-1 w ipc.sabanciuniv.edu PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE, TOURISM AND RECREATION – CCTR2015 17-19 September, 2015 EDITORS O. CENK DEMIROĞLU, CHRIS R. DE FREITAS, DANIEL SCOTT, M. LEVENT KURNAZ, DILEK ÜNALAN ORGANIZED BY İklimBU SUPPORTED BY HOSTED BY r o y a l h o t e l s � r k e c � - � s t a n b u l PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE, TOURISM AND RECREATION – CCTR2015 ORGANIZERS The Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation (CCTR) of the International Society of Biomete- orology (ISB) was initiated during the 14th Congress of the ISB, in September 1996 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The aims of the CCTR are to: a) bring together researchers from around the world to critically review the current state of knowledge in tourism and recreation climatology; and b) explore possibilities for future research. Two decades on, research in tourism climatology has developed and expanded due in large part to the initiatives and activities of the CCTR and several collaborative research projects run under the auspices of the CCTR. Recent CCTR meeting highlighted the fact that, although climate is an essential part of the resource base for tourism, which is one of the world’s biggest and fastest growing industries, little is known about the effects of climate on tourists choices and broad demand patterns, or the influence climate has on the commercial prospects and sustainability of tourism operators and destinations. Istanbul Policy Center (IPC) is an independent policy research institute with global outreach. Its mission is to foster academic research in social sciences and its application to policy making. The IPC team is firmly committed to providing decision-makers, opinion leaders, academics, and the general public with innovative and objective analyses in key domestic and foreign policy issues. IPC has expertise in a wide range of areas, including – but not exhaustive to – Turkey-EU-U.S. relations, education, climate change, current trends of political and social transformation in Turkey, as well as the impact of civil society and local governance on this metamorphosis. The Mercator-IPC Fellowship Program is the cornerstone of the IPC-Sabancı University-Stiftung Mercator Initiative. The program aims to strengthen the academic, political, and social ties between Turkey and Germany, as well as Turkey and Europe, by facilitating excellent scientific research and hands-on policy work. It is based on the belief that in an increasingly globalized world, the acquisition of knowledge and an exchange of ideas and people are the preconditions for meeting the challenges of the 21st century. The Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) was commissioned by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in 2012 to mobilize scientific and technical expertise from academia, civil society, and the private sector to support practical problem solving for sustainable development at local, national, and global scales. The SDSN operates national and regional networks of knowledge institutions, solution-focused thematic networks, and is building SDSNedu, an online university for sustainable development. The Turkish SDSN is established in June 2014 and led by Bogazici University. It aims to serve as a platform for universities, research centers, NGOs, business community, government institutions and other stakeholders for the exchange of expertise on sustainable development, to generate research, applied projects and policy proposals. The Center for Climate Change and Policy Studies of Bogazici University (IklimBU) is a research center mainly studying the science and effects of climate change. IklimBU also provides solutions to climate change and environmental problems and offers policy advice to the public. Bogazici University Applied Tourism and Research Centre (ATARC) was founded in 1994 as a centre directly under the University’s Rectorate. The objectives of the ATARC centre are to carry out research, to provide educational programmes to the tourism sector, to organize conferences and meetings on hospitality and tourism topics, and to provide consultancy services to the sector.ATARC is one of the education centres of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Under this structure, the centre, in cooperation with the UNWTO, organizes international meetings, carries out consultancy and provides national and international education programmes. 2 SUPPORTED BY TSKB Established in 1950, TSKB provides support for sustainable economic development of Turkey. TSKB offers its clients a wide array of products and services in corporate banking, investment banking and advisory business lines. TSKB operates in continuous cooperation with leading participants of the global markets and suprana- tional financial institutions. TSKB provides long term funding for medium and large scale investment projects by creating corporate strategies focusing on Turkey’s economic potential. TSKB also provides private advisory services tailored for the client’s needs. Having integrated the economic, social and environmental dimensions of its globally accepted sustainability practices, TSKB supports the business world for the transition to a low carbon economy and more efficient production level. TSKB, which has been deemed worthy of the Financial Times and IFC ‘Sustainable Banking of the Year’ award three times in a row, has been awarded at the Corporate Management Summit thanks to the just, transparent and accountable corporate management it has shown since 2011. TSKB, which is the first Turkish bank to obtain an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System certifi- cate, published the first GRIA+ approved sustainability report in the finance sector in 2013. TSKB also maintains its characteristic of being the first carbon neutral bank in Turkey, by offsetting its carbon footprint, since 2008. TSKB conducts its business through its head office in Istanbul and branches in Ankara and İzmir. HOSTED BY r o y a l h o t e l s � r k e c � - � s t a n b u l This proceeding has been proofread by IPC's Managing Editor Megan Gisclon. The cover visual is created by Kadir Kara. 3 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ákos Németh Hungarian Meteorological Service, Hungary Anja Gujit Wageningen University, the Netherlands Attila Kovács University of Szeged, Hungary Azade Özlem Çalık Ankara University, Turkey Bas Amelung Wageningen University, the Netherlands Bruno Abegg alpS – Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, Austria University of Innsbruck, Austria Cana Tülüş Istanbul Policy Center, Turkey Carolien Kroeze Wageningen University, the Netherlands Caroline Larrivée Ouranos, Canada Chris de Freitas University of Auckland, New Zealand Clotilde Dubois Météo France Daniel Scott University of Waterloo, Canada Dede Krishnadianty World Wide Fund for Nature Indonesia Deniz Türkoğlu Ankara University, Turkey Diler Yılmaz Istanbul University, Turkey Duygu Erten Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey Elena Grigorieava Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Enrique Moran-Tejeda Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Spain Eric Jover Snow and Mountain Research Center of Andorra Eva Hagsten Statistics Sweden F. López-Martín Gobierno de Aragón, Spain Gabriella Szépszó University of Szeged, Hungary Ghislain Dubois TEC Conseil, France Gökhan Karaatlı Valparaiso University, USA Gürel Çetin Istanbul University, Turkey Mid Sweden University, Sweden İbrahim Birkan Atılım University, Turkey János Unger Hungarian Meteorological Service, Hungary Janto Simon Hess ADAPTOUR, Germany Jean Paul Ceron University of Limoges, France Johannes T. Welling University of Iceland Juan Ignacio López-Moreno Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Spain Kate Germain Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Ksenija Zaninovic Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Croatia Laurent Vanat Vanat Consulting, Switzerland Leandra Jaenicke University of Innsbruck, Austria Lidija Srnec Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Croatia Lyudmila N. Derkacheva Far Eastern Federal University, Russia M. Levent Kurnaz Boğaziçi University, Turkey UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network Turkey M. Tufan Turp Boğaziçi University, Turkey Marc Pons Sustainability Observatory of Andorra Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain Maria Dolores Frias University of Cantabria, Spain Instituto de Física de Cantabria, Spain Maria Gilaberte-Búrdalo Universidad San Jorge, Spain Martin Falk Austrian Institute of Economic Research, Austria Masatoshi Tanaka Fukushima Medical University, Japan Michelle Rutty University of Waterloo, Canada Mike Peters University of Innsbruck, Austria Musa Pınar Valparaiso University, USA Muzaffer Uysal Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Natalya F. Soboleva Far Eastern Federal University, Russia Nazan An Boğaziçi University, Turkey Òscar Saladié Rovira i Virgili University, Spain Osman Cenk Demiroğlu Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey Istanbul Policy Center, Turkey Boğaziçi University, Turkey Paul Stampfl alpS – Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, Austria Peter Johnson University of Waterloo, Canada Rainer Unger alpS - Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, Austria Raquel Santos-Lacueva Rovira i Virgili University, Spain Renata Sokol Jurkovic Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Croatia Robert Steiger University of Innsbruck, Austria Rosa Pino-Otín Universidad
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