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NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available. The Parthenon Frieze: Problems in Scholarship by Walter F. McCd A thesis submitted to the Department of Classics - in conformity with the requirements for the de- of Master of Arts Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada Augusf 1999 Copyaght (P Walter F. Mccall, 1999 National Liirary BibiiotMque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and AcquisitÏons et Bibliographie Senrices senrices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AW ûaawaON K1AW Canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Liôrary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelnlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenivise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. -- .. .Although in ail ma- of taste this room for gmat variety and latitude ofopinion, there will be found upon this branch of the subject much more UlUfomity and agreement than ddhave been expected, The testimony of several of the most eminent artiscs in this kingdom, who have been examined, rate these matbles in the very fkst class of ancient art...They speak of them with admiration and erithusiasrn; and not withstanding niaaifold injuries of the, and weather, and those mutilations sustahed hmthe or of which they have fortuitous designed- injuries neglect or mischief, they consider them am0118 the finest models, and the most exq- monuments of antiQ"ty... Page 6 of tbe Rcpartfim the hclect Cowtmiîtee on the E4nl of R''S CoZIection of Wpted MbrbIes, 1816, regirding the merit of the Parthenon diesas WU* of sculpture and thck potential monctary value. Abstract The Parthcm is arguably the grratcst moniuneat in Westcm Civilization. This temple, erected on the Acmpolis in Athens between 447 and 432 B.C., was a symbol of the power of Akns which, at this time, was the leader of a large empire. In ancient times, authors sufh as Plutarch, Phyand Pausanias have made sptcific references to its - beauty and signincance as a work of art, pmvi'ding fht band accounts and obsewations of many important aspects that are no longer avdable. These accounts were then supplemented foliowing the temple's destruction by the Venetians YI 1687 by such notable visitors as Jacques Carrey, William Pars, James Stuart and, of course, Lard Elgin, who transplanteci much of the tempk's scuiptutai decomtion to London. This fascination with the Parthenon has not diminished In modem times as the enormous quantity of scholarship. especially foliowing the Second World War, would seem to suggest, These wodrs by modem scholars cover alw>st every aspect of the edifice, including such topics as the temple's architecture. &tic pmgramme, influences and historical signifïcance. Perhaps the most intemsting braiich of scholarship on the Parthenon, however, is that which ciPals with the faahenon fkïeze, the wntinuous band of figures, milpted in relief. that was inwrporaied into the temple's architrave. It is tk intention ofthis thesis to investigate the -nt state of îbk scholatship, looking partidady at the opinions and theones that have arisen since W-B. Dinsmoat e~countedfor all existing partions of the fkieze in 1954, up to the present. Moie spccificaliy, this invcstigatïon wili cvaiuate two opinions thet have been cammonly accepteü by modern scholars and subsequently remain pmwùent thmughout the entire body- of scho1arship. The first involves the identification of the as an element of standard Ionic architecture and its incorporation into a Donc temple Whcmas most scholars have sffepted mi9 as fact ad, thus. have attcmptcd to contrive compelling theones accoo~ltingfor this unusuai combination of canons. this theory will raxamine evidenœ on which this supposition bas been based in an attempt to eva1wi.k the vaüdity of thcse theorics- Sead, this thesis wili investigatc the identification of the figures on the fkieze as those cngaghg in the Panaîhenaic procession that accompanied the muai festival of Athena in Athens. Despite many flaws and ïnconsistencies, this hterpretation remains the one most wi&ly accepteci among modem scholars. 'EmaUy,tbïs thisis will amclude with a new analysis of the fiieze in an atkmpt to stimdate new and innovative approaches in its interpretatÎon, and shed new Iighgon wodc of art that has been shrouded by the obscurity of the legacy it has left behïnd. 1would like to th& Rot A Foky adRof. C. L. F.llçaer for theu guidance and direction throughout the coune of ttiis invCStigatïon In aâclitioa, I would also iike to * expressmy~~to.IIthtmembersofthe~tydgrsdiiliteshdentbodyin theCWcs~atQuœns~fatthcirsupportandencouragecncslt thro~utthepasttwoyca. Special thanks miua also be given to Dr. hn Voms for providiag me the opportunîty to tmvel both ta Lordon, to shdy the Elgin Marbles in pcrson, and to Grrar to view many of the monuments mentioned in this thesis. Of course, this exc\ItSion would not have been possible without the patience of my wife Nectaria ad the coopexation of my in-laws in Greece, Who provided me shelter, financial ouppolt and peace ofmind WhilevisitUigtbeireomtry. Fidy, this fhesis ddnot bave bcai possiiMe without Tery Smith Wb0 wntriiuted to practidy evay tàœî ofîhis investigation- Table Of Contents Tabie of Contents List of Fi- Iiitroduction Method of Development Ancient Sources: Some Problems History of Modem Scholarship Conclusion Chapter 1: The Historicaî Sethgof the Parthenon Historical Background Conclusion Chapter 2: The Architecture and Sculpture of the Parthenon The Architecture The Pediments The Metopes The MtStatue The Sculptural Programme of the Parthenon Conclusion Chapter 3: Aikscription of the Frieze Position of the Frieze Figures on the Frieze Problems in Scholarship Chapter 4: The 61~nic'9Frieze . Introduction The Eady Ionic Canon The Donc Canon Conclusion Cbapter 5: CPmnt hterpretations of the Frieze liitfoduction The Panathenaea Clment htefpretations Conclusion Chapter 6: The Parthenon Frieze: A New Perspective Introduction Speeches in Thucydides ' The Parthenon FrÏeze and Pericles' Funeral Oration Conclusion Concidon Appendix The Afteriife of the Parthenon Secondary Accou~tr Figures Bibliography Primary Soumes Secondary Sources Curriculum Vitae List of ~igureg- Figure 1 Plan of the Parthenon meanâ -ben 1963: 375) Figure 2 Sculptural Components of the Parthemm (J& 1991: 9) Figure 3 Architeamal Refhements of the Parthenon (hanimm 1985: 227) Figure-4 East and WaPediments of the Parthenon @mdman 1985: 230) Figure 5 Possible Her'8~lesFigure on East Pediment of the Parthenon @oadman 1985: pl. 2) - Figure 6 West Metopes of the Parthenon @oadmm 1985: 233) Figure 7 North Metopes of the Parthenon (Bodumn 1985: 234) Figure 8 East Metopes <the Parthenon (Boardmrm 1985: 235) Figure 9 South Metopes (1-16) of the Parthenon (Boardniim 1985: 236-7) -. Figure 10 South Metopes (17-32) of the Parthencm @bardmm1985: 2367) Figure 11 Figure 12 wew of the Fneze (JenLiiis 1994: Colour Phte W) Figure 13 Overview of the Figures on the FReze (JeaLiiis 1994.23) Figure 14 West Frieze of the Parthenon (Bmdman 1985: 240-1) Figure 15 SampIe ofHomemen on the South Frïeze (PdPhoto fian tht British Museum, The Elgin Collecfion) Figare 16 Sample of Chariots on the South Frieze (J& 1994: 65) Figun 17 Reconshnictioti of a Rank on the South Frieze (Pczsod Photo hmthe British Museum, The El@ CoIIdon) Fiire 18 South FrÎeze of the Parthenon (East End) @oadmm 1985: 242-3) Fispi+ 19 North Frke of the Parthenon (East End) (&idman 1985: 242-3) Figpm 20 East Frieze of the Parthenon (Boridmm 1985: 244-5) Flgiire 21 Comprison of Figures E3S and NI36 (Jciilriirr 1994: 79,102) rire22 Fquently Used Architectural Tenas (Giiaael1943: xv) Figprë 23 Plan of the Artemisim (Berveand Gniben 1963: 457) Figure 24 ArchaieologÏcal Remains hmthe Aaemisium and the Temple of Apollo at Naucratis (Robertson 1986: 92) Plan of the Temple of Hera @I)at Samos (8erve adCiniben 1963: 452) Fire 26 Plan of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma meand Gniben 1%3: - 4453) Figure 27 Early Ionic Order (Pobeason 1986: 94) Figure 2û Schematic Drawing of the Siphnian Treasury (Bave and Gruben 1963: 335) Figure 29 Frieze of the Siphnian Treasury (Bi- 19%: 175) Figure 31 Plan of the Temple of Hera at Olympia mead GNbcn 1%3: 318) Figure 32 Temple of Arcemis at Co& @ias 19%: 1%) Figure 33 Plan of the Temple of Apollo at Corinth meanci -ben 1%3: 343) Figure 34 Plan of the Temple of Aphaea at Aegina (Bave rad Gmbcn 1963: 349) Figure 35 Plan of the Tèmple of Zeus at Olympia mead Gmôm 1963: 322) Figure 36 Plan of the Temple of Poseidon at Paesami (Bem d OmkD 1963: 409) Figure 37 Plan of the Olympeiurn at Agrigentum (&Ne and ONbai 1963: 438) - Figire 38 Plan of the Temple of Haa at SeIinus wpleE) (Bcrve and GNbm 1963: 43 1) Fiin 39 The Doric Order (Ghncll1943: xk) Fiire40 Plan of the Theseum meand Gniben 1%3: 392) Figaie 41 Cut-Away of the Theseum (Bias 19%: 199) Fiin 42 Plan of the Temple of Poseidon at Sunium meand Gniben 1963: 398) Figiire 43 The Panathenaic Way @oadman 1985: 224) Figiin 44 Kore From Chios Dedicated on Acmpolis, c.520 (J- 1910: - - 94) Figure 45 The CalfBeazer, c.570 (Jamon 1970: 84) List of Abbreviations Belticet, L (a)1814-21 Anecdota Grueca (Bemlini: G-C- Nauckium).

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