The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in and Tobago

Creative Industries Series No. 7 For more information contact WIPO at www.wipo.int World Intellectual Property Organization 34, chemin des Colombettes P.O. Box 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland

Telephone: +41 22 338 91 11 Fax: +41 22 733 54 28

Front cover photos courtesy of photos-public-domain.com (sheet music, bookshop and mandolin), http://www.copyright-free-images.com (radio tower and receiver) August 2013 and http://www.freedigitalphotos.net (beading) The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago The Economic Contribution of

September 2012 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Potential andPoliciesforEconomicTransformation University ofTechnology, Vanus James, Prepared by The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based 1 Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 6 7 7 8 43 40 38 40 37 37 30 34 37 28 34 27 26 27 25 24 22 22 22 22 21 21 21 21 19 20 19 18 16 15 10 11 12 12 13 10 11 P, Employment and Trade -based Industries to GDP, Tobago /Steelband Music in Trinidad Tobago Trinidad Allocation of Samples to Strata Sample Size ago ement of the Trinidad and Tob w and Measur -based Industries Lessons from the Profile Survey of Leading Players in Music, Theatrical Productions, Survey of Leading Players in Music, Theatrical Productions, the Profile Lessons from Opera Lessons from the Profiles Survey the Profiles Lessons from Data Management Sampling Methods The History of Copyright Law and Tobago Trinidad The Development of Copyright Law in of Mas of Works Protection 6.2.1.2 6.2.1.1 6.1.1.2 6.1.1.1 4.2.1.2 4.2.1.1 Music, Theatrical Productions, Opera Music, Theatrical Productions, Underlying Industry Structure and Press The Government and Trade Balances The Government and Trade Population and Employment Application of the National Accounts to Trinidad and Tobago and Tobago Application of the National Accounts to Trinidad Other Proportionality Factors Other Proportionality Final Copyright Factor Estimates The Importance of Copyright Estimating the Interdependent, Partial and Non-dedicated Copyright Factors Partial and Non-dedicated Estimating the Interdependent, The SUT and Copyright Establishment Surveys The SUT and Copyright Establishment The Profiles Survey The Profiles Scope of Measurement Definition of Copyright Industries and The Digital Environment – Opportunities and Challenges – Opportunities and The Digital Environment Collective Management Enforcement International Conventions Structure of Study Structure Definition of Copyright 6.2.1 6.1.1 4.2.2 4.2.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 6.2 5.3 on Contributions The Copyright Sector Profile: SUT 2000 Baseline Data of the Copyright 6.1 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 2.1 ary Executive Summ 3.1 6. 5. bAckground to the Trinidad and Tobago Economy 4. hods mEASurement Met Abstract Acknowledgements 1. 3. opyright La c copyright Acronyms Table of Contents 2. troduction in 2 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 7. copyrightSeor dESigningEffectivDevelopmnPolicy: Contribuionsfromhe 8. S contribuionofCopyrighTrade Annex II: Annex I: AnnexES 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.1 Tobago Economy Estimates oftheConribuion opyright heTrinidadnd 6.10 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 6.4.1 6.5.1 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.4.1 8.3.1 8.4.1 Motion Picture, andSound Video Radio andTelevision Radio Photography, andGraphicArts,RelatedProfessional Visual andTechnical Services Software, DatabasesandNew Media Advertising Services Copyright CollectiveManagementSocieties Contribution ofCopyrighttoGDP Works ofMas Structure ofCopyrightSector Contribution toEmployment Contribution toTrade Comparison withOtherCountries Labour Productivity andProfits –AnalyticalConsiderations Implications ofPolicyModel International BestPractice International Selected PolicySuggestionsfrom theIndustryLeadersandLessonsfrom Other SpecificProjects SuggestedbyProfile Survey Copyright LawandPublicPolicyinTobago 8.3.1.1 8.3.1.2 8.4.1.1 8.4.1.2 8.4.1.3 8.4.1.4 Local ContentonTelevision A Profile from Tobago –Radio Tambrin The Core CopyrightSector The Interdependent Copyright Sector The PartialCopyrightSector The Non-dedicatedCopyrightSector General Patterns ofSectorRestructuring General Patterns Labour Employment ofIntermediatesandFixedCapital Output of the Carnival andCulturalIndustries Output oftheCarnival General Suggestionsfrom Profile Survey Financing Measures forPromoting Entrepreneurship inCopyright-basedSectors and Tobgo A Frameworkforth DesignofCopyrightPolicyinTrinidad Notable Specifics–Group A Notable Suggestions–Group B The GenderFocusofPolicy The CommunityFocusofPolicy Legal Issues, International Conventions andImplementationofLaw Legal Issues,International Addressing digitisation 45 46 47 47 48 49 51 54 61 57 61 59 64 66 69 70 71 72 73 73 76 77 78 81 79 82 84 87 87 88 89 89 90 90 90 91 92 96 95 95 93 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based 3 Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 18 23 23 24 26 27 27 28 29 29 31 31 33 34 35 39 46 46 47 50 52 55 57 62 62 62 Cases Brought Before the Magistrates’ Courts by COTT over the Period 2007 Courts by COTT over the Period 2007 the Magistrates’ Before Cases Brought to September 2011 Prior Copyright Factors Reflecting the Significance Responding Firms Attach to Reflecting the Significance Responding Prior Copyright Factors Operations Copyright in their Copyright Factors Weighted by Employment Size Weighted Copyright Factors Copyright Factors for the Core, Interdependent, Partial and Non-dedicated Partial and Non-dedicated Interdependent, for the Core, Copyright Factors Copyright Industries Factors Used in the Study Selected Proportionality Population, Labour Force and Employment Population, Labour Force Growth Patterns of Population, Labour Force and Employment Patterns Force Growth of Population, Labour Selected Government Budget Indicators – Receipts, Expenditure and Debt Selected Government Indicators – Receipts, Expenditure Budget Growth Trends in Government Budget Indicators- Receipts, Trends Growth and Debt Expenditure The Balance of Trade and FDI The Balance of Trade Structure of GDP by Sector Structure Import Productivity by Sector, Ranked from Highest to Lowest Ranked from by Sector, Import Productivity Performance and Sector Growth Import Productivity and Trinidad Printers and Publishers in Tobago and Literature The General Classification of Press Music, Theatrical Productions, Opera Music, Theatrical Productions, Motion Picture, Video and Sound Motion Picture, and Tobago in Trinidad Radio and Television Broadcasting Radio and Television Photography, Visual and Graphic Arts, and Related Professional and Technical and Technical Visual and Graphic Arts, and Related Professional Photography, Services Software and Databases, New Media Software Advertising Services Copyright Collective Management GDP at Market Prices by Selected Sectors, including Copyright, million) 2000-2011 (TT$ and Tobago Trinidad GDP at Constant (2000) Prices by Selected Sectors, including Copyright, million) 2000-2011 (TT$ and Tobago Trinidad Deflators of the Copyright-based and General Copyright Sectors Table 3.1: Table Ta b l e s Table 4.1: Table Table 4.2: Table Table 4.3: Table Table 4.4: Table Table 5.1: Table Table 5.2: Table Table 5.3: Table Table 5.4: Table Table 5.5: Table Table 5.6: Table Table 5.7: Table Table 5.8: Table Table 6.1: Table Table 6.2: Table Table 6.3: Table Table 6.4: Table Table 6.5: Table Table 6.6: Table Table 6.7: Table Table 6.8: Table Table 6.9: Table Table 6.10: Table Table 7.1: Table Table 7.2: Table Table 7.3: Table 4 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table A-2.2: Table A-2.1: Table A-1.1: Table 8.3: Table 8.2: Table 8.1: Table 7.18: Table 7.17: Table 7.16: Table 7.15: Table 7.14: Table 7.13: Table 7.12: Table 7.11: Table 7.10: Table 7.9: Table 7.8: Table 7.7: Table 7.6: Table 7.5: Table 7.4: Labour Productivity Raw CoefficientsandCanonicalCorrelations fortheArgumentsofImportand Productivity Estimated CoefficientsofMultivariateRegression withLabourandImport 2011 SelectedIndustries The ContributionofCopyrighttoTrade inTrinidad andTobago, 2000,2007, CARICOM SignatoriestoCopyrightConventionsandTreaties Employment byType, Trinidad andTobago,2000-2009 Wage Share bySUTSector, Trinidad andTobago Studies Contribution ofCopyrightSectorbyCountryConductingWIPO-Sponsored Steel Band, Music, Carnival andOtherCultureSteel Band,Music,Carnival 2011 Employment ofIntermediatesandCapitalbytheCopyrightSector, 2000,2007, Employment ofLabourbytheCopyrightSector, T&T, 2000,2007,2011 2007, 2011 Employment ofLabourandRealWages bytheCopyrightSector2000, Structure oftheCopyrightSector, 2000,2007and2011 2000, 2007,2011 Value Added,Growth andStructure oftheNon-dedicatedSupportIndustries, 2000, 2007,2011 Value Added,Growth andStructure ofthePartialCopyrightIndustries, 2000, 2007,2011 Value Added,Growth andStructure oftheInterdependent CopyrightSector TT$ Million,2000,2007,2011 Share ofOutputCore CopyrightSub-sectorGDP(%),MarketPrices, 2000, 2007,2011 Value AddedofCore CopyrightSub-sectors,MarketPrices,TT$Million, 2000- 2007and2007-2011 Average AnnualGrowth ofComponentstheRealCopyrightSector, Value addedoftheCopyrightSector, 2000,2007and2011 Copyright, Trinidad andTobago 2000-2011(%) Structure ofGDPatConstant (2000)PricesbySelectedSectors,including Copyright, Trinidad andTobago 2000-2011(%) Growth ofGDPatConstant (2000)PricesbySelectedSectors,including 101 98 95 89 87 86 80 79 76 76 74 73 72 71 69 68 68 65 64 64 63 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based 5 Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 28 29 30 31 32 33 63 64 65 66 67 69 70 72 73 74 75 77 78 100 Growth Rates of Population, Labour Force and Employment Labour Force Rates of Population, Growth and Tobago to GovernmentRatio of Debt Service Trinidad Receipts, Trends in the Trinidad and Tobago Current Account Balance, 2000-2009 Account Balance, Current and Tobago Trinidad in the Trends Trends in Trinidad and Tobago Sector Shares, 2000-2009 Sector Shares, and Tobago in Trinidad Trends Import Productivity by Sector, 2000 by Sector, Import Productivity 2000-2009 Tobago, and in Trinidad Productivity in Import Trend Bar Graphs of Sector Growth Performance, 2000-2007 and 2007-2011 Performance, 2000-2007 Bar Graphs of Sector Growth Shares of Industrial Sectors in GDP, including Copyright, 2000, 2007 and 2011 of Industrial Sectors in GDP, Shares Contribution of Main Copyright Sub-sectors, 2000, 2007, 2011 Contribution of Main Copyright Sub-sectors, Comparative Growth of the Main Copyright Sub-sectors, 2000-2007 and of the Main Copyright Sub-sectors, Comparative Growth 2007-2011 Structure of the Core Copyright Sector, 2000-2011 Copyright Sector, of the Core Structure Structure of Interdependent Copyright Sector of Interdependent Structure Structure of the Partial Copyright Sector Structure Structure of Non-dedicated Support Copyright Sector from 2000 to 2011 Sector from of Non-dedicated Support Copyright Structure Restructuring of the Copyright Sector, 2000-2011 Restructuring of the Copyright Sector, Trends in the Average Wage and the Level of Employment by the Wage in the Average Trends 2000-2011 Copyright Sector, Employment by Copyright Sub-sectors, 2000-2011 Employment by Copyright Sub-sectors, Trends in the Use of Intermediate Resources and Capital, 2000-2011 in the Use of Intermediate Resources Trends Patterns of Trade of the Core Copyright Sector, 2000 to 2011 Copyright Sector, of the Core Patterns of Trade Plots of Regression Residuals Plots of Regression igure 5.1: Figure F i g u r e s igure 5.2: Figure igure 5.3: Figure igure 5.4: Figure igure 5.5: Figure igure 5.6: Figure igure 7.1: Figure igure 7.2: Figure igure 7.3: Figure igure 7.4: Figure igure 7.5: Figure igure 7.6: Figure igure 7.7: Figure igure 7.8: Figure igure 7.9: Figure igure 7.10: Figure igure 7.11: Figure igure 7.12: Figure 7.13: Figure A-2.1: Figure 6 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago YTC WTO WPPT WIPO WCT UTT USC UNSD UK CDPA TUCO TSTT TTSNA TTRRO TTIPO TTFC TTCO TTBPA TRIPS THA TATT TAPA SUT SNA SACEM RRO NGO NCBA NALIS IPRS ITC ISIC IFRRO GEMA GDP CSO CPC COTT COMTRADE CMO CISAC CCL CARICOM BMI ASYCUDA ASCAP ADR ABC Acronyms Youth Training Centre World Trade Organization WIPO PerformancesandPhonogramsTreaty World IntellectualProperty Office WIPO CopyrightTreaty University ofTrinidad andTobago University oftheSouthern UN StatisticsDivision Copyright, DesignsandPatentAct1988oftheUnitedKingdom Trinbago UnifiedCalypsoniansOrganization Telecommunication ServicesofTrinidad andTobago Trinidad andTobago SystemofNationalAccounts Trinidad andTobago Reprographic RightsOrganization Trinidad andTobago IntellectualProperty Office Trinidad andTobago FilmCompany Trinidad andTobago CopyrightOrganization Trinidad andTobago Broadcasters andPublishersAssociation Agreement onTrade RelatedAspectsofIntellectualProperty Rights Tobago HouseofAssembly Telecommunications AuthorityofTrinidad andTobago The Tobago AcademyofPerformingArts Supply andUseTables System ofNationalAccounts Société desAuteurs,CompositeursetEditeursdeMusique Reproduction RightsOrganisation Organisation Non Governmental BandsAssociation National Carnival National LibraryandInformationSystemsAuthority Indian PerformingRightsSociety TradeInternational Center StandardInternational IndustrialClassificationofAllEconomicActivities FederationofReproductionInternational RightsOrganisations Gesellschaft fürmusikalischeAufführungs- undmechanischeVervielfältigungsrechte Gross DomesticProduct Central StatisticalOffice Central Product Classification Copyright MusicOrganisationofTrinidad andTobago United NationsCommodityTrade StatisticsDatabase Collective ManagementOrganisations desSociétésd’AuteursetCompositeurs Confédération Internationale Caribbean CopyrightLink Broadcast MusicInc. Automated SystemsforCustomsData American SocietyofComposers,AuthorsandPublishers DisputeResolution Alternate Association ofBritishCalypsonians The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based 7 Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Industries reative Creative CARIFORUM Promoting Promoting Elizabeth Stewart (Data – Labour Force Statistics) Elizabeth Stewart (Data – Labour Force Dixie-Ann De Souza (Information Technology) Sally-Ann Lucas (National Accounts) Marva Williams Accounts) (National − − − − Roxanna Hall (Data; Survey Coordination) Assistance) Ken Lewis (Research – Attorney Deborah Moore-Miggins at Law Asha Richards (Coordinator) Asha Richards Dimiter Gantchev – WIPO (Law and Economics) on document) Christopher Kalanje –WIPO (Comments to the report) and events related of activities Jeanette Sutherland – ITC (Coordination Allison Demas – Attorney Law at McCarthy Marie –Chairman of Eastern Consultant, Economics) (ECCO) (Project Caribbean Collective Organisation for Music formatting) – Consultant, Statistics (Data management; document Stein Trotman Rights Lewis – Consultant (SUT data) Clifford design) – CSO, St Lucia (Survey questionnaire Harris Richard David Thomas – Consultant (Survey design) Indies (Editor) Dr Winford James – University of the West − − − Dave Clement, Director CSO (Statistics, data, policy analysis) CSO (Statistics, data, Dave Clement, Director The CSO − • • • Project Team – Tobago:• Acknowledgementsthe of framework the within prepared was report This This study measures the contribution of copyright to employment the GDP, on light shed and to seeks study The process. trade research collaborative in sector-wide a employs It Trinidad and Tobago. policies that might best promote the optimal use of the opportunities generated by growth of the economy. and Tobago the Trinidad copyright sector in A b s t r a c t • • • • • • • • • • , funded by the European Union through the ProInvest Programme. Programme. the ProInvest through Union RLA/75/26A, funded by the European Project; is the principal author. and Tobago, at Utech, Trinidad James, Researcher Vanus The study was implemented between the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and ITC’s America and the Caribbean (DCP-OLAC) and Office of Latin Division of Country Programmes, The report was prepared with technical contributions following people: from, and extensive discussions with, the • • 8 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago a b spotd o eoe goa pae i te oyih sco. h ohr uvy a supplementary a survey, other The well sector. as rhythm, activity on copyright information and data financial the detailed survey,further sector obtained copyright in player global a become to supported be can industry the how to as suggestions practical and factors copyright applicable the choosing for suggestions and how factors of initial with along environment, national copyright the evaluations in practitioners copyright best-practice from works yielded and industry the opinions that obtained surveys survey, establishment two standard of a conduct survey, One the interpretations. was method the of basis important An last quarteroftheyear:inthiscase,forthird andfourthquarters.Theyare provisional estimates. the least at for output and prices forecastsof involved accounting, national in currentyear any for as 2011, data on the production and sale of . Estimates are supplied for 2000, 2007 and 2011. Estimates for of coverage. For example, reasonsthe accounts for steelbands are not normally found for in the national accounts, nor are (SNA), Accounts National of System the in, found with or to, them available supplements normally not and information accounts existing the from details recombines and extracts account satellite year.The base the as 2000 with case this in time, same the at operating made are the estimates and price Constant capital, surplus. fixed of consumption the compensation, the of sum the is prices basic at GDP The subcontracts. and services, energy,intermediate and electricity materials, for payments of sum the are operating capital; surplus; taxesonproduction andindirect taxes–whichsumtotheGDPatmarketprices.Intermediatecosts fixed of consumption employees; of compensation the prices; market at GDP or added value the yields which of difference the costs, intermediate and (output) sales TobagogrossTrinidad and – of accounts national of system the reportin sector other any of those as form and basis same the have and variables same the estimate results the country’sGDP,is, the of that with estimates trade: and employment comparable directly and consistent are that results yielding methodology accounting satellite a of adoption to the national accounts and the results of the continuous sample survey of the population. This allowed the The Central Statistical Office of Trinidad and Tobago, a major stakeholder in the study, provided direct access internet. and Partial Copyright Industries. They deal in wholesale and retail, general transportation, telephony and the Interdependent Core, the of effects spill-over measure to serve industries These activities. copyright classified core as not are that activities copyright-based of sales or distribution and communication broadcasting, facilitate that industries distribution the are which Industries, Support Non-dedicated (iv) and copyright, by secured are that activities services and products main of component significant whose a include but Industries, copyright-based be not Copyright may Partial (iii) activity; copyright facilitate that equipment copyright of sale distribute and/or produce and manufacture create, production, the in engaged to are which Industries, Copyright Interdependent exist (ii) materials; which Industries, Copyright Core statistical (i) for convenient measurement: categories broad four and, into employment industries copyright-based investment, the classifies for (2003) WIPO basis the as it, of threat ultimately, generation of or income from sale of a product or service, enforcement,or sale of the economic rights themselves. actual by protection their 22). They use the protection of original expression provided by copyright and related rights and, in particular, 2003:18, (WIPO, rights economic these of use from income and rights (property) economic private tradable creating in role’ identifiable an plays ‘copyright which in industries as defined are industries copyright The is it and benefits worthwhile forstakeholderstoconsiderthesewhenmakingpolicy. non-economic significant have do art, and music noted as be such should outputs, it copyright-based but that focus, in economic are provided measures The laws. current copyright the applicable of of extension term the for implications their and assets capital other and copyright the of value the economy.the determining of as balances such applications, other for providebasis resultsalso a The should industries an optimal place in transforming the structure, growth performance, and the internal and external copyright the give might that evaluation and monitoring implementation, design, policy for framework and indicators the update to is aim general The and of Tobago. Trinidad space fiscal the and sector energy the to shocks effectsrandom the of promisemoderatin

a similar claim can be made for the economy of Trinidad and Tobago, including whether the copyright y r a m m u S e v i t u c e x E The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based 9 Industries in Trinidad and Tobago This approach 1 The main instrument is normally thought to be the rate of interest, but a choice between these two cannot be made in this but a choice between these two The main instrument is normally thought to be the rate of interest, framework.   1 To To meet the requirements of a development planning framework, which the model, input-output-based an than rather nexus, policy profits-prices-productivity the of model model econometric took the form of an is inherently about the cyclical dynamics of variable effective demand, since the matrix inter-industry would be fixed and therole of import productivity in changing these parameters would be difficult toincorporate in the limited scope of this study. The parameter estimates for import show productivity, that the the main basis policy on which model, the sector as is likely to well be generating as its advantages the data on is a and rising share share of profit domestic capital the in both the on total impact capital used, biggest especially the through a has high ratio ratio This of demand system. for inter-industry the through intermediates The implications are of imports, the which productivity then transmit positive impacts to labour productivity. successful the of suggestions policy the out, turned it As interventions. policy of focus the be should this that players in the industry also focused on investment in domestic capital and skills. The general principle into the which the copyright sector of fits is that competitiveness,restructuring, industrial exchange foreign saving and properties characteristic other than faster capital domestic growing by mainly achieved are development instruments primary the of one as capital domestic in investment promotes this as such strategy A economy. to be adjusted in responding to deficiencies in past levels of investment for development. The star performer in the copyright sector was radio and television, which experienced explosive growth in the last decade and is also now the largest segment of the core copyright sector and the copyright sector generally. Important contributors to the positive trade performance are steelbands (music) and the export of steelpans; radio and television; and advertising. Some small sub-sectors are sound and video run related and music a Interestingly, design. trade related and furniture and deficit:paper, mainlyliterature, pressand and the trade surplus. but positive contributors to both output The resulting estimates are that, despite the overwhelming dominance of the petroleum industry, copyright- industry, the the overwhelming dominance of that, despite petroleum estimates are The resulting 3.9%, and 3.6% to compared as 2011, in jobs all of 5% and GDP the of 4.8% contributed industries based respectively, in 2000. These estimates are broadly in line with 5.5% the of GDP global and 5.8% trends of in jobs. The 2011, sector which also displayed average net real growth retained and finance employ to capacity over growing a and capital, and intermediates of use the to the respect with period 2000 to 2011 earnings to fuel expansion over time through growth to capacity and of tendency growing the sector’s the of measure strong very a also is intermediates of employment profit share of value added. Thewas share growthprofit the in of growth The capital. domestic of forms of variety a employing by externalities generate area fruitful a is that aspect an – sector the in wage real annual average falling a by partly engineered perhaps With to respect for trade further in study. copyright output (goods and services), the copyright sector was a net positive contributor to the flowof foreign exchange, yieldingabout US$32 million of foreign exchange US$50 million in 2011. in 2000, US$35 million in 2007, and as opinions, as a basis for characterising copyright and other industry factors. The questionnaires used can be can used questionnaires The factors. industry other and copyright characterising for basis a as opinions, as Sample Continuous the of rounds six the from employment on collected were data Separate available. made price index surveys. the monthly consumer and on prices from Survey of the Population, Finally, the results point Finally, to the likelihood that a strong push to good governance is a necessary component of the policies to required take advantage of the There is potential a of sense the in copyright which sector. copyright industries are themselves democratising industries, in that a large segment of the industry wields substantial public education The power. presence of highly significant parameters for the quadratic in the of the domestic capital capital employed, of share and significantthe non-linearitiesgeneral inpresence the model, point to the existence of multiple optimal policy on paths, the reliance choice among which requires largest single the Tobago, and Trinidad as such society complex a in that, mean might This people. the of will will the on reliance governancepromote of that systems develops which one is needed project development of the people. to policy is not strictly consistent with trade-restrictive approaches to support for the copyright The sector. evidence suggests that the copyright sector of global a Trinidad and to access can expanded Tobago the of thrive advantage taking and by partly grow restrictions, trade without in environment, global a competitive market in the relatively free trading context. Moreover, growth of domestic complementary investment in imported capital. partly by growing capital and profitability, productivity of investment growth stimulates 10 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago when makingpolicy. and art do have significant non-economic benefits and it is also worthwhile for stakeholders to consider these The measures provided are economic in focus, but it should be noted that copyrighted output such as music copyright laws. applicable of currentterm the of extension the for implications their and assets, capital other and copyright jointly. The results should also provide a basis for other applications, and Tobago,such Trinidadas separately and of determination of economies the the value of of the balances external and internal and performance, and evaluation that might give the copyright industries monitoring, an implementation, optimal design, policy place for in framework transforming and the indicators structure,the update growth to is aim general The the meaningofdataonGDP, employmentandtrade. mechanisms; and implications of the digital environment, among others. Data on these will management be used to financing clarify collective issues; cross-border and of trade of role terms organisations); the copyright-related other (including and organisations sector civil and public from support framework; market; policy labour the the supply; and demand chain; value the on: as well sector,as copyright the of structures However, where possible in the estimation process, light will also be shed on the national and regional market and Tobago, separatelyandcollectively. their both of which to extent the probe terms will study This trade. in players major are industries these contribution to a country’s that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and their contribution to employment and foreign revealed have countries many in studies Industries based on copyright and related rights have a considerable impact on national economies. National . 2 the findings. new media, works of mas, music, motion picture, video, and such capital-creating arts. Section 9 summarises the results favour giving priority to investment in sectors such as software and databases, the literary arts and economy, the of sectors all with comparison in viewed survey. when profile Even the in respondents the of suggestions policy the prioritise and interpret to as well as development, of strategy general the identify to used is rapidly.growingoutcome is This latter the if even used, capital total the to relative capital domestic of share the raises particular, it In form. final in as well as inter-industryflows through structure capital the transforms it so, doing In competitiveness. affect to lever main its as this uses property,and intellectual as capital creates it that be to out turns sector copyright the of characteristic the principal The through system. production savings exchange foreign of rate the in improvement 2% a experience to tend will economy the resources, of reallocation cross-industry the through engineer can policy that capital of structure the in the through savings production exchange system. The central foreignfinding is an elasticityof of 2.02, whichelasticity is to saycapital-structure that, for each 1%the improvement estimates it Thus, context. capital that of structure in the of role the estimates also and profits, to – system production the through savings accounting details cross-industry to 2000 construct SUT a the cross-industry uses policy section model the particular,linking In a 2000. central Tables(SUT) trade Use outcome and – Supply the rate of foreign exchange the from derived productivity and profits of nexus the of model policy copyright the presents first 8 Section broad factorsofinputs–labour, capitalandimportedinputs–aswellintermediatecapital. all to refers employment where trade, GDP,and to employment copyright of contribution the of estimates completed recently the from details profiles survey,extracts carried out to form a6 picture of the way the copyright sectorSection works. Section 7 documents the evaluation. and measurement of strategy the and to the economy, emphasising mainly the link between the balance of trade, the budget government balance Section 4 gives a very short summary of the methods used, while Section 5 provides a summary background economy.the to industries copyright-based of contribution the of measurement the to relationship its and law the of understanding an including industries, copyright-based the underlying regime copyright review the a providesof 3 Section 2). (Section Introduction this including sections, eight has Report Interim This 2.1

Structure ofStudy n o i t c u d o r t n I a similar claim can be made for the economies of Trinidadof economies the for made be can claim similar a The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago11 ) is ) 3 which is the right of the author/ the of right the is which 2 right of integrity. The right of paternity refers to the obligation which a user In order to be accorded copyright protection, derivative works themselves have to 4 CopyrightCopyright-based Law and Measurement Industries of the Trinidad and Tobago Definition of Copyright right of paternity and the

Ibid s. 8 (1) (e) Ibid s. 6 (1) (c) Chapter 82:80 of the Laws of Trinidad and Tobago, s.8 (1) (d) and Tobago, Chapter 82:80 of the Laws of Trinidad Copyright works can either be original or they can be derivative in the sense of ‘second-hand’ works. Derivative works. ‘second-hand’ of sense the in derivative be can they or original be either can works Copyright works consist of two main categories. One category consists of translations, arrangements, adaptations or other transformation of original works, whilst the other category comprises compilations and anthologies. copyright Trinidad and law Tobago’s is unique in that it provides for a third category namely of ‘works of derivative mas’. works, The other any exclusive that rights or in registered is a work work copyright the are that automatic. protection Unlike for condition other a areas not of is it intellectual trademark), property or law patent (for example, act is undertaken. The right arises as soon as the work is created or expressed in some tangible medium. In set usually are they but exist, registries copyright America) of States United the example, (for countries some of the existence of specific works, providing (e.g., proof up for purposes other than for copyright protection a presumption as to the ownership of copyright in the work, litigation for copyright infringement). or for entitlement to statutory damages in the right to import copies of a work into the relevant country. into the relevant the right to import copies of a work 4 2 3 Copyright is the legal right associated with the ownership and of other creators an the intellectual exclusive property right that to gives print, authors distribute and works. copy The literary, artistic, rights musical are and exclusive dramatic rights of ownership for limitations and a permitted definedexceptions, exclusive periodrights to of timemake, authorise, or and, subject prohibit certain works. Examples of uses such exclusive to certain rights of are: the right to their control the making of copies in whatever manner or form of the work (‘the right of reproduction’); the right of communication to the public in various ways (public performance, broadcasting, online transmission, etc.,); and the right to adapt, arrange, translate or make other modifications to a work. These are basic economic rights:a inpecuniary othervalue words,and, rightswhen whichcommercially exploited, have generate royalties or distribution, of right a ‘rent’. for provide also Copyright laws Tobago) and of Trinidad (e.g., some countries 3.1 creator to make, authorise or prohibit the distribution to the public of copies of her work by Tobago sale, rental or and Trinidad (e.g., laws copyright national in granted specifically right economic Another lending. In this section, we provide an overview of copyright law that underpins the copyright and related rights-based rights-based related and copyright the underpins that law copyright of overview an provide we section, this In the legal provisions. to enforce and collective management their structure, industries, including 3 . has to associate the author’s name or (real has pseudonymous) to with associate her the work, author’s while the right of integrity refers that it with anything do or work, the mutilate or with tamper to not parties third or users of obligation the to would bring dishonour to the author. The other set of rights which a rights holder can have are known as ‘moral rights’. These rights always belong always rights These rights’. ‘moral as known are have can holder rights a which rights of set other The sorts: two of are rights Moral party. third a to transferred be never can and author or creator individual the to the The term ‘related rights’ refers to the rights of performers (actors, singers, musicians, dancers, etc., who do not necessarily create but perform copyright-protected works), the producers of performers, (i.e., rights related of phonograms beneficiaries the of rights The organisations. (i.e., broadcasting and recordings), sound record producers and broadcasters) are similar in nature to those granted to creators of literary and artistic works and also last for a limited period of time. be the results of creative effort. Furthermore, copyright protection of a derivative work is without prejudice based. of the works on which the derivations are to the protection 12 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago author’s right is reflected in Article 27(2) of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human of Declaration Universal Nations’ United the of of concept 27(2) This not. Article or in form reflected material is in right author’sfixed is work the whether of regardless and work the the of regardless of exists nature right The right’. ‘human a to akin is and creation personal of act the in originates authorisation; author’s The caused. their damage right the for compensation without financial for claim a public in result would infringements in them perform or works the reproduce to allowed was nobody that sense the creationsin intellectual their in propertyrights weregranted authors which of virtue by , in slightly different and has its origins in the French Revolution. During 1791 and 1793, two decrees were is issued system ‘author’sd’auteur’ Europeandroit Continental right’/’le the for base philosophical underlying The Respective WritingsandDiscoveries.’ of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their is permissible without the copyright owner’s consent and specifies that the determining factors for deciding for owner’s factors copyright determining the the without that permissible specifies is and consent reflected in Section 107 of the US Copyright Act, 1976, Act, Copyright US reflected the of 107 Section in 18 in genesis its had law Copyright 3.1.1 8 7 6 5 like concepts of way,implementation broadthe with fairly a in exceptions and Anglo- limitations the the of following some for jurisdictions provide copyright law to approach Common American rights. economic to exceptions and limitations of scope Another feature of Continental Europe’s author’s right system which is reflected in the Act is the very narrow as protected ‘neighbouring rights’inPartVoftheAct. are broadcasts and recordings sound in rights the and performers of rights Tobago,the and system.Inmost but also to sound right recordings sense and author’s broadcasts,strict of whilst the performers in the enjoy performers’ works rights. artistic However,and literary in to Trinidad ofthehallmarks only not extend one works copyright is jurisdictions, law common which medium, to tangible work the some for in need fixed the be without creation, upon immediately arises works of protection The 1997). Act protected by the sole fact of their creation and irrespective of their mode or form of expression...’ (Copyright follows: as part provideswhich in Act, the of (2) 5 Section is example such One neighbours. author’sEuropean right Continental system. In the this sense, and Trinidadsystem and copyright of TobagoAnglo-American elements the is contains unique – compared Act rights to its creative Commonwealth the Caribbean to approachesjurisdiction, both law common a is Tobago and Trinidad that fact the of spite In 2008): of 5 No. Act and hereinafter collectivelyreferred toas‘theAct’. 2000 of 18 No. Act by amended as 1997, Laws of 8 the No. of Tobago(Act 82:80 Trinidadand Chapter of Act Copyright the is copyright of law current The 1956. of Act Copyright UK the on modelled Trinidadwas Tobago.to Act and applied 1985 1911 The of Act Copyright UK the that, to Prior 1985. of 13 No. Act Copyright of the and legislation was Trinidad copyright Tobago national first The 3.1.2 scientific, literary orartisticproductionofwhichheistheauthor’. scientific, literary which states that: states which Section 8 of The Constitution, 1, Article in found also is copyright protecting for rationale financial or commercial The book. the printing from book the in copyright the of owner the than other anyone prevent to was legislation that of purpose main The 1709. in England in Anne’, of ‘Statute the world, the in statute copyright first the in encapsulated was philosophy This others. reproductionby unauthorised all against right this of owner the protect to and werefixed, works which in medium tangible of types other and books of preventcopying desireto the was system ‘copyright’ Anglo-American the for base philosophical underlying and The European’.‘Anglo-American’ ‘Continental the the approaches: philosophical and legal then similar law Copyright but books. separate print two to along right developed exclusive an given were who publishers, book to sovereigns by or research,or infringement. an not is scholarship, use), classroom for copies multiple (including teaching reporting, news comment, criticism, as such purposes for section, that by specified means other any by or phonorecords or copies in reproduction

See Sterling,J.A. L.,World CopyrightLaw(2 http://copyright.gov/title17/. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html. The History of Copyright Law Copyright of History The The Development of Copyright Law in Trinidad and Tobago and Trinidad in Law Copyright of Development The ‘Everyone has the right to protection of moral and material interests resulting from any from resulting interests material and moral of protection to right the has ‘Everyone 8 th Section 107 essentially gives the courts the latitude to decide when use when decide to latitude the courts the gives essentially 107 Section century Europe, with the abolition of the system of privileges granted privileges of system the of abolition the with Europe, century nd ed.,Sweet&Maxwell, 2003). and use’ ‘fair 5 which states that Congress has the power 7 provides that the fair use of a copyrighted work by work copyrighted a of providesuse fair the that . The United States ‘fair use’ doctrine, use’ ‘fair States United The dealing’. ‘fair ‘to promote Progress ‘Worksbe shall 6

The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago13

13 thus 14 10 which is to be distinguished from the from distinguished be to is which 11 (UK CDPA) outline the various exceptions as falling (UK into CDPA) categories 9 Trinidad and Tobago’s Copyright Act goes further, by making express provision for provision by making express Copyright Act goes further, and Tobago’s Trinidad 12 Protection of Works of Mas ‘… ‘work of mas’ is an original production intended to be performed persons in which an artistic work in the form of an adornment or image by presented by the person or a person or a group of persons is the primary element of the production, and in which such adornment or image may be accompanied by words, music, choreography or other works, regardless of whether the production is intended to be performed on stage, platform, street or other venue’. In respect of a collective work, the natural person or legal entity at the initiative and under the direction of whom or which the work of whom of a collective work, the natural person or legal entity at the initiative and under the direction In respect shall be the original owner of copyright. has been created In ’s new law of 2011 these works are referred to as works of Carnival, but the definition is the same as in Trinidad and to as works of Carnival, but the definition is the same as in referred new law of 2011 these works are In Grenada’s Tobago. http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap2.pdf. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents. See Sterling (2003) ibid. person or of a natural natural persons at the initiative and under the direction by two or more ‘Collective work’ is a work created or entity under his or its own name, subject to the with the understanding that it will be published by the latter person legal entity, moral rights of the contributing natural persons 



12 13 14  10 11  9 Without doubt, the most distinctive feature of the Trinidad and Tobago Copyright Act is the express protection protection express the is Act Copyright Tobago and Trinidad the of feature distinctive most the doubt, Without of ‘works of mas’. International instruments in the field of copyright law do not provide exhaustive lists of works that are afforded copyright protection, since each contracting state is free to expand the categories of works that it wishes to protect. It is therefore noteworthy that and and Trinidad Grenada Tobago 3.1.3 In Trinidad and the Tobago, Act only refers to ‘fair dealing’ in the restrictive reproduction of limitation a short which part of permits a the published work, in the form of a quotation, and even then the Act does not provide any definition of fair dealing in this context. Apart from the incorporation rights ofsystem, the Continental Act European author’s conceptsalso has other distinctive of provisions. Provision is made the Act), the of 3 Section in (defined work’ ‘collective a of concept the for whether the exploitation is fair use or not are: a) the objective and character of the use; b) the nature of the the nature of the use; b) and character a) the objective fair use or not are: exploitation is whether the on the potential market. effects of the work that is used, and d) the work; c) the portion and Designs Copyright, the of 30 and 29 Sections similar. is dealing’ ‘fair of concept the Kingdom United the In Patent Act 1988 of the very similar to those of the US, namely: non-commercial time-shifting. and research people; impaired and visually helping establishments; private educational in teaching study; events; reporting criticism, review and in work copyrighted a of inclusion incidental CDPA, UK the in dealing fair a as defined actually not Although is or notfilm, cable programme viewed broadcast an asartistic infringing work, copyright. sound recording, Since there is no strict statutory definition in the UKon CDPA what fair dealing means, ithas largely been interpreted by the courts by looking at the economic impact on with the strictly, copyright provisions dealing fair the Nevertheless, interpret owner. to courts UK the for been has tendency it the that noted been has the burden falling on the defendant to show that the actions complained of fall within the exceptions, and has been able to discharge this burden. the defendant have only been a few cases where there far are the only countries in the world that have a national asset Tobago promotes created Trinidad and a of this specific category into the national law introduction of category of works called ‘works of mas’. The that contributes to the cultural identity of the country, based section, namely Section 3 of the Act, defines works of mas as follows: interpretation on its unique heritage and traditions. The concept of ‘collections of works’ (a category of derivative works in Section 6 (1), examples of which include anthologies). The importance of the concept of collective works pertains to the issue of first ownership of copyright. Given that one of the aims of copyright law is to protect literary and it artistic follows creativity, that protection in the first instance is granted to those who carry out the jurisdictions, creative law common act, other namely like the authors/ However, Act. the of 26 Section in reflected is rule general This creators. in keeping with the Anglo-American the to approach not protecting only but creators investors in creativity, Act for provides in exceptions to relation to works under this created a general contract rule. Consequently, of employment or a contract of service (as distinct a from contract for services), the first owner of copyright is the employer (unless for otherwise in provided the contract). Under US copyright law this is known as the doctrine’. ‘work for hire the possibility of corporate ownership in the first instance in the case of collective works (see Section 26 (3). 26 Section (see works collective of case the in instance first the in ownership corporate of possibility the 14 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago essence is the band-leader. the is essence existing worksincludedintheworkofmas. pre- the of authors the to or works underlying the in rights the to prejudice without is affordedprotection Consequently,the work. derivative of category a as protected are they works, protected copyright existing pre- incorporate mas of works that fact the of recognition In works. choreographic and dramatic musical, literary, underlying the in rights of owner the not is and work artistic the in copyright of owner first the not for need no is there that argue statutory protection of might works of mas. However, purists’ the band-leader (except if the ‘copyright same person is the designer) is the reason, this for Indeed, respectively. works arethat effectsaredance and utilised and/or sometimes drama of protectedchoreographic and dramatic as works, musical as protected are jockeys disc by music of playing or trucks music on singers and musicians by performances live of music accompanying the works, artistic as protected are themselves costumes and copyright protection does exist in the various underlying artistic works that make up a mas band: the designs jab’, ‘Dame Lorraine’ and ‘Pierrot Grenade’ (to name a few) fall outside of copyright protection literary and dramatic expression. Traditionalartistic, of mas, comprising traditional characters aspects such as ‘Fancy Sailor’, ‘jab various encompasses which creativity of explosion an Tobago’sis and TrinidadCarnival unique this of introduction the feature ofTrinidad andTobago’sto led copyrightlawin1997. which context commercial and cultural prevailing and backgroundthe understand to important is it mas, of works of protection the for rationale the understand to order In 19 18 17 16 15 specific have are Convention Berne that the areprotectedin mas of works which in incorporated works copyright world underlying the previously, the mentioned in as However, mas. countries of works only for protection the are Grenada and Tobago and Trinidad protection. international of that is requiresclarification, also which mas, of works to relation in issues other the of One a bns Fr hs esn te is onr f oyih i te ok f a is the‘producer,’ mas of work the in of copyright owner first the reason, this For bands. mas of production the in investments significant their for return some ensure thereby and band-leaders the to provide to was incentive rationale financial first a The protectingtwofold. of was purpose mas The of works day ‘ParadeofBands’,theclimaxTrinidad andTobago’s pre-Lenten Carnival. theatrical performances and dance choreography ‘on stage’ at the important judging points during the two- throughdepicted being mas the of message underlying or theme central the with component, dramatic the steel or bands music of bands performances or disc jockeys playing on music live trucks) as integral elements of (throughmas bands. Added to this sometimes music is and works literary include elements protected streets incorporates other elements of creative expression which the arethrough protectedbands by mas copyright. These of copyright- parading the costumes, designing in involved work artistic the from apart Also, the caseeverytimetodeterminewhois‘producer’ andtherefore theowner. similar issues also show up with the producers and financers of music, in that the law leaves it to the facts of and important are distinctions These writing). in licence exclusive or assignment (by rights acquire formally (of mas) were undertaken’. This is not necessarily the band-leader. Furthermore, band-leaders do not usually production, out to be ‘the turned person by whom the arrangements necessary for the creation of the work However,act. producerrefersowner,the law as to the that in who, anyone be could realityowner in the so the under mas of work the of owner and ‘producer’ the for be also necessary to therefore and work arrangements the of creation the the making and investment is financial band-leader the the undertaking person persons, the separate be areto likely there where Further, band-leader. the as entity same legal the always or not were person designers the that was date, this to practice continuing the indeed and 1996, of owners first The around or in works. practice prevailingHowever, the designers. artistic (costume) the are works as artistic these in protection copyright for qualify low, albeit originality, of threshold the meet be protected as traditional cultural expressions or folklore. Contemporary designs of Carnival costumes which from the commercial exploitation of works of mas internationally, then by means of contractual arrangements Consequently,works. (recognisedband-leaders if ‘producers’as Act benefit the to in want mas) of works of   during theFrench occupationofTrinidad. Berne Conventionforthe ProtectionBerne ofLiteraryand ArtisticWorks, 1886 See s.6(1)(2)of the Act. forthemakingofthe…workmas…areundertaken’ . arrangements necessary s. 3oftheActprovides inpartthatthe‘producer’of…aworkmas…is thenaturalpersonorlegalentitybywhom See s.26(5)oftheAct. only are charactersunknown,buttheirorigindates backtothe18 theauthorsordesignersoftraditionalCarnival Under s.19(1)oftheAct,copyright oftheauthorisprotected duringthelifeofauthorandfor50yearsafterhisdeath.Not 17 The other reason was that it was recognised by the legislative drafters that drafters legislative the by recognised was it that was reason other The 18 19 member states as artistic and literary and artistic as states member 15 and should 16 th h in who century The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago15 and the other 22 Act Young Imports Inc. v. Imports Inc. v. Act Young clarified its practices regarding regarding practices its clarified Therefore, to a protect carnivalTherefore, 21 20 National Theme Productions Inc. v. Jerry B. Beck Inc.,696 F. Supp. 1348 Supp. Jerry F. Inc.,696 Beck B. v. Inc. Productions Theme National International Conventions TRIPS 1886 (Berne Convention) Berne of Literary and Artistic Works, Convention for the Protection 1996 (WCT) WIPO Copyright Treaty, See note 8. http://www.copyright.gov/history/mls/ML-435.pdf. Rights, 1994. Aspects of the Intellectual Property on Trade-Related Agreement

1. 2. 3. international conventions with respect to copyright and related rights, to which the country has committed to Copyright and Related Rights: relating of the following treaties is a member and Tobago itself. Trinidad 22 20 21 The Act makes Trinidad and Tobago fully compliant with its obligations under TRIPS 3.2 It is also instructive to consider the legal position regarding copyright protection of artistic works in two of the of two in works artistic of protection copyright regarding position legal the consider to instructive also is It the and Kingdom United the Carnivals: Tobago-styled and Trinidad of exports for markets international major to needs that question the expressly, mas of works protect not does Kingdom United the Since States. United be considered with to regard carnival costumes is whether they would be as regarded artistic works worthy of copyright protection or considered as utilitarian and as such protected as registered designs. Copyright protection in the UK has, for many years, been qualified inrespect of works of designmade for industrial mass production. Subject to novelty and other requirements, such designs works and, even without registration, an as design important unregistered can rights. feature of However, the be protected as that means This entities. EU-based registered and UK- to available only and UK the to unique is it that is right design UK protection short-term have only will design functional of costumes or toys clothing, of manufacturers non-EU Community or UK the at designs the register they unless designs, Community unregistered as years three for level. The application of copyright to designs is governed by the UK CDPA. with right owners in the underlying works they can acquire the rights in those works through assignments or licences. In the case of licence agreements, one of the definitionimportant of the territorial scope of contractual the licence. Once the band-leader/producer ofprovisions the work of maswould has the be the requisite assignment or extra territorial licence the from rights holders in the underlying works of mas, then the enjoy thereby and rights underlying such license legitimately to entitled be turn in would band-leader the Tobago. Trinidad and of exploitation beyond the territory of commercial financial benefits the registration of masks and costumes. It explained that costumes are treated as ‘useful articles’ and registrable only upon are a finding of separable artistic authorship. In fact, there has been substantial case law which elucidates these principles. The test of conceptual separability was raised in B & E 1987), Sales backpacks. a Supp. C. There, case the 872(S.D.N.Y. Inc., involving court 673 children’s F. upheld copyright in animal-shaped backpacks, because the in animal Further, backpack. the of function image was separate from the useful (S.D. CAL.1988), the district court held that, while masquerade costumes useful were articles, the costumes involved in the case successfully met the conceptual separability test. costumes The depicting works independently recognisable at images issue and were were elaborate registered by the Copyright Office.further elucidated that Policy costumes, Direction exist by at their the very boundary nature, between works The of imagination and works of utility. The law of the United States is similar to that of the United Kingdom in the sense that, traditionally, copyright traditionally, that, sense the in Kingdom United the of that to similar is States United the of law The protection is denied to clothing designs on the ground that garments utilitarian aspects are cannot be ‘useful identified separatelyarticles’, from thefor pictorial, graphicwhich or sculpturalthe features that are eligible for copyright protection. The similarity ends with the treatment of costumes, as it seems that there is a more robust support for the Register, treatment Federal the of of costumes 214 No. as Direction copyrighted Policy of works virtue by in Office, the Copyright US. In 1991, the US costume as an artistic work under UK copyright law, a case would construed provision have of Section 51 to of the be UK It CDPA. states brought that it under is not an the infringement of tightly copyright in a design or design documents (i.e., drawings recording the design) to make articles according to the artistic design, an where CDPA, UK the of 52 Section under Further, work’. ‘artistic an for is design the where except work is exploited in mass production, copyright protection (which would design), registered otherwise a of protection of last term the to equal for is (which years 25 the to limited is years) life 70 plus designer of the mass production. not made for except in the case of sculptures 16 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago of thelawsbypoliceandcustomsisweak. enforcement actual the since obligations, TRIPS its discharge TrinidadTobagoadequately place, and to fails in is infrastructure economy.however,legal world arguable,the the isalthough in Itthat countries other as field playing same the on services and for goods copyright with transactions out possibilities carrying and trade developing broad ensures this and standards international per as protection copyright grants Tobago property-related multilateral treaties and two regional economic integration treaties. In general, Trinidad and a member of 17 WIPO-administered treaties in the field of intellectual property, in addition to 26 intellectual TrinidadOrganisations. Broadcasting and TobagoPhonograms and of Producers Performers, of Protection is (vi) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) 24 23 (i) to redress undercivilproceedings isqualifiedbythefollowing: that the right holder has to discharge, as in all civil matters, is proof of on standard The a action. balance the of of costs probabilities.legal her to However,entitled is holder right the the right cases, foregoing the all In (f) (e) (d) (c) (b) 6. 5. 4. (a) Section 38 provides civil remedies to right holders. It Remedies generally empowers the court toCivil do the following, Act. Part VII of the Act (Sections 30 to 40) covers the civil and criminal liability for infringement of copyright. The enforcement provisions in the copyright law of Trinidad and Tobago are found in Parts VII and VIII of the 3.3 Notably absent from the list of treaties signed by Trinidad and Tobago is the Rome Convention Rome the is Tobago and Trinidad by signed treaties of list the from absent Notably

See s.38(2)ofthe Act. The RomeConvention fortheProtection of Performers,Producers ofPhonograms andBroadcasting Organisations,1961.

Brussels Convention Relating to the of theirPhonograms,1971(GenevaConvention) Distribution of Programming-CarryingReproductionUnauthorised Against Phonograms Producersof Protectionof the for Convention Geneva Signals Transmitted by Satellite, WIPO PerformancesandPhonogramsTreaty, 1996(WPPT) Enforcement once theyhavebeenfiledis alsoaffected. under the Civil Proceedings Rules, 1998, as amended. The restriction on in the Court of Appeal relativethe to implied sanctions/relief from sanctions for right failure to keep deadlines to amend proceedings recentdecisions the to subject arealso rights neighbouring or copyright of infringement for Actions instituted fouryearsaftertheinfringementhasbeencommitted, saveforcertaininstances. period specified under the Limitation of Certain Actionslimitation Act 1997,the whichto disallows proceedingssubject being are rights neighbouring or copyright of infringement for proceedings Civil cases. The evidential privilege against self or spouse incrimination is not available in copyright infringement were acquired byathird partyingoodfaith. Destruction of the copies under Section 38(1)g shall not be ordered where the copies and packaging The restriction ontheaward ofdamagesandaccountforprofits atthesametime. infringing activity, the court may limit damages to the profits of the infringer attributable tothe attributable infringer the of infringement. profits the to damages limit may court the activity, infringing an in engaged was he that know to reason reasonable had nor know not did infringer the Where order thedestructionofinfringingcopies. order anaccountoftheinfringer’s profits attributabletotheinfringement; order thepaymentofdamagestopersonwhoserightshavebeeninfringed; the without imported or made order theforfeiture andseizure ofallcopiesworksthathaveinfringed; being of suspected works of authorisation oftherightholder; copies of impounding the order infringement; an of commission the prohibit to interlocutory/permanent) or Piller/Mareva (Anton injunctions grant 24 23 inter alia for the for

1974. : The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago17 de minimis was not a defence to a claim of infringement, Case, the claimant company carried on a business of designing and Drivers sells or lets for hire; offers or exposes for sale or hire; exhibits in public; distributes; or Nation (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) In this case, the claimant claimed damages or an account of profits for infringement by the defendant the by infringement for profits of account an or damages claimed claimant the case, this In January 5 from repertoire claimant’s the within and/or works musical its in copyright claimant’s the of 2006 up to the period of the commencement of the proceedings in 2011. The defendant denied constituted a material repertoire portion of its and programming asserted that it that the claimant’s defence this that held court The programming. distribute and use to parties third by authorised was was not maintainable to the claimant’s case of infringement of within copyright the and claimant’s repertoire being the musical work distribute and use to parties third by authorised was defendant the that assertion bare a was neither the programming material of the defendant. A third party cannot authorise the defendant to use unless some arrangement repertoire exists and distribute musical works belonging to the claimant’s amongst the parties for such an eventuality. and which he knows or has reason to believe is, an infringing copy of a copyright work, performance, work, copyright a of copy infringing an is, believe to reason has or knows he which and sound recording or broadcast.’ neighbouring rights in the sound recording or broadcast; Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited, Trading as ‘FLOW’ H.C.4722/2009. CV. 2009-04722 implementing road traffic studies and developing road use systems. It entered into negotiations with negotiations into entered It systems. use road developing and studies traffic road implementing the Ministry of Works and (MOWT), Transport based on which it produced a road safety proposal. A portion of the proposal was utilised by the state in implementing a pilot project on road The safety. court held that the author of the work was the first owner of the copyright in it. The claimant company was thus solely entitled to all rights of intellectual property contained in the road programme. safety In the Nation Drivers Co Ltd v. The Attorney General CV 2007/01730 and Copyright Music Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago v. distributes otherwise than in the course of business in excess of three copies of, an article which is, makes for sale or hire; otherwise than for private and domestic use; and Tobago imports into Trinidad possesses in the course of a business with the intention of infringing the copyright in the work or in the course of a business- Copyright Music Organisation of Trinidad and Tobago v. Columbus Communications. (e) (b) (c) (d) ‘A person who commits an offence who, without the licence of the copyright owner – ‘A person who commits an offence who, without the licence of the copyright (a) The standard of proof in criminal offences is ‘beyond reasonable doubt’: thus, the party who claims that the that claims who party the thus, doubt’: reasonable ‘beyond is offences criminal in proof of standard The or broadcast performance, of proof provide and person in evidence direct give must infringed been has right is as effective as not is cases criminal in law copyright the of enforcement the However, work. his of copying Under Section 41 (3) the Magistrate is empowered to impose a fine of up to TT$250,000 and imprisonment imprisonment and TT$250,000 to up of fine a impose to empowered is Magistrate the (3) 41 Section Under for 10 years. 1. Offences Section 41 of the Act frames the committed criminal by offence a person who infringes right a as protected follows:

Case 2 – Case 1 –  Since the new Civil Proceedings Rules 1998 were brought into force, there have been few cases in the civil in law and which in Tobago enforcement Trinidad of copyright protection was sought through the civil law in two cases: found are Noteworthy decisions Case Law 18 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago The existence of extensive powers to ‘search, seize and arrest’ given to the police, the to given arrest’ and seize ‘search, to powers extensive of existence The products.original legitimate the for market the displaced have DVDs and CDs pirated of sales fact, in DVDs; and CDs to relation in Tobago,Trinidadparticularly and both in towns and cities main the in places public expected. Piracy is committed in a blatant manner in open view of the public in the streets, markets and other 27 26 25 body’ ‘licensing A bodies. licensing with disputes with deal to jurisdiction special Court High the gives which IX, Part is management collective with deals which Act Copyright the of section The the result issignificanteconomicunderperformanceoftheaffected sectors. rights ownerscannotbenefitfrom theirworks.Whenrightsownerscannot receive theirlegitimatebenefits, collected paid, and distributed negotiated, to the rights owners. are It is a royaltiescrucial element of the copyright copyright infrastructure, without which that the ensuring to key major a is management Collective 3.4 Source: COTT of Trinidad and TobagoTrinidadand of has only been invoked on two prior occasions: it provision, a such of existence the Notwithstanding action. such initiate may who body licensing the not and person ‘aggrieved’ the only is it countries Caribbean Commonwealth other in and UK the In Court. the to dispute referthe may body licensing the or person that either licence, the of conditions and terms the or a licensing body with respect to either the refusal of the licensing body to grant that person a general licence One of the distinctive features of this part of the Act is that, where a dispute arises between any person and s.49definesa‘generallicence’asmeaning: In turn, as meaning: Table 3.1: COTT, ofwhichonly7endedinadecisionandconviction48casesare still pending. by courts broughtbeforethe cases 55 of total therewerea (September), 2011 to 2007 of entireperiod the for that, indicates Tablewhich in 3.1, found be can culture weak this of Evidence Courts. Magistrates’ the in cases of backlog attendant the and system court the problemin the delays enforcementas of law well as weak of culture the given effect, or value little have Act, the in for provided offences criminal for penalties Tobago. Inbothinstances,theHighCourtruledinfavourof licensingbody, COTT. Tobago Trinidad  applicant’s unauthoriseduseofcopyrighted material. accumulate byignoring thetermsofinterimlicence thathadbeenissuedbytherespondent aftertheybecame aware ofthe held thattherateswere appliedevenlybytherespondent throughout theindustryandthatapplicanthadallowed adebtto that thefeesonadvertisingrevenues were toohigh,sincealloftheirrevenue wasnotgeneratedfrom music.JusticeCarltonBest respondent forradioandtelevisionbroadcast respectively ofcertaincopyrightmusicalworks.Theapplicant,Prime Radio,alleged H.C.A. No499of1993.Inthismatter, adisputehadarisen betweenthepartiesastoamountoflicencefeespayable the Also describedasaCollectiveManagement Organisation(CMO). See ss.45,46&47oftheAct (c) (b) (a) ‘a licenceextendingto- the ownersorprospectivethereof.’ performances or recordings sound either as the works, owner or prospective owner of protected copyright or neighbouring rights therein, of or as agent for respect in licences general of granting or negotiation the objects, main its of one or object, main its as has which organisation or society ‘any Island Collective Management the performances of several performers, and which does not apply different terms and conditions as the soundrecordingsoraudio-visualworksofseveralproducers; the worksofseveralauthors; between theseveralauthors,producersorperformers as thecasemaybe.’ Cases BroughtBeforetheMagistrates’CourtsbyCOTToverPeriod2007toSeptember2011 27 and Total No.ofCases Columbus Communications v. Copyright Music Organisation of Trinidadand of Organisation Music v.Copyright Communications Columbus 53 2 CCN Television/Prime Radio Ltd v. The Copyright Organisation No. ofConvictions 0 7 No. ofPendingCases 25 as well as the severe the as well as 26 is defined in s. 49 s. in defined is 46 2 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago19 , , which are the distribution industries that facilitate broadcasting, Industries, which are engaged in the production, manufacture and sale ndustries I Industries, whose main activities may not be copyright-based but include a Copyright which exist to create, produce and/or distribute copyright materials. Creation Creation materials. copyright distribute and/or produce create, to exist which Industries, an important right for the development of e-commerce in Trinidad and Tobago, specifically in specifically and Tobago, in Trinidad of e-commerce for the right development an important 29 Press and literature. Music, theatrical productions, opera. Motion picture, video and sound. Radio and television. graphic arts, related professional and technical services. visual and Photography, Software, databases and new media. Advertising services. Copyright collective management societies. Copyright Consequently, the definition of ‘reproduction’ in s. 3 of the Act includes reference to ‘permanent reference in s. 3 of the Act includes the definition of ‘reproduction’ Consequently, Copyright 28 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Measurement Definition of Copyright Industries and Scope of pportunities and Challenges Opportunities – The Digital Environment on-dedicated on-dedicated Support significant component of products and services that are secured by copyright as defined in coins, engineering, architecture, surveying, interior include design, museums, (1).furniture jewellery, design These and fashion design. copyright core as classified not are N that activities copyright-based of sales or distribution and communication activities. These internet. industries the and serve telephony to transportation, general measure retail, spill-over and effects wholesale in deal of They Industries. the Copyright Core, Interdependent and Partial ore Core The laws of Trinidad and Tobago provide copyright protection for creative activity, including the entire set entire the including activity, creative for protection copyright provide Tobago and Trinidad of laws The of activities listed above and works of mas. Interdependent and production include performance, broadcasting, communication and exhibition and services: the following products which themselves sub-categorise into (WIPO, 2003:28), of equipment that facilitate copyright activity sets, (WIPO, 2003:33). radios, Such DVD equipment players, includes electronic television game material, and paper. instruments, blank recording consoles, computers, musical instruments, photographic Partial

The WIPO Copyright Treaty and The WIPO Phonograms and Performances Treaty. The WIPO Copyright Treaty See ss. 8(1) (j), 21 (1) (a), 23(1) and 24(1)(b)

relation to material protected by copyright and neighbouring rights. This right covers both the actual offering offering actual the both covers right This rights. neighbouring and by copyright protected to material relation It public. the of members to transmission subsequent its and content) of uploading (e.g., download to material consumers protected of allow which services those as well as streaming only piracy allow fight which to services only not digital exists covers right The broadcasts. and recordings sound works, protected of copies permanent has internet as the such networks in digital material of protected dissemination the that to recognise also but holder. rights the of control the to subject be should and exploitation commercial of form primary a become 29 28 4. 1. According According to WIPO (2003), these industries are appropriately classified for statistical measurement into four of copyright activities: groups broad 3.6 The copyright industries are defined as those industries creating tradable in private economic (property) rights which ‘copyrightand income from use of playsthese economic rights an identifiable(WIPO, role’ in 2003:18, 22). That is, they use the rights protection and in of their particular, protection by original actual enforcement expression or threat of provided it, as by the basis copyright for or service sale or of sale of generation a product the of economic income from investment, employment and, ultimately, and related ‘copyright- terms The regulator. government as of role the of account takes definition The themselves. rights in this study. used interchangeably industries’ are based industries’ and ‘creative 2. The Act compliant (particularly with the the and 2008 ‘WIPO Tobago amendments) Internet makes Trinidad Treaties’. 3.5 One of the exclusive rights granted by the Act to holders of copyright and neighbouring rights is communication communication is rights neighbouring and copyright of holders to Act the by granted rights exclusive the of One to the public, or temporary storage of the work or sound in recording electronic form’ which, for example, would extend systems’ retrieval ‘electronic of concepts the whilst drive, hard computer’s a on copies cache or temporary to defined. also are information’ management ‘rights and ‘published’) of definition the in included also is (which 3. 20 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago (c) of the Copyright-basedIndustries’,the of ContributionEconomic theSurveying on ‘Guide the in out set methods the adoptedstudy thisgeneral, In . 4 30 (b) (a) In thatcontext,thestudyconsistedoffollowingsteps: were designedtoallowcomparisonwithanyofthesectorsdefinedinofficialpractice. accounts of Trinidad and Tobago. However, the estimates of copyright-based output, employment and trade satellite accounts for the copyright sector and copyright is not classified as an ‘industrial sector’ in the national systems appropriate to the copyright sector. The UNSD has not yet prepared a handbook on how to prepare classification or concepts clarify and details introduce to flexibility greater substantially allows country,but the of SNA the with connections therebyadequate and establishes differentTTSNA, of the within industries details accounting the supplements, recombinesor and on, draws copyright for framework accounting This of System TobagoNational and Accounts Trinidad(TTSNA), as developed main by the national statistical the accounts office, the overburdening Central Statistical national Office accounting (CSO). and the disrupting separate of without Tobago, capacity a and Trinidad empirical is of Tobago and analytical and Trinidad the expands of and case on the draws which for framework, here devised been has what essence, In framework of credible and relevant measures highlighting the importance of the targeted sector. by the UN Statistics Division (UNSD), which in turn recognises the need for countriesformulateWIPO’s to establishimplementation widermethodologythe of aprepare toused single satellite accounts,promotedunified as development. The Guide has been used as a methodological tool in over 30 country studies. The intent was to providemethodologya measuringfor economic the contribution copyright-basedof country’sindustriesa to

WIPO publication No.893.

• • • thecopyright isolating and data sector contributions. Thesefactorswere obtainedfrom foursources: for disaggregating factors copyright the of Identification • • of theTTSNAdatafor2000to2011from theCSO,whichcomprised: Based on the decisions on item (a) above, collection of data was undertaken. This involved collection the industrialclassificationsusedbyTTSNA. Guide – into core, interdependent, partial and non-dedicated copyright industries – but as applied to The with keeping in was industries these which of categorisation The industries analysis. detailed more rights-based given be will related and copyright- selected the as well as Guide The of I Annex reference as using studied be to industries rights-based related and copyright the of Identification s d o h t e M t n e m e r u s a e M • h cprgt atr o rlvn cutis i priua te hlpie (hc rle on relied (which Philippines the particular in countries, Singapore’s relevant factors),BruneiandJamaica(whichrelied onfactorsfrom MexicoandtheUS). of factors copyright The and (ii)Trinidad andTobago. on heavily focused and frame sampling ensuring adequate coverage the of small establishments, as many of which are Census based in the Lucia household; St completed recently the used based industries.Resultsoftwoconcurrent surveyswere processed andused:(i)StLucia,which Copyright sector surveys to collect supporting detail about the supply and demand of copyright- Use Tables to2010. and Supply the of update the for survey sample random establishment accounting national A Industry profile judgementsamplesurveysofbestpractice/successcases. (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) 20 sub-sectors.Thesecomprisedetailsasfollows: National accounting aggregates for 2000 to 2011, including the current provisions estimates for The SupplyandUseTables for2000. Operating surplus − − − Value added Intermediate costs Gross output − − − Taxes onproduction. Consumption ofcapital Wages 30 (hereinafter referred to as ‘The Guide’) published by WIPO in 2003 to 2003 in WIPO by publishedGuide’) ‘The as (hereinafterreferredto The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago21 Where Where necessary, adoption of The Guide’s method of adjusting in economic structure. difference copyright factors to account for and details TTSNA the from data the disaggregating by accounts sector copyright the of Compilation classifications in The Guide. it to fit the then recombining The SUT and Copyright Establishment Surveys The Profiles Survey The Profiles Sample Size Sampling Methods The determination of adequate sample sizes for Trinidad and allocation of for funds and Tobago time-frame was for completing based the and survey, on on two experience, other important the criteria. Firstly, the sample size must be large enough to facilitate the levels of stratification, adequate bearing be must in size sample the mind that Secondly, at important. be would each statistics of estimates stratification, of level enough to compensate for non-response rates which were expected to be high for this kind of economic investigation. Based on the foregoing, it was decided that the sample sizes would for and Trinidad Tobago be 550 and The 600 larger respectively. sample size was for due Tobago to smaller overall population size, the to regards with uncertainty some was there and required, were stratification of levels higher that fact the sampling frame. accuracy of Tobago’s 4.2.1.1 Structural differences in the economies of Trinidad and Tobago required that sampling be of handled establishments separately for each island’s particular economy. This approach to the is and Trinidad consistent Tobago establishment with the survey current design of in the Continuous Sample by Survey firstly establishment, of of Population- stratification the for called plan the Trinidad, of island the For Survey. Force Labour industrial within sectors industrial and sectors, secondly, the stratification of establishments by employment for each Therefore, size-groups. industrial sector (16 in total), an establishment was assigned to one of four were groups size employment The payroll. its on persons of number the to according groups size employment as follows: small (under 10 employees); medium (10 to 44 employees); an large However, used. were size-groups employment similar (45 to Tobago, of case the In employees). 100 (over mega 100 employees); and additional feature of survey the design Tobago was the initial stratification of establishment by geographic parishes. to the population size of the parishes or combination of parishes, according namely areas, 4.2.1 In relation to the estimation of the copyright factors and the copyright sector accounts, consultations were also held with the relevant industry segments, through their industry associations, and with relevant public sector institutions and/or ministries. These allowed derivation of specific data to develop the accountsvarious for copyright industries, complemented by administrative records available governmental relevant sources. from the CSO and other 4.2 These surveys sought financial andrelated data to be used to estimate directlyof (i) stakeholders the about subjective opinions the importance of copyright; (ii) receipts of the copyright-based establishment income as income; a and share of (iii) copyright-based expenditures questionnaires/guidelines as for a the share SUT of survey gross and expenditures. the software. designed using the TELEform Designer were questionnaires The copyright survey can also be made available. The 4.1 The questions and guidelines for the conduct of the profile survey of success cases in the copyright sector can be made available. The surveyprofiles 72 approached cases selected by judgement sampling. The cases who cases success known widely by and THA, the Planning, of Ministry the CSO, the by recommended were then recommended others. Of these, 56 cases responded. The data in Chapter 5 documents some of the cases, selected the because from respondents they came in early or best featured practice cases that greatly clarified how the copyright sector works, and assisted inshaping the final design of the copyright and SUT seeking returnsfinancial data. Thequestionnaires detailed survey will of be the published profiles separately by the CSO. The returns from the profile surveys were also used to facilitate interpretation of the financial copyright questionnaires. data obtained by fielding the SUT and (d) (e) 22 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 4.2.2 were madetotheproportionate allocationweightsbythecompromise allocation (Kish,2003:262-3). adjustments domains, small in estimates for samples adequate assure yet and allocation, proportionate on geographical and sectors areas that industrial are too small small to allow in for reliable estimates samples for them. yield In orderusually to would maintain are sampling allocation precision sizes based proportionate employment strictly by skewed, establishments of distributions the equally that be mind would in areas bearing geographical and and important, sectors industrial the of levels the at estimates since However, employment. total to stratum of contribution proportionate a on based was strata to samples of Allocation 4.2.1.2 31 computedwas according arithmetictheto meansignificance score provided all by respondents sector.the in Brunei significance factors: significant (0.6) and slightly significant (0.3). Then, the preliminary copyright factor [0.9] very important; [0.42] important; [0] not important. The index of 0.42 is the geometric mean of the two the Following right. property a methodadopted as in the Brunei study, copyright apreliminary of numerical index naturewas attached to the responses theas follows: respondent the to explaining after interviewer responseoptions: ‘[1]veryimportant; important;[2] important’.not[3] questionThetrained posedwasa by wasaskedthe following question, ‘Howimportant copyrightis theoperationsto youroforganisation?’ with To obtain a qualitative assessment of the significance of copyright4.4 to the partial copyright sector, each respondent survey-based estimatesofMexicoandonfactorsemployedintheUSstudies. the from factors on primarily relied These used. also are Jamaica Finally,for factors. estimates copyright the its preparing in estimates survey Singapore the on relied Philippines the of study Tobago.TrinidadThe and of sector which exporting major sector. second Philippines, tourism the significant up a make has the services related and Tourism is chosen country Another exports. its and GDP its of most for accounts sector gas natural to and and particular, similar oil broadly Trinidad In its is Tobago. that profile economic an thus and sector,energy huge a with country small a Brunei, chosen have we case this In project. WIPO the of part as of estimates from a selected set of comparable countries that conducted similar studies using sample surveys being collected and could only be used to adjust the data from other countries. The second source is the set Trinidadthe fromTobago data and while still wereestimation surveys of time the at satisfactorily processed and completed was this since sample, Lucia St the on placed was industry.emphasis the Heavy of sales the in copyright of share the of provided was estimate industry.Similarly,an each to copyright of importance the of assessment subjective the micro of and obtained small was of estimate samples an random firms, the to responses the from First, sources. main two on TobagoTrinidadbased and for are factors copyright The 4.3 additional data cleaning and analysis for this report was done using the Stata statistical software package. processing.Analytical tabulationstatisticalSPSSusingdonethewasCSOthe by software package.However, programwasexecuted theondataensureto thatthedata quality wasacceptable forthenext phase data of written computer program was prepared TELEform for the data using editing,custom purpose.A verified thisdatabasebasedcreated for a storedinonextracted were and anddata stipulated software, the which, after scanned requirements were questionnaires set the by exercise, the CSO. field The the of completion After  the square oftheinversenumber(H)strata.Thatis, number ntostratum,hsuchthatitisproportionate totheroot ofthesumsquare oftheweight(W)stratumhand proportionate allocationweightandHisthenumberofstrata.Thisprocedure utilizedatalllevelsofstratificationallocatedthe reprinted from SurveyMethodology, 1988,Vol. 14,No.1,pages 19-32:Letnbethesamplesizeallocatedtostratumh;W SeriesinSurveyMethodology),NewYork:Kish, L.(2003).SelectedPapers(Wiley Wiley, reference toMultipurposeSampleDesigns, Data Management Data Strata to Samples of Allocation The ImportanceofCopyright Estimating theInterdependent, PartialandNon-dedicatedCopyrightFactors , with andtherefore, 31 . The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago23 na na na 0.6 0.38 0.90 0 0 0 0 0 estimate 0.500 0.300 0.200 0.085 0.675 (average) 0.4874 (average) Brunei preliminary percentage of sale Copyright factor based on 0.475 0.900 0.420 0.360 0.210 0.330 0.493 0.427 0.540 Mean 0.604 0.900 0.420 0.514 0.105 0.330 0.621 0.492 0.489 copyright factor (preliminary copyright factor) Employment-weighted 2 1 5 4 4 9 4 N 13 25 Industry Industry group Copyright Factors Weighted by Employment Size Copyright Factors Weighted Prior Copyright Factors Reflecting the Significance Responding Firms Attach to Copyright in their Prior Copyright Factors Reflecting the Manufacturing of textiles, garments and footwear products Manufacturing of glass and related refractory Manufacturing of furniture Manufacturing of paper and related products Manufacturing of textiles, garments Manufacturing of paper/related products Manufacturing of glass and related refractory products Manufacturing of furniture Manufacturing of jewellery Other manufacturing Hotel and restaurants Insurance and real estate Design activities Manufacturing of jewellery Other manufacturing Hotel and restaurants Insurance and real estate Design activities Table 4.2: Table Operations Table 4.1: Table The above estimates attempt to eliminate bias from the subjective answers provided to the question of the importance of copyright. The copyright factors have also been based on the specific share of the company sales generated data The by 4.2. copyright-based Table in reported activities. are estimates The The company?’ your in question activities related posed copyright to 50%; attributable was: products, related ‘What and paper percentage of manufacture of the (i) turnover follows: as is copyright to turnover of attributions show glass and including products, refractory 30%; related chinaware, and furniture, 20%. It is also important to real-estate sales. an average of 8.5% of insurance and firms attributed to copyright note that responding In an effort to reduce any bias that might arise from the small number of cases in any group of respondents, respondents, of group any in cases of number small the from arise might that bias any reduce to effort an In the next step was to apply size weights to the significance scores, where the size weights were the number of employees in the firm. Under market pressures to sustain paid employment, firms with moreemployee are likely thanto pay more attention to one all possible sources of earnings, and would accordingly devote be might copyright of significance the of evaluation Their copyright. from earnings identifying to effort more somewhat more in line with commercial practice. The employment-weighted copyright factors are reported 4.2. As expected, in they Table vary substantially for those industries that contain firms whichemploy more than one person. The highest copyright factor still goes to manufacturing (0.9). of However, paper the and next related highest products copyright factor is now of jewellery falls to 0.1. that copyright factor claimed by manufacturers manufacturing of furniture (0.51). The of manufacturing of textiles (0.6) and the The resulting estimates are reported in Table 4.1. The prior estimates generated by the Brunei copyright survey survey copyright Brunei the by generated estimates prior The 4.1. Table in reported are estimates resulting The and paper of producers by claimed is (0.9) weight significance prior highest The comparison. for reported are related products, followed by design activities (0.54). The (0.21). jewellery lowest costume significanceincluding weight isjewellery, of manufacture attached the in involved by those 24 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 4.3: Philippines andBrunei.Theresulting factorsare reported inTable 4.3. fromthe estimates the and turnover shareof the relativeto elevated appear estimates subjective the that is is mean harmonic the fractions, of mean harmonic the of favour appropriatein most argument additional fromAn standpoint. mathematical a means using are we since principle, In an case. constitutes this what in is mean addressappropriate we question next The Brunei. and Philippines the from adopted estimates sales-weighted the and shares, turnover non-zero the estimates, subjective employment-weighted local the Finally,local estimatesarethe standardsreconciled appropriatecomputing an international by with of mean the responses on the share of the turnover are zero, the Further,subjective where responses assessments. are used subjective as a employment-weighted valuation method. the with combined be must share indicated that where an establishment indicates that it has received a positive share of its assume However,we baseline. a provide estimates subjective employment-weighted the copyright Tobagoaccounts, the interdependent for factors copyright Trinidadthe final in sectors copyright-based non-dedicated and and partial other the all and paper productionof the preparing in estimates survey these use To the industryexistsonlyinrelation tocopyright,weassignacopyrightfactorof1. sole the Moreover, by-products. other no are there and purpose of steelpan, the output is the to use or produce is copyrighted music. So, in industry the context of the satellite accounting, since of output only the Similarly,process. this to dedicated completely inputs using transformed and purchased is drum a industry: steelpans only sectors, copyright product single a is interdependent this Trinidadsteelpans, in of Tobago.producedare case and converters the the paper In and Among 1. to equal factor copyright a assigned are consistent factors coreidentified industries all copyright Guide, The in copyright As countries. other of practices the and Guide The with final prepare to used now are 4.2 and Tables4.1 in presented estimates The 4.5 Gaming andEquipment DVD Players,Electronic TVs, Radios,VCR,CDand Interdependent CopyrightIndustries Works ofMas Management Societies Copyright Collective Advertising Services New Media Software, Databasesand Graphic arts Photography, Visual and Radio andTelevision Sound Motion Picture,Video and Steel Bands Production, Opera Music Theatrical Institutions UWI andOtherResearch Press andLiterature Core CopyrightIndustries Copyright Sector Final CopyrightactorEstimates Copyright FactorsfortheCore,Interdependent,PartialandNon-dedicatedIndustries

Philippines Copyright factors, 0.350 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Copyright factors, Brunei 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Copyright Jamaica factors, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 establishments Preliminary (St Lucia) copyright survey of factors, NA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 establishments Employment -weighted (St Lucia) copyright survey of factors, NA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 turnover from copyright, the of turnover from share estimated Copyright (St Lucia) factors NA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Copyright Trinidad factors, Tobago and NA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago25 NA NA NA NA and 0.076 0.076 0.073 0.142 0.055 0.205 0.359 0.470 0.013 0.495 0.009 0.493 1.000 Tobago factors, Trinidad Trinidad Copyright

NA NA NA NA 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.200 0.300 0.000 0.000 0.500 factors (St Lucia) Copyright estimated from share of turnover

NA NA NA NA 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.489 0.514 0.489 0.420 0.420 0.604 0.604 0.900 factors, survey of copyright (St Lucia) -weighted Employment establishments

NA NA NA NA 0.446 0.446 0.446 0.540 0.360 0.540 0.420 0.420 0.475 0.475 0.900 1.000 factors, survey of copyright (St Lucia) Preliminary establishments

0.057 0.057 0.050 0.050 0.500 0.250 0.500 0.005 0.005 1.000 factors, Jamaica Copyright

0.218 0.290 0.420 0.500 0.037 0.223 1.000 Brunei factors, Copyright 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.083 0.017 0.083 0.420 0.420 0.006 0.420 0.004 0.300 0.300 1.000 0.250 0.350 1.000 factors, Copyright Philippines

Copyright Factors for the Core, Interdependent, Partial and Non-dedicated Copyright Industries Copyright Industries and Non-dedicated Interdependent, Partial Factors for the Core, Copyright ther Proportionality Factors Other Proportionality Telephony and Internet Telephony General Transportation Non-dedicated Support Industries General Wholesale and Retail Interior Design Furniture and Related Products Architecture, Engineering, and Surveying Jewellery, Coins Jewellery, Museums Pottery and China Leather and Leather Products Partial Copyright Industries Dressmakers, and Tailors, Shoe Repair Photographic and Cinematographic Instruments Photocopiers Blank Recording Material Paper Computers and Equipment Pan and Other Musical Instruments (continued) Table 4.3: Table The CSO’s detailed use tables for 54 sectors for the year 2000 because can of be the made absence available. of Where structural necessary, details, these tables provide the constants that basis allow for projections estimating to more proportionality recent years. They were especially useful in estimating presented in Section 6 below. are results defined in context as the flows. These applications are the trade Certain additional proportionality factors have been used in the study, for the purpose of extracting data on factors Certain have additional been proportionality used in the study, chosen were factors The 4.4). (Table manufacture pan and music mas’, of ‘works the as such sub-sectors key based mainly on the worksexperience of and mas as of treated recommendations are the CSO. Specifically, independent production; theatrical and music, tents, calypso masqueraders, ‘band industry broad the of 40% artistes n.e.c.’; with the remainder assigned to ‘music, theatrical productions and opera’. Also, it is known that the steelpan industry is dedicated to supplying the steelbands, other adopt local the demand estimate of and the exports. CSO We that the approximate size of the steelpan manufacturing industry is of the steelbands industry as a whole. about one-third 4.6 26 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago results of this generalisation are reported appropriately in Chapter 8, along with their implications for policy. and the average returns to investment in imported capital, a proxy for import productivity. The methods and productivity, labour for proxy labour, a on expenditure to returns average the profits, between relationship the of assessment general a provide to use resource of efficiency the of estimates the with used then were estimates These sectors. the of share profit the and share wage the of provided also were Estimates tables. the in available are data which for sub-sectors the by and copyright, the by inputs imported and labour on expenditures to returns average the of compiled were estimates 2000, SUT the from data Finally,the using national incomeestimatesduringthefinancialyearsto September2012andfinalisedby2013. is standard for satellite accounting, all estimates will be revised during the normal process of revising the CSO detail in discussed As accountants. not national by meant sense arethe provisionalyears in all for estimates aresector here. Copyright methods These prices. including variables relevant all for methods forecasting well-established their using year CSO’s full the the on to projections and 2011, of quarters two first the for CSO’s the regard, that data accounting actual on In based are 2011 for those while estimates, years. final are 2007 and 2000 for estimates subsequent in prepare can it that account annual standard a become to and practices its with consistent fully be to CSO the with collaboration full in designed were accounts The (d) (c) (b) Table 4.4: (a) and data accounting national the Overall, 2011. and 2007 copyright factorswere usedtoassesstheimpactofcopyright,measured asfollows: 2000, years the for provided are Estimates national accountsofTrinidad andTobago, andStLucia. the considering interestedscholars by study further for areavailable datasets the reportedhere,but arenot details These accounts. copyright and national the of interpretation facilitate that data other and strategies to was collected used about the characteristics of information be the sectors, such additional as gender could much characteristics, funding sources,components, pricing that copyright the factors identify and copyright SNA the obtain of sectors to the disaggregate was surveys the of purpose primary the though Even 4.7 Source: estimated 19-03-02 19-03-06 19-03-06 Sector Code Application oftheNationalAccountstoTrinidad andTobago and services. goods copyright selected for flows royalty net the estimate to services, management copyright the from collected were data Supplementary exports. net of terms in defined impact, trade foreign The both fixedandfinancial. The employment impact, covering all the general classes of resources – intermediates, labour, capital, Induced impact,evidentinthegroup ofnon-dedicatedsupportindustries. The direct outputeffects, asrepresented bythevalueaddedofcopyright-basedactivities. Selected ProportionalityFactorsUsedintheStudy Steelbands andotherOrchestras INDEPENDENT ARTISTES,N.E.S. MUSIC ANDTHEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS, BAND MASQUERADERS,CALYPSO TENTS, INDEPENDENT ARTISTES,N.E.S. MUSIC ANDTHEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS, BAND MASQUERADERS,CALYPSO TENTS, Description ofsub-sectorinthenational accounts Pan Manufacture theatrical productionsandopera) INDEPENDENT ARTISTES(music, THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS, CALYPSO TENTS,MUSICAND (works ofmas) BAND MASQUERADERS Description ofembeddedorrelated copyright industry Sector sharebased on CSOanalyst experience 0.3 0.6 0.4 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago27 4% 6% 5% 7% 1% 4% -4% -3% 10% 21.0 21.7 23.0 24.1 25.9 28.4 27.2 27.6 28.8 27.8 (000) Employed Employed 8.8% 1.6% 4.4% 2.7% 0.0% 4.9% -3.7% -3.3% 10.4% 22.8 24.8 25.2 26.3 27.0 29.8 28.7 28.7 30.1 29.1 (000) Tobago Tobago Labour Force Labour Force 1.6% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.9% 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 54.1 54.9 55.3 55.6 56.0 56.4 56.8 57.3 57.8 58.4 (000) POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION 2.4% 2.2% 1.7% 5.3% 2.1% 2.1% 0.3% 1.7% -1.6% (000) 502.0 514.0 525.1 534.1 562.2 574.0 586.2 587.8 597.7 588.4 Employed Employed 0.6% 1.7% 1.8% 2.8% 1.7% 0.2% 0.7% -0.4% -0.9% (000) 572.8 576.4 586.2 596.5 613.4 623.7 625.2 622.4 626.6 621.0 Labour Force Labour Force Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad (000) 0.3% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.5% 0.1% 1,262.40 1,266.80 1,275.70 1,282.40 1,290.60 1,294.50 1,297.90 1,302.20 1,308.60 1,310.10 POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION Growth Patterns of Population, Labour Force and Employment Population, Labour Force and Employment Background to the Trinidad and Tobago Economy Population and Employment 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year

Table 5.2: Table Table 5.1: Table 5.1 5.1 documents Table the trends of population, labour force and employment of since and Trinidad Tobago 2000, 5.2 and describes Table corresponding growth patterns. Figure 5.1 graphs the growth patterns. The general tendency is that the rate of population growth is very slow and quite stable, relative to the rate of growth of the labour force and employment. Overall, this has meant falling unemployment, but it is well- known that these employment whether patternsis question are central highly a sensitive to study, exogenous this shocks, For balance. especially budget to and oil revenues and net gas government’s hence and prices such of effects the moderating of promise long-term a offer that characteristics displays sector copyright the fiscal space. shocks to the energy sector and the This background provides context for the main estimates of the study of the contribution of copyright-based of contribution the of study the of estimates main the for context provides background This variables, these on data historical provides It Tobago. and Trinidad in trade and employment GDP to industries against which the data on copyright contributions can be assessed. The background analysis as also well as copyright, use and supply that includes sectors the of importance relative the indicating SUT, the from data copyright. the outputs that embody 5 . 28 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 5.1: Table 5.3: prospective imbalancesinthefuture. appreciated from the protracted global recession since 2008 that national development policies must address readily is it cushion, the Despite months. 14 to up of cover import of build-up allowed have trends positive international in decline sharp the pre-recession The to levels. not again, but, to 2008 since significant recovery been therehas and prices energy linked is economy local the to shock the that well-known is It peak. economy, and output in many leading economies, such as the US, has not yet recovered to the pre-recession the Trinidad before and Tobago balance current account balance 2000-2009. positive The general recession has continued for rising the global a was there that Great Recession of 2007/8 and a sharp negative shock thereafter in 2009. Figure 5.3 illustrates trends in the indicating as summarised best is evidence the Here, 2000. since decade the over trade of balance Tablethe 2009. of in state especially the and shows 2003 5.5 since illustrates turn upward an of 5.2 emergence the and receipts Figure budget of share a upwards. as service debt in drift decline sharp the to began requirements debt-service and debt and deficit 2009, budget in a but emerged 2008, to up balance budget positive a was trend general The patterns. growth their Table 5.3showsthetrendexpenditures, ingovernment receipts anddebtsince2000,whileTable 5.4shows 5.2 Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 overnment andTradeThe Government Balances Selected GovernmentBudgetIndicators–Receipts,ExpenditureandDebt GDP atConstant Growth RatesofPopulation,LabourForceandEmployment 2005 Prices 121,256.50 122,316.70 119,573.30 114,288.50 100,682.00 94,795.40 87,814.10 76,733.10 71,096.20 68,246.60 ($MNTT) Trinidad andTobago GOV’T RECEIPTS ($MNTT) 39,045 56,848 40,064 38,911 29,648 20,885 17,366 14,122 14,381 12,199 GOV’T EXP. ($MNTT) 45,731 53,873 39,796 37,085 27,234 20,674 16,592 14,227 13,991 12,499 RECEIPTS ($MNTT) GOV’T 138.2 150.6 122.7 125.4 168.6 128.6 114.4 106.9 97.1 93.5 Tobago GOV’T EXP. ($MNTT) 1874.4 1885.4 1455.8 1097.9 1177.6 539.5 351.9 924.3 680.7 695.9 ($MNTT) Trinidad andTobago TOTAL 20,044 20,749 25,278 23,621 22,238 19,510 22,287 22,043 21,461 20,637 DEBT SERVICE ($MNTT) DEBT 4,706 4,893 5,063 3,341 3,744 2,914 4,449 3,115 1,742 3,009 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago29

-3.8% 51.5% 42.8% 28.5% 78.8% -10.8% -34.5% -42.1% -36.1% 628.5 539.3 479.8 680.9 397.3 760.3 935.8 963.7 996.7 1202.2 DEBT SERVICE Investment Income Paid Abroad ($MNUS)

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad 7.0% 6.2% 1.1% 2.7% 4.0% 3.0% -3.4% 14.0% -12.5% TOTAL DEBT DEBT TOTAL 830 679.5 834.9 790.7 808.3 998.1 939.7 882.7 709.1 2,800.80

-0.6% -6.8% -2.2% 29.5% 27.4% 32.6% 35.8% 29.0% 53.3% Foreign Direct GOV’T EXP. GOV’T EXP. Investment ($MNUS) Tobago

7.0% 3.9% -8.2% -2.2% 22.7% 31.1% 12.4% 10.1% -25.6% GOV’T RECEIPTS 968.8 718.1 237.7 1293.2 1508.7 2647.7 7700.2 5721.4 9064.4 2202.1

Current Trade Balance at Current Trade 7.3% 1.7% 36.2% 35.4% 31.7% 24.6% 16.6% 11.9% -15.1% constant 2005 prices ($MNUS) GOV’T EXP. GOV’T EXP.

3.0% -1.8% 31.2% 41.9% 42.0% 20.3% 23.0% 17.9% -31.3% 68,246.60 71,096.20 76,733.10 87,814.10 94,795.40 100,682.00 114,288.50 119,573.30 122,316.70 121,256.50 Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad GOV’T RECEIPTS prices ($MNTT) GDP at constant 2005 Ratio of Debt Service to Government Receipts, Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad Ratio of Debt Service to Government Receipts,

The Balance of Trade and FDI The Balance of Trade Growth Trends in Government Budget Indicators- Receipts, Expenditure and Debt Receipts, Expenditure Budget Indicators- in Government Growth Trends GDP 4.6% 2.3% 6.2% 8.0% 7.9% 4.2% -0.9% 13.5% 14.4% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year Year 2009 2006 2007 2008 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Year Table 5.5: Table Figure 5.2: Table 5.4: Table 30 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 5.3: copyright sectorinoutput. extent of underinvestment in them, using more updated information that would also exhibit the share of the productivity. In particular, it highlights the relative share of copyright-based sectors and clarifies more fully the this study is that it identifies the full spectrum of alternatives using rankings on import productivity of and benefit one labour and risks identified the address to need the of awareare Policy-makers turmoil. political and these risks have only materialised randomly in the past but, and when they do, the ofpayments result is often significant social general, In system. the balance production the in embedded on capacity response adequate an without debt, government problems significant potentially to vulnerable economy the leaves that morereallydata the important, reveal strategy development growthhigh-risk the a that of indicative is path in particular, either through inter-industry demand or the production of domestic final capital. Third, and imports even economy domestic of the and whole, a as economy financing the of on growthimpact compensating producinga without cheap relatively degree it afford high to sector a energy the is of manufacturing capacity export of the on growth dependence the underlying that shows manufacturing low, of very productivity is economy the of productivity import average the weighed down by the relatively large size general, of the manufacturing and mining. Second, the low in average import First, whole. a as economy the and sector manufacturing the of performance the on light new a shed Table5.7, in sector by productivityimport of distribution the on data the with together taken data, These exports. on dependence rising the match to productivity import in growth significant no was there 5.6, Figure in illustrated as So, decade. the over annum per 1.6% only at growing and 2.7 only averaging stagnated, virtually productivity import low already the time, same the At manufacturing. in 11.6% and mining in 10.1% of growth average mirroring export-dependent, increasingly becoming is 11.1%, economy of rate average an at grew exports the as 56.8% from starting after decade that the over 62.6% averaging shows 5.8 Table in data the light, this In the of capacity the of growth constraining are thereby economy tosaveforeign exchangethrough theproduction system. and economy, the of rest the of effects growth manufacturing sectors are systematically suppressing the and productivity of mining imports, economy,the moderating the the productivity dominating increasingly differently,by Put system. production domestic the through responses endogenous for need the and shocks negative of experience the them, against in judged when underinvestment to points also growing fastest the currently not are signature efficiency import highest the with sectors the that sector.fact copyright The the of sub-classes performing with best the compare for 33.5 estimates These 9. about at moderate, very also is sector mining the in productivity Import two sectors. derivatives ranks the highest. It would be interesting to see how the copyright sector stacks up against these depending on the sub-sector (Table6.7 to 5.7; up Figure0.7 from 5.5). varying In mean the its manufacturing with sector,signature, productivity import production low of very petrochemicala has manufacturing and all to relative growing been have others. The comparative shares are presented in Figuremanufacturing indicates 5.4. Mining is highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks and It sector.sector) by energy GDP the essentially the is of (which structure mining certain that a is there patterns these under that shows 5.6 Table 5.3 Underlying IndustryStructure Trends intheTrinidad andTobago CurrentAccountBalance,2000-2009 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago31 Other 25.1% 24.3% 24.4% 22.4% 23.6% 21.9% 19.7% 20.2% 20.3% 20.9% 6.600988 33.492339 29.768229 27.103633 20.940705 20.828189 17.880639 15.262967 13.644154 13.277597 12.434453 11.864589 11.507031 9.0388074 7.9142516 7.3948833 6.7164837 6.6657235 6.5313467 6.2% 6.4% 6.5% 6.0% 5.5% 5.6% 5.3% 5.3% 5.0% 4.8% Trans Import Productivity (2000)! 20.3% 19.2% 18.2% 16.1% 15.5% 15.3% 15.4% 15.2% 16.1% 14.6% Distrib Trade 7.1% 6.3% 6.7% 6.8% 7.4% 7.0% 7.3% 7.3% 6.4% 6.7% Const Mfg 17.6% 18.4% 20.7% 20.8% 21.3% 23.8% 24.0% 24.4% 26.1% 17.2% Sector 41.2% 42.9% 47.9% 48.0% 49.3% 52.7% 52.1% 51.4% 53.7% 39.9% Mining 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 1.1% Agric Trends in Trinidad and Tobago Sector Shares, 2000-2009 and Tobago in Trinidad Trends Import Productivity by Sector, Ranked from Highest to Lowest Import Productivity by Sector, Structure of GDP by Sector Structure 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 Year Personal Services (9219,5020,9301,9302,9303) Business Services (7010,7430,7111-7129,7492) Insurance (6601,6603) Oil & Gas Distribution (5050,4020) Restaurants (5520) Hotels & Guest Houses (5510) Finance (6511,6519,6592,6599,7530) Bakeries (1541) Wholesale & Retail Distribution (52/51) Quarries & Asphalt (1410.1429) (2010,3610,2029) Wood Processors (1513) Fruit & Vegetable Oil & Gas Production (1110) Gas Processing (2411) Fish Processors (1512) Petroleum & Gas Refineries (2320,2320) Construction Materials (2422,2693,2695,2694,2520,2811) Electricity (4010) (6021,6022,6304,6309,6301,6304,6302,6411,6412) Transport Table 5.7: Table Figure 5.4: Table 5.6: Table 32 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 5.5: !Measured astheratioofvalueaddedtoimportsusedinproduction Table 5.7: Paper Converters(2109) Miscellaneous FoodManufacturers(1543,1544,1549) Dairy Factories(1520) Plastic Products(2520) Meat Processors(1511) Printing (2212,2211) Poultry Processors(1511) Textiles (1711,1810,1920,1729) H/hold Appliances(3420,3140,3430,2511,3220,3512,3610,2899) Alcohol/Soft Drinks/Tobacco (1551,1553,1554,1600) Other Manufacturing(1911,3691,2519,3699) H/hold Chemicals(2423,2424) Feed &FlourMills(1531,1532,1533) Petrochemicals (2411) Water (4100) Service Contractors(1120) Construction (4510,4520,4530,4540) Communication (6420) Import ProductivitybySector, RankedfromHighesttoLowest(continued) Import ProductivitybySector, 2000 0.0731115 0.2473748 0.3395678 0.8373983 1.4639555 1.7038119 1.9099062 2.0260475 2.0731369 2.2171287 2.2911555 2.6277929 2.9022502 2.9888228 3.0621891 4.2685919 5.8068363 2.988569 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago33 6.1% 8.0% 9.1% 5.8% 3.7% 4.4% 12.6% 29.2% 25.4% 11.6% of Mfg the Share Growth of 6.9% 7.8% 9.0% 3.6% 0.7% 1.9% 12.2% 28.2% 20.4% 10.1% the Share of Mining Growth of 5.1% 7.7% 4.1% -3.8% -9.0% -2.7% 12.6% 20.8% 21.8% -15.6% the Share Growth of of Exports 56.8% 54.6% 46.1% 51.9% 54.5% 65.8% 70.9% 64.5% 78.6% 76.5% 62.6% Share Export of GDP of 1.7% 1.6% -4.3% -2.2% -2.4% -5.8% 21.6% 10.0% 11.5% Import -15.5% Growth Productivity 2.7 Import 2.61901 2.62109 2.506689 2.549375 3.100893 2.562992 2.820385 2.751683 2.592027 2.889172 Productivity GDP 4.2% 7.9% 8.0% 6.2% 4.6% 2.3% 6.7% -0.9% 14.4% 13.5% Growth 8.8% 6.1% 8.6% 3.2% 7.2% 8.6% 5.9% -5.9% 27.7% -11.1% of Real Growth Imports Trend in Import Productivity in Trinidad and Tobago, 2000-2009 and Tobago, in Import Productivity in Trinidad Trend 0.19% 11.1% -8.93% -4.76% -3.57% 28.80% 13.41% 28.29% 22.23% 24.63% of Real Growth Exports Import Productivity Performance and Sector Growth Performance Import Productivity Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Average Figure 5.6: Table 5.8: Table 34 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago products orservicesandtheircorresponding ISICsupplyingandusingsectors. regardingcopyright-bearing noted are points following the light, that In product. tertiary or secondary a as to which other industries contribute to the production of the referenced goods or service group, even if only one-to-one no is as information additional provide there SUT the However,of details the so industries. ISIC, the and CPC these the between correspondence by produced services is and one industries, goods reference main ISIC the the identifying to according classes product the organising by Thus, sub-class. CPC the by defined services and goods the of most produce normally will industry ISIC associated Similarly,the produced byaspecificISIC industryintheSNARev3.1. covers both goods and services, and each CPC sub-class consists of goods or services CPC that are predominantly The industries. copyright-based the define to (2003) WIPO by which used 3.1, categories the Rev to correspond SNA also the by used system (ISIC) Activities Economic All of Classification Industrial Standard International the under aredefined users and suppliers The services. and goods both covering UNSD, the of system (CPC) Classification Product Central the under defined suppliers commodities of the sub-classes 98 on of users data and provides 2000, Tobago, and Trinidad for (SUT) Table Use and Supply balanced The . 6 32 records dataforonlythe following: publishing its component, depends especially heavily on industry,copyright. Of the general classes and sub-classes in TableThe 6.2. Table6.2, the SUT 2000 in listed as SUT,Tobago and Trinidad the in 2221) 2212, (2211, activities ISIC by produced services and goods main the are commodities sector the of outputs The Source: computed of the GDP of the core sector and generating 44% of the employment In mostcountries,press andliterature isthelargestcore copyrightindustry, contributinganaverageof40% 6.1 Table 6.1: 17 inlabels. 87 supply a mix of products, 27 specialise in graphic design, four in greeting cards, 34 in screen printing and a supply printers mixed set of goods and services. In Trinidad,six there are four newspaper publishers and 169 printers, and of which publisher newspaper one thereTobago, In Tobago. and Trinidad in operation in printers and publishers delivering the goods and services in certain categories. Table 6.1 reports the numbers Mixed Printers Newspaper Publishers

Based ontheresults ofWIPO-sponsored studiesinvariouscountries.

of which Greeting Cards Screen Printing Graphic Design Labels Press andLiterature C o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e C o p y r i g h t - b a s e d I n d u s t r i e s t o G D P, P, D G o t n o s e a i t r a t D s u e d n n i I l e d s e a s B a b 0 - 0 t 0 h 2 g i T r U e y S d p a o : Tr C e l d e i n h f a t o r t f P n o e r m s o y n t o o c l i e p t S m u E b t i h r g t i n r o y C p o C e h T Printers andPublishersinTobago andTrinidad Category Tobago No. 6 6 1 32 Trinidad . Within the wider sub-class, there are No. 169 87 27 34 17 4 4 T&T No. 175 93 27 34 17 4 5 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago35 WIPO (2003) Classification Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core TT SUT Sub-class

Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing less than four times a week Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing at least four times a week NA NA NA

NA Printed books, brochures leaflets and similar printed in single sheets matter, other than advertising material Sub-class Unused postage, revenue or similar stamps; stamp- impressed paper; cheque forms; banknotes, stock, share or bond certificates and similar documents of title Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing less than four times a week Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing at least four times a week Music, printed or in manuscript Maps and hydrographic or similar charts (including wall maps, topographical plans and globes), printed, other than in book-form Other books of maps or charts Printed books (except dictionaries and encyclopaedias and serial instalments thereof), brochures, leaflets and other similar printed matter, than advertising material, not in single sheets; children’s picture, drawing or colouring books Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, and serial instalments thereof Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed in single sheets, other matter, than advertising material 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. General Class Stamps, cheque forms, banknotes, stock certificates, postcards, greeting cards, advertising material, pictures and other printed matter Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing less than four times a week Newspapers, journals and periodicals, appearing at least four times a week

Books, brochures and leaflets (except advertising material) printed, printed maps; music, printed or in manuscript CPC Code 3251 3240 3230 3226 3225 3225 3223 3222 3221 The General Classification of Press and Literature The General Classification of Press and ISIC Registers, account books, notebooks, letter pads, diaries and similar articles, blotting-pads, binders, (ISIC 2221). of paper or paperboard and other articles of stationery, file covers, forms Composed type, prepared printing plates media for use in printing (ISIC 2222). impressed or cylinders, impressed lithographic stones or other Code 2219

2212 2213

2211 CPC 3221 (sub-class 1) – Printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed in matter, single sheets material; other than advertising 7) – Newspapers, journalsCPC 3230 (sub-class times a week; and periodicals appearing at least four 8) – Newspapers, journalsCPC 3240 (sub-class four times a week; and periodicals appearing less than 15) – Other printed matter. CPC 3259 (sub-class SUT Code

27-01 Table 6.2: Table (a) (b) • • • • following the sector, copyright core the in not While 2000. SUT the in measured not are commodities other All above: specified as activity copyrighted of use and production the facilitate that activities interdependent are 36 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago the componentsofpress andliterature notyetmeasured. different quite in be to are likely production process. Matters the in consumed circulating) capital and (fixed total its in capital domestic of 39%, share, low the of because primarily sectors, copyright core the among low very is which used), inputs imported of dollar per added (value 1.7 of productivity import achieved and million, TT$79 of exports exports generated total of 0.262% contributed industry The added. value It industry total of 24.3% to amounted which bill. wage domestic the of GDP,0.8% of and 0.655% surplus produced operating industry of The 0.52% met. were capital of cost the and earnings retained and which from wages generated 2000, in intermediates TT$39.8 million of fixed capital in generating of the output and produced TT$119.1up millionused of operating million subsidies, surplus no received production, on TT$255 taxes of TT$700,000 paid million, used TT$164.9 of emoluments ISIC the in wider the grouping in defined sub-class industrial the that show data Tobago.SUT and Trinidad of landscape importance major cultural of the is in sector literature and press the that suggests SUT the from evidence empirical The must beinterpreted inthislight. performance of indicators the so 2000, SUT the in provided data baseline the in coveredare these of None of means of industry (e.g., contracts and types reports), and general engineering (e.g., all architectural and engineering drawings). insurance for cards), identity encoded maps non-magnetically and books and (e.g., sector education timetables the transportation), printed (e.g., transportation music, parties), and shows timetables), advertising (e.g., advertising products, publication and printing of advertising for retail products, such as tourism (e.g., books, magazines and brochures, guides for hotels and lodging, maps, address books, te scos Seiial, hr ae ikgs ewe pes n ltrtr ad etr suchastourism, output potential would industry’stake the the form of of share sectors significant a that and expected be could it basis, andliterature this On entertainment. and education, press between linkages are there Specifically, to sectors. services and other goods provides sub-class the public, the to services and goods final delivering from Apart Source: TTSNAandSUT; WIPO(2003) Table 6.2:

2219 221 2221 2219 7421 2219 2221 The GeneralClassificationofPressandLiterature(continued) 3252 8911 3253 3254 3255 3256 3259

contract basis Publishing, onafeeor

preparation 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. without envelopesortrimmings greetings ormessages,with printed cardsbearingpersonal Printed or illustrated postcards; 1. 2. the like commercial cataloguesand Trade advertisingmaterial, photographs Printed pictures,designsand copies oftheforegoing reproductions andcarbon written texts;photographic drawn byhand;hand- purposes, beingoriginals topographical orsimilar industrial, commercial, architectural, engineering, Plans anddrawingsfor printed calendars transferred engravings)and Transfers (decalcomanias= Other printedmatter on afeeorcontractbasis service relatedtoprinting Printing servicesand contract basis Publishing, onafeeor of products related to the major sectors of the economy,

Not documented

Other printedmatter Core Core Core Core Core Core Core The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago37 Naipaul . A linear relationship exists between the size of the newspaper (i.e., the amount of amount the (i.e., newspaper the of size the between exists relationship linear A News. Tobago The Tobago Trinidad Lessons from the Profiles Survey weekly is Tobago’s main newspaper; it has a circulation of approximately 5000, while other while 5000, approximately of circulation a has it newspaper; main Tobago’s is weekly News Tobago The have a daily ranging circulation between 800 and 2000. daily The newspapers main Trinidad of from source newspaper revenue is advertising, which presently accounts for about 80% to 85% of the revenue in the of case life- and events, social news, about society informing of functions important the performs News Tobago The on focused are that those particular in programmes, social for support providing and opportunities enhancing but being considered, are living in Trinidad the younger generation. Opportunities Tobagonians for reaching The demographic. that of characteristics market the determine to undertaken been yet has study feasibility no Locally and internationally, Tobago does not have as much Tobago Locally of and a internationally, presence in the press and literature industry and all respondents pointed to the need authors for and many other of industry Tobago’s players to reside abroad, mostly They in observed Trinidad. that newspapers had limited circulation and they suggested that there was a vast but untapped potential in a culture Tobago’s functioning for press, the especially development in the of current literary digital works age, and but discouraged that widespread economic conditions interest in and the island initiative had until now. for a They robust collaboration between specifically the House Tobago of Assembly commentedand writers, to publish online far on more focus on tourism. the potential given the island’s information on Tobago, news available for printing and thus the number of pages to be printed) and the number of advertisements that can be placed in a particular issue. Revenue is, available therefore, for printing more than on dependent circulation. The on contribution of circulation the to revenue currently amount approximates of news 15% to 20%. The cost to the produce newspaper is a small relatively of share so revenues, the a are profits payment of high dividends. with the resulting of revenues, high share relatively 6.1.1.2 V.S. authors, Prize-winning Nobel prominent two of development the for culture source the is Trinidad 6.1.1.1 literature and arts the in investment Trinidad, in that, was interviewed players the among feeling general The in general is not viewed as undervalued. a Some suggested major that this investment is now opportunity increasingly changing, and especially that, in internet.the by suggested up opened was It opportunities vast the account into taking media, print the and the as field of a journalism consequence, authors feel that the sector faces major problems, such as piracy and poor enforcement of rights. The developing local infrastructure of copyright protection is weak and results in poor remuneration, lack of opportunities, job insecurity and inefficient exploitation of copyright, conditions which are widely perceived as in content development. careers pursuing professional discouraging authors from and Derek yet Walcott, the publishing industry operates in in Trinidad a relatively limited local market, with local demand inadequate to drive widespread and increasingly needed to successful be a content significant creation player in on the global the internationalgetting industry.and Asmarkets foreign in scale wasbreakthrough a making by success theachieve to tend authors local case with both Naipaul andWalcott, kudos before they gain local respect. The income streams of the most popular sales abroad writers and from royalties channelled to come them through the mainly distribution systems maintained by from foreign members. of which they are collecting societies, such as the PRS, The survey of prominent players in the local industry provides significant insights literature into sector how the works press in and Trinidad and Tobago. A general observation among the local the cultural sphere, leading being multicultural, players is rich is and that provides a strong foundation for development of a significant industry in press and literature. The development and exploitation of Caribbean literature can bring numerous benefits to the entireregion, not least as a basis forthe the unique development of perspective films of based the on country and the region. internationally Yet famous there observes writer, Trinidadian are that, ‘it major is challenges. unfortunate that Earl quite often Lovelace, it an is the people overseas who see you as a valuable so commodity, many writers do not reside here. I know first-hand the here.’ of building a profession vexations and difficulties 6.1.1 38 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago The performance is closely related to the extraordinarily high share, 79%, of domestic capital in the in capital domestic of 79%, share, high extraordinarily the to related closely is performance The economy,the in sectors all of highest programming.development national for target attractive an it making the among is which used), inputs imported of dollar per added (value 33.5 of signatureproductivity import industry value added. The consolidated industry contributed 0.85% of total exports and achieved a very high total of 18.1% to amounted which million, labour-intensiveTT$255.6 highly of sector.exports generated It a suggests wages shareof high The GDP,bill. wage domestic the of 5.2% and surplus, operating of 1.11% of 2.85% about or million, TT$1413.3 to amounted added value Accordingly,gross met. be could capital of cost the and earnings retained which from surplus operating of million TT$254.0 produced and output the generating in capital fixed of million TT$129.5 up used subsidies, no received production, on taxes of million of intermediates in 2000, generated TT$1,029.3 million in wages and emoluments, paid TT$500,000 TT$53.2 used (9219,5020,9301,9302,9303), dressmakers Tailors, Studios, Photo Parlours, Funeral Salons, grouping class industrial wider as the defined in defined sub-class, the that show data SUT The embedded. is activity the theatrical music, the which in sub-class the of of performance economic fromthe obtained be can sub-class opera productionsand contribution the of picture preliminary incomplete, if substantial, a Nevertheless, of recorded media, on a fee or contract basis’ [ISIC 223], none of which have been covered in the SUT 2000. ‘printing services and services related to printing, on a fee or contract basis’ [ISIC 222], ‘reproduction services contract basis’ [ISIC 221], ‘printing and reproduction of recorded media, on a fee or contract basis’ [ISI 221], these is a class of linked publishing and of recording all activities to that Related can literature. be summarised and as film ‘publishing, as on a such fee sectors or productive copyright other for foundations substantive into develop readily could which of sets Tobagoboth the Festival, Tobago,of Heritage in acts and, the acts based industries in Trinidad and Tobago. In Trinidad, these copyright- would the of include development the the very in roles popular pivotal year-roundplay which of all comedy artists’, performing except artists, other and sculptors composers, authors, live of ‘services and and artists’, arts performing of ‘performing ‘services as services’, entertainment such segments important including documented’, ‘not as listed items the all include account satellite copyright and SUT updated the in, separated and to, added be will that elements deeply is services’ embedded in a very broad class of activities in organisation the Personal and Miscellaneous Services sector.and The important promotion event and arts ‘performing SUT the activity coveredby coveredthe not and are 2000, sub-class the of activities the of most again, Once Table6.3. in listed groups sub- the into falls segment second The estimates. baseline the by neglected was that industry music the of ISIC sub-class 2213 but not measured in the TT SUT 2000. This is certain to be a very important underpinning 6.2 sector. facilitator andregulator of privateentrepreneurs whodevelopandmanagethe commercial prospects ofthe sector,this within operating inappropriatelyenterprise an as functions government the that a as than rather respondents believed that the local industry suffers from the crowding-out effect of government and Most claimed system. education the through example, for work, creative of promotion of absence the and arts the sector’sprivate directareproblemsthe of industry major for lack the the support the of Among in initiatives and acquisitionofshares in othercompanies. investments estate real as such integration, horizontal in Tobagoinitiatives The at thereforelooking is News and instantaneously available now is news unlikely.World integration vertical makes technology changing Press and Literature as of sub-class the in covered is these of One CPC. the in considered activity music of segments two areThere achieved mostlyintherichexhibitionofcomedyonstageandtelevision. prominenceis modern Its plays. his Literatureincluding for Prize Nobel the of winner 1992 Walcottthe into Derek of development the is which among prominent achievements, major own their have prominent, developed less which of all and unique, truly are much while opera, productionsand Theatrical growntalent. creativityhome and background of the against which of most others, and extempo ragga, , pantar, soca, chutney,, calypso, as such instruments, and styles musical numerous of comprised is It world. the of rest the to culture local disseminating of means key a is it indeed, identity; national the with associated closely and vibrant particular.is in industry opera’ The and productions theatrical ‘music, of class sub- the of generally, and sector copyright the of component flagship the Tobago,Trinidadis and In music Music, TheatricalProductions, Opera esnl n Ms. evcs Rc n Clua, e t MV Ludis Bres Beauty Barbers, Laundries, M/V, to Rep Cultural, and Rec – services Misc. and Personal printed music – in the component described as ‘music, printed or in manuscript’ in the total The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago39 WIPO (2003) Classification Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core TT SUT Sub-class Not documented Not documented Included in the broad class [Personal and misc. services – Rec and Cultural, Rep to M/V, Laundries, Barbers, Beauty Salons, Funeral Parlours, Photo Studios, dressmakers Tailors, (9219,5020,9301,9302,9303,)] Not documented Not documented Not documented Not documented Sub-class Records, tapes and other recorded media for sound or other similarly recorded phenomena (except cinematographic film and cards with magnetic strip); computer software Sound recording services; audio post-production services Performing arts event promotion and organisation services; Performing arts event production and presentation services Performing arts facility operation facility arts Performing services Other performing arts and live entertainment services Services of performing artists Services of authors, composers, sculptors and other artists, except performing artists 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

General Class Audio and video records and tapes Audiovisual and related services Performing arts event promotion and organisation services

CPC 4752 9611 9622 9623 9629 9631 9632 Code 9621; Music, Theatrical Productions, Opera ISIC 2221 2213 2230 7221 7229 9211 9214 9219 9214 9219 9214 9214 9214 Code Pianos and other keyboard stringed musical instruments Pianos and other keyboard instruments Other string musical Wind instruments and brass-wind instruments organs, accordions musical amplified, electrically or must be the sound of which is produced, Musical instruments, organs) boxes and fairground instruments, musical (including percussion Other musical instruments Decoy calls, whistles, call horns and other mouth-blown, sound-signalling instruments Parts and accessories of musical instruments tuning forks, and pitch pipes. Metronomes, SUT Code 54-01 Table 6.3: Table • • • • • • • • performances, pan-related supporting ‘pan’, is sub-class this in activity important the Tobago, and Trinidad In one of the prominent creative activities within the flagshipcarnival’. a These substantial activities and of are internationallypan production famous sub-classaspect of the music of music – ‘steelband, calypso and sectors. copyright as part of the interdependent conceived, but will be measured broadly industry, Notwithstanding the fact that the following activities of instrument production are not in the core of ‘music, of core the in not are production instrument of activities following the that fact the Notwithstanding and theatrical and opera’, productions Tobago it is not to reasonable consider the music industry in Trinidad them: without addressing (fixed and circulating) capital consumed in production the process. industry’s It would be interesting to see measured. properly of the music industry are change when the components how substantially matters 40 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago performances. international of benefits the reaped players pan local the that ensure to used aspect and marketed be one could that was achievement human extraordinary this that suggested they memory.Indeed, to music of scores entire committed music, read to unable being who, to people of numbers optimistically large having of somewhat ‘virtue’ the pointed leaders Some • • • • the followingareas: in potential industrial the great has that nevertheless industry observed interviewed leaders industry The The steelpan being a musical instrument that was only invented in the 20 of ‘steelband,calypsoandcarnival’. popular rhythms of calypso and the works of mas in the Trinidad – famously described as Carnival the trinity the with association close in and culture community in roots popular from emerged Trinidad.It of identity The experts responding in this segment observe that steelband music is deeply rooted in the national cultural 6.2.1.1 6.2.1 Source: TTSNA,SUT(2000),WIPO(2003) segment has taken place as yet, in significant contrast to Carnival andthetransformation ofcalypso. segment hastakenplaceasyet,insignificantcontrasttoCarnival Table 6.3: steelpan musichavebeengrantedpatentsinvariousmarkets. in used instruments musical The ‘FY’). (pronounced PHI the called popularly more Instrument, Harmonic of time and intends to take the research to market. The flagship product of the company is the Percussive period a over research in involved been has grant, Government a through funded been has which (SIP), for file trademarks to for the PHI (Percussive formed Harmonic Instrument) and for the was G-Pan. The Steelpan Initiative Project Panadigm (SIP). Project Initiative Steelpan the from coming property the intellectual lodge to a space find to instance first the in attempt an as 2006 May in established was Panadigm Code SUT calypso. beyond variations utilise artistes where Concerts Production andsaleoftunedpans. Teaching the playing and tuning of the instrument. Tuning of pansasaspecialisation. Lessons from the Profile Survey of Leading Players in Music, Theatrical Productions, Opera Productions, Theatrical Music, Trinidad in in Music Players Leading of Survey Steelpan/Steelband Profile the from Lessons 223 222 221 Code ISIC Music, TheatricalProductions,Opera(continued) 8911 8911 Code CPC basis contract on afeeor Publishing, General Class 10. 9. 8. 7. contract basis recorded media,onafeeor Reproduction servicesof contract basis related toprintingonafeeor Printing servicesand contract basis recorded media,onafeeor Printing andreproductionof basis Publishing, onafeeorcontract Sub-class Panadigm high riskareas. as an input into crime prevention programmes in is considered by the Ministry of National Security model business Its friends. of network createda has and camps training literacy music organises it develops applauded, and it recognized Nationally work. T&T, of social undertakes the and University engagement community With the all. of to help accessible is expression. Academy artistic The general and musicians of development literacy, to music alia, inter Academy address, Music Birdsong the of establishing step innovative the took Birdsong 2004, In Birdsong MusicAcademy Not documented th century, no major take-off of this TT SUTSub-class Core Core Classification WIPO (2003) The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago41 is often an ‘true professional ‘local professional’ career in music groups In essence, this is an art form built on social 33 Exploitation Exploitation of the possibilities of the industry is hugely still challenging. Promotion is professional the many not are key there but copyright to in money earning who promote and Tobago music in promoters Trinidad pan. The experts interviewed observe that steelband members and players still have considerable difficulty touring and recording for assistance financial finding in for regional and international exposure. Many of the and music in educated professionally not are musicians launching a and moving towards insurmountable challenge for the individual, if viewed music. read to inability their of standpoint the from only Further, as one put it: ‘steelpan performances remain a charity’. Beyond that, the critical challenge that pan musicians face is to findwhile regular playing music means full-time. Older artistes of survival who they though even income, steady no have perform not do might be holders of national awards. The contribution of the pioneers is not routinely catalogued and their memory is not being preserved provide in an ways adequate that platform could for of the the next development generation of pannists. Government and corporate structures have not yet invested adequately in the efforts to develop and promote the pan still is music instrument an as pan The internationally. industry radio little is there and application seasonal to confined airplay for the many incarnations of pan music outside the Carnival season.’ PANTAR Calypso and Chutney – Trinidad Pan Music in Tobago Calypso and Society in Pre-Independence . Trinidad . Rohlehr: St Augustine, Trinidad. G. (1990),Calypso and Society in Pre-Independence Trinidad Rohlehr, The music of Pantar is the widely recognized rich recognized widely the is Pantar of music The legacy created by The Mungal Patasar. music of calypso Indian, of fusion a together brings Pantar (folk) and jazz music. Pantar originates the from two leading instruments of the ensemble: the ‘pan’ from ‘steelpan’, and the ‘tar’ from ‘sitar’. The concept was founded that in music is a the universal language that philosophy eclipses mundane physical and ethnic boundaries. The music of Pantar aims to express this ideal. It Americas is the Africa, Europe, of convergence the and the Orient. This remarkable ensemble has and, success international considerable achieved Records Virgin to signed was group the 2000, in in France. Pantar because is of financially independent its regionally and internationally, and many sales of the performances CDs group’s over the years major has locally, are averaged touring 5000 and performances Live year. per sources of income, although ensuring financial of area an is recording and touring for assistance concern. The band has maintained steady and secure employment practices paying salaries, monthly negotiating fees for performances and making concessions for charity shows. Turnover of personnel in the band has been minimal.

Chutney, on the other hand, emerged in Trinidad in association with soca as an art form based on local Indian local on based form art an as soca with association in Trinidad in emerged hand, other the on Chutney, that suggested interviewed players leading The tastes. musical Indian local to catering and traditions musical the prospects for the industry were good and that more and more artists are able to The make chutney art form out career is of taught presently chutney. in a Hindu primary schools via the Baal professional Vikaas demand in other communities in the Indian diaspora. is also strong and there programme commentary and commanding a broad social appeal in an though era even alive much when very still is the form art other The public. general media the to inaccessible of and underdeveloped public were education it appears to be losing its cultural and economic appeal, but it has given rise to soca, an art form that has a livelier beat, is more economically viable, and so provides very practice. promising opportunities for professional 33 Calypso is the oldest of Trinidad’s musical art forms, with a history that is well-documented in ’s Rohlehr’s Gordon in well-documented is that history a with forms, art musical Trinidad’s of oldest the is Calypso book 6.2.1.1.2 All of the above considerations arise in Tobago, which boasts a few of the leading and prize-winning bands in bands prize-winning and leading the of few a boasts which Tobago, in arise considerations above the of All properties the of ownership of right the i) are however, Tobago, in steelbands for issues key Two country. the in respect of which they have had long tenure, and ii) attracting segment. larger numbers of young people to the 6.2.1.1.1 42 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • by theleadingplayersare: Notwithstanding favourable prospects, there are significant challenges ahead. The main challenges identified majorincome their that shows ofpractice comes from feesnegotiatedforperformances. butobservation rights, neighbouring of beneficiaries also are US the in Andrewthe by performed Coca-Cola’ Singers and Sisters. ‘Rum Velascosong famous the for rights their over courts Lionel and Invader Lord of victory famous the since ever important as treated been has Copyright is of great importance to music professionals in Trinidad and Tobago, especially to composers, and body. Carnival California the and personnel, Day Labour Indian/American WestYork New the ,; Artists, Performing Calypso of Organisation the (ABC); British of Association the with collaboration international has it Currently, members. its industry.the of of size strongthe has of also indication TUCO basic provides some which members, welfare1000 over the assure to seeks also It globally. form art calypso the market and promote to as well as singers calypso and calypsonians all of interests cultural and rights the for body Trinidadof government the by mainly Funded 1998. of No.33 Tobago,and bargaining the officially is TUCO Parliament of Act an by incorporated body national a as recognised and calypso, of development the drive Trinbagothe is structure.institution such One to 1992 in formed (TUCO) Organization Calypsonians Unified forms, but art much these progressof development was for still basis institutional needed reasonable in a was this there that area, indicated partly leaders industry because The of the ethnic flavour of the organisational priority onlocalmusic. Further,broadcastingfrombase. marketing, distributionlocal and the aretourists increasingly alsoa placing enabled and music, for market the of growth rapid a allowed also have internet the and technology Digital recording technologies,whichhaveledtogreater accesstotherecording ofmaterial. complex less and musicians) live of use the to respect with (except costs recording falling of terms in and soca, chutney calypso, in professionals to benefits positive brought has technology digital of evolution The or ntttoa srcue i te es o asne f srn bsns ascain o upr the support to association business strong a of musical tradition. absence of sense the in structure, institutional Poor A non-existentorweakincentive packageforthemusicindustry;and by thepublicsector; The weak capital base of local promoters, and inadequate trade promotion and investment programming and globalmarkets,excessive marketclosure onthe investmentsideoftheindustry; A music business model and branding strategy that is inadequate to accelerate access to national, regional Insufficient public support in the form of music scholarships to major markets andExcessive taxation,especiallyofequipmentviaVAT traditional oninstruments; music centres; Lack ofinfrastructure andtrainingatthecommunitylevel; Inadequate spread ofthedemandforchutneybeyonditsethnicboundaries; of alllocalformsthroughout theschoolsystematalllevels; Inadequate spread of chutney musical forms beyond the Hindu primary schools and inadequate teaching Lack ofarepository oftraditionalmusic; ethnic lines; Fragmentation of the industry between traditional and modern music and excessive fragmentation along Distrust andconflictwithintheindustry; The policyoflocalmusicstores nottopromote localmusiceffectively; thelocal anddeveloping Piracy andinadequatecopyrightenforcement; ofimproving theexpense at infrastructure forcollectionsandtheenforcement capacityofpoliceandthejudiciary; societies societies, foreign collecting with functioning affiliation of in capacity resulting the especially infrastructure, copyright Underdeveloped missed in opportunities foreconomicexploitationofexistingrights; results which sponsors, and performers creators, by copyright on knowledge of level low A Lack ofeasilyaccessibleadviceoncopyright; – – Lack oftrainingonaregional basisto: Lack ofprofessional managementofmusicians; access financinganddevelopmarketingstrategies; develop technicalskillsandadoptnewtechnologies; The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago43 Tobago 6.2.1.2 The leading players in Tobago are of the the future view of the that music, theatre and is opera industry bright, if and the changes organisational and technological ongoing resident population can adapt allow the benefits of to the performing arts to outshine any negativity attached to them. already The population well is conditioned view for the demanded outward-looking of in the local current global populations digital revolution. Related environment to this, there is a significant enabled competing by the tourism focus in the economy, which provides wide- ranging options for the interface between community and rural tourism and this segment, especially using a model that as industry leader exploits Further, Heritage Festival of Tobago. synergies with the John Arnold observed, popular has Tobago kept a very broad focus in its musical tradition, with many acts playing a on the leading national role calypso and of its local soca scene while developing other copyright forms in heritage ‘poems, by supported music, of aspects other scripts, superstitious stories and knowledge of herbs for medicinal purposes.’ Arnold himself led a school-based activity in the industry but admitted that lot of period. current the of challenges the to unequal was it Tobagonian musicians face the same Trinidadians, as challenges documented as above, only to a much greater extent. One especially important challenge is that internet technologies are much weaker than Trinidad; in there are many areas of Tobago where rich talent resides and there is simply no internet access at more substantially also are sector the from Incomes all. Tobago though even participant, typical the for irregular boasts many of the nation’s leading artists aspects in of this many segment. Local industry infrastructure is poor and is there a need great for formal training in the arts, including playing, arranging and drama/film scoring. Some industry leaders also hold the view that a major deficiency is the absence of a strong union of musicians, which weakens the bargaining position of that matter. for and in Trinidad musicians in Tobago, is (TAPA) Arts Performing of Academy Tobago The sub- the supporting institutions outstanding the of one Established class in in October Tobago. 1983, it is also one of successful Tobago’s non-profit organisations. Its principal activity is dance: ballet, tap, jazz, modern, and folk. recognition In to Tobago when they participated 2001, in the highly TAPA competitive Llangollen International Eisteddfod brought only and first the is TAPA international place. first won and Wales in Caribbean group to win this prestigious competition. know- copyright that said Alfred, Annette leader, TAPA of number a as NGO, the by faced issue serious a is how their choreographed dances have been taped and are lodged and used at the Culture Department, Division Calypso Rose Bindley Benjamin Calypso Rose, Tobago’s most prominent successful player and in the entire copyright sector, started writing and singing calypso at the age of 15 in 1955, the in Calypso Bethel, Queen Tobago. title She from won motivating 1974 to a 1978, change in local the Calypso labelling Finals of the ‘Calypso from ‘Calypso Monarch’. King’ Internationally, the to she Calypso King and the won Road March titles in St Thomas, singing ‘Cooperation’. With all the major calypso titles in hand, Rose retired from competition to export her music. Calypso Rose has been a member of currently She 1966. since Music for (PRS) Society the Performing Right receives royalties when Poland, Greenland, Iceland, Russia, in her worldwide music is played France and the former Czechoslovakia. She sees the role of the government as partially that of developing more young trained musicians, for example, trumpeters and trombonists. She said: ‘It is obvious that some money is spent on the steelpan, but more money on should the other be segments spent of industries. In the addition, more entertainment resources need to entertainers local the marketing on expended be on the international scene.’ ‘may The also be included in the promotion efforts.’ government Rose lamented the threat posed by local ‘rampant piracy which is vivid at corner, with some every artists unconcerned city in a street bid larger listenership and popularity.’ to acquire Bindley Benjamin is who in 1990 a was responsible prominent for the introducing following musician three classifications entered of in calypso Carnival and competitions judged in accordingly: Tobago Social Political Commentary He and was Humour. also Commentary, instrumental in having calypso judges paid for their services. He observed that a more approach direct is needed music when and promoting culture into local universities internationally, and promoting of their art-form through going concerts where the percentage. He school also felt takes that a a should quota be system instituted that of local music gets a ensure fair percentage by the government appealing. more becomes therefore and airtime, to 44 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago

worth fullyreporting theinterviewwithMrRagoobarsinghandresulting profile oftheindustryhere: of House Tobago the by is it sponsored foundations, such despite theatredevelopment theatrical of challenges the is Assembly.of picture Tofull a which grasp Tobago, in Festival Heritage the by adopted model business the is achieved be can success how of example TrinidadTobago.good in and theatreA for future cultural rich this bright and feasible fact, a suggest that factors In the of one is concerns. scripts attractive of production other the for environment among space, of unavailability and costs), copyright (including after Walcott’s major successes. Industry leaders blame elitism, problems of marketing, high production costs even challenge, substantial a development found has it yet scripts; distinguished providing Lovelace Earl as such authors acclaimed with and pioneers, prominent its time, among long Theatre Carib a Walcott’sDerekLittle for with existed has industry The Productions. RS another, and Ragoobarsingh Richard by owned major four are Tobago,there Trinidadand In firm foundations, includingabasicunderstandingoftheirhistory.’ having confidence with so do may continue to any want who those a as and provide field would mandatory the This of not. understanding be basic or studies should their further to arts want they ‘Performing if decide here: can students input then subject, bigger other a make to have would Policy-makers destination andassuchweshouldhaveourtalentsshowcasedatamoment’s notice.’ ‘Tobagooffer’,and, to have arts performing tourist the a that is all showcasing by load the lighten help will awareness ‘Public noted: further She drive.’ personal and infrastructure, physical training, ‘financing, with global changing the and cultural to activities in the adapt communities. The obstacles could to commercialisation people would also have the to be addressed if challenges. Such adaptation, she bright said, starts with specific education about the benefits was of participatory social Tobago’s future that believed Alfred Mrs groups basedbothinsideand outsideTobago withoutthepermissionoforganisation. of Community Development and Culture, which, over the years, has distributed them to a number of dance the movies.’ seen as mediocre by the general public. An intrinsic aspect of being an actor is having an areappreciation of plays local Tobagoas Trinidadand in attitude condescending a becomes then it but abroad, travel theatredon’tthey they when compounded when plays is attend This may does. They plays. local attend what for respect to and appreciation their has of terms one in ignorance makers, of level decision- a be the may there with that understand interaction In society. the of development and growth the to intrinsic as art prioritised never Tobagohas ‘Trinidadand theatre: and priorities policy-makers’ On in taught not are we as primary schoolthevalueofperformingartsinanytangible way.’actor an being in involved get to how ask people COTT.subsequently Many wereby addressedchallenges These song. minute 3-5 is full billing a and playing restaurant seconds a 20 to last similar even calculated not does theatres in played music the of some as arise, ‘Conflicts Trinidad andTobago), thereby leavingtheburden ofpaymentwiththeproducer oftheplay.’ copyright in theatre spaces arise when spaces are not licensed for COTT (Copyright Music Organisation of for theatres development throughout Infrastructure the concern. country of is areanot consideredanother is a is major that spaces priority theatre by etc., of the government. availability lighting, Concerns The regarding managers, required. stage artists, graphic photographers, artists, make-up costuming, as On then needstodevelopabackupsystemforgettingpromotional activity.’ relationship with their clientele; however, a corporate clients maintains assist cannot company always production to assist. Each The advertisements. production clients newspaper company or corporate television for on costs advertising depend in houses ‘theatre survive, To costly.’ very also and challenge a is an as theatre see people of lot a Jamaica, In and it is a vibrant industry that entertainment fillsalternative their halls during performances. Marketing paintings. as such arts visual and dance… as such performing arts the of some of terms in ahead is Tobago.It Trinidadand of landscape cultural the of part people have been coming to the theatres within the last few years, but theatre is still morphing into being that public relations battle that and New York theatre does not have … to hard sell. More young TrinidadTobagoin ‘Theatrefight and elitist. to thereforerather has be to considered still was but curve On prospects: Mr Ragoobarsingh observed that, in Trinidad and Tobago, theatre was on a developmental commercial entities,particularlyRSProductions, intheproduction oftheatricalperformances. On RR Productions and cooperation with other players: osts of Production: of Costs ‘Besides rental cost of theatre spaces, there are lots of ancillary costs such costs ancillary of lots are there spaces, theatre of cost rental ‘Besides companies, one being RR Productions, RR being one companies, theatre commercial RR Productions also collaborates with other The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago45 TVP Leaders at Total Video Productions in Ltd Tobago point (TVP) out that observe that, it even as they face the challenge of is also useful to investing in expensive professional equipment, in particular for broadcasting and professional training staff, video of production companies covering by thrive mostly Tobago and Trinidad in private and promotional material. The public chances are very low in events successfully compete can company a such that and producing established “was (TVP) internationalmarket. the visual audio the in contender major a as 2004 in industry in the twin island Republic of Trinidad The anticipated and future in Tobago”(. Tobago by small video production companies such TVP as appears to be in providing services to the hotels, restaurants, and managers the of the secretaries Tobago House and of Companies of that scale and Assembly. with that business model ‘are not very familiar with and competition copyright and need to invest more time to a plays also Tourism knowledge’. specific this get vital role in the growth of a profitable exchange for both producer and consumer, and ‘here is place into put be should regulations strict where ensuring quality and value’. An to unwillingness learn is development of the industry and also ultimately our pervasive people, but, greater emphasis ’for needs to overall be on placed public awareness. Respect for appreciation each for the other, industry and honesty as a people should be paramount. As the old adage goes, ‘knowledge is contagious!’’ ideo and Sound Production Production – acquiring the rights for a assembling property, the creative team, securing financing, and arranging distribution; developing the property and international; Distribution – local, regional Exhibition – theatrical (cinemas, DVD/video outlets) and non-theatrical (schools, government, and other institutions); specialty and conventional channels. television, cable, pay-per-view, – television, direct Broadcasting Creators Creators – screenwriters, film directors, artdirectors, actors, directors of photography, animators, music composers, editors; otion Picture, V Motion Picture, ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ‘In reviewing the On the ‘In outlook reviewing for the future: outlook for the future, it is to be noted that movies the started out of a feed from the community. theatrical Theatre is because it an is a feeder to untapped many other arts performing in resource terms of film,while television andTobago movies.and There Trinidad in festivals theatre no are they are found all over the is strategically positioned in Tobago the Caribbean world. Trinidad and to conduct performances and be the centre of the theatre festivals. The state has to decide that the financial provide and important are arts performing of representation Tobago and Trinidad for assistance the performing parts arts of in the different world. Plans for the future include further Canada north and – London. to New York, taking productions undertake this other exercise, factors come into To play such as financial assistance, abroad you as need to obtain insurance, theatres for which costs millions, and unionisation comes into focus in the dynamics of what works internationally.’ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ Regarding Regarding www.trinidadandtobagofilm.com/filmindustry.asp, the the and Trinidad Film Tobago Company current observes that film‘Trinidad and sectorTobago’s began emerging profile, in the late 1950s to early ‘60s and by the late ‘70s, there at were a handful of local productions, both feature film http:// and television.’ As of January 2007, the industry ‘consisted offering production of support services; 12 nine production television stations,’ companies; employing 33 900 persons companies altogether. Industry components and occupations cover the usual range: Motion Picture, Video and Sound is a major sub-class of activities in the global copyright-based sector and a sub-class of considerable and significance Tobago. It is in generally difficult Trinidad to separate from the sub-class Television and Radio, the latter employs many of the outputs mainly of the former. because We classify in Table 6.4 following the CPC/ISIC, to the captioned items. estimates relate but 6.3

before 2000, at least a fledgling industry was emerging rapidly in both film and video. Indeed, the Trinidad and even that, fact the Trinidad despite 2000, SUT the into incorporated and documented are the activities of listed the None Indeed, video. and film both in rapidly emerging was industry fledgling a least at was 2000, film’ before feature ‘international one 2000, in that reports 2007, in founded itself (TTFC), Company Film Tobago was Dreams’ ‘Calypso film, another and 2000), production, Merchant/Ivory (a Masseur’ Mystic ‘The produced, (http://www.trinidadandtobagofilm.com/filmindustry.asp). 2002 in later years two only delivered 46 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 6.4: industry size. to given is than capital), domestic (hence property intellectual on reliance of degree the and activity the of in that emergence of monitored, speed be the to greateris given significantly what be determining must weight is here learned be to already lesson important an However,Tobagoeconomy. and Trinidad the of what the performance prospects might be from the standpoint of the fundamental problems of development see and record the upgrade to interesting be in would and film it Trinidad of and future Tobago, the about Moreover, before 2000, up to 15 films were produced in the country, some in Tobago. The TTFC is optimistic Source: computed Table 6.5: the in activities these economy of well growth before the rapid year 2000. and However,visibility significanthigh information canthe benotwithstanding gleaned from2000, the profilesSUT survey.the Televisionin and Radio on supplied are data sector,no audiovisual the of segments other the of case the in Further,as in above, indicated practical As calculations these 6.6. would have to in Table be read documented as specific as to the are activities suppliedclassifications by Radio andindustry and Television. product CPC/ISIC The across Caribbeanislandchain. thenationandsometimeswellintoEastern content broadcast Trinidadgenerally in Stations Trinidad(Table6.5). to content broadcast not do typically Tobago,of but out operate station television one and stations radio two Tobago.Trinidadthese, and in Of and Tobago. There are 30 radio stations and 11 television stations supplying content and Televisionbroadcastingand Radio of Trinidadsub-class of The industries copyright-based the in vibrant most the of services one is 6.4 Source: TTSNA,WIPO(2003) RADIO TELEVISION Code 9211 9211 9211 9211 9211 9211 9211 9212 9212 9214 9214 ISIC CATEGORIES Radio andTelevision Code 9611 9612 9613 9614 9615 9631 9632 CPC Motion Picture,Video andSound Radio andTelevision inTrinidad andTobago related services Audiovisual and General Class TRINIDAD 28 10 TOBAGO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 2 1 services Sound recordingservices;audiopost-production services Motion picture,videotape,andtelevisionproduction Audiovisual productionsupportservices and televisionradioprogrammes Services relatedtotheproductionofmotionpictures services Motion pictureandtelevisionprogrammedistribution Film andvideopost-productionservices pictures andtelevisionradioprogrammes Other servicesrelatedtotheproductionofmotion Motion pictureprojectionservices Video tapeprojectionservices Services ofperformingartists artists, exceptperformingartists Services ofauthors,composers,sculptorsandother T&T 30 11 Sub-class Classification WIPO (2003) Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago47 Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core WIPO (2003) Classification Sub-class Services of authors, composers, sculptors and other Services of authors, composers, sculptors and artists, except performing artists Services of performing artists Services related to the production of motion pictures and Services related to the television and radio programmes Motion picture and television programme distribution Motion picture and television services Film and video post-production services Other services related to the production of motion pictures Other services related to the production of motion and television and radio programmes Audiovisual production support services Audiovisual production Motion picture, video tape, and television production Motion picture, video services Sound recording services; audio post-production services Sound recording services; 9. 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3. 2. 1. General Class Audiovisual and related services Radio and Television Broadcasting Television Radio and CPC 9632 9631 9614 9613 9612 9611 Code Radio Local Content on Television ISIC 9214 9211 9211 9211 9214 9211 9211 9211 9211 Code 6.5 What is said about television is applicable to radio, except for the visual radio implications. has Further, the hearing. by attention only demanding distractive, and mobile more much being of television over advantage Radio also has its own advantageous versatilities; there can be talk radio, news radio, music on, radio and all so of which can leaders industry to deliver according and light, that In effective editor. information and news content, the of skills the with accordance given reliable information about audience interest and in who were interviewed in the profile surveys, radio generally and talk radio in particular has hit on a strong While all local television stations have addressed some aspects of these initiatives, it is Gayelle that appears to appears that Gayelle is it initiatives, these of aspects some addressed have stations television local all While content local on primarily focusing of challenges the confronting in path correct the along farthest gone have creation, guided by a judgement about what is important to knowledge local of audiences. what However, international and regional the what of knowledge than important less is hear and see to want audiences local audiences want to and see knowledge and of hear, what these audiences and regional television and radio houses will repeatedly reuse in their own production systems. The interview with leaders in this extensively. here reproduced copyright segment is accordingly In the case that of same Tobago, principle applies to this borders. the Ultimately, is island’s achievable only with high levels of investment in information production, editing, and actors, sharing backed by careful by market research, since the local skills and of producer editor, must the professionals define reporter, and jointly what the audience wants to know, see, and hear first, as well asthis know,is see standard and fare. What hearmust most.be Alladded, of content other in by input as the used and light produced content of of sense the in the content, reusable the estimates is it that generated is model, from the baseline SUT which developers must and be suppliers the to primary the target end-user, – content that serves as capital, so to speak. The 11 television stations are important for many reasons, but the most important of these is the production of production the is these of important most the but reasons, many for important are stations television 11 The regional the penetrate profitably to potential the has that news, including style, marketable and content local and international market for information. Both radio and television provide marketable content that has as one of its attractive features the immediacy of communication to The the advantage end-user. of television is the power of visual graphics, dramatisation, since a key to success is the uniqueness in the way light However, these attractive put combinations together are and sound, combined with effective interpretation. have an excellent chance of succeeding on the and Tobago and marketed, stations in a country like Trinidad boundaries. attractive to audiences beyond the nation’s that are global market if they can define styles 6.4.1 Source: TTSNA, WIPO (2003) Source: Table 6.6: Table 48 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Radio Tambrin, a radio station broadcasting out of Tobago, commenced operations on the 8 6.5.1 to grapplewith,andtakeadvantageof,thesedevelopments. Publishers and Broadcasters Tobago and Trinidad the members have its and industry the positioning (TTBPA),industry’sin Association to the assist organisation, umbrella seeking are leaders industry light, that In occurs there will be a growing need to understand and deploy the value of copyright created in the process. it as and change, technology-driven is This internet. directionthe the and in telephony moving of is radio as bandwidth, of limitation the is challenge immediate an that suggests stations radio the of experience The general developmentpathandstayonit,whateverthehomebaseofstation. content. The experience and trajectory of Radio Tambrin in Tobago is a good example of how to get onto local this of delivery profitable on rapidly,heavily growingTrinidadTobago, based is in and and model business attract venture capitalfunding. successfully to business only Tobago-based and first the Tobagoand of out operating a Tobagonian,wholly by owned be to Station Radio only the Tambrinremains Todate, relationship. investment equity length arm’san in together entrepreneurs and Trinidadinvestors Tobagoof bring and to government the by 1996 fromfunding Venturethe ProgrammeIncentive Capital in programmeearlier a years (VCIP), two only up set capital venture attract to able were They institutions. financial from funding capital attract to founders the for challenge a Tobagocreated the landscape on concept business new Tambrina Radio was that fact The radio stationwhosemissionwas,andstillis,tobridge the communicationgapthatexistswithinTobago. for people in Tobago to find out what was actually happening in Tobago. Radio was founded Tambrinby Mr isand Mrs George aLeacock, two community-based visionary Tobagonians who recognised that it was difficult to monetisecontentonline,whereby consumerscanpaytodownloadorsubscribecontent.’ ways new creationof surroundthe also plans Further deals. distribution into enter to Ghana and Nigeria as such countries with talks also areThere people. million 28 of audience estimated an to programming world. wider the and Diaspora Already,Caribbean strong links are established with the European the market through Sky TV,to which can distribute local content sell to developed being are models business market position and make their studios available for independent producers to produce their shows. New would be for the government’s broadcast network Caribbean New Media Group (CNMG) to adopt a free Mr would alsoincrease.’ properly train, as cameramen etc., then the quality of programming would increase and market receptivity TT$50, 000 to produce one show so, if the market was opened up and more people felt it worthwhile to observed: ‘Very few high quality players exist so the price for local production is very high; it costs around The cost barrier: Another challenge is the very high cost to produce top quality local shows, Cambridge industry.’ local our of demise the to much programming foreign fed be always will people then aired, be content local of percentage certain a that demand to change doesn’t legislation local ‘If programming: sponsor to advertisers for attractive more it make and indoctrination foreign of norm the preventing in a way long go would breaks, tax as such incentives related and television, on aired be programming indigenous He level.’ governmental the at percentageof certain a that mandate would which culturequotas, content local introductionof the that asserts local for support real was there if overcome be ‘could content local developing of challenges the of many that contends CEO, current Cambridge, Dwayne future. the to path the be to is this if addressed be to challenges many arethere Nevertheless challenges: key On created thelargestrepertoire oflocallycreated programming intheCaribbeanindustry. has Gayelle shareholders, its of one Banyan, with together and, television and radio in ‘king’ is Content house. local such one is 2004) in (founded Gayelle house television The stations. television on available On r ars fr i pr, ugse ta: oe a t ipoe h cret situation current the improve to way ’one that: suggested part, his for Harris, Mr view: Harris’s oa tlvso pouto hue wr etbihd u t te act o lcl content local of paucity the to due established were houses production television Local Gayelle: A Profile from Tobago – Radio Tambrin Radio – Tobago from Profile A th of June 1998. It The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago49 Tambrin Soca under . Tambrin the Radio Samaan Tree elated Professional and Technical Services and Technical isual and Graphic Arts, Related Professional 6.7. The an component industry represents into which the primary initial cost of entry is the cost of Photography, V Photography, There There is also a wide range of specialisations such display as: for part-time products freelancing persons and scenes, whose only underwater additional full-time capital weddings, outlay artists is fashions, a digital and portraits, camera or photojournalists;– a carving subjects knife; and of persons range wide a in specialising in and a the digital like. environment, As take virtual over mall the the environments marketing of products, wide fairly a is there Correspondingly, important. increasingly becoming is industry the of capacity illustrative be will art other and photographs how to tied fees usage pure and creativity for fees including structure, fee and the extent of transfer of copyright. differentiation used, both of which allow pricing by product 6.6 The component reported are Photographic codes ISIC relevant Services, The above. documented sub-class Visual Services Personal the and of part forms Services Graphic Arts and Related Professional and in Technical Table secondary the in subject significant a been long has art since government, by borne is cost basic the of Much school system since the 1960s. Thus, there sociological variety is in fairly the industry; widespread there are participation participants who and work correspondingly from and studios complete with labs. storefronts home wide and those who establish obtaining adequate education about the technologies of the industry and in the skills to use them, along with along them, use to skills the in and industry the of technologies the about education adequate obtaining relations. skills in financing, marketing, management and social the cost of acquiring related The major challenge Radio Tambrin saw facing the sector was the way the broadcast industry was regulated industry was regulated was the way the broadcast saw facing the sector The major challenge Radio Tambrin and managed by the The TATT. opening up of individuals the and firms telecommunications obtaining sector radio resulted with relationships licencesbrokered have or business, in of out gone have stations radio smaller the thoughof number a a Today, number the of size of the advertising pie remained constant. larger players in This the has sector. created an asartificial advertisers monopoly, are now looking for firms that have multiple stations on which to purchase advertising spots. the Further, internet has changed nature the of competition an in individual the or Traditionally, sector. a firmequipment. wishingbroadcast in toinvest participateand infees of thenumber radio a pay licence, radio a for apply to had sector broadcasting without presence global a establish and internet the using entity broadcast a up set simply can anyone Today, a substantial business continues investment. to Despite forge these ahead challenges, with Radio a Tambrin given its mission. that can only get stronger brand presence Tambrin has become a Tambrin household name among citizens of all ages, not but only also in in Tobago Trinidad. beyond presence a have to it for abroad residing locals from demand a created has success local station’s The can be listened to on This demand is met via the internet: Radio Tambrin and Trinidad. of Tobago the shores The of presence its www.tambrintobago.com. international listenership is evident when persons other from call-in programmes. in the station’s Switzerland, etc., participate Caribbean territories, Germany, The strength of the Radio brand Tambrin is so great that it has allowed the station to successfully migrate into other For areas. example, during the Carnival has season, each year for the last 12 years Radio Tambrin been able to host the biggest Carnival called event in Tobago, Radio Tambrin has been meeting its objective as a community-based radio station, as it is able to adequately adequately to able is it as station, radio community-based a as objective its meeting been has Tambrin Radio provide information to residents and visitors to Due Tobago. to changes in regulations, the station took a decision to apply for a procure to it National allow to needed was Licence, investment capital additional which an required country, the of it topography the of to because broadcast/transmit to The 90% frequency. single a of using Charlotteville, the and country; Trinidad reach to signal station’s the for necessary equipment frequency, its lost Tambrin Radio completion, its on and, complicated and long both was process application which had a serious impact on the station as its brand was inextricably despite this However, linked challenge, was Radio able to Tambrin to successfully its navigate this hurdle broadcast and today frequency. has and Trinidad. listenership in Tobago brand identity as it has a dedicated an even stronger The station operates 24 hours a day, 7 sports programmes, and reports music. Similar to other days radio stations, it generates its from revenue sales of a week, pay to required is providing station The news COTT. with interacts it that broadcasts, requires business its of call-in nature The spots. advertising and discussion is arrangement This internationalartists. and local from music of use the for annually COTT to fees copyright that it COTT’s is considered seen as necessary so that artistes can be compensated for their works; however, for their music. artists undercompensated artist fees leaves the less popular method of calculating 50 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 6.7: small commission, which makes it more accessible to start-ups. Tourism offers significant potential, much potential, significant Tourismoffers start-ups. to accessible more it makes which commission, small a receive to chance a get artists and held are exhibitions non-commercial gallery,where exhibition an has Trinidadof houses guest and hotels the in work display to opportunity Tobago.and building Society Art The some However,is work. there their present to artists local for opportunities few are there Carnival, Besides have across-sectoral approach inthattheydraw, industry. paintanddesignfor theCarnival Minshall, Peter like Some, . and Atlanta Maryland, Canada, in exhibitions at pieces have regularly Geoffrey Holder, Carlisle Chang and Wendy Nanan. Other artists have relationships with foreign galleries and Notable Arts. Carnival among the those in achieving acclaim works from abroadhis are for Michel acclaim Jean Cazabon, James international Isaiah similar Boodhoo, Boscoe won Holder,has who Minshall, Peter and from strictly operating prominent most decades, The many for internationally acclaimed been has masterpiece arena.‘Douens’ whose Clarke, LeRoy are home international the in footprint a established have and local the since market foreign recognition the international TrinidadTobagogained few and have A artists small. to is products these for exposure market and access on depends typically success sub-class, the In education leadingtoadegree intheartsorspecialprogrammes intheirpreferred artform. basic has artist typical The development. their of period secondary education but some many have at pursued tertiary Society education in areas the other than of art, and part a few not have formal were who field their of top the at recognised artists few country.very However,arethe there in artists of organisations or The Art Society does not represent all the artists in Trinidad and Tobago, as financial members. there are a few other conglomerations of Trinidad and Tobago established in 2004, which has approximately 400 members on roll, of which 200 are Society Art providedthe is by organisation institutional sculptureceramics), as and well as photography and of thescaleindustrycanalsobeobtainedfrom thefactthat,forvisualartists(whoproduce paintings sense reasonable Some artist. commercial one and dealers; frame picture eight studios; & art dealers 15 galleries, (retail); finishers photo 15 scanning; and photocopying in specialising 17 photography; events and – follows as is count establishment The established. 36 been has industry viable truly a that Trinidad in is It Trinidad of thecountry’s prominent professionals operatefrom Tobago. Theart studios. and dealers industry is artgalleries, not well-established in Tobago, but integrated there is a two established growing local supply of carvings and paintings. None and lab finishing one photography, Tobago,In event in specialising company one studios, photo established two with small quite is industry the Tobago Spatially, theprofile isasfollows: Source: TTSNA Code 7494 7494 7494 7494 7494 7494 7494 7494 ISIC Photo Studios; 18 established businesses providing an integrated service in commercial, industrial, portrait Code 8381 CPC Photography, Visual andGraphicArts,Related ProfessionalandTechnical Services photography processingservices Photographic servicesand General Class 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Photography processingservices Other photographicservices photography Restoration andretouchingservicesof Speciality photographyservices Action photographyservices services Advertising andrelatedphotography Portrait photographyservices Photographic services Sub-class Classification WIPO (2003) Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago51 new media. New media includes intangible and Software, Databases and New Media Software, ‘The Art Society is seeking to enhance collaboration with the private and public sectors in their future their in sectors public and private the with collaboration enhance to seeking is Society Art ‘The work. There are proposed workshops on art appreciation and the target groups are the diplomatic corps, core Ministries, and media houses. Seminars on copyright are proposed for various regions in and The Trinidad Tobago. target audience is expected to include corporate individuals T&T, with to the Art Society with cross-sectoral involvement.’ interests in the art, and persons peripheral This sub-class of activities focuses on a broad set of products and services related to methods of gaining access gaining of methods to related services and products of set broad a on focuses activities of sub-class This to information, storing and using it. The class is growing in importance in all economies across the globe. It includes computer software, relational and other databases, and a range of digital and online supply media that feature interactive access and have come to be called Table 6.8 documents how the sub-class is coded in the CPC the classifications of the SUT2000. available at this industry level since the category does not even appear in and ISIC. However, no estimates are as yet 6.7 rooms, chat content, video and audio of streaming websites, internet, the as such environments reality virtual online communities, computer multimedia, computer games, CD-ROMS, DVDs, USB keys, web advertising and, more the recently, ‘cloud’. Included too are the interface between the telephone and digital content that is ‘voice over the internet protocols’ (VoIP), the contents of digital cameras, mobile computing, and a rapidly growing set of information communication technologies that provide the basis for the link between computers, handhelds, cell phones and other digital instruments. New media contrasts with older analogue of modes and representations static other and print or access radio and television as such technology, access access to information. With respect to the challenges facing the industry, the Art Society observed that they were both institutional both were they that observed Society Art the industry, the facing challenges the to Withrespect the of because bright not was picture the level, institutional the At concerns. business-related and constraints and in the the Society lack of to ‘voluntary interface a nature secretariat with persons who have issues’, and the which funds, and capability management requires perspective public the changing of work ‘the because society does not have’. So, there was no umbrella programme of timely education, training and marketing for entrants into the professions. At the level of professional practice, the Art Society was of the view that ‘as a general position artists are not aware of their artists rights.’ were not aware of Concerns their individual responsibility to regarding protect their rights, copyright looking instead to ‘mediation abounded and services for copyright issues within the Ministry of Legal Affairs.’ as Further, art had attracted an image of elitism, there was little public support for the industry beyond Art what Society was receives an provided annual for stipend of Carnival, TT$20,000 from and government’, ‘the which was a measure of the that fact ‘the creative arts is not a policy priority when compared has one no which from to relief tax 150% of act tax corporation the what in provision a is There on. decision-makers resources spend decide they would sing operational for framework the prepared just have Finance and Culture of Ministries The yet. as benefited of assessment the undertaking of and registry artist an of idea the Governmentpursuing was incentive.’ this the value of the work at galleries. In respect of the future, it observed: of the future, In respect of which is linked to Carnival. The Art Society observed that Hilton ‘the has Trinidad an excellent collection of local art and its management has historically supported local its art. international By connections contrast, the and Hyatt local hotel art reflects is not commission present.’ murals from Some artists for smaller murals. However hotels hotels and did guest houses portray were a significant local untapped art resource that and was accessible to the A sector. major drawback was that neither nor Tobago had Trinidad a substantial investment in public art statues, murals or carvings; and going to the gallery and museum might from arise could market substantial a that maintained Society Art The people. most for agenda the on be not have would government the that so communities problem with help can sector creative ‘the that recognition to spend less in communities.’ 52 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 6.8: One of the company’s goals is to is company’sgoals the of One students’ performance. the in evident was improvement tremendous week, one Within project. the in participate to selected were Youththe with students Trainingconducted worst-performing also The was (YTC). Centreone another and origin as was expected. A pilot project was conducted in November 2003 with two junior secondary schools be to had of country the in not and US the market in school purchased a actually classroom by created. was first package The alternative an that recognised was It forthcoming. not was educators and government businesses in Barbados, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The anticipated support from Today, this business venture has advanced its output from cassette tapes to CDs and DVDs and has registered sources forseedcapitalwere sought. TT$5000 for the actual production. Financial institutions were unwilling to offer financial assistance and other of cost a involved and smooth as not was reachmarket to wereaudience wider a journey The conceived. resultsThe students. in skills thinking critical develop also and projectthe of were strategies and astounding skills, writing and skills numerical literacy,develop stimulate to programmes develop to need the observed Programme Reyes, Olive creator,Mrs its 1994, In Products. Educational IBG Tobagoby Trinidadand Phonic of Republic the in developed product educational an (IBG) is and exercises phonics-based of usage the on God activities its centres IBG by Inspired The here togiveasenseofhowtheindustryworksanditsperspectivesgoingforward. A number of companies have performed extremely well in this industry. Profiles of two standouts are presented Source: TTSNA,WIPO(2003) expansion intonewmarkets. needed to increase production levels and satisfy the forecasted increased demands, expected from entry and is that equipment of acquisition the for funds secure to Bank) (EXIM Bank Export/Import the from feedback pressures of operating in an unstable economy. The organisation recently approached and received favourable of the commercial banks to provide financial products such as overdraft facilities is contributing to the added research for the new writing programme took three weeks but the development took three years. The refusal The system. the of inefficiencies company’sthe the fromto facilities overdraftsecuretestimony to is banker Trinidadin authorities education Tobagoand remainseradication illiteracy with assist to inability The elusive. Although IBG Educational Products continues to receive accolades from users, its goal of partnering with the notion ‘academicallychallenged’. the and ‘dyslexia’ including disabilities, learning to relating issues on beliefs learnt the and mentality better’ ‘foreignis the overcomingsimultaneously involve would this Achieving school. every programmein phonics Code 7221 7240 7229 ISIC Code CPC 831 Software andDatabases,NewMedia electronic content online distributionof Database activitiesand services Computer consultancy General Class Trinidad and Tobago and eradicate illiteracy by having the IBG the having by illiteracy eradicate Tobagoand Trinidadand ‘capture’ 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. entertainment sites Internet searchsites,internetgame Web searchportals Other onlinepublishing,includinge-books Online directoryandmailinglistpublishing Online databasepublishing Provision ofonlineaccesstoproprietarydatabases sources Assembly ofcompilationsdatafromoneormore Other softwareconsultancyandsupply Software publishing Sub-class Classification WIPO (2003) Core Core Core The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago53 A focus on ‘thinking’ underpins the professional successes the company has achieved. Innovation and creativity often come because the environment allows or encourages it to happen rather than plans for it to happen. Services Telecommunication then the by, accepted and to, known was ideology this Teleios, for Fortunately provided who Barrow, Michael Services, Mobile for President Vice Executive (TSTT) Tobago and Trinidad of to ‘plant the a who opportunity seed.’ is for Mr described as Teleios Barrow, by the Chairman of Teleios a man ‘who I have not quite met one understood like that and him innovation Tobago’, in is Trinidad a consistent, long-term enduring support. requiring long-term process, thought initially Hinds Mr which SMS, using information distribute to idea an was question in ‘seed’ The was original but subsequently found out was not. TSTT was approached with the idea that a solution could be built was to presented disseminate with information. an Teleios opportunity that far too often will not be allowed in That Trinidad. opportunity was the planting of a seed, with time to nurture and perfect. that 2003 in TSTT and Telios between partnership a of formation the was ‘opportunity’ that of results The subscribers. to TSTT’s allowed for an SMS-based content solution called Message Central to be provided Message Central is the service delivery engine behind value-added SMS services on the mobile network and Tobago. in Trinidad education the in interest keen a taken has Teleios Tobago, and Trinidad in inefficiencies system Recognising of perspective the from but curriculum the of delivery facilitating of standpoint the from just not system, as such thinking, such overcome to products and strategies devised Teleios mindsets. inefficient changing the Code Jam Code programme. Jam is a competition to build in programmes which students compete in teams to build real world solutions under particular time constraints. The Code Jam Programme has created a platform for seeds to be planted. For the first time inImagine years,Cup – premier student the localtechnology world’s competition, hosted teamsby Microsoft. This participatedyear five in the efforts. technology to help with their competitive teams participated and every single team used Teleios • • • • challenges. built-in has industry the notwithstanding, That bright. is Teleios and industry the for outlook The In small countries, innovators operate in an environment where most of the persons they interact with, • Teleios’ strategy is built upon the following elements: Teleios’ Teleios Teleios serves a effectively and quickly to clients its assist that services government,and education manufacturing, providing wide range of internettechnologies. the communications of mobile power and the leverage that solutions business deploy clients spanning Services include website and solutions, commerce electronic interactive media, custom and industries software mobile such as on its flagship Message Central Mobility Suite. telecommunications solutions based finance, telecommunications, Teleios The software development and mobile solutions Systems Teleios company, Ltd, was founded in 1997 and today is one of the region’s most innovative and the first Microsoft-Certified Independent Vendor pioneering Software in the English-speakingCaribbean. technology The business services firms and, in addition, branched from pension software into networks. cell corporate country’s websites the across users to and services and content the SMS-delivered providing marketplace, emerging phone Trinidad and Tobago mobile Under the Protection against Unfair Competition legislation, any act or practice in the course of industrial or commercial activities that causes or is activities, likely or products services shall the constitute company an is act facing of unfair competition. Currently, to cause confusion with respect to supported policy competition comprehensive clear A business. its sustain to order in front that on difficulties another’s enterprise, by enforcement of the law is critical. The policy should address unacceptable business practices that nullify products innovative produce to development and research for incentives Further, competition. of essence the Seed development. economic and social country’s the for essential are sector education the in strategies and capital must be sufficient to chart the all company stages through of the Thedevelopment ‘foreign process. economically and socially contribute and grow to products local allow to changed be to has mindset better’ is to the local communities. 54 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago h ftr srtg o te opn icue te eeomn o ifrain ehooy lses and clusters technology information of development the includes provision ofopportunities for talentdevelopment. company the of strategy future The took anotheryear, butthefinancewasgranted. processnegotiation also the which at frombank, funding another seek to necessary became It granted. not company’s the so servers, of use was still loan the and year a more than process took negotiation The the financing. approachedfor was banker required Commercialisation PC. clone a from provided was service The subscribers. 200 than fewer to service provided Central Initially,Message hill. steeper a climb to have imported. be growth and that pattern essentially was no different history from that should of the similar foreign company, a the local company would had solutions business local software a if even that qualification: a assume is Trinidad‘foreignness’ Unfortunately,in implicitly businesses, private to government from target fornational developmentprogramming, includingexpansion asserviceexports,usingthe internet. particular,attractive in an services it advertising makes and whole, a as sector this of path performance The capital consumedintheindustry’s production process. the in capital domestic of 96%, share, high extraordinarily the to related closely economy.the in sectors is all capacity of saving foreignhighest exchange high the This among also is which used), inputs imported of dollar per added (value productivity29.8 signatureimport of high very a achieved and exports few very generated labour-intensivesector.It a than rather shareskill-intensive a low to points relatively wages The of bill. wage domestic the of 3.5% and surplus, operating of GDP,9.82% of 6.2% and the cost of capital could be met. Accordingly, gross value added amounted to TT$3074 million, or about earnings retained which from surplus operating of million TT$2244.3 produced and output the generating in capital fixed of million TT$145.8 up used subsidies, no receivedproduction, on taxes recordof no shows emoluments, and wages in million TT$683.9 a generated 2000, in give intermediates of can million TT$1637.2 used sub-class Services Business the of performance reasonable the estimate of the type, of if not the size, aspects of the contribution of certain the advertising industries. This sub-class of consideration Still, • • • • are measured. Theservicesare: sub-classof thewide in 2000 SUT the in table the in activities 7430 the Only 7492). 7111-7129, 7430, (7010, Services Business as described services are measured 6.9, in Table coded and classified activities, The management, podcastingandmarketing. traditional engineering, audio and video designing, web design, graphic programming, computer making, comedy,music acting, digital), and manual (both art and photography writing, script branding, designing, planning, management, crisis including services, such delivering in involved is professionalskills of spectrum digital full-service involves that one space, direct mailing networking with digital images that are fast replacingsocial the older,the print-based direct mailing services. A wide in world new a is up internet opening The advertising. continually print and radio television, in practices visible the print. into and translate video activities audio, These as such media relevant for written, prepared be be (or to to have have definition productions and scripts pictographs related and and designed, be branding must promotions, strategy Media and goodwill. and relations identity), of public creation consequent then placement, and design appropriate out carry to consultations and research marketing include services such of underpinnings The • • • and promotion the creative of aspects various defines which advertising process: 6.9, Table in listed as products of range providea would agency advertising full-service typical A measure. some other in economy all political affect the that of activities aspects cross-cutting of set a as described best is Services Advertising sub-class The 6.8 Sale ofadvertisingspaceortime(exceptoncommission). Purchase orsaleofadvertisingspacetime,oncommission; Planning, creating andplacementservicesofadvertising; Sale ofotheradvertisingspaceortime(exceptoncommission); Sale ofadvertisingspaceortimeinvariousmedia,withwithoutcommissions. Purchase orsaleofadvertisingspacetime,oncommission;and Planning, creating andplacementservicesofadvertising; Advertising Services (fixed and circulating) and (fixed total The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago55 Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core WIPO (2003) Classification Sub-class Other advertising services Sale of other advertising space or time (except on commission) Sale of other advertising space or time (except Sale of internet advertising space (except on commission) Sale of internet advertising space (except on Sale of TV/radio advertising time (except on commission) Sale of TV/radio advertising time (except on Sale of advertising space or time (except on commission) Sale of advertising space or time (except on on Sale of advertising space in print media (except commission) Purchase or sale of advertising space or time, on commission Purchase or sale of advertising space or time, Planning, creating and placement services of advertising Planning, creating and placement services 8. 7. 6. 5. 3. 4. 2. 1. Class General Advertising services CPC 8363 8362 8361 Code Advertising Services 8369 7430 9213 2219 7430 7430 7430 The sector operates quite well under the umbrella of its Advertising Agencies drafted policies Association, and which guidelines admits has Aguiton on Mr intellectual property However, and, negotiated. as otherwise a unless result, property Ample intellectual its has of adopted all the retains policy it whereby sets that legislation general as such matters on governmentalassistance ‘welcome would sector the that and an standards, enforces adjustment of a policy recent that has the Government Information Services regarding rules of adjustment an and advertisements government of bookings media the handling (GISL) tendering for government matters.’ One of the key organisation’s ingredients to success is hiring personnel with proven track records and knowledge of global cutting-edge standards. The company considers that university training would be more useful if students graduated with a skill set more pertinent to the advertising and public relations challenges the of One ingrained. deeply more was self-sacrifice and work hard of value the if and sector in the industry is an unsophisticated clientele who are at times unsure of the importance that effective marketing can play in their success. organisation’s Mr Aguiton contends, ‘Clients must themselves be familiar with international standards of the profession and be able to appreciate an indispensable component in the private and public sector matrix’. are that relations public proper advertising and edia Projects Ltd All Media Projects Led by Aguiton, Alfred and better known in the local advertising industry as Ample, All Media has been one of the most successful names in the advertising and public relations sector since 1974. Through its extensive portfolio of services, it has demonstrated a unique not ability, only to offer the core services of an advertising but agency, to continuously modernise and update its services. Apart from magazine updating keep to undertaken has Ample brochures, and posters commercials, television advertisements, its operation, and assists clients in both and website design, to name just a few. powerpoint presentations the public and private fields in the realm of social media, ISIC Code 7230; 7240 2211; 2212; Trinidad The high level of economic performance of the advertising sub-class some profiles: was are firms. Here delivered by many outstanding Source: TTSNA, WIPO (2003) Source: Table 6.9: Table The guidance from the international data is that, in many countries where been WIPO-sponsored carried surveys out, the have advertising industry has proven to be the largest or fastest-growing creative industry GDP and copyright an average of 7% of the core it, providing small in but to be relatively group, in the core employment. The rate of is growth linked to the fact that the advertising industry services provides to many general follows often it as connectedness, of level this reflects industry this of dynamics The industries. other construction. such as finance, insurance and in major demand sectors, trends 56 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago regional and foreign investment. also as facilitator of visits to technology conferences, which but can client, assist in as marketing, trade only industry,promotion, not and advertising the to partner a be TobagoTrinidadshould and of Services Trinidad and Tobago; there needs to be the opportunity to meet and Company TourismgreetDevelopment should the clients. facilitate that The the considers Telecommunicationsprocess company and the play prospects, future a of significantterms roleIn toAhead: becomeLooking a global player operating out of professional aspirationorofjobroles neededintheindustry. Tobago, unlike the case in developed countries. As a result, there is no real understanding train of the levels of and teach Trinidadin schools and advertising no arethere would stands, it As designers. professional become that to Tobagopersons and Trinidad in organisations industries an creative is for There Trinidad. need in urgent operating universities foreign and Indies, West the and Trinidad of of University University The Tobago,the of campus Donaldson John the from especially Trinidad, in institutions educational of out coming practitioners communication design/visual graphic the of 85% hires industry On for seriousdiscussionontheimplicationsfuture oftheindustry. there. The rise of social media will change how longer work no is is being conversation done ‘value’ in the the industry.and parasitic, and There expensive is very thereforeas seen need are agencies advertising has done projects internationally (e.g., in Europe and the US). The industry is changing in such and a way clients, that regionalregionally, handles media books player.It global a already is CMB Exporting: On engage intheprotection oftherightsadvertisingagenciesaswell. to needs COTT creation. the behind ideation the for imagery,not of use the for clients charge to able only are agencies Tobago.Advertising Trinidadand in agencies advertising for copyrighting protect to Copyright advertising. Advertisingisanindustrythatlinkeddirectly toreturnoninvestment. on spending increasing be should they that suggests evidence the all when well, going not are things grow must staff of member each of almost capacity daily. In intellectual the meantime, it faces the challenge of the clients who automatically cut their budgets when that believes and members staff all for learning continuous for need absolute the recognises accordingly.also adapt It to seeks and landscape capacity.design developing for challenge advertising/communication addressesthe CMB in changes the a is design on education of lack The books. their on profits more show and less spend to them enable to budgets advertising their cutting been have companies crisis, financial world the to Due Challenges: electronic mediaincludesradio,television,socialanddigital(screens). billboards,while and press,posters includes media whereprint electronicmedia and print the in as well as environment, communication visual and audio an in operates CMB services. and products protected propertyprotectiondifferentintellectual and resorts to of CMB types advertising, in case the often is As The and theuseoveruseofalcoholamongyoungpeople. consumption, alcohol alcohol, towards conduct of code a encourage to was objective whose Alliance, a completed recently CMB this, with poverty) for the purpose of adding substantive content to its designs and other creative work. In keeping on (MDGs) Goals Development Millennium the (including economics and sociology,politics to exposed entertain not is staff its so work, will company’sits The inform climate. heavily political issues on development company based jobs the result, a As work. high-quality consistent and integrity as are such awards values the than important more that stresses it Nonetheless, sector. private the and government On event coordination/execution. media management (including placement of advertisements in the all newspapers) on behalf of clients; and in engaged production; television agency and radio communications; and advertising in advertising management crisis of business the full-service in being a as itself considers is CMB clients. to It solutions creative providing years. and communication 40 of aspects over for operational been has CMB Collier, MorrisonandBelgrave(CMB) Use of CMB has received several local, regional and international awards and is serving both the both awardsserving is receivedand regionalhas local, CMB international several Integrity: and V alue of Challenges: Copyrighting is a serious challenge in the industry. There are no policies in place Domestic Copyright: CMB is a member of the Advertising Agency Association of Trinidad and Tobago. Capital: CMB works with active contemporary artists in Trinidad and Tobago. The project with the Trinidad and Tobago Beverage Alcohol TobagoTrinidadBeverage and the with project bono pro The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago57 6.10 Core Core WIPO (2003) Classification Sub-class Licensing services for the right to use computer software Licensing services for the right to use entertainment, literary or acoustic originals 1. 1. General Class Licensing services for the right to use nonfinancial intangible assets Licensing services for the right to use non-financial intangible assets CPC 7331 7332 Code Copyright Collective Management Copyright Collective Management Societies The company is not fully aware of the opportunities presented by copyright for the business. of the opportunities presented The company is not fully aware In addition to adding more eBillboards locally, Nu Impact Solutions happening Advertising is what highlighting while businesses went on Tobago promotes to that magazine full-gloss a , Link create Island the franchise a on market regional the into reaching of possibility the exploring also is Jones Mr island. the on basis. When the company introduced it, the concept of the eBillboard was new to and, Tobago individuals who as had sufficient understandinga of the concept result, to sell the product to potential customers/ was made available had to be arranged. Training training of staff Therefore, in short supply. clients were for the technical operation, management and maintenance of the eBillboard from the company where it was sourced. Nu Impact Solutions Mr Jones, the entrepreneur behind Nu Impact Solutions, says that this is a eBillboard. an unique via clients advertising its to business possibilities advertising affordable provides business The 2010. in launched experienced has Solutions Impact Nu clients. its to services design as well as display advertisement offers It challenges such as cash flow, competition, staffing, training outweigh any challenges that have arisen or may arise. the future business thus far and its potential for and location. However, the pace of the StoneCold uses the traditional method of copyrighting: descriptions writing and the intellectual samples property where entity applicable, with mailing unopened letter that for presentation information in court, to if necessary. Initially, StoneCold yourself, did not and copyrighting see entities the keeping benefit like of the words and phrases, but after expand the industry some and provide additional consideration sources of he income and, therefore, agreed inspiration for creativity. that it would He stresses, though, that the copyright organisations need to find a mechanism to accurately capture what is This being would played that ensure on musicians compensated the appropriately are based air. on airplay. StoneCold StoneCold has been in the radio-announcing business for the last 26 years. the Tambrin, sole radio Tobago station, has under 5% of the Tobago market and make to able been has StoneCold an salary. good a employee each pay to impossible almost is even it Therefore, lower share of the national market. additional money by marketing his shows and, as a result, he gets a 10% commission associated with for advertisements. carried out private voicing he has successfully advertising sales. Additionally, ISIC 7221 9214 9211; 9213; Code Source: TTSNA Source: 6.9 As Table indicated property. intellectual in their protect Chapter to individuals 3, by undertaken collective are efforts management whatever complementing is an important activity in the core copyright sector, 6.10: Table lists the coded activities under which collective management will normally be coded in the ISIC. lists the coded activities under which collective management will normally Tobago 58 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago to dealmore activelywithpiracyaswellpubliceducationaboutintellectualproperty rights. to play, and that government must recognise that it has the overall responsibility for law enforcement and has that professional organisations such as the Musician’s Union and the Songwriters’ Guild challenging, have important remainsroles rights property intellectual of enforcement that contends COTT Nevertheless, music played. of logs the of accuracy the as well as broadcast being actually is that music the monitor to easier it partly property is rights, and, in This the area holders. of music, rights partly because of of the behalf implementation of on new software fees which makes licence because of of attitudinal changes collection of consumers, the who in are beginning made to have been a greater have appreciation strides for intellectual Great consumption. Trinidadin of publishers Tobago modes and and new authors these from that ensurebenefit should format the beginning of the switch of commercial exploitation of textual and graphic works from paper to electronic publishers and authors are rewarded for their investment of money and creativity. The existence of TTRRO at that ensuring in important increasingly be will RROs of role the and increase to expected is micropayments of quantum the form, digital in works graphic and text of commercialisationincreasing the With Barbados. of Bcopy and Jamaica of agreementsJAMCOPY bilateral including signed societies has sister TTRRO 17 with p n rnig y rvdn tann ad udn b wy f gat n la. s f 5 of As loan. and grant a of way by funding organisation and the training getting providing in by instrumental running been and has up member, a is TTRRO which of (IFRRO), Organisations Right Reprographic of Federation International The licenses. out take to (USC) Caribbean Southern University the and of UTT the including institutions, education tertiary other several and universities major 3 the with negotiating presently is organisation The agreements. licence appropriate the sign to willingness their The Ministry of Education and the National Library and Information Systems Authority (NALIS) have expressed TrinidadTobago.of and Association Industry Book and Affairs Legal of Ministry the by endorsed been have organisation the of mandate and work The works. cartographic and works literary works, photographic of its and existence its of country the in mandate. Of particular interest to the members of the TTRRO are the granting of licences to awareness users in respect public building and drive membership a on efforts its first concentrate to preferring users, to licenses issuing of terms in ground the off getting in slow been has composers and (sheet cartographers music only). photographers, The currentauthors, membership publishers, is 35, include made up TTRRO of of five publishersmembers and 30The authors. The Tobago2003. organisation and Trinidad the also is there 12, May on music, non-profit organisation a as incorporated was which (TTRRO) Organisation ReprographicRights in organisations management collective the to addition In major tradingpartnerssuchastheUnitedStates,European Union,IndiaandChinaCARICOM. Tobago’sTrinidadand from repertoire international the represent not do they as especially repertoire, local essentially limited, more much a and memberships smaller have Ltd Tobago.Awesome and and TTCO Both major Composers and the Publishers (CISAC). Thus, all it represents with the worldwide agreementsrepertoire Composers, of Authors, reciprocal of copyright Societies music of has Confederation in International Trinidadthe of also member a is and It societies overseas members. 2500 about has COTT music. original of to the public, mechanical reproduction and synchronisation rights granted by law to the creators and owners composers, lyricists and music publishers. It administers the public performance, broadcasting, communication COTT was the first to begin operations in January 1985 as a non-profit-making organisation of song writers, • • • • The followingcollectivemanagementorganisationsare operationalinTrinidad andTobago: authors andpublishers. of rights reprographic administering – (TTRRO) Organisation Rights TobagoReprographic and Trinidad Trinidad and Tobago Copyright Organisation (TTCO) – administering performing and reproduction rights. rights. administering – Ltd) Copyright (Awesome Music Organisation Ltd of Trinidad Endeavours and Tobago Music (COTT) – performing andreproductionadministering on rights. performing and Singers reproduction Entertainers Writers Advancing th ac 2011, March The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago59 is one of the largest in terms of the number of younger masqueraders. One masqueraders. younger of number the of terms in largest the of one is People Island as orks of M W He proposes that ‘a permanent centre be erected where drummers, Carnival steelpan historians are players, employed year wire round so benders, that the and history of Carnival can be preserved. It should holistic perspective.’ mandatory for kids to attend so that they can understand Carnival a from be Lewis acknowledges that an aspect of contention between bandleaders and the government is the viewpoint the is government the and bandleaders between contention of aspect an that acknowledges Lewis that modern-day bandleaders like him are destroying the portrayal of indigenous what heritage is popularly of known Carnival as ‘bikini through and their beads mas’, as believes that opposed the government to needs to traditional change its characters. outlook in He this regard if Carnival is to survive in years to come. Island People: CarnivalThe band its of aspects all in minds creative and dynamic young, of utilisation the is success its to ingredients key the of organisation structure. potential The to Carnival’s generate employment and secure revenue is not yet fully Mr exploited. Lewis, Band observed: manager, ‘The government needs to see Carnival There as an industry. type some like fun, as seen only It’s product. business a as value its improve to effort national collective no is du Soleil is a big business.’ But Cirque of circus. The NCBA has also highlighted Intellectual Property law as an area which observed: needs ‘Back in to the be day when addressed. tourists Brown came, everyone used to allow their picture to be taken but people are now realising that these pictures have some worth’. It is considered that the Ministry infringe of designers Legal when Affairs particularly copyright, of issues on light shed to information more distribute to needs costume designs. each other’s The Mas Carnival Academy other and is masqueraders costumes, dealing supplying by with round, challenges year employment in to contributes terms organisation of space and it but festivals, support cultural various for and ships from cruise for them the requests government. Tourism of Ministry the The when characters readymade import not did bands bigger the Carnivalif from generated be would revenue more that believes costumes. countries. It employs locals to actually create India, China, Pakistan and other costumes from The Association has recently launched a Mas Academy, which is art dedicated forms within to Carnival, preserving as the well indigenous as to teaching the fundamentals is outlook global of Academy’s The management. band and designing, sewing, of art the in children educating business. Graduates are capable of already reaping rewards as one of its graduates will be Carnival designing later costumes this for Toronto’s of The Lion King. for a local production year and another will be designing costumes The Nationalbuilders, costume craftsmen, designers, of needs the represents now and 1958 in formed was CarnivalAssociation This NCBA the Though activity. Carnival in involved persons other Bandsand masqueraders queens, kings, benders, wire Associationhas been championing the causes of the Carnival(NCBA): fraternity for ways decades, to engage with it its members and the is public at large and constantly has recently employed an looking advertising agency for new to launch its social media marketing campaign. Brown contends Secretary Wrenwrick that, ‘Carnival on the whole is not marketed well; the industry has so much untapped potential. Many of us after Carnival remain and Tobago and Trinidad of product a as Carnival brand really to aiming are we NCBA the at but satisfied just aiming to tap into new markets.’ and Facebook we are Twitter through Works of mas is a growing and competitive business in Trinidad in which numerous Carnival bands, musicians, musicians, bands, Carnival numerous which in Trinidad in business competitive and growing a is mas of Works designers and promoters participate. Major investments are made yearly in the Carnival business. They spur graphic publishing, advertising, design, textiles, music, as such areas creative related many in effect economic and visual as art, they photography and others. Such of investments utmost are importance for the country, preserve traditional and indigenous art forms; are appealing to citizens, tourists and foreigners; great and potential to have generate jobs and works value of throughout mas the While and year. Trinidad Tobago’s they not are in international copyright legislation and Tobago, under protected copyright are law in Trinidad and in most countries. 6.10 60 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago protection ofworksmasisconcerned. Extensive assistance is needed to shed light on intellectual property issues that arise every Carnival where the trademark inBarbados,Jamaica,Canada,SpainandItalyisnowapproaching JapanandtheUK. registeredalready has band The diaspora. Indian West the in Carnivals major the of many in performs it internationally: compete and player global a become can band the that believe People services, cleaning crews, food service companies, security companies, and sound and light companies. bar companies, effects special artists, visual and graphic designers, set hairstylists, artists, makeup models, Bands like already beingmadelocally. weremasqueraders male for costumes the of most and headpieces their of 60% to 40 stressedthat further much He costumes.’ of tariffsimportation heavy the of on imposition immediate the to opposed as a period, longer over employment and revenue generate to serve would which etc., fabrics, dyeing bending, wire of arts intricate the taught are people young ‘a when period of five-to-seven-year implementation a during the programme training instead suggested He rise.’ to sure be will costumes of price the since industry, the ‘killing than other nothing as tariffs the viewed he as viewpoint, this to opposed vehemently was Lewis opportunities. job citizens local denying is costumes of importation the that suggested has government the as government and bandleaders between tension of source a become recently has tariffs of imposition The Island People provide year-round employment. For events like Carnival band launches, they employ as a as Mas People Island Island The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago61 EstimatesTobago of Economythe Contribution of Copyright to the Trinidad and Contribution of Copyright to GDP

The data in Table 7.1 The show data the in trend Table in the aggregate contribution of copyright to GDP at market prices in –more economy the to million TT$1,998 approximately contributed copyright 2000, In 2011. and 2007 2000, (TT$626 million), than 2.8 3 times times as as much as much hotels as and agriculture guesthouses (TT$710 million), and nearly 23% of manufacturing (TT$8,700 million). This contribution of copyright-based activity grew to TT$4,351 million in 2007 and to TT$4,292 million in 2011. 7.2 Table provides similar information in real In constant 7.3. Table (2000) prices in and reported are Figure a whole 7.1 as provides sector bar copyright the graphs for deflators for the and easy deflators sector comparison Relevant of sector performance. terms, the copyright sector contributed TT$3,630 million in 2007 and TT$4,102 in 2011. Thus, the real size of the copyright sector grew at an average rate of 11.7% per year between 2000 and 2007 and at a lower 7.4). but still positive average rate of 3.2% per year between 2007 and 2011 (Table 7.1 Regarding Regarding the analysis of estimates interdependent presented copyright activity, except in for the recording this production blank and of photocopiers steelpans section, equipment, photographic and radios, paper: televisions, Trinidad producing that activities and is, significant there are Tobago no has no significant and activity, copyright of use and production the for only intended is produced paper the of Some materials. some for packaging to and copyright. purposes unrelated In copyright the sector core estimates for Trinidad and we Tobago, distinguish the contributions of steelbands from the rest of ‘music, mainly theatrical are Steelbands productions structure. institutional their as well as significance national their of because opera’ and run as large community-based NGOs. In the ‘interdependent’ sector estimates, the musical instrument that is manufactured in Trinidad and Tobago is the steelpan. All is computed of and Tobago this copyright output and given a factor music of industry 1. for An Trinidad aggregate manufacturing activity is treated as TUCO and a PanTrinbago associations business the of activities the plus parts these of sum the as reported and ‘steelband, labelled industry inclusive more even an Further, organisations. management collective the of and business related all of activities the and mas of works the includes that defined is culture’ and carnival music, associations, including TUCO and PanTrinbago. Using the system of national accounts for Trinidad and Tobago for 2000, 2007 and 2011, and the copyright and Tobago Using the system of national accounts for Trinidad factors estimated in Section 3, a satellite account for preliminary the copyright on sector was for prepared based the same years. are study this for adopted factors copyright the of estimates the 3, Section in detailed As responses to two surveys carried out in and and Trinidad Tobago one carried out in St Lucia, calibrated by considering the copyright factors used by studies made the methodology for set out in other WIPO (2003). countries Special attention was around Jamaica. given and Brunei Philippines, the to the countries particular, in that – appear world to Tobago and have following an Trinidad of that to similar structure economic The resulting copyright factors are reported in 3.11. Table Copyright factors for the core copyright sector, including works of mas, are all assumed to be the 1. under conducted studies sector copyright the of most The in those to similar broadly estimates are industries dedicated for the interdependent, partial and non- include 2011 and 2007 2000, for accounts satellite copyright the of details resulting The WIPO. of leadership classifications (2003) WIPO their and codes TTSNA their of match-up the and measured items the of listing a and can be made available. 7 . 62 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Source: Computedfrom CSOSNAandcopyrightsurveys (TT$ million) Table 7.1: Table 7.3: Source: Computedfrom CSOSNAandcopyrightsurveys 2011 (TT$million) Table 7.2: Year 2011 2007 2000 Year Year 2011 2007 2000 2011 2007 2000 !Calculated asthegeometricmean ofthesub-sectordeflators. Copyright sector! Personal Services Education andCulturalServices Finance, Insurance,RealEstate,etc. Transport, StorageandCommunication Distribution andRestaurants Miscellaneous Manufacturing Assembly Type andRelatedIndustries Wood andRelatedProducts Printing, Publishing Textile, GarmentsandFootwear Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture 853 509 626 1.78 1.07 1.00 479 475 626 GDP atMarketPricesbySelectedSectors,includingCopyright,Trinidad andTobago 2000-2011 Deflators oftheCopyright-basedandGeneralCopyrightSectors GDP atConstant(2000)PricesbySelectedSectors,includingCopyright,Trinidad andTobago 2000- Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum 56,557 61,634 23,283 33,878 36,710 23,283 1.67 1.68 1.00 Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing 8,327 7,326 8,700 6,209 7,217 8,700 0.75 0.99 1.00 Industry Quarrying Quarrying Const. and Quarrying Const. Const. 11,874 11,310 6,094 7,069 3,760 3,760 1.95 1.60 1.00 and and GDP Deflators Restaurants Restaurants Restaurants Dist. & Dist. & 11,345 10,829 Dist. & 9,990 20,862 16,925 1.84 1.56 1.00 9,990 Houses Houses Hotels Hotels Guest Guest Houses 1.81 1.79 1.00 Hotels and and 210 258 710 Guest and 380 461 710 Comm. Comm. Trans. Trans. 6,427 6,503 4,316 1.03 1.18 1.00 Comm. Trans. & & 6,647 7,642 4,316 & 22,696 20,511 13,508 Other Other 1.56 1.52 1.00 35,512 31,255 13,508 Other 85,838 89,874 51,371 GDP GDP 1.56 1.52 1.00 134,307 136,953 51,371 GDP 2007a 1.198 1.266 1.688 1.334 1.175 1.563 1.057 1.071 1.105 0.922 1.013 Copyright Copyright Copyright 4,102 3,630 1,998 1.05 1.20 1.00 4,292 4,351 1,998 2011p 1.046 1.488 2.192 1.241 1.034 1.839 1.051 1.037 1.257 0.531 0.281 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago63 3.2% 11.7% Copyright GDP -1.1% 10.7% 7.4% 2.7% Other Figure 7.2 graphs the 34 & 7.2% -0.3% Trans. Trans. Comm. and -9.1% -4.7% Guest Hotels Houses 1.2% 1.2% Dist. & Restaurants and -3.4% 12.6% Const. Quarrying 3.4% -2.3% Manufacturing 8.2% -1.9% Petroleum 0.2% -3.4% Bar Graphs of Sector Growth Performance, 2000-2007 and 2007-2011 Growth Performance, 2000-2007 and Bar Graphs of Sector Growth of GDP at Constant (2000) Prices by Selected Sectors, including Copyright, Trinidad and Copyright, Trinidad Sectors, including Prices by Selected GDP at Constant (2000) Growth of Agriculture Year Relevant deflators are reported in Table 7.3. reported in Relevant deflators are

2007-2011 2000-2007 The robust growth The and growth robust performance restructuring of the copyright sector with compares that of agriculture and manufacturing, both of which declined in nominal as well as real terms from favourably 2000. It also with compares tourism, to which government economy restructuring and the in Tobago Trinidad general has and economy the Between in Tobago particular. generally tended to look to 2000 and 2007, as the real value the of the main output of hotels basis and guest for houses declined between 2007 by and 9.1% 2011, by annually 4.7% and, each year 7.4 (see above). Table These data suggest that the copyright to point may they and 2000, since restructuring economic sustainable of source significant a been has sector on potential the exploit to supports policy and financial inadequate of because sector the in underinvestment performance. growth to achieve this strong which it relies resulting sector shares in the GDP. Taking into account the Taking fact resulting sector that shares the in petroleum the sector GDP. experienced wide performance swings due to exogenous positive and negative price shocks, the copyright sector accounted for 3.9% of real GDP in 2000. By 2007, the share had for4.8% in 2011, increased the latter to4%; rate partly on it account of the then relatively high average real grew growth rate sustained further to account by the sector after the global recession, during which GDP as a whole declined somewhat comparison, 7.5). (Table agriculture By supplied 1.2%, 0.5%, and 0.6% of the real GDP in corresponding years, being a despite beneficiary of sustained debt and grant financing by the Agricultural Development Bank, as well as sustained ministerial attention from the Ministry of Agriculture. Further, in 2000, manufacturing, a beneficiarymajor of public policy supports and financing, accounted for 16.9% of the real GDP;declined butto that8.2% in share 2007 and recovered to 9.7% in 2011. The copyright sector also contributed more to the economy than hotels and guest houses, which contributed 1.4% in 2000, 0.3% in 2007, and 0.2% in support. 2011 – again, despite considerable large-scale national financial and ministerial 34 The real GDP of Trinidad and Tobago grew by 10.7% per year from 2000 to 2007 and declined by 1.1% per 1.1% by declined and 2007 to 2000 from year per 10.7% by grew Tobago and Trinidad of GDP real The year from 2007 to 2011, the decline reflecting negative petroleum sector shocks. Figure 7.1: Source: Computed from CSO SNA and copyright surveys CSO SNA and copyright Computed from Source: Table 7.4: Table 2000-2011 (%) Tobago 64 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 7.6: Some othercomponentsofthecopyrightsectorsectors havegrown significantly faster. decade. whole the over year per 4.8% of growth trend net experienced sector copyright core the Overall, authorities. revenue and statistical national to opaque more became activities internet-based fromrevenues the while distributions, stand news and paper replaced services internet the and media digital as literature, 3.9% 2007 and by (Table2000 between falling year per volatile, 5.8% by growing most after 2011 the and 2007 was between terms copyright real in coreyear per The 2007. after declined some and grew sectors the sector, illustrates copyright some the Within 2011. 7.3 and 2007 2000, in sub-sectors Figure copyright main the of while contribution sub-sectors, support non-dedicated and partial interdependent, core, the of contributions the of terms in 2011 to 2000 for sector copyright the of added value the Tableshows 7.6 7.2 Figure 7.2: Source: Computedfrom CSOSNAandcopyrightsurveys Source: Computedfrom TTSNAandcopyrightsurveys Tobago 2000-2011(%) Table 7.5: Year 2000 2007 2011 2011 2007 2000 2011 2007 2000

7.7; Figure 7.4). Most of the decline since 2007 has been the result of rapid restructuring of press and Agriculture Structure ofCopyrightSector Core Copyright 1.2% 0.5% 0.6% Industries Value addedoftheCopyrightSector, 2000,2007and2011 Structure ofGDPatConstant(2000)PricesbySelectedSectors,includingCopyright,Trinidad and 1,265.1 1,674.3 1,209.2 1,397.2 827.8 827.8 Shares ofIndustrialSectorsinGDP, includingCopyright,2000,2007and2011 Petroleum 45.3% 40.8% 39.5% Interdependent Copyright Manufacturing Industries 16.9% 8.2% 9.7% 118.1 125.7 112.8 104.9 77.5 77.5 Quarrying Const. Constant (2000)Prices 7.3% 7.9% 7.1% and Market Prices Partial Copyright Restaurants Dist. & Industries 19.4% 12.0% 13.2% 322.7 869.2 875.0 322.7 830.8 730.1 and Guest Houses Hotels 1.4% 0.3% 0.2% Non-dedicated Support Comm. Trans. 8.4% 7.2% 7.5% & Industries 2,039.6 1,675.6 1,949.4 1,398.2 770.4 770.4 26.3% 22.8% 26.4% Other 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% GDP Copyright Copyright Sector 1,998.4 4,292.0 4,350.6 1,998.4 4,102.1 3,630.4 3.9% 4.0% 4.8% The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago65 Copyright Sector 6.42% 2.88% Non-dedicated Support Industries 6.41% 7.07% Industries Partial Copyright 7.97% 3.03% Interdependent Copyright Industries 3.73% 1.77% Industries Core Copyright 5.82% -3.89% Contribution of Main Copyright Sub-sectors, 2000, 2007, 2011 Sub-sectors, 2000, of Main Copyright Contribution Average Annual Growth of Components of the Real Copyright Sector, 2000- 2007 and 2007-2011 Growth of Components of the Real Copyright Sector, Annual Average Years 2000-2007 2007-2011 Source: Computed from TTSNA and copyright surveys Computed from Source: Table 7.7: Table 2011 2007 Figure 7.3: Figure 7.3: 2000 66 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 7.4: ; i) rs ad ieaue icuie f academic of (inclusive literature and press (ii) million); (TT$666.1 television the and in publishing) size radio of terms (i) in ordered as: sectors, dominant 2011 four now are there sector, copyright core the Within 7.2.1 local andglobalcompetitiveness. their to traced be might performance this that shown be will it report, the of 8 Section In recession. global that they tended to grow in nominal and real terms during the period 2007-2011, a period of the persistent because of their seasonal characteristics. The main feature of these sectors to be noted by the policy-maker is and core music (including the steelbands) are small in comparison to these dominant sectors, perhaps mainly for 12.2% of the core in 2000, but this share declined to 5.5% in 2011. Iconic sectors such as works of mas 2007 and 7.1% in 2011. Motion picture, video, and sound – linked mainly to the music industry – accounted in 6.9% to 2000 in sector copyright the of 5% only from – media new and databases software, of growth globally,the industries is digital of expansion the of light the in interest considerable Of 2011. in 11.7% to then and 2007, in 13.2% to 2000 in decreasedfrom15.6% advertising shareof The 2011. in 16% only to thereafterdeclined but 2007, in 34.5% shareincreasedto Its 2000. in sector corecopyright the of (29.2%) ones dominant previously several displaced (Tableindustry 7.9). PressThis and literature, including academic publishers 2011. (such as UWI), accounted for the dramatically largest in share sector expanding beforecopyright core 2007, the in of 37.3% 52.7% to to 2000 in sector copyright core the of 26% from grew is – literature’ and ‘press as nontrivial labelled (TT$82.4 summarily – development literature and press overall research and to academic institutions the by research published million). of production (TT$25.2 and sector press copyright academic of the contributions of The interests the protecting and promoting to dedicated are that organisations professional the by provided services advocacy and organisational the and million), (TT$69 (TT$90.3 The Core Copyright Sector Copyright Core The ) (Table 7.8; Figure 7.5). Other significant sectors are motion picture, video andsound video picture, motion are sectors significant Other 7.5). Figure 7.8; (Table million) TT$200.0 Comparative GrowthoftheMainCopyrightSub-sectors,2000-2007and2007-2011 million). Primarily because of the rapid expansion of radio, the share of radio and television ), and (iv) software and databases and software (iv) and ), million ( TT$147.6 services advertising (iii) million); The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago67 Structure of the Core Copyright Sector, 2000-2011 Sector, of the Core Copyright Structure 2007 Figure 7.5: Figure 7.5: 2000 68 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Source: Computed from TTSNAand copyrightsurveys 2011 Table 7.9: Source: Computedfrom TTSNAandcopyrightsurveys Table 7.8: Total Total Works ofMas Works ofMas Other BusinessAssociationsandProfessionalOrganisationsDedicatedtoCopyright Other BusinessAssociationsand ProfessionalOrganisationsDedicatedtoCopyright Copyright CollectiveManagementSocieties Copyright CollectiveManagement Societies Advertising Services Advertising Services Software, DatabasesandNewMedia Software, DatabasesandNewMedia Photography, Visual andGraphicArts Photography, Visual andGraphicArts Radio andTelevision Radio andTelevision Motion Picture,Video andSound Motion Picture,Video andSound Steel Bands Steelbands Music, TheatricalProduction,Opera Music, TheatricalProduction,Opera Press andLiterature Press andLiterature Share ofOutputCoreCopyrightSub-sectorGDP(%),MarketPrices,TT$Million,2000,2007,2011 Value AddedofCoreCopyrightSub-sectors,MarketPrices,TT$Million,2000,2007,2011 Components Components 15.6% 25.6% 12.2% 29.2% 827.83 128.74 212.07 101.18 241.76 100% 2.0% 1.6% 0.6% 5.0% 2.2% 3.0% 3.0% 2000 16.47 13.26 41.37 18.46 25.19 24.71 2000 4.63 1,674.34 13.2% 37.3% 34.5% 221.80 114.93 624.63 576.86 100% 0.4% 0.8% 0.8% 6.9% 1.0% 3.4% 1.1% 0.6% Year 13.44 13.07 16.12 57.38 19.09 10.22 2007 2007 Year 6.81 1,265.13 11.7% 52.7% 15.8% 147.56 666.10 199.16 100% 0.7% 1.7% 0.3% 7.1% 0.7% 5.5% 2.8% 1.0% 2011 21.52 90.27 69.01 35.58 13.11 2011 8.74 3.67 9.40 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago69

10.7 2011 2011 9.0% 107.4 118.1 91.0% 100.0% 5.7 2007 2007 4.6% 120.0 125.7 95.4% -2.62% -1.52% 21.59% 100.0% 2007/2011 Table7.10). What is to (Table7.10). be noted by 7.6 69.9 77.5 2000 2000 9.8% 8.89% 90.2% -3.46% 10.22% 100.0% 2000/2007 Structure (%) Average annual growth rates (%) annual Average Value added (TT$ millions, market prices) Value Structure of Interdependent Copyright Sector Value Added, Growth and Structure of the Interdependent Copyright Sector 2000, 2007, 2011 Added, Growth and Structure of the Interdependent Value The Interdependent Copyright Sector Pan and Other Musical Instruments Paper Interdependent Copyright Industries Paper Interdependent Copyright Industries

Pan and Other Musical Instruments

Pan and Other Musical Instruments Paper Interdependent Copyright Industries Figure 7.6: Source: computed from TTSNA and copyright surveys computed from Source: Table 7.10: Table the policy-maker is the relatively strong growth performance of pan production in the recessionary period. in the recessionary pan production performance of growth strong the policy-maker is the relatively In WIPO (2003), the interdependent copyright sector includes any activity dedicated mainly to the production, production, the to mainly dedicated activity any includes sector copyright interdependent the (2003), WIPO In represented are activities such two Only activity. copyright facilitates that equipment of sale and manufacture approximate an national accounts and at in the survey of firms conducted for and Tobago – as generating output in the Trinidad 2000 after moderately grew jointly activities interdependent these terms, real In study. this rate of 3.7% per year from 2000 to 2007, and at 1.8% from 2007 to 7.7). the 2011 However, two (Table activities performed In differently. nominal terms, the paper production industry between declined but literature, grew and press in between growth corresponding with 2000 consistent and year, per 10.2% at 2007 2007 and 2011 at 2.6% per year. This is also that is affecting press a and and literature ii) generally, related loss result of price competitiveness. of By contrast, pan two factors: i) the rapid production, technological the main change source of demand for output from steelbands, declined by 3.5% annually 2000 and between 2007 but grew by 21.6% annually between 2007 and 2011 7.2.2 70 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 7.7: partial copyrightsector. the of segments improve these of could performance robust policy-makers the driving again, factors the Once understanding by 2011. allocation resource in 42.5% to 2000 in 52.9% from fell market copyright partial the of share its but strong, was surveying and engineering, architecture, of performance overall The The dominant partial copyright sub-sector is now interior design: it accounts for 50.6% of the sector in 2011. by recessionary conditions in aneconomyandamongthefirsttoleadwayoutofsuchconditions. links to the construction sector, which is well known to be a ‘leading’ sector – among the first to be affected close their be might reason The 2007-2011. in 5.4% by declined and period recessionary the of effects the resistand not annually,could 25.4% but engineering, by growing pre-recessionperiod, architecture,the in well as performed also surveying such Activities 2007-2011. in 6.9% of rate slower a at and 2000-2007 in 28% by growing somewhat, products related and furniture with pace kept design Interior 2007-2011. in 10.2% about by again and 2000-2007, in terms nominal in 29.14% by expanded products related and growth,relatedand furniture of periods, these of each in products, Furniture museums. and design, interior persistent the of because mainly was performance growthstrong overall (TableThe 2011 7.7). Figure 7.11; 2000 and 2007, it grew by 24.45% per year, but declined marginally by 0.16% per year between 2007 and ongoing global recession. The sector grew by approximately 15.3% annually over the whole the period. of effectsBetween 2000 the of result period a as perhaps the 2007, after trend over declining distinct a However,terms was 2011. there to nominal and real in growth experienced sector copyright partial the Overall, 7.2.3 The Partial Copyright Sector Copyright Partial The Structure ofthePartialCopyrightSector The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago71

5.9 0.2 0.9 0.1 12.8 40.1 2011 2011 369.5 439.7 869.2 0.02% 0.10% 0.01% 4.62% 0.68% 1.48% 42.51% 50.58% 100.00% 2007/2011 5.1 9.1 0.2 0.1 14.8 31.0 2007 2007 470.5 344.2 875.0 0.02% 6.93% 1.69% 0.01% 3.55% 0.58% 4.16% 1.04% 7.34% 1.93% -0.16% -5.36% -7.76% 10.23% 53.77% 39.34% -23.53% 100.00% 9.0 3.0 0.3 7.5 0.1 17.2 2000 2000 169.3 116.2 322.7 0.10% 2.33% 0.03% 5.33% 2.78% 0.93% 2.74% -6.24% -6.44% 28.03% 24.45% 29.14% 25.40% 52.49% 36.02% 11.47% 13.85% 100.00% 2000/2007 Structure (%) Average annual growth rates (%) annual Average Value added (TT$ millions, market prices) added (TT$ millions, Value Value Added, Growth and Structure of the Partial Copyright Industries, 2000, 2007, 2011 Industries, 2000, of the Partial Copyright and Structure Added, Growth Value The Non-dedicated Copyright Sector Tailors, Dressmakers and Shoe Repair Tailors,

Partial Copyright Industries Leather and Leather Products Interior Design Pottery and China Museums Furniture and Related Products Coins Jewellery, Architecture, Engineering and Surveying Architecture, Engineering and Surveying Furniture and Related Products Partial Copyright Industries Interior Design Jewellery, Coins Jewellery, Pottery and China Museums Leather and Leather Products Interior Design

Jewellery, Coins Jewellery, and Surveying Architecture, Engineering products Furniture and Related Partial Copyright Industries Tailors, Dressmakers and Shoe Repair Dressmakers Tailors, Leather and Leather Products Pottery and China Museums Dressmakers and Shoe Repair Tailors,

7.2.4 In the TTSNA, the non-dedicated activities covered the full range of general wholesale and transportation, and retail, general telephony and the internet. Growth of the non-dedicated support sector as identified 7.12; 7.8). Figure 7.7) was over and robust the nominal whole terms period, (Table both in terms real (Table In nominal terms, all three segments grew overall, but non-dedicated general transportation decline by 3.7% experienced in the period both 2007-2011. non-dedicated Further, wholesale/retail and telephony and the internet rapidly more grew in the boom conditions of 2000-2007 but experienced slower in growth the recessionary period of 2007-2011. An interesting fallout of the differential growth performance is that the share of both general transportation and telephony and the internet declined over the whole period while 66.7% in 2000 to 76.5% in 2011. substantially from grew that of general wholesale and retail Source: Computed from TTSNA and copyright surveys Computed from Source: Table 7.11: Table 72 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 7.8: of the output of the core sector and for final demand to the extent that this is captured by the growing the by captured is this that extent contributions ofthenon-dedicated supportindustries. the to demand final for and sector core the of output the of applications relatedsecondary perhaps for options widening creationthe of to rate higher a externalities, of to Tablepoints 7.9; (Figureprocessesphenomenon joint-production 7.13).The such by competitiveness and viability achieving in consistency the reflect might which trend a – 2011 in 20.1% to 2000 in 16.1% –from corethe ground relativeto gained also copyright Partial 2011. in (47.5%) activity support non-dedicated by its dominant role in the copyright sector, as its share declined from 41.4% to 29.5% in 2011. It was displaced sector.copyright restructuringthe overall of an differentialto These led growth patterns Corelost copyright 7.2.5 Source: Computedfrom TTSNAandcopyrightsurveys Table 7.12: General Transportation Telephony andInternet General Transportation General WholesaleandRetail Non-dedicated SupportIndustries Telephony andInternet General Transportation General WholesaleandRetail Non-dedicated SupportIndustries Telephony andInternet General WholesaleandRetail

Non-dedicated SupportIndustries General Patterns of Sector Restructuring Sector of Patterns General Value Added,GrowthandStructureoftheNon-dedicatedSupportIndustries,2000,2007,2011 Structure ofNon-dedicatedSupportCopyrightSectorfrom2000to2011 Value added(TT$millions,marketprices) Average annualgrowthrates (%) Structure (%) 2000/2007 100.00% 24.98% 66.74% 16.78% 17.33% 14.98% 17.39% 8.28% 770.4 192.4 514.2 2000 2000 63.8 100.00% 23.52% 68.05% -3.71% 1,675.6 1,140.3 5.43% 0.31% 9.23% 8.43% 394.2 141.2 2007 2007 2007/2011 100.00% 16.45% 76.54% 2,039.6 1,561.0 7.01% 335.6 143.0 2011 2011

The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago73 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Copyright Sector 38.6% 38.5% 47.5% Non-dedicated Support Industries 16.1% 20.1% 20.3% Industries Partial Copyright 3.9% 2.9% 2.8% Interdependent Copyright Industries 41.4% 38.5% 29.5% Industries Restructuring of the Copyright Sector, 2000-2011 Restructuring of the Copyright Sector, Structure of the Copyright Sector, 2000, 2007 and 2011 Sector, Structure of the Copyright Core Copyright Contribution to Employment Labour

2000 2007 2011 The copyright sector is a strong creator of jobs. In 2000, the copyright sector contributed 3.6% or 18,304 of the 502,000 jobs and in the Tobago, and and Trinidad economy Tobago at Trinidad a in real jobs annual the of average 5.1% wage or jobs of 29,758 approximately contributed had sector the 2007, By TT$44,962. 7.3.1 7.3 production the in used resources of types all to refer to ‘employment’ of intermediates concept broad that a use noting we worth study, is this In It services). and (goods intermediates and labour, capital, sector: a of process of aspect important an Further, inputs. as reused and produced output being capital, of form a themselves are the contribution to employment is the capacity of the sector to generate operating surplus to cover the cost of employing money capital (interest and dividends) and yield retained earnings that can finance expansion use. of resource Source: Computed from TTSNA and copyright surveys Computed from Source: Figure 7.9: Table 7.13: Table The overall trend appears to signal persistent underinvestment the of in features developing striking the of the one Overall, considerable sectors. copyright competitive partial and interdependent, core, the of capacity copyright sector that should be of to interest the policy-maker is that, partly as a of result its high of degree recessionary of face the in resilient remarkably is components) key its of some (especially sector the diversity, conditions in the global economy. This performance is not unlike that global of economy: the common internet-based characteristic they share is industries a high degree in of competitiveness rooted partly the in their capacity to innovate, which also translates into improved performance in labour import and profitability. productivity, productivity, 74 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 7.14: and literature. press of restructuring the to led that forces technological the with along 2007, after sector the of growth the slowed that forces recessionary the of reflection a mainly be could creation job in stagnation The rises. employment as fall to wage the for tendency a exhibits 7.10 Figure TT$33,473(Table7.14). to further fell sector’swage the real and growing was output as –even sector the by jobs 346 of loss –a Tobago2011 in The employment contribution declined somewhat to 29,413 jobs or 5% of total employment in Trinidad and so had created an additional 10,401 jobs over the period, at a lower real annual average wage of TT$37,662. detsn; rhtcue egneig ad uvyn; n ohr osrcinrltd kls i nt create not did sufficient jobsto skills replace thoselostbypress andliterature. construction-related other and surveying; and engineering, architecture, advertising; as many as 6,693 jobs in 2007 – a loss of 4,235 jobs. The more skill-intensive sectors of radio and television; which correspondingly experienced substantial job losses: the number of jobs in the sector fell to 2,458, from literature,pressand of technology the in change radical the was job-creatingcapacity of loss the reasonfor jobs the (Tablerecession,the main in the activity in of slowdown general the of importance the Notwithstanding 7.15). 53.4% providing support, non-dedicated providing those were copyright in activities creating job- main the 2011, By 34.6%. only by 2011, in and, total the of 45% to fallen had jobs sector copyright non-dedicated support the sector,from which came supplied 38.6% of the income in 38.7%, the sector.jobs, By 2007, the the share of coreof share highest second sector.The the of income total the of 42.4% to Of the total number of jobs in the sector in 2000, 51.3% were created in the core copyright sector, compared Figure 7.10: Source: Computedfrom CSOSNAandCopyrightSurvey Copyright ShareofTotal Employment Average RealAnnualWage Compensation ofEmployeesCopyright(TT$million) Employment ofTrinidad andTobago Employment ofLabour Employment ofLabourandRealWages bytheCopyrightSector2000,2007,2011 Trends intheAverage Wage andtheLevelofEmploymentbyCopyrightSector, 2000-2011

44,962.5 502,000 18,304 823.0 3.6% 2000 37,662.2 587,800 1,647.5 29,758 5.1% Year 2007 33,472.9 590,000 1,545.7 29,413 5.0% 2011 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago75 Employment by Copyright Sub-sectors, 2000-2011 by Copyright Sub-sectors, Employment 2011 2007 Figure 7.11: Figure 7.11: 2000 76 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Source: Computed from TTSNAand CopyrightSurvey Table 7.16: employment and worker-ownership of the industry’s enterprises. This is a fruitfulself-particular, areaofinextent forand,sector thefurther the ownershipstructure requirestudy.ofinformationwouldthe about wasengineered partly byfallinga average annual real wage in the share sector. profit the fullerA inunderstanding growth the of this above, indicatedtrend As shocks.price export and import boththrough economy general recession from 2008 to the present, some effects of which were2011 –stillpercentagein46% 2 transmitted pointsabove 2000therate–evenglobalthe as economy to undergoingwas thea Trinidad and Tobago 2011,buttheshare operatingof surplus valuein added alsogrew from 44%to2000in 48%to2007.It in decade was the over termsreal in growsurplusoperating did only not that performanceiseconomic this of strengththe of additionalgaugeimportantresources. Anreal employmentof generalthe with alonggrew expansioncapital finance tosector the capacityofinternal the thatmeans This 2011. TT$1,877.7 inmillion growthwasreal ofoperating surplusfromTT$889.1– millionTT$1,744.62000toin million 2007,toand in capital.Taking into account the patterns of employment domesticof labourof formsreported of invariety Tables aemploying externalitiesgenerateby7.14 and 7.15,to capacity the result and tendencygrowing its of growthemploymentofintermediatesofratesuggest the ofthatstrongcopyright themeasure a sectorby is SUT the available in data services. The capital fixed ofmillion TT$665 consumption intermediatesof andof stock. The rate of employment continued to grow over the decade, reaching a real value of TT$2,853.9 millionprices) of TT$2,606 million of intermediate capital and TT$486.4 million worth of services from its fixed capital 2000 (at value real employmenta grown of to rate had this 2007, capital.fixed By servicesofstock fromits copyrightsector employed TT$1,364.8 million of intermediate capital and used TT$223 million of fixed capital employfinancial risingcapacity the2000, capital.to a In growingas well employmentrealcapital,a as ofis resourcesall exhibittrendincreasesparticular, rates. Intheiruse in principaltheretheislessondata from the The data in Table 7.16 reports on the employment of intermediate and fixed capital. Figure 7.12 illustrates that 7.3.2 Source: Computedfrom CSOSNAandCopyrightSurvey Table 7.15: Interdependent CopyrightIndustries Copyright ShareofT&TEmploymentLabour Total Trinidad andTobago Total Copyright Non-dedicated SupportIndustries Partial CopyrightIndustries Radio andTelevision Press andLiterature(includingAcademicpress) Core CopyrightIndustries Intermediate Resources(goodsandservices) Profit Shareof Value added Value-added Copyright(constant 2000prices) Operating Surplus Consumption ofFixedCapital Employment of Intermediates and Fixed Capital Fixed and Intermediates of Employment Employment ofIntermediatesandCapitalbytheCopyright Sector, 2000,2007,2011 Employment ofLabourbytheCopyrightSector, T&T, 2000,2007,2011

502,000 18,304 3.65% 7,075 1,146 1,647 2,444 9,394 Nos. 689 2000 % Copyright 100.0% 38.7% 13.4% 51.3% 6.3% 3.8% 9.0%

587,800 29,758 13,488 13,397 5.06% 1,824 1,050 3,634 6,693 Nos. Employment 2007 % Copyright 100.0% 12.2% 45.3% 45.0% 22.5% 6.1% 3.5%

1,364.8 1,998.4 1140.524976 889.1 223.0 2000 0.44 590,000 1 29,413 15,712 10,184 4.99% 2,377 3,448 2,458 Nos. 2,606.3 1,744.6 3,630.4 1.198 486.4 Year 2007 0.48 2011 % Copyright 100.0% 11.7% 53.4% 34.6% 8.1% 3.9% 8.4% 2,853.8 1,877.7 4,102.1

1.046 655.2 2011 0.46

The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago77 Works of Works mas similarly achieved a small but positive trade balance in Trends in the Use of Intermediate Resources and Capital, 2000-2011 Resources in the Use of Intermediate Trends Contribution to Trade The data show that many elements of the core copyright sector were net positive contributors exchange earnings.to foreign The main positive contributors were in radio and television broadcasting, which relied on the developing internet technologies to emerge register a trade surplus from of about TT$20.1 million a in 2007 and TT$21.5 trade million in 2011. Advertising services deficit of TT$35.7also milliongenerated a net in positive trade 2000 to balance (TT$12.18 million) music, in trade in the in deficit unrecorded an of because 2007 Largely 2000. in million TT$0.02 of deficit a and suffering TT$8.1 million in 2011, after 2007, in million TT$1.69 2000, in million TT$2.4 of surplus trade a ran organisations management collective and TT$1.57 million in 2011. It is important to observe that services these to organisations foreign deliver artistes the seeking bulk of payment their for use of their implies copyright a service trade deficit in music. in the local market; which in turn 7.4 In an economy characterised by a high degree of dependence on foreign exports exchange and shortages, by frequent one recurrence of of the important questions contributes confronting to any the balance economic of trade sector (and payments) is and, in how whether particular, it it relies on the exchange net earningsforeign of other sectors or provides an from ICT the by available opening made data as well as database, on ASYCUDA and SUT their which from CSO the by available others can draw. Using data made COMTRADE, selective but extensive details of the contribution of 6.13 isolates the in Annex patternsI. Figure account balance reported for 2000, 2007, for and the 2011 are copyright-based sectors to the current copyright sector for the same years. core 2007(TT$0.1 million) and 2011 (TT$1.51 million). Figure 7.12: 78 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Figure 7.13: business associations. The data in Table 7.17 present the aggregates for these industry groups for 2000, for related groups other industry 2007, and 2011. these of for activities aggregates the the present and 7.17 Table in mas data of The works associations. business the includes ‘steelband, which as culture’, to other refer and we that Carnival industry music, larger a into incorporated is industry this Further, organisations. opera; steelpan production; and the music associations PanTrinbago, TUCO, and the collective management As indicated above, the music industry for Trinidad and Tobago is defined as steelband, music, theatricals and 7.4.1 2011. Moreover, inthiscase,thetradesurplusappearstobegrowing. and 2007 in surplus trade a registered surveying and architecture, engineering But deficits. registeredtrade and china, glass and glass products; jewellery and coins; furniture design and production; and interior design) pottery products; leather and leather repair; shoe and dressmakers (tailors, majority the which in industries, 2007 million), (TT$3.16 2000 years, three all (TT$3.04 million) and 2011 (TT$0.81 million). A broadly is found among the partial copyright similar pattern in balance trade reducing steelpan but the positive However, Tobago. a and recorded Trinidad industry in output no produce that industries interdependent and paper other in as well as musical radios) and in televisions as deficit (such equipment trade electronic in substantial and expected generally instruments the show sector copyright interdependent the for data The commercialised culture accounted for 1.53% of the copyright sectors’ real output and 6.9% of the jobs. the of Reliable tradeestimatesare notavailablefortheseaggregate sectors. 6.9% and output real sectors’ copyright the of 1.53% for accounted culture commercialised million (in 2000 prices) and 5.8% of the jobs. The broader aggregate of steelband, music, and carnival other grew rapidly. Thus, in 2011, the music industry accounted for TT$49.6 million or 1.21% of the total TT$4,102 to 2007, but recovered with moderate strength in the subsequent 4 years, while other sectors (such as radio) 2000 from years 7 the over fell industries these of output The workers. its of 10.5% employed and output sector’scopyright the of 4.59% or million TT$129.5 produced culture other and carnival music, steelband, sector’sthe of million producingTT$68.7 2000, broaderin groupingThe of employees million. its TT$1,998 Output of the Carnival and Cultural Industries Cultural and Carnival the of Output Patterns ofTrade oftheCoreCopyrightSector, 2000to2011 The music industry accounted for about 3.44% of the whole copyright sector and 7.7% of The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago79 1.5 and 93.3 61.0 15.8 16.5 62.7 6.9% 302.3 209.0 2,019 Steel Band, 1.53% Music, Culture 30,198.9 Carnival 2011 1.5 73.8 48.1 12.3 13.4 49.6 5.8% 192.2 118.4 1,697 1.21% Music 28,363.1 Industry 1.3 and 68.4 34.1 16.2 18.0 54.0 3.4% 232.6 164.2 1,025 Steel Band, 1.49% Music, Culture 33,297.2 Carnival 2007 1.3 780 98.7 54.8 24.5 14.5 15.8 43.3 2.6% 153.5 1.19% Music 31,445.4 Industry 1.0 and 91.8 67.1 39.1 23.3 91.8 210.8 119.0 1,916 Steel Band, 4.59% 10.5% Music, Culture 35,039.4 Carnival 2000 1.0 67.1 68.7 37.5 16.9 13.9 68.7 7.7% 135.8 1,405 3.44% Music 26,663.1 Industry ITEMS Steel Band, Music, Carnival and Other Culture Music, Carnival and Steel Band, Comparison with Other Countries TOTAL GROSS OUTPUT GROSS TOTAL TOTAL INTERMEDIATE COSTS COPYRIGHT INTERMEDIATE TOTAL VALUE ADDED (mp) Copyright VALUE Compensation of Employees Copyright Consumption of Fixed Capital Copyright OPERATING SURPLUS Copyright OPERATING Deflators VALUE ADDED at Constant Prices Copyright VALUE Value-added Share of Gross Copyright Value-added Average Wage Average Number of employees, copyright Per cent of copyright employees The estimates are broadly in line with estimates of the contribution of copyright to GDP in other countries. In those countries around the world in which 2.0% of low WIPO-sponsored a to US studies the in 11.12% from have ranged GDP to industries been copyright of contributions the conducted, that found it has been in Brunei, and averaged 7.18). 5.53% In (Table 2011, the contribution of copyright to GDP and in Trinidad of employment to copyright of contribution the internationalcommunity, the in Similarly, 4.8%. was Tobago the In 5.81%. of average an with Philippines, the in 11.1% to Ukraine in 1.91% of low a from ranged labour 5% in 2011. the estimated contribution to employment was Tobago, and case of Trinidad 7.5 Source: TTSNA Source: Table 7.17: Table 80 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 7.18: No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

3 2 1 4 5 6 7 8 9

Baseline Year Contribution ofCopyrightSectorbyCountryConductingWIPO-SponsoredStudies 2011 2005 2007 2007 2009 2006 2006 2004 2005 2005 2004 2005 2007 2007 2000 2005 2003 2005 2008 2004 2006 2004 2000 2005 2005 2005 2005

Trinidad andTobago Korea Australia US Hungary Panama China Russia Malaysia Singapore Romania Kenya Slovenia Philippines Jamaica Mexico Lebanon Bulgaria Canada Pakistan Croatia Latvia Peru Colombia Ukraine Brunei Average Country Contribution toGDP(%) 10.30 11.12 8.67 7.40 6.95 6.41 6.06 5.90 5.80 5.80 5.54 5.32 5.10 4.92 4.80 4.77 4.75 4.54 4.50 4.45 4.42 4.00 3.60 3.30 3.47 2.00 5.53 4.8 % ofEmployment 11.10 11.01 8.00 8.49 4.31 7.20 6.35 6.50 7.30 8.80 7.50 5.90 4.17 3.26 6.80 3.03 4.49 4.92 5.55 3.71 4.64 4.50 2.51 5.80 1.91 3.30 5.81 5.0 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago81 Some case studies of the nexus have been done been have nexus the of studies case Some 35 Either profits or wages can be used in empirical analysis of the nexus. Either profits 36 DesigningCopyright Effective Sector Development Policy: Contributions from the

Bodkin, R.G. (1966), The Wage-Price-Productivity Nexus, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Bodkin, R.G. (1966), The Wage-Price-Productivity Relations in Jamaica, 1957-1962, Social and Economic Studies, 17(2), June: 107-132; Price & Productivity H. (1968), Wage, Brewster, Relationship in a Small Developing Country: The Case of C., and Leon, H. (1990), The Wage-Price-Productivity Downes, A., Holder, in the Prices & Productivity Barbados, Social and Economic Studies, 29(2), June: 49-77; Hamilton, R. (1994), Analyzing Real Wages, (March). Caribbean: An Econometric Analysis, Social & Economic Studies, Vol.3  for Caribbean countries. This section also uses to canonical demonstrate correlations that and import labour productivity productivity form a common conceptual framework observing for worth is evaluating it is it shown that the of structure development capital is path. a Further, vital but factor influencing the identified a here, policy country’s fiscal) competitiveness or (monetary countercyclical and of issues for the address shaping not do the We nexus. that the results also imply that, in contrast it to productivity, labour to contrast labour in is, That import productivity, multiplier. productivity Keynesian the in – economy is the of dynamics short-run embedded in the profits, wages, of nexus the of parameters the dynamics; development and cyclical both for significance process holds development long-run generalised a of parameters the are productivity labour and productivity, import that shapes the specific cyclical dynamics of the economy and policy could as countercyclical guide effective well as define In the other optimal the words, short-run strategic adjustment management of the economy. of the long-term path of import productivity can play a crucial role in adapt competitiveness and profitability to meetdetermining development needs in the longhow run, while at the samean time economy can traditional In run. short the in management cyclical for investment to approach best the yield to optimised be 35 36 In the previous section, evidence was also provided that the trend growth of the copyright sector was financed was sector copyright the of growth trend the that provided also was evidence section, previous the In in large measure by growth in asits indicatedprofitability, by identify both to theTobago growth of its operating and surplusTrinidad and of SUT the in available details cross-industry the uses section This share. profit productivity the profits, between nexus the – economy the of dynamics cyclical the underlying nexus crucial a import as to referred is inputs imported of productivity The inputs. imported of productivity the and labour, of import of growth the and use, exchange foreign of efficiency the of measure a also is latter The productivity. the increases productivity capacity of the Since economy to save exchange foreign its through variable. system. production endogenous measured the as share profit the using estimated, are nexus the of parameters The wages and profits sum to value added, and the sum defines one of the fundamental identities of national accounts, this amounts to an update of an aspect economy. typical of a drive to the understood widely is that traditional nexus wage-price-profit-labour productivity Apart from motion induced by perturbations deliberate from strategy and a policy. The core fixedconcern of point,economic strategy economic design is motionto and to findtake ansteps to optimumget is level the economy onto also inducedit or as by close to it as possible. Investment ideal analysis framework provides for an considering how this works. Firm foundations for reconsidering the investment policy support given to the copyright sector are provided by the arithmetic of Section the shocks, price negative and positive exogenous to due swings performance wide experiencing was sector 6. Even as the petroleum copyright sector increased its share of real GDP from 3.9% the in in done 2000 was to This 4.0% period. in same the 2007 over and 5% then to 3.6% to 4.8% from employment in of share its increased also It 2011. absence of dedicated ministerial systems that targeted provide support. programme By contrast, agriculture the houses, guest and hotels while years, corresponding in GDP real the of 0.6% and 0.5%, 1.2%, supplied core of contributed the 1.4% tourism in sector, 2000, 0.3% in 2007, and 0.2% in 2011. Both tourism and sustained of beneficiary a also is agriculture and support; ministerial dedicated of beneficiaries are agriculture sector copyright the while important, as Just Bank. Development Agricultural the by financing grant and debt a major 2000 to 2011, the manufacturing sector, GDP from of real in its share growth was delivering robust GDP real the of 16.9% from share a declining experienced financing, and support policy public of beneficiary dedicated more and stronger for case the However, 2011. in 9.4% to recovery with 2007, in 8.1% to 2011 in support for the which copyright in economy world sector open increasingly rests an in competitiveness on industrial of development a the to contributor more general observation – the copyright sector is This section sheds light on the determinants Organisation. Trade trade is governed of the World by the rules a strong sector in the process. of the copyright of competitiveness and the role 8 . 82 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago (1992). (and hencelabourproductivity) andtheproductivity ofuseimportedcapitalgoodsandservices. assembled from the SUT and the sector profiles provide a basis for this data sector-specific evaluation, basedThe on bothtrade. wage shareand employment growth, output for prospects the expand and potential its exploit inthe to is sector copyright the if stakeholders optimal be to andsuccessful judge they policies of types practicing the reported sector copyright in which survey profiles policy-related the of results the by informed is recommended policies the of content The extracted. then are policies sector copyright optimal priority in the drive to optimise the short-run path of the economy. The related implications for the design of given be must sectors, copyright-based productivity,as import such high with Sectors exports. net growing economy,and the in costs production unit lowering competitiveness, improving for potential underutilised productivity of sectors. The findings can then be used to pick winners, in the sense of identifying the greatest productivity, for all sectors, using the data from the labour on SUT depends 2000, which share,and wage aligns the their estimates It ranking meaning 4. with Section the that in productivity of import on of the estimates import the light of new sheds also therefore report the of section this estimates, parameter above the of context multiplier. the impact In investment short-run the of dynamics and size specific the development, to as to well as hence and nexus profit-competitiveness this to contribution its is economy the to sector copyright the of contribution the of aspects important most the of One agreements. trade WTO the under its way earn in a competitive global environment characterised by the trade rules that have been engineered firms and sectors of the economy can sell commodities in the global marketplace and enable the economy to the how and whether with concerned be must policy-makers agenda, this of respect In investment. current boost to order in period current the in pursue to have will government productivity labour and import the has proven tobe.Theworse theinvestmentperformanceofeconomyinprevious period,thehigher of relationship performance investment-interestrate the that way the controversialin not the is that observation an – nexus the of determinant major the is investment since nexus, profits-productivity the using by this in that understood widely is endeavour,It investment performance in one period affects investment in the next. This goal can be advanced problems. development solve to necessary investment target the and investment of rate current the between deviation the minimise to is economicmanagement, policy-maker the cyclical of objective and major a oflong-term course the normal In generally. analysis sector-specific for and particularly, stakeholders other and policy-makers copyright-sector for important are findings The instruments tobeuseddefinethepathofinvestmentasatargetvariable. target of set key provide a can and economy the of cycles the governs competitiveness profits and of nexus crucial this how of appreciation of lack of because mainly variables, sector real certain of role instrumental the to attention minimal with adopted was approach This targets. investment achieving in instrument rate interest the of management to assigned was role that of much management, economic optimal of analysis 41 40 39 38 37  (1995) Haque ul by formulated elegantly is and well-known is income capita per of decomposition The 8.1 its comparative advantage in the world system, a country must pay close attention to enhancing its absolute the ability of the country to use and upgrade advanced technologies. It has long been argued by Shaikh by argued been long 225-232), on has (1980: It primarily technologies. depends advanced upgrade advantage and of use to form country this the of that ability is the industry analytical entire the of consensus the and of measure a is it that is property famously led in mainstream economics by Solow (1956) Solow by economics mainstream in led famously industry,analytical an of focus the been has decomposition this in inherent labour of productivity The rate. exchange the of account takes deflator living of cost The size. population and force labour the of deflator,size the living of cost labour,the of productivity employment, output, price, of account takes that way a   Amsterdam: North-Holland. variables andthetargets.Thisidea isstillrelevant here. andIndustry. See,Theil,H.(1964).OptimalDecision RulesforGovernment of constraintontheachievement maximumsocialwelfare, henceonachievementofthesmallestgapbetweentarget political economy . NewYork: CambridgeUniversityPress., pp.204-235. exchange.InE.J. Nell(1980),GrowthProfitsand Property:Essaysontherevival of Shaikh, A.(1980). Thelawsofinternational Growth, 107:408-437. Mankiw, G.,Romer, D.,andWeil, D.(1992).AContributiontotheEmpirics ofEconomicGrowth. QuarterlyJournalofEconomic Solow, R.(1956).AContribution totheTheoryofEconomicGrowth. QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,70:65-94. ul Haque,I.(1995).Trade, Technology andInternationalCompetitiveness.Washington, D.C.:TheWorld Bank. When firstposedbyTheil(1964),thisapproach topolicyusedastructuralmodeloftheeconomicsystem toexpress therole 40 Labour Productivity andProfits –AnalyticalConsiderations n wrd hr lbu i sac, hs eopsto mks efc sne Is ot important most Its sense. perfect makes decomposition this scarce, is labour where world a In 41 and repeated by ul Haque (1995: 12), that whatever its disposition towards respecting towards disposition its whatever that 12), (1995: Haque ul by repeated and , i.e., advantage , absolute 39 and in econometrics by Mankiw, Romer and WeilMankiw, and by Romer econometrics in and the ability to extract value from the inputs used, inputs the from value extract to ability the 37 38 in The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago83 ) is the ) 45 which is specifically interested in 47 Bowen, et al., (1998). 44 et al. (1980), , measured as gross capital as the gross capital-labour ratio, measured Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Edition). New York: (1998: 360-362). Where these variables cannot be measured, measured, be cannot variables these Where 360-362). (1998: al. et , measured as the ratio of compensation of employees of compensation of ratio the as measured share, wage nd Romer (2001: 240-241, 308), Romer (2001: 240-241, 43 , measured as the ratio of consumer imports to domestic to imports consumer of ratio the as measured penetration, import , measured as employment divided by the by divided employment as measured capital, domestic of unit per employment export-imported inputs ratio, measured as exports divided by imported inputs; and Indeed, there is now a well-established methodology for understanding the mark-up share 46 Pentecost (2000: 262), 42 the export share of value added. The wage-share is treated as an endogenous variable as a result of its the mark-up rate, which enters as a quadratic; (iii) Jacquemin, A., De Ghellinck, E., and Huveneers, C. (1980). ‘Concentration and Profitability in a Small Open Economy’, Journal of in a Small Jacquemin, A., De Ghellinck, E., and Huveneers, C. (1980). ‘Concentration and Profitability Industrial Economics, 29(2): 131-144. . New York: St Martin’s Press. St Martin’s Pentecost, E. (2000). Macroeconomics: An open economy approach. New York: D. (2001). Advanced Macroeconomics (2 Romer, Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. A., and Viaene, J-M. (1998). Applied International Trade Hollander, Bowen, H.P., Blackwell. Martin, S. (1993). Advanced Industrial Economics. Cambridge, Mass. & Oxford: Kalecki, M. (1939). Essays in the Theory of Economic Fluctuations. London: Allen & Unwin. 

consumption divided by employment, where gross capital consumption includes both fixed and circulating of rate the (iv) capital; consumption of domestic capital; (v) the (v) capital; domestic of consumption The coefficient estimatesreveal that, as expected from the literature, labour productivity ( Canonical correlations of the right-side linear combinations of the estimated import productivity and labour productivity import of think might one that indicate II, Annex in reported model, the of equations productivity competitiveness of evaluation the for framework conceptual unified a comprising as productivity labour and driving the mark-up of the sectors, and hence earnings, in the that the two core views are capacity closely correlated. That to is, when linear finance combinations of the developmentarguments from in retained each of the structural equations are sought that maximise the correlation of the linear combinations, the result is a near-perfect correlation of 0.96 between the best linear combination of the labour productivity factors and the best linear all combination of of the the test import statistics factors. productivity Moreover, significant. highly are to value added; (vi) the rate of rate the (vi) added; value to shipments; (vii) the (viii) an identity. through of profits link to the share a fundamental factor underlying the availability of retained earnings to finance competitiveness in the form of import Importantly productivity. too, as import penetration grows, the mark-up rate tends to fall, while in value added in the presence of market imperfections, where the extent of imperfections is measured by the Herfindahl index of concentration; theother important explanatory variable is the elasticity of demand for the product of the firm or A industry. special case of this analysis is the Kalecki (1939) mark-up theory. A typically authoritative study of this kind is Jacquemin A detailed analysis of the tendency and ability of firms to set price based on the mark-up rate can be found in found be can rate mark-up the on based price set to firms of ability and tendency the of analysis detailed A Martin (1993). 44 45 46 47 42 43 To To the extent that a country’s markets lend themselves to that a the creative impulses high create intellectual degree property and of hence monopolistic competition monopoly, or as the basis to for the extent engagement in the market, commodity pricing will tend to be on the basis of a mark-up over cost (Kalecki (1939), advantage; advantage; and successful countries tend as to Shaikh do (1980: so. reason, 205) The observes, core is that, firms engage in trade for profit. ultimately, In the light of these considerations, a policy model was built to guide the integration of suggestions from stakeholders into the substance of this report, set in the implied context of by the fundamental the outlines data of policies at hand. The The model estimates model the parameters and of variables. parameter the dependent its nexus are which use), estimates of exchange foreign of the efficiency the are (or profitinputs imported share,of productivity presented the productivity in of labour, and detail the in Annex II. The explanatory variables of the model (i) are: variables are selected The extracted trade. to links from its and pricing underlying mark-up of as production well as functions distribution, of principles and from the ‘small’ economies, such as Trinidad and Tobago. In ‘small’ the economies, and general such Tobago. case, as the Trinidad explanatory variables in the extent of the mark-up pricing principle will be the elasticity of demand faced by concentration This of the is the a industry. well-established principle industry in trade analysis where and the issue comes up the degree of Bowen in documented well is it routinely; increasing of extent the as such proxies acceptable are there limitations, data existing with case the often is as differentiation. and product returns or economies of scale, capital-intensity structure of capital, measured as the ratio of domestic capital consumption in total capital consumption; (ii) 84 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago and so on, so and productivity,labour in reduction 0.05% further a productivity,then import in reduction 0.23% reinforcing and corresponding a causing 0.41%, by productivity labour lower would added value of share wage the in productivity would lead to a 0.56% growth labour of in increase import 1% productivity.a equations, productivity The the estimates only Considering also reinforcing. show mutually are that productivity a 1% increase import and productivity labour indeed, that, reveal also estimates coefficient the that is here striking More capital poolwillalsohaveasubstantialpositiveeffect onthemark-uprate. the in capital domestic shareof rising A rate. mark-up the growthof favour will ratio capital-import rising a 48 (1965) Demas’ accepting all the other variables of the model. Examination of the Supply and Use Tables indicates that this also means the of competitiveness than the faster capital domestic grows that programme investment transform an to economy,go should attention priority to order in that, is estimates parameter the of lesson powerful The 8.2 seeking to promote development. One finds similar reinforcement in the quadratic of the targeting, the first practical consideration is to use the wage share to put pure government employment – employment government pure put to share wage the use to is consideration practical first the targeting, growing domestic capital faster than all other factors in the economy. From the perspective of sector-specific in capital domestic of share gross consumption the of capital, with an elasticity of 2.02. Thus, the best policies is would be those that focus on variable impact biggest The immediate. are policy for implications The 3. 2. 1. data andassembledinTable 5.8,thismeansgivingrelative prioritytothesectorsordered asfollows: 2000 SUT from extracted growth sector and productivity import of relationship the with stand matters As profitability.productivityand labour growboth also to be effectwould one that knowledge the in involved, that allocations to implement them could be governed by the comparative import productivities of the sectors and, indeed, the wider economy. Specifically, their suggestions would be disciplined by the above finding, in sector copyright the in leaders the of suggestions the consider should policy-maker the that light this in is It to havethehighestimportproductivity. Theordering ofsectorsforthispurposeisdocumentedinTable 5.7. sectors that use technologies which tend to grow domestic capital faster than imported capital, and thus tend be achieved. In general, the policy implication is to promote investment and trade, in relative terms, in those can capital total relativeto capital domestic of accumulation the which by mechanism primary the be might capital and people of movement free indeed, closure; economic of form any promote not do results These 3. 2. 1. domestic capitalratio.Inparticular, the growing of advantages many demonstrate they and findings, Practically,empirical strong very are these employment ofconstantcapital.  University Press. Demas, W. (1965).TheEconomicsof DevelopmentinSmallCountries,withspecialreference totheCaribbean. McGill:McGill ru B rdo n tlvso; detsn srie; oyih cletv mngmn societies; management collective copyright services; Group C:[press] advertising television; and photography, visualandgraphicarts,related professional andtechnicalservices] [radio B Group and newmedia;literature; worksofmas] databases software, sound; and video picture, motion opera; productions, theatrical [music, A: Group at theirhighestpossiblerate. the of growth grow to pushed arerelative sectors viable all as even a potential, saving exchange foreign high show engineering that sectors of sense the in winners, pick rationally can policy Development economy. the for production path development long-term the optimal an attain and to strategy the for (intermediates) targets good are system capital final inter-industry the of development the that follows also It the economy, evenasthetotalstockisencouragedtogrow atitsoptimalrate. good for the programme of foreign exchange saving, and hence ultimately good for the development of is stock capital total the than rate faster a at component capital domestic the of growth that follows It Implications ofPolicyModel . The process is convergent. The largest of the elasticities (2.02) is the coefficient of coefficient the is (2.02) elasticities the of largest The convergent. is process The infinitum. ad , and it indicates that this is the variable that should receive priority attention from policy-makers 48 propositions to find policies that grow inter-industry linkages in order to expand to order in inter-industry grow linkages that policies find to propositions opsurps equation. The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago85 Finally, the Finally, presence of highly significant parameters for the quadratic in the domestic capital share of the capital employed and the general presence of significant nonlinearities in the model point to the likelihood of multiple solutions and optimal development paths. This might ultimately point to the need for significant might this Indeed, development. and competitiveness to drive the support to governance good in investment Tobago. and in Trinidad needed be the single largest development project From From the perspective of sound the policy, estimated policy model also suggests that such threats need not be halted by a battle with workers to lower counteracted effectively be can they Instead, consumption. the real of side the from growth to wage stimulus produce share, especially if a rising wage share is likely to and corrected by exogenous investment shocks to the capital-labour ratio the structure of and, capital and better the level still, of employment by of the improving skills of the labour the and 5.7) force relative to (Table productivity import on data the the with combination in analysis, this again, Once capital employed. wage share 8.1), (Table suggests that the optimal strategy would be to reallocate and order the necessary investment interventions to favour the sectors that raise As import the productivity. data the show, leading the copyright sectors. sectors among these are public administration – in perspective. Table 8.1 reports the wage share by sector. Table 8.2 illustrates the trend trend the illustrates 8.2 Table sector. by share wage the reports 8.1 Table perspective. in – administration public for the share of government in the In employment share of and Tobago, in administrative Tobago. Trinidad rapid This in2009. 49% to 2000 in 40% from 2000, since rapidly and steadily growing been has government Trinidad. in drift upward slow the with contrasts economy Tobago the governmentin of share the of growth Government in the sense of pure public administration does not operate to generate an operating surplus and its wage share is virtually1. As its share of the economy increases, it will create a ‘government disease’ by raising the wage dramatically share and by stimulating both a rising wage and share a fall in productivity So, above. demonstrated as follow, share wage the of effects multiplier The economy. the of sectors other in economy the in government of share the in increase trend the sector, energy the in prices buoyant by funded has been setting up a process of perpetual stagnation of both labour productivity and import productivity – the most fundamental joint indicators of competitiveness and this type determinants of of stagnation, future of history the an investment. throughout indeed, and, ultra-high-risk 2000 It since strategy is Tobago of of prospects development the to growth threat underlying without development, which has been the extent. but to a much lesser is evident in Trinidad, the island. The same threat 86 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table 8.1: Sector Code 35 31 36 22 13 42 49 25 34 50 44 48 53 28 21 32 30 46 47 43 39 17 27 33 29 45 15 20 26 23 14 01 19 24 54 41 52 51 Wage SharebySUTSector, Trinidad andTobago Gas Processing(2411) H/hold Chemicals(2423,2424) Petrochemicals (2411) Feed &FlourMills(1531,1532,1533) Oil &GasProduction(1110) Oil &GasDistribution(5050,4020) Insurance (6601,6603) Alcohol/Soft Drinks/Tobacco (1551,1553,1554,1600) Petroleum &GasRefineries(2320,2320) Business Services(7010,7430,7111-7129,7492) Restaurants (5520) Finance (6511,6519,6592,6599,7530) Health (8512,8520,8519,8511,9142,9112,9191,9120) Paper Converters(2109) Fish Processors(1512) H/hold Appliances (3420,3140,3430,2511,3220,3512,3610,2899) Construction Materials(2422,2693,2695,2694,2520,2811) Transport (6021,6022,6304,6309,6301,6304,6302,6411,6412) Communication (6420) Wholesale &RetailDistribution(52/51) Electricity (4010) Meat Processors(1511) Printing (2212,2211) Iron &Steel(2710) Wood (2010,3610,2029) Hotels &GuestHouses(5510) Quarries &Asphalt(1410,1429) Fruit &Vegetable Processors(1513) Textiles (1711,1810,1920,1729) Bakeries (1541) Service Contractors(1120) Poultry Farms(0122) Dairy Factories(1520) Miscellaneous FoodManufacturers(1543,1544,1549) Personal Services(9219,5020,9301,9302,9303) Construction (4510,4520,4530,4540) Education (8010,8021,8022,8030) Government (75) Sector description Wage Share 0.99 1.00 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 Import Productivity 20.9 27.1 29.8 20.8 15.3 10.0 13.3 11.9 17.9 12.4 11.5 13.6 33.5 NA NA 7.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 9.0 2.2 6.7 0.1 7.4 2.1 6.7 6.5 5.8 6.6 1.5 1.7 0.1 2.0 3.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 4.3 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago87 2009 0.1% 0.0% 2.9% 8.2% 0.0% 0.0% 3.0% 5.1% 0.1% 0.0% 4.7% 1.1% 0.7% 3.3% 3.2% 25.8% 56.7% 32.1% 48.6% 15.3% 52.2% 19.3% 100.0% 100.0% 2008 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% 0.3% 0.1% 1.6% 3.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4.6% 1.0% 0.8% 3.4% 3.5% 26.5% 55.6% 10.8% 29.5% 50.9% 14.6% 52.5% 19.6% 100.0% 100.0% 2007 0.1% 0.0% 3.3% 9.7% 0.4% 0.5% 1.5% 2.9% 0.0% 0.0% 4.9% 1.1% 0.8% 3.5% 3.1% 25.4% 50.6% 35.4% 46.2% 14.9% 52.7% 18.8% 100.0% 100.0% 2006 0.0% 0.0% 2.3% 9.0% 0.5% 0.3% 1.1% 3.5% 0.0% 0.0% 4.5% 0.9% 0.6% 3.7% 3.2% 26.8% 51.0% 36.8% 46.4% 14.2% 52.9% 19.9% 100.0% 100.0% 2005 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.5% 0.1% 1.7% 3.0% 0.1% 0.0% 4.4% 0.8% 0.9% 3.6% 3.3% 26.4% 49.4% 12.4% 36.2% 44.7% 14.8% 52.7% 19.5% 100.0% 100.0% Employed 2004 0.1% 0.0% 1.6% 0.9% 0.5% 1.6% 3.2% 0.1% 0.0% 4.4% 0.9% 0.9% 3.5% 3.1% 25.7% 46.5% 10.8% 39.7% 41.7% 15.0% 53.0% 19.1% 100.0% 100.0% 2003 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 0.3% 0.1% 1.2% 4.0% 0.0% 0.0% 4.7% 0.7% 1.0% 4.7% 2.9% 26.2% 43.3% 13.8% 39.9% 38.1% 15.5% 51.9% 18.6% 100.0% 100.0% 2002 0.0% 0.0% 3.3% 0.3% 0.4% 2.2% 2.9% 0.1% 0.0% 4.9% 0.8% 1.0% 5.4% 2.6% 26.7% 45.7% 10.5% 39.9% 40.6% 15.8% 50.6% 18.6% 100.0% 100.0% 2001 0.3% 0.0% 3.4% 0.5% 0.3% 1.5% 2.6% 0.1% 0.0% 5.2% 0.7% 1.1% 5.3% 3.0% 25.9% 45.9% 11.1% 38.6% 41.7% 16.5% 50.5% 17.6% 100.0% 100.0% 2000 0.1% 0.0% 4.5% 9.2% 1.2% 0.5% 1.7% 3.2% 0.1% 0.0% 4.7% 0.7% 1.4% 5.0% 2.4% 24.8% 44.7% 39.8% 39.8% 16.3% 52.0% 17.4% 100.0% 100.0% Employment by Type, Trinidad andTobago,2000-2009 Trinidad by Type, Employment All Government Trinidad All Government Tobago Total Not Stated Not Applicable Employer Own Account Worker Learner/Apprentice Unpaid Worker Private Enterprise Central and Local Gov’t Gov’t State Enterprise State Gov’t Statutory Board Total Not Stated Not Applicable Employer Own Account Worker Learner/Apprentice Unpaid Worker Private Enterprise Central and Local Gov’t Gov’t State Enterprise Gov’t Employment Type Statutory Board Support for development of the business model. and international Investment promotion marketing and brand development. Fully integrating it into the school system in the long-term to address general and specific literacy skills literacy specific and general address to long-term the in system school the into it integrating Fully and technological creativity. Targeting the current skills deficit of professionals in creativity. the medium term, with a boosting view to ndustry Leaders and Lessons from InternationalBest Practice the Industry Leaders and Lessons from Selected Policy Suggestions from General Suggestions from Profile Survey (b) Improve access to financing in the form of ultra-low-cost financing and insurance for all forms of capital of forms all for insurance and financing ultra-low-cost of form the in financing to access Improve formation, including working capital. and marketing, with significant priority given to: management Improve (a) (b) Improve education for the sector participants, by: education Improve (a) Tobago Trinidad 3. 2. 1. 8.3.1 survey suggests that we should: The profile 8.3 The policy suggestions from the industry profile survey are broadly consistent with the implications of the policy model discussed above, with details reported in II. All of the proposals seek noted. of the policy model. Exceptions are consistent with the structural interpretation to increase investment Table 8.2: Table 88 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago no significantcosttothecountry. proactive stance by Trinidad and Tobago would be to sign the Rome Convention and gain that protection, a at countries, rights, neighbouring those such of in owners the protectedfor protectionTo gain Rome. not of aresignatories however, are which recordings sound TT of Owners . and Barbados are these (Table 8.3): WPPT to signatories not are but recordings sound TT of users significant are that CARICOM in the development of the economy and the use of copyright in that process, there are two important the countries of stance the WCT, membership of with the Rome Convention appears to inconsistent be unnecessary. However, is in terms and of Convention WPPT the in trajectory membership of of virtue by Rome that of and holds Office PropertyTrinidad which Intellectual Tobago, the join to recommendation stakeholder The look tomore positiveapproaches topolicyontradeinservices,includingimproved tradepromotion. expanded access to a global market in the relatively free trading context. For this reason, it might be better to under recessionary conditions, without imposing the suggested restrictions, partly by taking advantage of the even environment, global Trinidadcompetitive of a sector Tobagoin growcopyright and and the thrive can that suggest estimates These Section6. of estimates performance the with or section, this of results model the with consistent strictly not is (6) radio and television on airplay local 50% a guarantee to proposal The 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. following initiatives: the suggests survey the A, Group in sectors the to relation in specifically done be should what regards As 8.3.1.1 7. 6. 5. 4. organisations. Join the Rome Convention for the protection of performers, producers of phonograms, and broadcasting Guarantee atleast50%localairplayontelevisionandradio. Strengthen thetechnicalandfinancialcapacityofpromoters. Move beyondethnicityinthedevelopmentofsegmentscopyrightsector. Promote andbrandTrinidad andTobago’s musicinternationally. Provide more andimproved museums,statues,andrelated displaysforpubliceducation. shows. and festivals more enable to as well as exporting, and research pan facilitate to factory pan a Establish Improve taxincentives. Make community-basedinterventions. Upgrade implementationofthecopyrightlaws. and the delivery of business support, as well as risk measurement and monitoring for improved financing. associations business the effortsof the unify to developed be regard,representativeshould a institution country.this the In in academies various the with collaboration in support technical transformative and associations of the relevant sectors, with a strong emphasis on developing capacity to deliver incubation Upgrade risk management and strengthen entrepreneurial initiatives through the representative business Notable Specifics – Group A Group – Specifics Notable The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago89 35 No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes BRUSSELS 77 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes GENEVA 89 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes WCT Convention / Treaty 89 No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes WPPT 165 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Berne 91 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Rome Protection of literary and artistic works phonograms, phonograms of producers of Protection of performances of performers in organisations. Also includes protection for phonograms, and broadcasts of broadcasting reproduction of their phonograms phonogram producers against unauthorised unauthorised duplication of their Protection of phonogram producers against phonograms programme carrying satellite signals except Protection of unauthorised transmission of direct broadcast transmissions granted to performers – the right of Protection of performances fixed in phonograms of making (iv) the right reproduction; ii) the right of distribution, (iii) the right of rental, and except in the case of rebroadcasting), available; Moral Rights (the right of broadcasting, (except where the performance is a (ii) the right of communication to the public broadcast performance), and (iii) the right of fixation. Grants to producers of phonograms and (iv) the (i) the right of reproduction, (ii) the right of distribution, (iii) the right of rental, right of making available Protection of computer programs and databases Country CARICOM Signatories to Copyright Conventions and Treaties Conventions Signatories to Copyright CARICOM ther Specific Projects Suggested by Profile Survey Suggested by Profile Other Specific Projects Notable Suggestions – Group B Creating a single, robust, and independent Copyright Sector Development Division and Ministry. a single, robust, Creating Establishing a College of Copyright, Heritage Industries and Law (Tobago). internshipsand scholarships merit of system a studies higher pursue to individuals enable to Introducing in the copyright sector. Establish broadcasting standards and facilitate training of announcers. standards Establish broadcasting Provide incentives for research into audience preferences television stations. and into the content needs of radio and Bahamas Barbados British British Virgin Dominica! Grenada Jamaica ! Saint Vincent/Grenadines Berne Convention Rome Convention Geneva Convention Brussels Convention WPPT WCT Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad Signatories Worldwide Total 1. 2. 3. 8.4 the Notably, survey also suggests that, while relying on private entrepreneurship to lead development, the government should establish a multi-dimensional system for the development of the copyright sector by: 1. 2. 8.3.1.2 B, the survey suggests that government of the sectors in Group should: In respect Source: WIPO Source: Table 8.3: Table 90 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 7. 6. 5. rights claimed. This is reflected in the absence of such a requirement in the administration of any of the of any of administration the conventionsandtreaties in international listedinTable requirement 8.3. a such of absence the in reflected is This claimed. rights the of holder legitimate the is indeed claimant registered a that certification to respect with solves it than createto moreappears problemsRegister a of establishment the that is consensus international general the adopted by the TTIPO. The TTIPO generally observes that, after more than a position decade the of considering with the consistent merits, not are created be Copyright of Register a that recommendations Stakeholder • • • • shouldstimulatecopyright-relatedGovernment entrepreneurship andinvestment,via: 8.4.1 4. as a traditional cultural expression. One result of this continuing effort by the Government of Trinidadand of Government the by effort continuing this of result One expression. cultural but traditional a copyright, as as not internationally, mas of works protecting on concentrated have efforts Those states. member in mas of works recognitionof protectionand the for tirelesslylobbied have WIPO, in negotiations W 8.4.1.3 • • • aframework ofeconomicrenewal programmingWithin atthecommunity level,policyshouldfocuson: 8.4.1.2 2. 1. In relation togender, policyshouldfocuson: 8.4.1.1 orks of Establishing aCopyrightClaimsCourtfortheprevention ofpiracy. applicable totheHeritageFestival). especially is (this incentives other and trophies with district by performance sector copyright Rewarding Establishing aHeritageIndustryandCopyrightDevelopmentFundCollateralisationProgramme. ❍ ❍ Creation ofaRegisterCopyright. Increased trademissions. participationbythecopyrightsectorininternational as makecredit availableinmanageableamountsunderrepayment arrangements. upgrade traditional rotating savings programmes, foster participation, and keep interest rates low, as well community,presencemicrocreditevery a special in with A micro capital, for working facility to designed to improve managementand employeeskills. potentially that area seeks any that programme support business copyright a include should programme in a Such copyright. yields skills certified with persons for programme financing start-up business A direct technical support to enterprises and individuals in the copyright sector in, for example, the form of: Establishing a Copyright Research Institute that conducts capacity-building and policy research to provide of copyrightsectordevelopment). alia, supporting temporary affirmative actions towards the relevant goals of community-based leadership Promotion of necessary economic investments, as well as constitutional and legal amendments (by, electoral observers,andotherkeystakeholdersin processes). professionals, media educators, civic leaders, potential and (current sector copyright the in investors of confidence and knowledge skills, the improve to programmes training community-based of Expansion change attitudes towards employmentandwealthcreation, aswellpiracyinthecopyrightsector.and awareness raise to designed programme education community-based a of Establishment associations, stateemploymentagencies,andresearch agencies. employers’ agencies, management collective copyright unions, musicians’ as such organisations related labour- between cooperation fostering by work and family combine to men and women Encouraging Providing specialincentivepackagesforwomen. ❍ ❍ Financing Measures for Promoting Entrepreneurship in Copyright-based Sectors Copyright-based in Entrepreneurship Promoting for Measures Financing Legal Issues, International Conventions and Implementation of Law of Implementation and Conventions International Issues, Legal Policy of Focus Community The Policy of Focus Gender The an annualCopyrightCommunitiesResearch Conference. a CopyrightStudies&Research Bulletin Mas: Trinidad and Tobago delegations to various international forums, most notably in the ongoing inter The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago91 International consensus building in building consensus International 49 whereby a condition for the grant of such licences such of grant the for condition a whereby 50 The copyright laws of Trinidad and Tobago are not well-enforced. well-enforced. not are Tobago and Trinidad of laws copyright The Law: Copyright Business Practice: In music, movies, works of of mas copyright- and other such areas Liquor Licences Act Chapter 84:10 ; Cinematograph Act Chapter 20:10; Theatres and Dance Halls Act Chapter 21:03 and Dance Halls Act Liquor Licences Act Chapter 84:10 ; Cinematograph Act Chapter 20:10; Theatres Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, Seventeenth Knowledge and Folklore, Traditional Intergovernmental and Genetic Resources, Committee on Intellectual Property IC /17/12,Annex II, p. 5. Session, December 6 to 10, 2010, Geneva, WIPO GRTKF,  In order to facilitate by some stakeholders that amendments be it has been recommended and Tobago, the organisations in Trinidad collective licensing and legislation similar and legislation licensing royalty liquor to made collection process of collective management mplementation of the of Implementation The Copyright Act provides management organisations civil usually administer thousands remedies of copyright works for or sound cases of recordings infringement, it infringement would and, be virtually impossible in for such entities to prove infringement of of each work copyright. or Licensing sound recording in bodies/collective their extensive repertoire. The effect of Section 39 injunctions’ available of to the licensing Act, bodies, is which that, makes once ‘wide infringement is proved or admitted, the Court grant may an injunction to the entire repertoire of the licensing body although the infringement only related to one or some of the works or recordings. this regard continues and it is of the utmost importance to keep the issue under careful scrutiny and control, control, and scrutiny careful under issue the keep to importance utmost the of is it and continues regard this it. sound data on and to report One important manifestation of this referred are is that bodies licensing with the disputes licensing of paucity failure The rights. their of secure to bodies most licensing holders of copyright to actively challenge the to the High Court is attributable to probably two factors. The first is lack of knowledge or of this awareness licensing bodies, and the second is the expense and inordinate by persons who have disputes with provision to given be should consideration circumstances, the In Tobago. and Trinidad in litigation Court High of delays option speedier and expensive less a as mechanisms (ADR) resolution dispute alternate of implementation the CMOs. for determining licensing disputes with 50 49 Tobago is that the current draft international instrument on the protection of traditional cultural expressions, expressions, cultural traditional of protection the on instrument international draft current the that is Tobago developed in the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on the Knowledge, Protection of Cultural Traditional Expressions and Genetic Resources, contains references to works [works [handicrafts,] art of of expressions material as such mas, expressions, tangible ‘… mentions: specifically for which example, in its Article 1(d), places’. sacred and forms], [spiritual tangible and [architecture,] mas,] of Copyright Law and is that the applicant be in possession of a copyright and/or neighbouring rights CMO. licence Such from statutory the measures relevant would increase royalty owners. collections right of benefit the and to redound the ultimately would which attendant quantum Tobago, and of Trinidad royalties in CMOs by distributed collective by promoted options many of one only is policy to approach this that noted be should it However, management organisations that are also the Tolikely minimisebeneficiaries the of moral the hazard policy. in policy-making, finalisation of the policy design should be accomplished by bringing all stakeholders into and a multi-sector sector-wide joint decision-making framework with which to address how the intellectual and rewarded. of copyright could best be respected of producers property based production, the underlying copyright is always owned the by producer the of authors. Consequently, the work, be it a work of mas the of or creation the some in involved other copyright the of work, authors the with would agreements written be having of well-advised tactic business to employ the same informed over have work, its to control in complete really order exploitation. The practice in where movie production, is perhaps the best practice the is norm engaged is contractually, that every party involved in the production in this respect. Thus, at the end of the production, there is no question as to is product (however the who law defines it). a From policy standpoint, thethe lack of that type of business andowner legal of the final appears in shrewdness works of mas and and Tobago other types of copyright-based in production Trinidad to be the ultimate issue. The law is a living breathing thing that and policy-makers, will while in the lobbying, trenches seem to evolve have an important to responsibility the promote over time. Legal practitioners practice that industry clients operate their business within the of realities laws current and social conditions. responsibility overriding an as treated best perhaps is this institutions, related and policy-makers of case the In as the copyright sector evolves. 92 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago 3 innovation, andgrowth stagesoftheirdevelopment. copyright sector should be deliberately geared to increasing the incentives for new firms in the establishment, skills and business practices to participate in the digital economy as as country.the well commerceof and stance trade the of development recommendationaccelerated general is The as system education newandinnovative the adjust to produce need a to to point initiatives policy as anopportunity recommended These products. digitisation to embrace prepared are that firms some or mere bit players on the edge of the digital stage. As the profiles of IBG and Teleios show, there are already the growing risk of finding itself participating in the value chain of the digital economy mainly as consumers The challenge for Trinidad and Tobago is to find a profitable space in the new environment in order to manage these firmstodistributetheirworksevenconsumersinthelocalmarket. to turning already are publishers and authors local and Atlantic, north the in overseas located retailers and aggregators digital by replaced being are stores bricks-and-mortar The world. the of rest the Tobago,in as Trinidadand in products these of distribution and production traditional the with associated jobs many of The inexorable trajectory of the digitisation and distribution of copyright products will lead to the elimination rapidly beingdominatedworldwidebyafewfirmslocatedinthenorthAtlantic. is e-books of sale Similarly,the products. their sell to platform this to increasingly turning Tobagoare and music. According to the New Music Express (online version), 80% of legal downloads of recorded music recorded of downloads legal were from of the iTunes80% platform. version), (online Express Music New the to According music. recorded of distribution legal the Already,iTunesdominates developing. Apple is control and centralisation of form a internet, the over goods copyright distributing and producing by created chain value the in that, indicates evidence The markets. all characterise that domination market of patterns same the to subject is it The as technologicalmeasures suchasvariousformsoflegallysanctioneddigitalrightsmanagementsystems. well as redress, of means legal new including needed, are form digital in products copyright of distribution and production the managing to approaches new works, copyright produce to incentive the creators give to and users creatorsinterestsand of the restoreorder between to In balance artists. the new in investment already evident in the recorded music industry, where is the major record-producing firms have This been curtailing products. these of production the in resources mental and financial of investment less be will there have therefore created a great danger that the quality and quantity form of copyright digital output in will diminish works because of distribution and reproduction of methods new The work. copyright the producing receiving of or zero, above sufficiently adequate compensation in some other form (such as royalties) is to allow her to recover the initial high cost of that price a at copies sufficient selling of prospect reasonable have must a producer copyright other or author The copies. subsequent as well as copy first the producing profitpursuing product her produceof would price the if were output any zero. There a be must reward for However,agent output. economic copyright rational digitised no for paying to resistanceincreasing is there and free become have form digital in works copyright inputs, as output copyright use that firms some and consumer Fromthe distribution. of of view costs of most point eliminates the practically network digital this but zero, be to perceived form digital in products copyright of production of cost the is only not internet, the of advent the With produced. are copies many how matter no indefinitely level low this at remains and zeroto precipitouslyclose fall units subsequent and second producingthe of cost the domain, digital the in However,digitisation. by affected much not is and publisher and author the for high quite remains book a as such work copyright a of copy first producingthe of cost reproductionThe processesof distribution. and that linked the creator to the final consumer have been radically changed. This change has largely been in the With the advent of digitisation and the availability of copyright products without physical media, the processes 8.4.1.4 52 51 of TobagoHouse Act Assembly forpolicymaking andrepresentationthe levelonmatterstodowithcopyright. atthegovernmental Copyright to look national to the Tobagohave of by residentsHowever, governed amendments. its is Tobagoand 82:80 in Chapter created works of copyright to pertaining law The 8.5 rd http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-18438_7-20012381-82.html http://www.nme.com/blog/index.php?blog=10&title=who_will_break_itunes_monopoly&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 quarter of2010,onefirm,Amazon,controlled 70to80%ofthee-bookmarketinUS. nternet as Internet Addressing digitisation Addressing Copyright LawandPublicPolicy inTobago Global The internet is a growingMarket: The internet global market for copyright-based products and 51 Thus, many owners of what is left of the recorded music industry in Trinidad producers of digital goods. Policies in the 52 According toCNet,inthe The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago93 Schedule of the Act that have implications for th Festivals: The THA has a current vested in interest copyright and protection by enforcement Schedule, the and for responsibility for the management and development of copyright in Tobago th Schedule of the House Tobago of Assembly Act, 1996 contains all the areas for which the Tobago th Heritage State lands have in been Tobago distributed by the THA to low-income and disadvantaged persons for the construction of their homes. Some designs extraordinary of low-cost houses have been an outcome designs functional and creative these containing booklets and CDs of production The programme. this of these home designs to other places. can be used to market and export/market a Similarly, vibrant boat-building industry can be developed for the construction of pirogues and other vessels require activity fishing of types particular that folk fisher among known widely is It vessels. fishing be cannot and copyrighted is design vessel countries, metropolitan In purpose. that for designed specially by encouraged be thus can industry boat-building vibrant A Caribbean. the in done is as will at replicated in particular types of fishing. the THA and marketed to fisher folk in other counties with interest As the governmental body that has responsibility for archives, culture, and the arts, the THA can devise projects that would encourage historians and writers to produce works that capture the true history of the island. There is history at and present a cultural paucity past of in material an that collates Tobago’s A huge body authentic of manner. folklore and community knowledge in villages goes unexplored or is diminished with the passing of older folk. This is is no mainly mechanism because for there capturing or preserving the information that reposes in a Again, community. villagers can be encouraged to in be would community the record way, this In culture. and history island’s the of knowledge their preserve and control of what is Another disseminated issue as is its the history. vehicle or community entity by which such community knowledge can be extracted, packaged, and disseminated and, in the this idea regard, how on villagers guide to move could THA The relevant. becomes entities non-profit and cooperatives of they can set up the community entity and pursue the objective of collating information on community history and culture in an authentic role The in manner. THA’s this regard would be in keeping with its under the THA Act. responsibilities State (Lands) Land and Marine Parks Archives Tourism Sports and the Arts Culture Community Development Cooperatives Fisheries. House of Assembly has responsibility. It does not specifically but property’, it confers includeon responsibility the THA for a host of many areas, of which to, related are or thehave term stated ‘copyright’specifically not although that, suggested is or ‘intellectual it Thus, issues. protection copyright impact, to potential the in the 5 virtue of the fact that it is the organiser and/or producer of several annual festivals which involve the production production the involve which festivals annual several of producer and/or organiser the is it that fact the of virtue reproduction, their as well as works, dramatic and literary artistic, musical, of creations intellectual original of copyright with complies it that ensure to vigilant be should THA The modification. or adaptation translation, rights, neighbouring and works copyright of use the for paying and licences necessary the obtaining by laws thereby rewarding right holders and providing a financial incentive to encourage creativity and investment in The creativity. THA should also ensure that the copyright protection provided under the Act is enforced, and should collaborate with national bodies and agencies to formulate amendments to the law to protect • • The • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. the to contribute to thus and works creative generate to potential their in lies foregoing the of relevance The these for responsibility its discharging In present. at obtains than more copyright through Tobago of economy of citizens of spirit creative harnessingthe for vision dynamic a implement and formulate can THA the areas, worth mentioning: and possibilities are Some of the trends of endeavour. in every area Tobago copyright are as follows: copyright are The 5 The areas for which the THA is given responsibility in the 5 making policy as it relates to copyright resides with the Tobago House of Assembly. Accordingly, the thrust for thrust the Accordingly, Assembly. of House Tobago the with resides copyright to relates it as policy making the THA. should come from of the copyright law in Tobago and enforcement copyright protection 94 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago would confer on it powers to design and implement policies and measures that would achieve the policy the changes identifiedabove. achieve would that measures and policies implement and design to powers it on confer would on its own. Finally, the THA needs to ensure that proposals to amend the constitution of Trinidad and Tobago Act to determine whether the THA now has the power to formulate and implement the necessary measures the review also should Committee Critically,the met. being now not are that needs the meet to amended be can it how for recommendations make and Act the study to expertise appropriate the with persons of its to protection artistes optimum and other providescreative citizens. Act A significantCopyright course of actionthe would bethat to setensuring up a Committeein constituted interest vested a has also THA The enact newlegislationtoincludeprotection forworkproduced forthesefestivals. Trinidadof Government the Tobagohave and to or law existing the to amendments createand seek should Tobago.Accordingly,it of communities different the in festivals highly-patronised its at folkloric–produced expeditiously. It needs to focus more attention on securing protection for the works –original, derivative, and addressedis ensurethis to that positioned regardedbest is body THA the currentlyThe as is making. it than Tobagoof island the of economy the to contribution greater much a make to potential the has Copyright thenecessary place put in must therefore and mechanism toachievethis. creations their from benefits local and economic communities the derive that producers ensure to responsibility special the a from has revenue THA the The of work. their deprived of is exploitation itself THA the even or community, group, a individual, local a Thus, through the production of videotapes and postcards, with hardly any returns for the local creator or producer. the productions without any restrictions. Many have been video-tape known to festivals exploit these these attend presentations who commercially tourists international and domestic some that is concern of issue An tunes, tambourine and fiddle musicals, costume designs,andboatdesignboat-building. and dances speeches, re-enactments, and productions dramatic poetry,include They derivative. and recipes,booklets, original areboth festivals these in involved works The • • • • • • • • Some ofthemajorfestivalswhichTHAhasproduced, sponsored, orhadaninterest inare: development ofthecopyright-basedactivities. stimulate would protected, if which, but protected, now not are that works deserving of categories other Fisherman’s Day. The GoatRaceFestival The SeaFoodFestival The BlueFoodFestival The JazzFestival The MusicandArtsFestival speeches; proverbs andriddles; harvestchoirfestivals) wedding folklore; and folktales presentations; band speech communities; various by created are which of most productions, dramatic and cultural festivals; folk includes (which Festival TobagoHeritage The (involving,e.g.,worksofmas,speechbands,robbers,Carnival wildIndians) The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago95 1.30 2.48 8.12 0.01 1.51 0.81 -1.23 -7.17 -0.37 -7.65 -5.16 18.85 41.73 14.15 Trade Trade -11.48 -33.38 230.81 -121.44 -360.39 -207.73 -113.71 -245.02 -923.05 -2026.49 Balance 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.17 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.40 8.94 5.16 0.00 2011 11.50 34.53 155.97 680.04 211.82 113.72 290.12 923.24 2036.75 Imports Imports Copyright 0.00 1.30 2.48 8.12 0.00 0.01 1.51 0.00 4.09 0.02 1.15 0.01 1.21 1.29 0.00 0.19 34.53 18.85 41.73 45.10 14.15 10.26 230.81 319.65 Exports Exports Copyright 0.19 6.31 1.69 0.00 0.10 3.04 -0.72 -9.97 -0.87 -1.82 -4.95 20.11 12.18 10.48 11.06 Trade Trade -11.15 -42.91 -191.46 -228.44 -244.67 -127.12 -270.13 -740.54 -2659.04 Balance 0.72 2.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 1.08 9.98 0.02 0.15 0.88 0.02 5.42 4.95 18.56 11.23 46.72 2007 196.32 254.59 715.85 251.61 127.13 347.06 741.53 2667.97 Imports Imports Copyright 0.00 2.23 6.32 0.01 1.18 0.01 3.19 0.00 6.95 0.08 3.82 0.01 3.59 0.00 0.99 8.94 63.12 12.21 20.25 10.50 11.08 76.94 216.44 487.40 Exports Exports Copyright 0.00 0.99 0.00 2.36 0.00 2.98 0.00 0.00 3.16 0.00 0.00 0.57 -0.02 -4.89 -9.37 -3.07 Trade Trade -35.67 -46.56 -26.11 -51.29 -41.49 -148.37 -105.92 -904.83 Balance 0.00 2.34 0.00 0.02 0.25 0.04 0.00 0.00 5.07 0.00 0.47 3.07 0.00 0.00 3.37 66.66 98.63 14.17 26.15 41.55 2000 529.78 112.82 102.32 909.67 Imports Imports Copyright 0.00 3.34 0.00 0.00 2.61 0.04 2.98 0.00 0.18 6.90 4.80 0.00 0.05 3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 0.07 4.84 30.99 52.08 51.03 381.40 Exports Exports Copyright The Contribution of Copyright to Trade in Trinidad and Tobago, 2000, 2007, 2011 Selected Industries and Tobago, in Trinidad Copyright to Trade The Contribution of Radio and Television Radio and Television Broadcasting Core Copyright Industries Press and Literature and Motion Picture, Video Sound Photography, Visual and Visual Photography, Graphic Arts Software, Databases and New Media Advertising Services Copyright Collective Management Societies Paper Partial Copyright Industries Dressmakers and Tailors, Shoe Repair Works of Mas Works Blank Recording Material Leather and Leather Products Pottery and China, Glass and Glass Products Coins Jewellery, Architecture, Engineering and Surveying Interdependent Copyright Industries TVs, Radios, VCR, CD and DVD Players, Electronic Gaming and Equipment Pan Photographic and Cinematographic Instruments Photocopiers Furniture Design and Production Interior Design Other Musical Instruments Telephony and Internet Telephony Non-dedicated Support Industries General Transportation Table A-1.1: Table Annex I: Contribution of Copyright to Trade A n n e x e s 96 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago rinidad a d i n i Tr n i y c i l o productivity, withthelatterdefinedtoincludeexchangerate. P import and productivity labour of t terms in defined h is Competitiveness competitiveness. and g profitability of i r y nexus estimated an of form p the in policy copyright for o framework a Tobagoprovides TrinidadAnnex and economy.This the C in competitiveness improve to is sector f copyright the of o contributions central the of One n g i s e D Introduction e h t r o f k r o w e m o a g r a F b To A d : n I a I x e n n A of thefactthatitisbasedon cross-sectoral (SUT)data. account takes one when strong,especially quite Moreover, is positives. model the of power explanatory the import productivity to grow by about 2.1%. Both model coefficients have a very low probability of being false The coefficient estimates mean that a 1% growth in the share of domestic capital to total capital would cause 2. and ln(shdcap),theassociated(regression) lineisestimatedas: (ln(impprod)i.e., variables, the of logarithms the between of 0.77 of structurecorrelation a the is claim of the underlying function computation basic a The is capital. it that claim additional the by driven is productivity import of model The of imports.Importproductivity contributestothemeasurement ofthecapacitytosellinglobalmarkets. the productivity of imports is a function of the export-import ratio, the export-output ratio, and the structure can be shown that the balance of payment is a function of the productivity of imports, and that, explore the consequently,options for saving foreign exchange through its production system – enter import productivity. It must society affected the then exchange, foreign of scarcity the is burden social overriding the However,if Basic EmpiricsofImportProductivity be consumed. to capital imported the than faster hence investment, overall the than faster grows investment the of share growth of the capital-labour ratio, subject to the condition of equation (1), which is that the domestic capital promote to is design policy for implication practical The 5.4%. about by productivity labour increase would about 48% of the variation in labour productivity. It indicates that a 10% increase in the capital-labour ratio over a longer period than an hour. In a cross-sectoral setting, this is a very strong relationship, accounting for worked has to be elicited through managerial efficiency, with effects that show up in the output per worker the results are still a good basis for policy design. After all, workers are hired, and output from effective hours In this equation (1), the measure of labour productivity is output per worker, not output per hour worked, but 1. On thebasisofacorrelation of0.71,thelog-linearregression relationship is, in particular,and, theimplicationsforcopyrightpolicy? results the of implications policy the are what is; question third The countries? of competitiveness the of analysis the productivity,for framework labour conceptual integrated and an productivity form perspectives, differentimport such fromdo coming is; second The nexus? the of parameters the are what is; question first The analysed. be can competitiveness to contribution joint their and comparable directly are productivity, we use a proxy in the form of the average returns to outlays of work and skill, then the variables labour of instead If, form. functional Cobb-Douglas typical the is which (caplabr), ratio capita-labour the of The traditional linear relationship is between the logarithm of labour productivity (labprod) and the logarithm Basic EmpiricsofLabourProductivity ). So, there is a strongrelationshipln(impprod)therea linear between So, is ln(shdcap)). and The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago97

is not is . and and from the from plays a similar role in the in role similar a plays is a component of the reciprocal of ) – measured as employment divided by the by divided employment as measured – ) , while , as endogenous, it transmits the influence of the of influence the transmits it endogenous, as ) measure different aspects of ) different the measure capacity to absorb, – measured as gross capital consumption divided by is .53 In as much as . Thus, we choose to exclude to choose we Thus, . ) – measured as the ratio of compensation to value added. as the ratio of compensation to ) – measured , and ( equation. Further, since we treat treat we since Further, equation. to variable odel Specification Issues Model Specification ariables and , the core identifier of identifier core the , The structure of capital (shdcap) – measured as the total ratio capital of consumption. domestic In capital the model consumption of to the mark-up rate, the (shdcap2). variable enters as the quadratic The capital-labour ratio employment. Gross capital consumption includes both fixed and circulating capital. both fixed and circulating capital consumption includes employment. Gross ( capital domestic of unit per Employment consumption of domestic capital. ( The wage share ) – measured as the ratio of consumer imports to domestic shipments. domestic to imports consumer of ratio the as measured – (cimppen) penetration Import as exports divided by imported inputs. (expimpr) – measured The export-imported inputs ratio The multivariate regression uses a joint estimator and also estimates the between-equation covariances. The multivariate regression

a significant contributor to as the two dependent variables and using the full list of exogenous variables, indicate that indicate variables, exogenous of list full the using and variables dependent two the as equation. adopt, and adapt international technology. The export share of value added is labelled share The export adopt, and adapt international technology. (a) (b) Apart from the variables in the well as decompositions, distribution, of principles I the use from some and the functions production following underlying explanatory from extracted be variables, could some of which and its links to trade: as of mark-up pricing From From an econometric standpoint, one would expect interdependence So,a and system labourexplains of productivity. profits, equations import of must productivity, be considered, the tests specification residuals since (3SLS) use of we report, this equations In that estimator. system a with estimated are parameters whose would that residuals the in heteroscedasticity significant no is there that suggest least-squares two-stage with this method. invalidate the use of Exogenous V Exogenous 53 ), with 1), Table 2 (Annex regression multivariate a using checks Specification (c) (d) The variables (shdcap), (e) (f) 98 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago Table A-2.1: Estimated CoefficientsofMultivariateRegressionwithLabourandImportProductivity

l

l

l

E l

i

i

l

q l

m

m

a

u a

p

l p

l b

a b

p

s p

l l

s p

t p

r l k r e c

w w c e k l r

i r

o s i o x i e a a e i x i s o

o o

d h l d p m x g g x m p l h d

n d _ _

d d i p p s s p p i d d

c c

c c m p o h h o p m c c

o o

a a p e u a a u e p a a

n n

p p r n t r r t n r p p

s s

-

-

- - - -

. . 1 . - . 1 - . . . . . -

O

4 0 . 4 . 4 . . 4 1 0 0 5 .

3 b 3 2 3 9 4 1 6 0 8 6 6 8 0 0 1

8 s 8 5 6 1 C 7 5 1 5 8 3 5 1 4 7 1

2 5 0 o 4 4 4 7 8 0 9 7 9 6 6

4 6 4 e 6 8 1 0 9 2 1 8 7 3 9

P

3 0 0 f 6 5 3 5 9 8 2 0 7 2 1

a

5 8 8 . 3 9 4 9 9 6 2 7 5 8 2

r

m

7 s 7

. . . S ......

0 0 1 t 2 0 1 3 4 1 0 2 0 0 2

7 1 9 d 0 5 4 4 0 6 6 3 1 8 3

3 2 8 . 4 4 3 5 5 7 3 9 4 6 2

.

. 6 4 3 3 0 0 4 5 9 4 8 5 4 9

5

7 7 0 9 E 2 8 2 4 2 0 8 6 6 8 0

9

0 2 9 4 r 4 1 5 0 9 4 8 6 7 7 4

7

1 3 1 6 r 8 6 2 7 3 1 9 6 6 4 9

6 R 5

.

2 M 8

5 S 0

1 E 5

- - -

------

5 2 9 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 0 0 5 0

......

7 9 6 t 1 8 2 0 1 7 6 3 3 8 5

0 " 0 7 5 3 9 6 3 6 9 6 1 4 4 7 0

. R .

8 - 7

6 s 4

8 q 1 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 " 2 . . . > ......

0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 6

0 0 0 t 3 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 3 0 1

0 6 0 | 6 7 3 5 6 0 4 5 5 0 9

3

1

4

4

.

.

2

7

5

9

- - -

------

2

6 . . [ . . . . 1 . . . . - .

5

0 2 0 1 9 8 2 7 3 . 8 2 5 0 . 5

4 F 7 7 1 . 5 6 6 5 5 7 0 9 7 2 6 9

4 1 5 % 4 5 3 2 1 5 5 0 4 8 1

9 2 0 1 1 1 5 6 4 3 9 7 4 9

8 5 5 C 8 5 1 2 0 7 9 9 3 0 2

0

0 7 2 7 o 9 9 5 8 8 1 8 1 3 2 4

.

. 9 3 8 n 6 1 3 4 1 3 6 9 3 5 6

0

0

f

0

0

.

0

0

0 P 0

I -

-

- - -

-

. . 2 n . - .

......

5 0 . t 0 . 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 3 3

7 6 3 e 3 0 6 . 6 2 3 0 3 3 5

5 1 1 r 0 4 9 7 1 0 6 7 4 1 8

4 8 5 v 7 4 7 6 9 5 4 4 6 2 1

9 6 0 a 4 5 1 1 1 8 2 3 8 4 0

9 9 3 l 3 5 1 5 6 5 5 0 8 0 0

1 3 6 ] 1 9 4 9 7 8 7 5 4 6 7

The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago99 The resulting estimated system is: estimated system The resulting The Estimated Parameters of the Policy Model Parameters of The Estimated 100 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago of the dependent variables ( variables dependent the of behaviour the of representations strong are equations the that indicate statistics Chi-squared reported The combination of the labour productivity factors and the best linear combination of the import productivity factors. Moreover,import alloftheteststatisticsarethe highlysignificant. of combination linear best the and factors productivity labour the of combination the maximise that sought are (11) in correlation of the linear combinations, the equations result is a near-perfectstructural correlation of 0.96 between the best the linear of each in arguments the of combinations to capacity core financethe development fromhence, retained earnings,and, in that thesectors two viewsthe are closelyof correlated.mark-up That is, whenthe linear driving competitiveness of evaluation the one framework for conceptual that unified a indicate comprising as productivity A-2.2, labour Tableand productivity in import of reported think might combinations, linear right-side the of correlations Canonical The CasefortheUnifiedonceptualFrameworknderstanding Competitiveness Figure A-2.1: that weare workingwithsector aggregates (thatare notstrictlyindependent). that regard, the q-norm plots (q-qplots) in Figure 7.1 look quite favourable In for distributed. normally each areresiduals equation, the whether bearing regressionsis these in judging mind in for look to thing main The statistically significant at the 10% level or better, and most are statistically significant at the 1% level or better. Plots ofRegressionResiduals and ). Further,). arecoefficients model all The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based

Industries in Trinidad and Tobago101 u a 8 a a

3

F 0 0

0 0 F

0 0

0 0 >

n 0 0

0 0 b

o 0 0

0 0 o

. .

. . r

d 0 0

0 0 P

n

=

u

o

s

b

b

o

r 7 0

6 5 F

e 0 1 f 2 0

p 3 9 o 7 5

p 4 8

3 7

u . . r . .

9 6 e 7 1

= 5 1 b

1

m

2 4 0 9 4 5 4 7 5 6 u 7 4

u

2 3 5 8

6 7 5 0 4

7

N

8 4 4 5

3 0 6 6 5 , 8

4 3 3 1

8 4 0 0 2 e 5

. . . .

. . . . . t .

0 0 0 0

0 2 0 0 0 a 0

1 6

4 4 2

- -

s

- - m -

3 0

2 0 f

n

i

1

1 9 d

o

x

8

i

o

.

3 2 4 1 t 3 2 4 5 4 2 r 8 3

8

3 8 6 1 a

0 6 8 8 3 p 5

9

7 2 9 2 l

0 2 5 1 5 p 9

1 6 5 2 e

3 6 0 5 2 a 0

t

. . . . r

. . . . .

.

6 e t 4

4 4 1

0 0 0 0 r

0 1 0 0 0 = 0

s e 2

2 2 f

- - - - o

-

-

s

d

c

a

e

l e

l

,

b l

9 2 8 2 a 2 2 1 8 0 2 t 2 2

a b

8 7 9 0 c

1 9 2 5 2 c 5

i a

7 2 6 4 i

6 2 1 4 1 a 0

r i

0 0 1 0 n

1 4 0 0 0 x 4

7 a r 5

4 6 c

. . . . o

. . . . . e .

2 v a 7

8 7 i

0 1 0 0 n

0 1 0 0 0

0

0 8

v 9

1 4 t

- -

- a

-

- - =

5 4 d

2

5 5 s

c

. 4 n t . s 3 0 i

e

1 5 o s 5 i . 9 t

l

1 . c r 1 s 2 0 a

7

0 1 9 l 1 5 5 0 0 3

5 1

0 e i

y

0 t

6 8

2 0 a

3 6 4 6 5

6

s f

l

. S

2 1 3 7

6 4 2 3 9

0

a

0 0 0 6 f

2 3 0 5 3

4

3 e e

n

. . . . o

.

. . . .

.

7 : h h

a

0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 1

0

t 3 s t t e

e a

-

e

-

o 6 n

c n c d

c

o . o r r a o a b

n

r 0 i o o r i r m

a

t

f

f t t t a

c

t

a

a

l

i

s

8 t

n

l r r d s s r p p d s g l s

f

e

3 u

e

e a b o t p p a a o t n e ' '

i

g

5 o

p

r h a r n r m c c r n i r i s

n

r

8 p

p

r s l p e u i d d p e l r a k

a

. x

m

o g p p i s p l h b i l o l l

g

l

0

e

i

c a a m c p x i s a c e c l i

i

c

w c i i o e k l l i t

i W

s

s

l l

l f

s

l f o l P

'

2

a

f

l

f H a

f

y

9

c

e

e - c

o

o

5

i

o

o y i

R

9

n

c

c e

n

s

.

o

l

o

t

0

n

w

w w

n

s

a

a

a a

a

e

C

R

R

L

C

T Raw Coefficients and Canonical Correlations for the Arguments of Import and Labour Productivity Import and Labour the Arguments of Correlations for and Canonical Raw Coefficients Table A-2.2: Table 102 The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago

The Economic Contribution of Copyright-Based Industries in Trinidad and Tobago

Creative Industries Series No. 7 For more information contact WIPO at www.wipo.int World Intellectual Property Organization 34, chemin des Colombettes P.O. Box 18 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland

Telephone: +41 22 338 91 11 Fax: +41 22 733 54 28

Front cover photos courtesy of photos-public-domain.com (sheet music, bookshop and mandolin), http://www.copyright-free-images.com (radio tower and receiver) August 2013 and http://www.freedigitalphotos.net (beading)