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Elizabeth Bishop's Poetic Personae: the Ad Rk and the Bright

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Elizabeth Bishop's Poetic Personae: the Ad Rk and the Bright Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Elizabeth Bishop's Poetic Personae: The aD rk and the Bright. Joan Louise Fields Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Fields, Joan Louise, "Elizabeth Bishop's Poetic Personae: The aD rk and the Bright." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6185. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6185 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ELIZABETH BISHOP'S POETIC PERSONAE: THE DARK AND THE BRIGHT A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Joan L. Fields pq pq S A., Murray State University, 1963 .A., University of Kentucky, 1964 May 1996 UMI Number: 9637772 Copyright 1996 by Fields, Joan Louise A11 rights reserved. UMI Microform 9637772 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright 1996 Joan Louise Fields All rights reserved ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Dave Smith whose meticulous reading, perceptive insights, and expert direction were invaluable to my progress in this study of Elizabeth Bishop's poetics. I am also especially grateful to Dr. Josephine Roberts for her attentive reading and comments, as well as her constant tone of encouragement from the beginning until my completion of the research and writing of this dissertation. In addition, I wish to thank Dr. Rebecca Crump for her sharing of information and her faithful support, Dr. Ed Henderson, whose responses have always been positive and thoughtful, and Dr. Albert Meek who was ever cooperative and pleasant. I want to acknowledge the ongoing support over the years of my parents, who nurtured and continually encouraged me to pursue my educational goals. An outstand­ ing scholar and mentor, who aided my pursuit of those goals was Dr. Thomas Stroup, who directed my exploration of the "third eye" in Thomas Traherne's poetry, the subject of my Masters thesis. Another careful scholar whose sparkling wit and informative conversations urged me toward my goal was Dr. Frank Flowers. His precise attention to the uses of language led me to take more notice of the wit in Elizabeth Bishop's lines. Finally, my constant gratitude is to my closest friend and colleague-my husband, Albert Fields. His unfailing loyalty to this project and his technological expertise have assured the production of this printed document. His expenditure of time and energy, as well as caring reading and insightful commentary have added clarity and accuracy to the text. With appreciation, I also acknowledge the interest and ongoing supportive assur­ ances from my children: Christopher, Sarah, and Anthony. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................iii Abstract.............................................................................................................................v Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One Quest and Wonder: The Young Woman as Persona .......................................................... 42 Chapter Two Uncertainties and Discoveries: The Little Girl as Persona ................................................................... 76 Chapter Three Delusion, Illusion, and Memory: The Male Persona ............................................................................. 129 Chapter Four Still Questioning: Anagogical Moments ........................................................................168 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................216 Works Cited.................................................................................................................. 247 Vita............................................................................................................................... 254 iv ABSTRACT The intrigue of Elizabeth Bishop’s poetic texts lies in the design of her sonic elements, vocalized by her dramatic personae as she directs her play of words. She manages a cohesion among her concept or content, the phonemic nature of her chosen words, and the rhythmic phrasing of her lines. Her poetic texts convey an enigmatic, yet natural, tonal quality that is produced by the juxtaposition of opposite strains or “strands” of voice—one shadowed, darker; the other light, brighter. These strands include the voice of a little girl as well as mature male and female speakers. Beneath, yet interwoven with them, is a directing “poetic tone” revealing and muting tonalities to be voiced by the poet’s characterized persona. Throughout her life, Bishop queried and explored the differing facets of things and of her contacts with people and different geographies. Fascinated by questions of travel and place, as well as geographical and social directions, this poet’s personae reflect through their dark and bright tonalities the differing attitudes and experiences of American society from the decade of the 1930's until her last published poem a few months before she died in October, 1979. The poems that span her writing life embody longing and laughter, and ultimately characterize her attitudes as darkly comic. Eliza­ beth Bishop maintains a rueful adaptability to the “awful but cheerful” constancy of flux in our time. In searching her tones that are accessible in their naturalness, yet elusive in their effects, one finds a remarkable complexity of intonation performed by Elizabeth Bishop’s “braid of voice.” The directing undertone supports the persona in voicing a dual, balanced tension that enlivens the whole work by suggesting there is something more to be spoken which is never sounded outright from its deep place in the poet’s thought. Her directing third strand of the braid of voice that speaks her poetic text emerges gradually as a prominent intonation. INTRODUCTION The intrigue of Elizabeth Bishop’s poetic texts lies in the design of her sonic elements, vocalized by her dramatic personae as she directs her play of words. She manages a cohesion of her concept and content, the phonemic nature of her chosen words, and the rhythmic phrasing of her lines. Her poetic texts convey an enigmatic tonal quality that seems to be produced by the juxtaposition of opposite strains or “strands” of voice—one shadowed, darker; the other light, brighter. Beneath, yet interwoven with them, is a directing “poetic tone” revealing and muting tonalities to be voiced by the poet’s characterized persona. Elizabeth Bishop was a writer determined from her high school years to utilize the full potentialities of language. She studied and wrote about her discoveries in essays at Vassar college and later, in letters to the poet who became her mentor and friend, Marianne Moore. Bishop continuously searched for subjects to write about and differ­ ent ways to present those subjects. During the six years following her graduation from Vassar (1934-40), she sent drafts of poems and short stories to Moore, whose work she admired and whose opinions she valued. Quizzical and perceptive, ironically witty and deeply serious, she recorded her observations, often with sketches of places or objects. Her notebooks and manuscript drafts show that over the years, she frequently revised her work,
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