Choline an Essential Nutrient for Public Health

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Choline an Essential Nutrient for Public Health Continuing Education Elevating Awareness and Intake of Choline An Essential Nutrient for Public Health Marie Caudill, PhD, RD Steven Zeisel, MD, PhD Kerry-Ann da Costa, PhD Betsy Hornick, MS, RD Emerging science has revealed that choline plays important Choline is the newest roles in health throughout the life cycle with potentially essential nutrient. serious health consequences associated with inadequate choline intakes. Recent national consumption data indicate that the vast majority of Americans are falling short of recommended intakes. Increased education, including In 2009, the Choline Science Summit was held in Washington, District of Columbia, bringing together recommendations to consume more choline-rich foods, prominent scientists and researchers along with nutrition is needed to improve choline intakes for optimal health. leaders from organizations including the American Nutr Today. 2011;46(5):235–241 College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Dietetic Association, American Society for Nutrition, International Life Sciences Institute, National WIC Association, and US Department of Agriculture (USDA). holine was discovered as a vitamin in 1862, The symposium addressed the latest science on choline but it was more than a century later that it and gathered insights for helping raise awareness Cwas recognized as an essential nutrient. It was and intake of this essential nutrient, especially among officially recognized as an essential nutrient by the vulnerable populations. It included discussions of Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1998, and an adequate choline’s critical role in human health and development intake (AI) was established based on estimated throughout the life cycle, the role of genetics in dietary intakes and studies reporting liver damage determining choline requirements, and a closer look with lower choline intakes.1 Choline is essential for at the gaps in choline requirements compared with liver and brain function, lipid metabolism, and for actual intakes. Participants also discussed strategies cellular membrane composition and repair.2 Recent for communicating choline recommendations and advances in the science and understanding of choline including choline in future public health education reveal that it plays a critical role in human health efforts. and development throughout the entire life cycle, A consensus was reached that choline deserves greater beginning with fetal brain and spinal cord recognition in nutrition guidance and public education. development.2,3 Participants agreed that a choline recommendation for Choline was not addressed in the 2005 Dietary special populations, specifically women who are of Guidelines for Americans because consumption childbearing age, pregnant, or lactating, is warranted, data were lacking. However, the development of a and the dietary reference intake for choline should database of the choline content of foods now makes be reevaluated. In addition, they recognized that it possible to evaluate the choline content of diets.4 education among health professionals and consumers At the fourth meeting of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines is needed to elevate awareness of the important Advisory Committee, choline was proposed as a roles of choline and increase intake of this essential shortfall nutrient for certain subgroups.5 However, choline nutrient. The highlights of the Choline Science was not designated as a nutrient of concern in the 2010 Summit, including call-to-action conclusions, are Dietary Guidelines. presented here. Nutrition TodayA, Vo lu me 4 6 Number 5 September/October, 2011 235 Copyright @ 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Continuing Education Elevating Awareness and Intake of Choline Choline in the Diet Table 2. Dietary Reference Intakes for Choline Choline is often grouped with the vitamin B complex. Life Stage Group Adequate Intake, mg/d It is available in the diet as free choline, a water-soluble Y form, or it may be bound as fat-soluble esters, such 0 6 mo 125 7Y12 mo 150 as phosphatidylcholine, or sphingomyelin. Although the Y human body can produce a limited supply of choline, 1 3 y 200 4Y8 y 250 consuming choline-rich foods is necessary to meet the Y body’s requirements. 9 13 y 375 Females Choline is found in a wide variety of foods; liver, Y eggs, beef, and pork are among the richest sources. One 14 18 y 400 19Y70+ y 425 Pregnancy 450 Table 1. Selected Food Sources of Choline Lactation 550 Males Choline, 14Y70+ y 550 Food mg/Serving 1 Beef, liver, cooked (3 oz) 355 Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Egg, whole, raw, fresh (1 large) 125 Beef steak, bottom round, cooked (3 oz) 111 egg supplies 125 mg of choline, about one-third to Pork, loin chop, cooked (3 oz) 94 one-half of the daily recommendation.6 Other sources Salmon, chinook, smoked (3 oz) 76 of choline include poultry, salmon, wheat germ, milk, Chicken, breast, cooked (3 oz) 73 nuts, legumes, and some vegetables (Table 1). Data Beef, ground, 85% lean, cooked (3 oz) 70 from the Nurses’ Health Study found animal products, Turkey, light meat, roasted (3 oz) 70 including eggs, milk, chicken, beef, and pork, to be the Salmon, sockeye, cooked (3 oz) 56 largest sources of choline in the diet.7 Choline is Wheat germ, toasted, plain (2 tbsp) 50 available in supplement form, but many multivitamins Milk, 1% low fat, with added vitamins A 43 and prenatal vitamins do not currently contain choline. and D (1 cup) Baked beans, canned (½ cup) 40 Pork, Canadian-style bacon (2 slices) 37 Choline Intake Versus Requirements Lima beans, cooked, boiled, 33 Based on estimated dietary intakes and studies reporting drained (½ cup) liver damage with lower choline intakes, the IOM set the Yogurt, low fat, fruited (8 oz) 32 AI for choline at 425 mg/d for women 19 years or older, Broccoli, cooked, boiled, drained (½ cup) 31 450 mg/d for pregnant women, and 550 mg/d for lactating Potato, baked, flesh and skin (1) 30 women and for men 19 years or older (Table 2).1 Evidence Cauliflower, cooked, boiled (½ cup) 24 was insufficient to set an estimated average requirement Tomato sauce, canned (1 cup) 24 (EAR) and recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Thus, Peas, green, frozen, cooked, 22 the AI serves as a goal for choline intake of individuals, drained (½ cup) and intakes less than this level will not necessarily result Pistachios, dry roasted (1 oz) 20 in deficiency. Bacon, pork, cured, cooked (2 pieces) 20 Peanut butter, creamy (2 tbsp) 20 Corn, sweet, cooked (½ cup) 18 Almonds (1 oz) 15 Increased choline requirements due Frankfurter, beef (1) 15 Pecans (1 oz) 12 to genetic variations are more Banana, raw (1) 12 common than we previously thought. Barley, pearled, cooked (½ cup) 10 Source: US Department of Agriculture Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, Release 2,4 and US Department of Agriculture 6 National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22. These When the AI was established in 1998, it was assumed values may vary slightly depending on the method of processing and preparation. that less than 5% of the population was affected by genetic differences that may result in increased choline 236 Nutrition TodayA, Volume 46 Number 5 September/October, 2011 Copyright @ 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Elevating Awareness and Intake of Choline Continuing Education requirements. However, recent research examining Choline in Human Health common variations in genes involved in choline metabolism reveals that a significant proportion of the population Choline’s role in human health begins prenatally carries genetic variants that may increase their requirement and extends into adulthood and old age. Its functions for choline above current recommendations.8,9 Based on this are complex and include neurotransmitter synthesis research, it has been proposed that as much as 50% of the (acetylcholine), cell-membrane signaling (phospholipids), population may have genetic variations that increase their lipid transport (lipoproteins), and methyl-group metabolism 2 choline requirements above current recommendations.9,10 (homocysteine conversion to methionine). In humans, In 2004, a USDA Special Interest Database for choline in dietary deficiency of choline results in liver and muscle foods was created to provide researchers and consumers damage. A more detailed review of choline’s wide-ranging with the means to estimate choline intake; a second roles in human health is published elsewhere.2,3 The release of the database in 2008 provides data for more following overview of key research presented at the summit than 630 foods.4 The database contains values for total emphasizes the role of choline across the life cycle. choline and 6 metabolites of choline: betaine, free choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, Pregnancy and Lactation phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin. In 2005, total Demand for choline is especially high during pregnancy choline was included for the first time in the dietary intake 12 and lactation. Recent evidence suggests that pregnancy data collected by ‘‘What We Eat in America’’ (National and lactation present specific windows of opportunity in Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). This survey which adequate choline intake may help improve data revealed that only 10% of individuals had intakes pregnancy outcomes and promote lifelong beneficial at or greater than their AI for choline (A. Moshfegh, 13Y15 effects on memory and learning.
Recommended publications
  • Guideline for Dietary Fibre Intake
    Guideline for dietary fibre intake Gezondheidsraad Health Council of the Netherlands To the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport Subject : Presentation of advisory report Guideline for dietary fibre intake Your reference:- Our reference : U 383/CS/cn/754-C Enclosures : 1 Date : March 21, 2006 Dear Minister, I hereby present an advisory report concerning the Guideline for Dietary Fibre Intake, which has been prepared, at the request of my predecessor Professor JGAJ Hautvast, by the Health Council's Committee on Dietary Fibre and reviewed by the Standing Committee on Nutrition and the Standing Committee on Medicine. I have today also presented this report to the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality. This is the fourth in a series of advisory reports designed to revise the Dutch dietary ref- erence intakes (Nederlandse Voedingsnormen), which were adopted in 1992 by the former Food and Nutrition Council (Voedingsraad). Dietary fibre received very little attention in that report, however. The advisory report Guidelines for a Healthy Diet (Richtlijnen Goede Voeding), which was published by the Food and Nutrition Council in 1986 and is currently being revised, also included a very brief passage about dietary fibre. The attached advisory report is therefore the first thorough evaluation of the physiological effects of dietary fibre to have been undertaken in the Netherlands. The Committee has chosen not to set a dietary reference intake for fibre, but instead to issue a guideline. This decision is motivated by the fact that dietary fibre is the collective term for a group of substances with very wide-ranging physiological effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Choline for a Healthy Pregnancy
    To support healthy for a Healthy weight gain and keep up with the nutritional needs of both mom and Pregnancy the developing baby, CHOLINE additional nutrients are necessary. Nine out of 10 Americans don’t meet the daily recommended choline intake of 550 mg1,2 and it can be challenging to reach this goal even when choosing choline-containing foods like beef, eggs, wheat germ and Brussels sprouts. Choline is particularly important during pregnancy for both mom and baby because it supports healthy brain growth and offers protection against neural tube defects. Women are encouraged to take a prenatal supplement before and during pregnancy to ensure they’re meeting vitamin and mineral recommendations. In fact, the American Medical Association recommends that choline be included in all prenatal vitamins to help ensure women get enough choline to maintain a normal pregnancy.3 Look for a prenatal supplement that contains folic acid, iron, DHA (omega-3s), vitamin D and choline. Consider smart swaps to get the most choline in your diet for a healthy pregnancy, as well as optimal health after baby arrives. PREGNANCY EATING PATTERN* CHOLINE-FOCUSED PREGNANCY EATING PATTERN* 1 1 hard-cooked egg 1 2 cups toasted whole grain oat cereal / 1 large peach 1 cup nonfat milk 1 1 slice whole grain bread /3 cup blueberries 1 1 tablespoon jelly /3 cup sliced banana BREAKFAST 1 cup nonfat milk 1 /2 whole grain bagel 1 whole wheat tortilla 2 tablespoons peanut butter 2 tablespoons peanut butter 1 small apple 1 SNACK 1 /2 large banana /2 cup nonfat vanilla Greek yogurt 2 slices whole grain bread 3 oz.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Guideline: Vitamins and Minerals
    Nutrition Guideline For Professional Reference Only Vitamins and Minerals Applicable to: Nurses, Physicians and Other Health Professionals Recommendations Most individuals can meet their vitamin and mineral needs by healthy eating using Canada’s Food Guide. The following strategies can help an individual achieve appropriate intakes of vitamins and minerals: • Choosing a variety of foods from all four food groups of Canada’s Food Guide every day and eating the recommended number of servings from each food group every day. • Choosing meals that include at least three of the four food groups. • For adults: Eating three regular meals, and snacks if needed, throughout the day. • For children: Providing three regular meals and two to three snacks every day. Provide snacks that include foods from Canada’s Food Guide. • Considering taking a vitamin or mineral supplement if you are not meeting the recommended number of servings of each food group from Canada’s Food Guide. Ask for advice from your physician or health care provider. The following people need to take vitamin or mineral supplements: o Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or who could become pregnant, need a multivitamin containing folic acid and vitamin B12 every day. o Pregnant women need to ensure that their multivitamin contains iron. o Refer to the guideline Calcium and Vitamin D for recommendations about vitamin D supplementation • Recognizing that single-nutrient supplements carry a higher risk of adverse reactions. Seek referral to a physician or Registered Dietitian if you are considering taking one. • Notifying your physician or Registered Dietitian if you take a multivitamin-mineral, herbal or any other type of nutrition supplement.
    [Show full text]
  • DRIDIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin
    Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DRI FOR Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline A Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline and Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients Food and Nutrition Board Institute of Medicine NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T01; the National Institutes of Health Office of Nutrition Supplements, Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139, T024, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Preven- tion and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Chronic, Human Users of Cocaine
    Molecular Psychiatry (1999) 4, 26–32 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 1359–4184/99 $12.00 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Brain choline acetyltransferase activity in chronic, human users of cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin SJ Kish1, KS Kalasinsky2, Y Furukawa1, M Guttman1, L Ang3,LLi4, V Adams5, G Reiber6, RA Anthony6, W Anderson7, J Smialek4 and L DiStefano1 1Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; 2Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA; 3Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 4Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; 5Office of the Hillsborough County Medical Examiner, Tampa, FL; 6Northern California Forensic Pathology, Sacramento, CA; 7Office of the Medical Examiner of District 9, Orlando, FL, USA Cognitive impairment has been reported in some chronic users of psychostimulants, raising the possibility that long-term drug exposure might damage brain neuronal systems, including the cholinergic system, which are responsible for normal cognition. We measured the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the marker enzyme for cholinergic neurones, in autopsied brain of chronic users of cocaine, methamphetamine, and, for comparison, heroin. As com- pared with the controls, mean ChAT levels were normal in all cortical and subcortical brain areas examined. However, the two of 12 methamphetamine users, who had the highest brain/blood drug levels at autopsy, had a severe (up to 94%) depletion of ChAT activity in cerebral cortex, striatum, and thalamus. Based on the subjects examined in the present study, our neurochemical data suggest that brain cholinergic neurone damage is unlikely to be a typical feature of chronic use of cocaine, methamphetamine, or heroin, but that exposure to very high doses of methamphetamine could impair, at least acutely, cognitive function requir- ing a normal nucleus basalis cholinergic neuronal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015) Ministry of Health
    Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015) Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, JAPAN 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100-8916 March 2018 This translation work was realized with the great help of Dr. Satoshi SASAKI (Toyko University) and Dr. Aki SAITO (National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition). Contents I Development and Application of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Basics of Development 6 3 Considerations for Development 13 4 Application of the Dietary Reference Intakes 19 II Energy and Nutrients 32 Energy 33 Protein 66 Dietary Fat 81 Carbohydrate 104 Energy Providing Nutrients’ Balance 115 Vitamins (1) Fat-soluble Vitamins (2) Water-soluble Vitamins Vitamin A 126 Vitamin B1 154 Vitamin D 131 Vitamin B2 157 Vitamin E 137 Niacin 160 Vitamin K 140 Vitamin B6 163 Vitamin B12 167 Folate 170 Pantothenic acid 174 Biotin 177 Vitamin C 180 Minerals (1) Macrominerals (2) Microminerals Sodium 201 Iron 236 Potassium 206 Zinc 246 Calcium 210 Copper 249 Magnesium 216 Manganese 251 Phosphorus 218 Iodine 253 Selenium 257 Chromium 260 Molybdenum 262 I Development and Application I Development and Application of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 1 I Development and Application 1.Introduction The Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese proposes reference values for the intake of energy and nutrients, in the Japanese population, comprising both healthy individuals and groups, for the promotion and maintenance of health, and to prevent the occurrence of lifestyle- related diseases (LRDs). The objectives behind the development of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015) are shown in Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin B12 Among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation
    nutrients Review Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation Gianluca Rizzo 1, Antonio Simone Laganà 2,*, Agnese Maria Chiara Rapisarda 3, Gioacchina Maria Grazia La Ferrera 4, Massimo Buscema 5, Paola Rossetti 5, Angela Nigro 5, Vincenzo Muscia 5, Gaetano Valenti 3, Fabrizio Sapia 3, Giuseppe Sarpietro 3, Micol Zigarelli 3 and Salvatore Giovanni Vitale 2 1 Vico Sant’andrea 5, Ritiro, Messina 98152, Italy; [email protected] 2 Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina 98125, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania 95124, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.C.R.); [email protected] (G.V.); [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (M.Z.) 4 Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Maddalena Raimondi San Cataldo, Via Forlanini 5, San Cataldo, Caltanissetta 93017, Italy; [email protected] 5 Unit of Diabetology and Endocrino-Metabolic Diseases, Hospital for Emergency Cannizzaro, Via Messina 829, Catania 95126, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (V.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-090-221-2183; Fax: +39-090-293-7083 Received: 3 September 2016; Accepted: 23 November 2016; Published: 29 November 2016 Abstract: Cobalamin is an essential molecule for humans. It acts as a cofactor in one-carbon transfers through methylation and molecular rearrangement. These functions take place in fatty acid, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements
    Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation Bangkok, Thailand Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization Food and Nutrition Division FAO Rome The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concern- ing the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2001 FAO/WHO expert consultation on human vitamin and mineral requirements iii Foreword he report of this joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on human vitamin and mineral requirements has been long in coming. The consultation was held in Bangkok in TSeptember 1998, and much of the delay in the publication of the report has been due to controversy related to final agreement about the recommendations for some of the micronutrients. A priori one would not anticipate that an evidence based process and a topic such as this is likely to be controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Choline Bioavailability from Diet, Intestinal Microbiota Composition, and Its Modulation of Human Diseases
    nutrients Review The Relationship between Choline Bioavailability from Diet, Intestinal Microbiota Composition, and Its Modulation of Human Diseases Natalia Arias 1,2,*, Silvia Arboleya 3 , Joseph Allison 2, Aleksandra Kaliszewska 2, Sara G. Higarza 1,4 , Miguel Gueimonde 3 and Jorge L. Arias 1,4 1 Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; [email protected] (S.G.H.); [email protected] (J.L.A.) 2 Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (A.K.) 3 Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (M.G.) 4 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo, s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 30 July 2020; Published: 5 August 2020 Abstract: Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life. Gut microbial metabolism of choline results in the production of trimethylamine (TMA), which, upon absorption by the host is converted into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. A high accumulation of both components is related to cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and chronic kidney disease. However, the relationship between the microbiota production of these components and its impact on these diseases still remains unknown. In this review, we will address which microbes contribute to TMA production in the human gut, the extent to which host factors (e.g., the genotype) and diet affect TMA production, and the colonization of these microbes and the reversal of dysbiosis as a therapy for these diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutraceuticals and Food Supplements Sector in Japan
    1 CONTENTS 4.4.4.3. Basic and Processed Healthy Beverages 4.5. Import Trends I. NUTRACEUTICALS: SCALE AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE 4.5.1. Import Trends for Basic and Processed Food 1.1. Definition.Potential health benefits of nutraceuticals 4.5.2. Import Trends in the Health Ingredients and Dietary Supplements Sector II. GLOBAL NUTRACEUTICAL MARKET OVERVIEW 4.5.3. Import Trends in the Organic Sector 2.1 Nutraceutical Industry 4.5.4. Import Trends from Switzerland 2.2. European market size 5. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 2.3. Growth of Asia-Pacific Marketplace 5.1. Distribution of Food and Beverage Products: Overview III. NUTRACEUTICALS GLOBAL MARKET, 5.1.1. Distribution of Health Food and Beverages 3.1 Nutraceutical ingredients market segmentation 5.1.2. Distribution of Organic Products 3.1.1.Functional food 5.2. Imported Food and Beverage Sector: Overview 3.1.2.Phytonutrients 5.2.1. Retail of Imported Packaged Food and Beverages 3.1.3 Probiotics and prebiotics 5.2.2. Import and Distribution of Functional Ingredients and Supplements 3.2.Demand for new ingredients &product innovation 5.2.2.1. Bulk Supply of Ingredients 3.3Nutraceutical sector breakdown 5.2.2.2. Commissioned Manufacturing 4. ECONOMIC DRIVERS AND FUTURE TRENDS 6. PRICING 4.1. POPULAR SALES CHANNELS AND CONSUMER ATTITUDES 7. CONSUMER TRENDS 5. REAL VERSUS PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND 7.1. Consumer General Profile Regarding Food VMS PRODUCTS 7.2. Consumer Key Segmentation 6. DISTRIBUTION CHANELS: DIGITAL & MOBILE MARKETING: 7.3. Household Expenditures ENABLING PERSONALISED CUSTOMER SERVICE 7.4. Evolution of Consumption and Upcoming Trends in the Health and 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride
    DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DRI FOR Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T03; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; the U.S. De- partment of Agriculture; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; the Dietary Reference Intakes Private Foundation Fund—International Life Sciences Institute-North America and the Dannon Institute; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund. Contribu- tors to the Fund have included Roche Vitamins, M&M/Mars, Mead Johnson Nutritionals, and the Nabisco Foods Group. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Institute of Medicine (U.S.).
    [Show full text]
  • Folate Food Source, Usual Intake, and Folate Status in Korean Adults
    Nutrition Research and Practice 2018;12(1):47-51 ⓒ2018 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition http://e-nrp.org Folate food source, usual intake, and folate status in Korean adults Young-Nam Kim1 and Youn-Ok Cho2§ 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Songwon University, Gwangju 61756, Korea 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, 33 Samyangro, 114 Gill, Dobonggu, Seoul 01369, Korea BACKGROUND/OBJECTTIVES: The purposes of the study were to investigate folate intakes and plasma folate concentrations as well as estimate folate status in Korean healthy adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 254 healthy 19- to 64-year-old adults (68 men and 186 women) living in Seoul metropolitan area, Gumi, and Kwangju, Korea participated. Three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, information on folate supplementation, and fasting blood samples were collected from the subjects. RESULTS: The mean dietary folate intakes were 587.4 and 499.2 μg dietary folate equivalent (DFE)/day for men and women, respectively. The median dietary intakes of men and women were 566.6 and 474.6 μg DFE/day, respectively. Forty subjects (16.7% of total) less total folate than the estimated average requirement (EAR). Folate intakes of 23.3% of men and 34.8% of women aged 19-29 years did not meet the EAR for folate. Major food sources consumed for dietary folate were baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage kimchi), rice, spinach, eggs, and laver, which provided 44% of dietary folate intake for the subjects. Plasma folate concentrations were 23.4 nmol/L for men and 28.3 nmol/L for women, and this level was significantly lower in men than in women.
    [Show full text]