The Collembola of the Vancouver Region of British Columbia

THE COLLEMBOLA OF THE VANCOUVER REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

by LIONEL EARL WADE

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

in the Department

ZOOLOGY

We acoept this thesis as conforming to the standard required from candidates for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS

Members of the Department of Zoology.

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1954 ABSTRACT

An initial study of the Collembola of British Columbia, based on two hundred and eighty-seven collections from locations in the lower Fraser Valley, eastern Vancouver Island and the area around Kamloops in the Dry Interior, reveals forty-five definitely identified species, herein briefly described, annotated and illustrated, and an equal number, not included in this work, upon which further study

is necessary.

The species recorded here consist of twelve species of the Family Poduridae, eight species of the Family Isotomidae, twenty-one species of the Family Entomobryidae, and four species of the Family Sminthuridae.

The diversity of species, as shown in this limited study, indicates that this Order of insects is very substantially represented in this Province of extremely diversified ecological habitats.

This present work constitutes the first portion of

a monograph of the Collembola of British Columbia upon which the author is currently engaged. ACKNOYiTLEDGMENTS My sincerest thanks are extended to Dr. W.A. Clemens, former Head of the Department of Zoology under whom this work was "begun, and to Dr. Ian MoT. Cowan, present Head of the Department, for their advice and encouragement at all times, and for extending to me the facilities of the Department. Special thanks are due to Professor G.J". Spencer whose encouragement and advice have been a continuous aid in developing all phases of this topic. In addition to making available the collections of the University of British Columbia, his assistance with the collection of specimens and the revision of the manuscript were especially appreciated. My cordial thanks go also to Dr. K. Graham and Dr. J". Adams who helped greatly in the preparation and correction of the drawings; to Miss M.A. Allen, Mr. A.R. Forbes, Mr. R. Edwards, and Mr. G.M. Wade, who made collections for me in areas which I was unable to reach; to Mr. W.L. Mackenrot and Mr. L. Naughty for obtaining the Ozalid reproductions of the drawings; to Mrs. J. Lookhart, and Mr. R. Reid for advice in the preparation of many sections; and finally and particularly to my wife Rose Wade for typing this thesis and for continuous encouragement and help; without her self-sacrifice I would not have been able to attend the University. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: (a) Purpose of this Study on Collemhola 1 (h) Economic Importance of Collembola 2

(c) Nature of Damage... 3 (d) Previous study on Collemhola in British Columbia .. 4 (e) Previous study elsewhere in North America on Collembola 5

2. Geography and Climate of the Region:.'.. 6 3. Collection and Preparation of Specimens:.. 8 (a) Methods of Collecting 8

(b) Methods of Mounting for Observation. 10 (c) Purpose of Collections 11

4. Ecology: 12 (a) Habitat 12 (b) Food .13 (c) Moisture and Thermal Limits .14

i Oviposition 14 ii Hatchability 15 iii Survival of the Adult 16

(d) Distribution 16 (S) Abundance. .18

5. Life Cycle: 19

(a) Mating 20 (b) Oviposition ...20

6. Morphology: • *22 (a) External Structure ..22 (b.) Internal Structure 26 7. Systematic List and Description of Species: 28 (a) Nomenclature and Synonomy 28

(b) List of the Species of Collembola of the

Vancouver Region ..29 (c) Description of Species ..31

8. Phylogeny: . .121 9. Literature Consulted: 123 TABLE OF PLATES Plate 1. following page 7. Map of the South West corner of British Columbia Map of the Vancouver Region Plate 2. following page 9. Outline of the proceedure to separate small insects from leaves Plate 5. following page 22.

Diagram of an Arthropleonid

Diagram of a Symphypleonid Plate 4. following page 23. Diagram of a Podurid Diagram of a Tibiotarsus Diagram of the Genitalia Plates 5 to 50. following individual descriptions. Diagrams of various parts of Collembola COLLEMBOLA OF THE VANCOUVER REGION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1. Introduction: (a) Purpose of this Study on Collembola. Insects of the ©rder Collembola are one of the most widely distributed forms of animals in the world today. Due to their small size, which seldom exceeds five mm. in length and the scarcity of economic damage caused by these insects, systematists have largely overlooked this ©rder. In North America at present, only three men are working on the systematics of this Order; only one man, Macnamara (1935) has seriously collected them in eastern Canada. Apart from a short list of fifteen species put out by Spencer (1948) the Order has not been correctly investigated in British Columbia. In his paper, Spencer records that the late Justus Folsom, chief student of these insects on this continent, informed him by correspondence that at least one hundred species should occur in this province. In view of the serious gap in our knowledge of this Carder in Canada, and especially in the west, it seemed highly desirable that at least a start should be made in collecting and identifying the species in the lower Fraser Valley and the coastal islands. Therefore, for the last eighteen months, whenever time permitted, efforts have been made to visit areas in this region and to collect Collembola.

The forty-five species recorded here have been identified by the writer, using the splendid monographs of - £ -

Folsom (1913-1937) and Maynard (1951), with what is felt to he a high degree of accuracy. Only those definitely identified have been included here. In addition, an even greater number of species have been collected but only tentatively separated and identified, the positive identify ication of all my material by an authority has not been possible because specialists in this order deal with it only on a part-time basis and cannot commit themselves to examine and return material within a specified time. When my total collections have been identified the list presented here will probably be doubled, and since the collections represent only a limited coastal portion of this Province, the prophesy of Dr. J.W. Folsom, that there should be at least one hundred species in British Columbia, should be amply justified, (b) Economic Importance of Collembola.

Relatively few members of this order are of economic importance and still fewer are of known importance. Most species are not of economic importance due to their feeding habits. That is, they subsist on algae, fungi, lichens and decaying organic matter. The few which are of economic importance, consume very little food because of their small size. Only when in exceedingly great abundance do they cause enough damage to be noticeable. Many other species are not recognized as pests even though agricultural products are their food. Since populations of these remain relatively small, their feeding only slightly inhibits, . •:• the growth of the host plant. This reduces the yield, but will not destroy any part of the crop outright. As the size and value of any crop increases so does the value of the damage caused by the pest. In general, the damage eaused by Collembola does not justify the cost of control measures. Only where the crop is of special value or when an entire crop is likely to be destroyed will control measures be needed, (c) Nature of Damage. Of those species which feed on the leaves, mostly seedling plants, some prefer the upper surface, others the lower surface and still others will feed on both. They may themselves make irregular holes in the leaves or enlarge wounds caused by potato or flea beetles. Feeding collectively, they can destroy the cotyledons and other leaves completely. Further damage will result if bacteria or fungi gain entrance through these wounds. Below the soil surface Collembola will injure the stem or even cut it through. On the roots, pits are cut out or the root hairs and rootlets eaten. Seeds and bulbs may have the entire interior excavated. A major pest causing such damage in truck garden crops is the "garden springtail" (Bourletlella hortensis Fitch)• A second class of Injury is to commercial mushroom crops. Damage is inflicted by eating the spawn and by chewing holes in the stems and caps of the mushrooms. Species commonly found in mushroom beds are Hypogastrura armata Nicolet, Xenylla hum!cola Tullberg, and Lepidooyrtus cyaneus - 4 -

Tullberg. Springtail damage to the roots of sugar cane causes an overall reduction in growth and final weight. Germination is impaired where buds and bud scales are eaten. Ingram (1931) states there may be a relation between insect attack and root rot. The possibility of Springtails causing damage in forests is indicated in a report by W.E. Collinge (1913),

He found Seira nigromaoulata Lubbock attacking the shoots of Pinus sylvestris L. This insect is attracted by resinous gums and as the leaf bud opens, it makes its way to the bases of young leaves. Its feeding causes the needles to turn yellow and drop. As a household pest, Springtails are of no economic importance, other than annoying people, who dislike "bugs". A spectacular instance of damage caused by an introduced pest occured when the "Lucerne flea" (Sminthurus vlridls L.) was carried into Australia in the early part of this century. By 1930 it had increased in abundanoe to such an extent that it threatened the Alfalfa and other forage crops of South Australia. To date, this species has not been recorded in North America.

In brief, as expressed by J.W. Folsom (1933), •Collembola are of minor importance, but of more importance than is generally known"• (d) Previous Study on Collembola in British Columbia. - 5 - There have probably been many collections of Collembola made in British Columbia, but the majority of these have never been identified or recorded. However, fifteen species and one form belonging to the collection of the University of British Columbia (collected by Mr. G.J. Spencer and Mr. J.D. Gregson) were identified by the late Dr. J.W. Folsom in 1933. (Ent. Soc. of B.C. Proc. 1947 Vol. 44 pp. 22).

(ie) Previous Study Elsewhere in Horth America on Collembola.

The bulk of previous studies has been limited to the Eastern United States and to Ontario in Canada. To date, no general list has been published describing the species of Western North America.

The major comprehensive monographs covering this order are:lfThe Collembola of Minn." by J.E. Guthrie (1903).

"The Collembola of Iowa" by H.B. Mills (1934) . "The Collembola of New York State" by E.A. Maynard (1951).

In addition to these publications, Dr. Justus W. Folsom wrote, from 1896 to 1937, papers on the systematics of most subgroupings of the order Collembola. Numerous other smaller reports appear every year, adding to the known number of species, as well as reducing the number of synonyms and establishing valid species.

Papers relating to the Collembola of the Pacific Coast include those of G. Bacon (1912-14) for California, and Mills and Rolfs (1933) and Scott (1942) for Washington State. 2. Geography and Climate of Region: (Map following page seven

The biotic areas used here are those established by Munro and Cowan (1947). The criterion used in separating these areas are: 1. The presence of distinctive plant species 2. The presence of distinctive animal species. 3. The absence of plant and animal species of other biotic areas. The distribution of many Collembola will include all of these areas, therefore, the boundaries will not always serve as distribution limits. The two areas collected from were: (a) Gulf Islands Biotic Area which extends from Comox down the south east coast of Vancouver Island to twenty miles west of Victoria, and includes the Gulf Islands from Texada to Saturna Islands. These lands are of low elevation and are within the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains and the axial ranges of Vancouver Island. The climate is typically one of mild winters, cool summers and moderate precipitation (26.75" annual average at Victoria and 37.73" at Nanaimo). (b) Puget Sounds Lowland Biotic Area consists of the delta of the Fraser River and the basal portions of the adjaeent hills. It is bounded on the north by Burrard Inlet and extends south to the Puget Sound region of Washington State. The east boundary is the apex of the delta Explanation of Maps: Map 1: South west corner of British Columbia.

1. Comox 2. Wellington 3. Duncan

4. Goldstream 5. Victoria

6. North Vancouver

7. Vancouver City- 8. New Westminster 9. Port Haney 10. Mission

11. Hope

Map 2: Vancouver Region of British Columbia. 1. University Lands 2. Spanish Banks (Vancouver City) 3. Kitsilano (Vancouver City) 4. Stanley Park (Vancouver City) 5. Grandview (Vancouver City) 6. West Vancouver 7. North Vancouver 8. Deep Cove 9. Barnet 10. New Westminster 11. Lulu Island 12. Sea Island 13• Marpole 14. Steveston 15. Burnaby near Hope. The climate is similar to that of the Gulf Islands Region, except the precipitation is considerably greater. (Average annually 59.62" at New Westminster). 3. Collection and Preparation of Specimens: (a) Methods of Collecting.

Several methods were used, the first of which, was to suck the insects directly from soil or from the bases of plants with an aspirator. The second method was by the use of a modified Berlese Funnel as shown on the plate follow• ing page nine. The first step was to take leaves, grass, moss or other possible habitats of Collembola along with some of the adjacent surface soil and put them in a paper bag. This way large numbers of collections could be taken easily and quickly in the field. The contents should not be allowed to become dry before proceeding with the next step, that is, separating the insects by means of a metal pan whose bottom is of fine mesh screen. Heat, in this case a sixty watt bulb, was applied above the pan. Avoiding the heat, the insects

dropped through an eight inch glass funnel into a lipped vial which elosely fitted the stem of the funnel. If soil sifted into the vial with the insects, the contents of the vial were poured onto a petri dish. From here, the Collembola could be separated easily with an aspirator and transferred to ninety- five per cent ethyl alcohol.

A third method is to closely sweep over lawns with a fine mesh net and preserve as above. Explanation of Diagram: Outline of proceedure to separate small insects from leaves or other vegetation. (a) Lamp to heat leaves. (b) Leaves containing insects. (c) Cake pan (aluminum) with bottom removed. (d) Bottom replaced by ordinary house screen. (e) Eight inch glass funnel. (f) Vial containing filtered Collembola (and fine dirt and debris). (g) Vials contents transferred to petri dish.

(h) Petri dish, where dirt and debris are thinly spread out.

(i) Collembola sucked up individually by an aspirator. (j) Separated Collembola, which will be transferred to a vial with ninety-five per cent ethanol.

- 10 -

Ninety-five per cent ethanol, used as a preserv• ative, was found satisfactory in that it prevented the bleaching of most specimens. (b) Methods of Mounting for Observation: The technique used was taken from that described by W.H. Brittain (in Eltringham 1930) and proceeds as follows: Fill three separate vials with these fluids: Vial 1. Pure glacial acetic acid.

Vial 2. One part clove oil mixed with two parts glacial acetic acid.

Vial 3. One part clove oil mixed with one part glacial acetic acid. Float out a specimen (from ninety-five per cent alcohol) in fluid (1) onto a slide and as soon as the specimen relaxes arrange the body and appendages. Place a cover slip over the insect and leave for one to five minutes, depending on the size of the specimen. Draw out fluid (1) from beneath the cover slip with a blotter and at the same time flood the far side of the cover slip with fluid (2). Draw fresh fluid (2) through several times. Let it stand for two to seven minutes. In a similar manner replace fluid (2) with fluid (3) and let it stand four to eight minutes. Lift off the cover slip and float the specimen in fluid (3). Transfer the-insect to a clean slide and add a small drop of "euparol". Adjust the body and appendages if necessary and place a clean cover slip over top. Allow the cover slip to settle without pressure. .. - 11 -

,It will take approximately three weeks for the mount to

harden.

A temporary mount may be prepared by using a drop

of pure glycerine over a specimen placed on a slide from

ninety-five per cent ethanol and covered with a cover slip.

In this way, the specimen may again at any time be returned

to the ethanol.-

Choosing the area from which a collection is made

will vary according:.$0 the reason for making the collection.

If it is to be a population study, as wide a

variety of areas as possible will be sampled. The surface

covered in each sample will be of equal size. This may be

done by using a bottomless metal box one foot square which

is set into the soil or humus. In this way escape is

prevented and the total number of specimens may be counted.

In an ecological study to determine population

fluctuation In numbers, and annual differences in species

present, the same device may be used to standardize the

sample size. However the areas sampled will be resampled at

a constant interval of say one week, for a least one year.

If possible, climatic records should be kept for each area

under observation.

For a systematic study such as this, collections

were made from as wide a variety of habitats as possible with

no attention being paid to sample size. -. 12 - It is hoped future work will allow studies of the first two types to be carried out. 4. Ecology;

(a) Habitat. High moisture and suitable food are the major . features of any habitat of Collembola. Large populations will be found in decaying vegetation, such as humus, duff or a oompost. These habitats will have the greatest variety of species. Other areas may have very large populations of certain species but the variety will be smaller. Weeds, meadow grass, clover and similar living plants will support large numbers. Many are concealed in moss or fungi, as well as beneath logs, boards and other objects on the ground. Smaller groups will be found on the bark of trees, feeding on algae or sap. A few have been collected from seaweed washed up above the high tide mark. They have also been found between the tide marks hiding beneath stones, feeding on dead fish and molluscs. Decaying animal matter on the ground surface or in graves supports a distinct fauna. If the surface is calm, most bodies of water will have some specially adapted springtails moving over the surface. In the case of Podura aquatica L., Wigglesworth (1939) shows the legs as being hydrophobe, not breaking through the surface, and the ventral tube as hydrophile to anchor the body to the surface film in an upright position. Collembola may occur on the surface of snow in such numbers that the snow becomes - 13 - discolored. Folsom (1908) describes a new species from

British Columbia which gives a golden hue to snow. Several studies on the fauna of caves report the presence of Spring- tails and they have also been taken from ant nests. The basements of houses are often damp enough to allow some species to live and feed on algae growing on the floor in corners.

Greenhouses provide suitable habitats for Springtails unless control measures are taken to remove them,

(b) Food.

Feeding habits are best classified by differences of mouth parts; both mandibulate and suctorial types being represented in Collembola.

Those which are suctorial, such as the Neanurinae, are feeders on rotting wood and fungi, none of which are harmful.

Mandibulate Springtails have varying numbers of teeth with a ridged molar surface for grinding. This is indicative of a phytophagous diet. A few species have sharp teeth but lack the molar surface, these are carnivorous.

The bulk of food of the phytophagous group (which takes in most Collembola) is of organic plant matter made tender by decay. Algae, moulds, and both the spores and mycelium of fungi are also common foods. To the discouragement of maple sugar makers, several forms are attracted to flowing sap, some of which collect in the sap cup and take time to be removed. Diatoms, desmids and pollen are eaten by water surface dwellers. The snow surface dwellers subsist on coniferous pollen. Bourletiella bortensis Fitch has been reported eating pollen in flowers. The feeding habits of some Spring- tails make them beneficial to man, such as those which eat the colloidal deposit from sewage filters.

Carnivorous species are few, although many Collembola will eat their own cast skins. Their food is the soft parts of dead worms and other small invertebrates. Anurida maritima Guerin, a shore living species, will eat dead molluscs, crustaceans and fish. As mentioned previously, specimens have also been found feeding in graves. Cannibalism can be induced by separating a group from any other food source, but this also occurs in nature where the male is eaten by the female in some forms. A raptorial species is described by Macnamara (1924) with sharp cutting teeth but no molar plate. It eats only the soft body parts of its prey, (c) Moisture and Thermal Limits.

Investigations on the influence of environmental conditions have been limited mainly to those of Davidson on Sminthurus viridis L., and Davies on five widely found species. Therefore, general conclusions are not warrented for the whole order, but some observations are noteworthy. These are concerned with the limiting effect on oviposition, hatchability and survival of the adult.

i. Oviposition: Davidsons first study (1932) was on the environmental factors relating to oviposition of the Lucerne flea. He found, providing the temperature is suitable within fairly wide limits, moisture is the.critical factor. Below twelve per cent moisture a decrease in egg laying was noted and it stopped when soil moisture was below eight per cent. The most favorable temperatures were below twenty-six degrees C. and oviposition ceased if it was above thirty degrees C.. The soil was found suitable between a pH of 6.4 - 5.4, but not above pH 8.0. Under ideal conditions, eggs are laid in groups of forty to sixty and covered by an anal secretion. The effect of dry conditions was a few eggs werelaid singly and without anal secretion. If the soil moisture was too wet the covering would not harden.

ii. Hatchability: In later articles, Davidson (1932-1933) discussed hatchability of Sminthurus viridis L.. He found embryonic development will continue unretarded only if moisture is above ten per cent and stops below five per cent soil moisture. Completely dry conditions will kill the eggs. Dry conditions, arresting development of the embryo, enables this species to survive the dry season where the adult stage cannot. Survival of the egg depends partly on the stage of development that is reached when dry conditions begin. The most resistant stage to temporary dryness is when the eggs are about four days developed (at twenty-five degrees C). To a lesser extent the size, form and eggs position in the egg batch are important, as well as the thickness and permeability of the chorion. To reduce the loss of moisture, - 16 - if the soil is drying, the egg batch covering absorbs moisture from the soil enabling the eggs to continue developing. However when the soil is dry, development is retarded and the fate of the eggs depends on the length and severity of the drought. Relatively moist conditions (seventy-five per cent saturation) are required at eclosion, but if conditions are too moist a water film may form over the egg batch, thus suffocating the embryo by preventing oxygen transfer through the chorion.

iii. Survival of Adult: In investigating five common species, Davies (1928) found a fairly wide variation in tolerance to dry conditions within the.order. All species required saturated conditions for survival (at twenty-five degrees C.)but when the relative humidity was zero the range of survival times was from twenty minutes to several days. In general, the species devoid of trachae were e more susjbptible to arid conditions, (d) Distribution. The world distribution of Collembola is remarkable considering their apterous state, as nearly a third of the North American species are of holarctic or cosmopolitan distribution. This can be better understood knowing the early evolution of the order. Maynard (1951) states that collemboloid fossils have been found in rocks of the lower Devonian era, whereas the earliest fossils of winged insects are from upper Carboniferous rocks. Any natural means of dispersal therefore - 17 - have had considerable time to spread the Springtail group.

Their small size is an important factor both in distribution by natural means and on products of mans commerce.

Before the sources of dispersal can be deter• mined more must be known about the present day distribution as well as the species of the order.

Localized distribution studies have been under• taken on small, uniform areas of land. Most species live on the soil surface at the bases of plants where there is a minimum of climatic fluctuation with sufficient light. Some forms are subterranean, travelling in the spaces or pores of soil. Glasgow (1939) found that vertical distribution varies between species, as some occured evenly down to fourteen inches while others were in layers at certain depths.

None of the species he found occured randomly, but all were aggregated in colonies of three to twelve inches in diameter.

The major limiting factor to the spread of

Collembola is the ratio of the mean monthly rainfall to evaporation. High evaporation, influenced by relative humidity, temperature and air movements, would prevent the spread of a species even though rainfall was sufficient.

For permanent establishment of a species, the rainfall, evaporation ratio must not be less than one. In addition, the mean monthly temperature must be satisfactory to allow for a generation of eggs to be laid to carry the species over a period of severe or dry weather. Survival then depends - 18 - on the eggs resistance to the severity and length of the dry period. Other limiting factors on any increase in numbers are food plants, soil type, and biotic competition.

The dispersion of Collembola has probably been most effective where some agency has transported individuals, rather than being spread by their own movements. Local migrations have been observed by Ford (1937) where a grass habitat became too dry resulting in a movement to a damper area, however, the distances covered were relatively minute considering the cosmopolitan distribution of Collembola.

Water and air currents are the most prominent means of spreading but they are also carried in birds' feathers and on other animals. In the transport of commercial products, especially shrubs and other plant stocks, many species of Springtails have been widely distributed,

(e) Abundance.

Interest in this order has been stimulated partly because Springtails occur in tremendously large numbers at certain times. Some of the reports of swarming are those of Wray (1945), Thomas (1929), Folsom (p. 47 in Maynard 1951),

Macnamara (1919), Davies (1932), Turk (1932), and Elton (1927).

The species involved vary, but most commonly mentioned are

Hypogastrura armata Nicolet, and H. pseudarmata Folsom.

Other species of Hypogastrura are also included, as well as

Sminthurus viridis L.. Of the above cases. Sminthurus viridis

L. was the only one whose outbreaks caused important economic - 19 - damage. The writer has only seen specimens of one outbreak.

The species involved was H. pseudarmata Folsom which covered the floor of a ski cabin on Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver,

Most reports only describe Collembola as occuring "in the millions". More accurately, Womersley (1939) reports

Sminthurus viridis L. being present up to six thousand individuals per square foot of soil surface and Macnamara

(1919) counted a snow flea (Hypogastrura nivicola Fitch) up to five hundred per square foot of snow surface.

The cause of outbreak populations is probably due to the simultaneous occurance of optimum environmental conditions, such as, adequate moisture, proper temperatures, abundant food and lack of predators. Ford (1937) found some winter fluctuations could not be explained by environmental conditions alone. Davies (1932) feels that in places of suitable moisture, the members of a colony with insufficient food will attack other members.

Optimum habitats are commonly found-in compost heaps, some grass lands and forest floors. Ford (1935) in studying the population of a meadow, calculated Springtails to occur in the soil at 237,600,000 per acre. (They made up roughly ninety per cent of the animal population of the area)•

He found that populations were not constant, but rose from

September to December and fell from January to May.

5. Life Cycle:

Articles on the bionomics of Collembola are few - 20 - and usually brief. The species which has been studied most often is again the Lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis L.), therefore, only limited generalizations can be made for the order as a whole.

(a) Mating: Studies as yet have failed to detect mating in Collembola, although some species of Bourletlella have hooks on the anal segments which are thought to function as grasping organs. Primary external genetalia are wanting. It is probable that mating does not occur in the closely related order Thysanura as shown by studies of the firebrat (Thermobia domestioa Packard).

(b) Oviposition.

According to Davidson (1932) preceding egg laying, the female stands with her head lowered and anus raised. The antennae are held dorso-posteriorly. A semi• fluid substance exudes from the anal end forming a small, sticky globule, which hardens on exposure to air, becoming the egg chorion. On lowering the anal end, the egg adheres to the surface contacted. The female then frees herself by vigorous twisting. The eggs are laid in batches averaging from forty to sixty eggs, but may go as high as three hundred. The eggs' are colored from pure white to a dirty yellow and are covered by a protective camouflaging anal secretion. Damp leaves or soil are suitable oviposition surfaces for most spe• cies. - 21 -

(c) Embryology• Johannsen and Butt (1941) give a very detailed account of the embryology of an Isotomid which they find similar to the development of other Collembola. The.egg cell first divides mitotically into equal parts, each with a nucleus, plasma mass and yolls mass. The morula develops at the sixteen cell stage, after which the divisions become irregular, and some of the blastomeres sink below the surface. The blastoderm begins to form after the sixty-four cell stage when the nucleated plasma masses of the outer blastomeres move towards the outer surface. The remaining inner cell types are the yolfc and germ cells.

The eyes and antennae are sufficiently developed to show through the chorion midway through the prehatching period.

(d) Hatching. The embryo is first enclosed in a fairly thin embryonic membrane. It is then surrounded by the.thick chorion, which becomes rough when older. Lastly it is covered by a coating of soil-excreta. When the embryo is nearly developed, it swells, and an equatorial split breaks the.chorion into halves. A short time-later, the embryonic membrane is broken. By expansion and contraction, the head is freed from the anterior chorion-cap. The forelegs are extended to help withdraw the body from the posterior chorion- cap. As the cuticle hardens, it is cleaned by the vibrating - 22 - antennae and ventral tube. The furcula, developed,in an extended position, is drawn under the body ready for use. The incubation period varies in length, depending on temperature and moisture conditions. At twenty degrees C. the. eyes are visible on the fifth day, the chorion-caps separate on the ninth day and hatching is completed on the tenth day. At fifteen degrees C. hatching will not be completed until the twenty-fifth day. (e) Metamorphosis. There are no changes in form after each aedysis other than a gradual enlargement in size until the imago is reached. Newly hatched forms are generally white, but progressively change to the adults color during the early instars. 6. Morphology:

(a) External Structure. See plates following pages 22 and 23) The body length never exceeds ten mm.(Maynard

1951).

The head may be directed forward (Prognathous) or ventrally (Hypognathous) and varies in shape accordingly. There are generally four segments to the antennae, although the first, or second, or both segments may be devided again, producing five or six segments. The two distal segments are commonly annulated in the Symphypleona. The antennae vary in length, from being shorter than the head as Diagram of an f-lrthropleonLd f£nroMOB/i.viof>s)

Diagram of a Sv)rnpltypfeoni

Merc so

_____ Fi laments of - 23 - in many Hypogastrura, to being longer than the body as found in some Tomocerus. Eyes may be absent, but most often there are eight degenerate ommatidia (the ocellalae of MacGillivray) grouped in a darkly pigmented area on each side,of the head. (Oomstock 1949).

The mouth parts, although elongate, are mostly concealed within the head capsule by outgrowths formed during embryonic development. These outgrowths found in Collembola,

but not other insects, form when the developing;.labrum and labium fuse with a pair of lateral evaginations from the germ band, in such a way that they enclose the remaining mouth parts. The mandibles have only a posterior articulation which is connected to the cranium by a slender rod. The molar and incisor areas are placed separately on the median edge. The maxillae, which are long and rod-shaped, have a complex apical lobe that is homologous with the lacinia. A vestigial palp and galea may be present on a small palpifer. The cardines articulate at the extremities of a pair of narrow sternal rods, arising from the trilobed hypopharynx. The superlingtte are developed as lamellate attachments to the hypopharynx. The labium is greatly reduced compared to other insects, giving only slight evidence of being bilobed. The movable mouthparts are modified as stylets for sucking in Neanura. and are enclosed in a buccal cone, formed by the labium and labrum. (Snodgrass 1951 and Imms 1947)•

Collembola have a structure analogous to the Diagram of Podurid

DlQ.Qra.rn. of Genitalia., (perms ^muxthiros) - 24 - tentorium of other insects, in that it serves for muscle attachment within the head. It is supported on the sternal brachia of the ventral head wall, evidently being an elabor• ation of the simple interbrachial bridge found in Diplura,

(Snodgrass 1951)• A variety of sense organs is found on the head of a Springtail. The two distal antennal segments may have sense organs in the form of cones, rods, pits, papillae, or sensory hairs, (Maynard 1951). Immediately anterior to the eye patch is the postantennal organ. Externally, it appears as a simple ring surrounded by a varying number of tubercles. Internally, it is a special nerve end cell, covered by a thin cuticular layer at the surface. Its function

is thought to be olefaotory, (Imms 1947).

Although not always apparent, the thorax is

composed of a prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. The

prothorax is obscured in many Entomobryidae, as it is covered

by, the forward projecting terga of the mesothorax. In most

subfamilies of Symphypleona, thoracic segmentation is not

evident due to the extensive fusion of all body segments. The

segments of the leg are two precoxae, and one each of coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibiotarsus, (Maynard 1951). A small

apical pretarsus may be visible. Two opposing terminal claws,

the unguis and unguiculus, are commonly present, although the

latter may be absent. The larger claw, the unguis, bears

teeth on the eetal and ental surfaces. In a few genera, the unguiculus has teeth on the inner surface and more rarely on - 25 on the outer surface. Many genera have long clubbed hairs, known as tenent hairs, situated near the base of the claws. A tibiotarsal organ, made of several sac-like swellings and an enlarged hair, occurs on the inner face near the apex of the metatibiotarsus in the genus Sminthurides, (Maynard 1951) The abdomen of Collembola is unique in the class Insecta, in that it has six segments during all stages of development. The last two or three segments are fused in some Arthropleona, demarcated only by a fine suture. In

the Symphypleona, abdomen I;/ to IV are fused with the thorax. Abdomen V and VI form a posterior globular segment known as the anal papilla. The genital aperture, without external genitalia, opens ventrally near the posterior margin of abdomen V. The anal aperture opens ventrally on abdomen VT, (Maynard 1951). Chitknous projections occur on either side of the anus in the females of many Symphypleona (Davidson 1932) An appendage found on the sternum of abdomen I is known as the ventral tube or collophore. Within its basal column, there are two protrusable vesicles which may be shallow and sac-like or long and tubular. Blood fills the Vesicle cavity, therefore any increase in blood pressure will evert the vesicles (Imms 1947). They are withdrawn by special muscles attached to the terga and inserted in the terminal vesicle lobes (Snodgrass 1935). The outer surface of the vesicles is moistened by a secretion from cephalic glands which passes down a cuticular channel on the mid ventral line. In view of this, it is supposed that the ventral tube has an adhesive function, (Imms 1947). The third abdominal sternite bears the retinaculum, a very small appendage, serving as a "catch" to hold the furcula ready for springing. It is composed of a basal corpus with two short distal toothed rami (Snodgrass

1935). The largest abdominal appendage is the furcula or

"spring" which enables Collembola to be propelled quickly for short distances. When released from the retinaculum, it is drawn down and backwards by muscles, against the substrate, pushing the body up, and forwards, (Imms 1947). , The stout proximal segment, the manubrium, arises from the fourth abdominal sternite. A pair of thinner arms, the dentes, are

borne distally. Each of these terminates in a small toothed process called the mucro, (Snodgrass 1935). Medially pointed

spines are found on the dorsal edges of the dentes in the genus Tomocerus, (Maynard 1951). The furcula may be long,

extending beyond the ventral tube, or very short, or even

absent as in the genera Neanura and Anurida, (Maynard 1951).

The exoskeleton is formed of a smooth or granular

cuticle which is fairly uniform in thickness. The body is

clothed in scales or a wide variety of hairs. The latter may be smooth, fringed, clavate, plumose, or ciliated. A

special type of sensory hairs, arising from cuplike pits in

the integument are known as Bothriotrichia, (Maynard 1951).

(b) Internal Structure.

In Collembola, the alimentary tract is a straight tube broken up into the small fore and hind intestines of ectodermal origin, and the larger mid intestine of endodermal origin, (Imms 1947). The latter is subdivided into four subequal chambers in the subfamily Neelinae. The salivary glands are the only accessory structures to this system. The epithelium of the midintestine also serves for excretion. Urates concentrate in the inner part of the mid-intestine lining. The cells divide periodically, sluffing off the part with the waste, into the digestive cavity, (Imms 1947). After each eedysis, the epithelium is regenerated. The fat body is the only other part which functions in excretion, as Collembola dp not have malpighian tubules. The fat cells take on high concentrations of urates and uric acid, but these cannot be eliminated from the body.

The circulatory system consists of a six chambered vessel lying dorsally beneath the integument. At each constriction are paired lateral ostia and alary muscles. Anteriorly, the heart leads to the aorta, which opens into the body cavity near the head. In Anurida the aorta continues around either side of the fore-intestine and opens beneath the cerebral ganglion, (Imms 1947). The central nervous system begins with a supra^esophageal ganglion sending nerves to the major:, sensory organs. The "brain" is connected by commissures around the oesophagus to a pair of suboesophageal ganglia. From the lower nerve centre three pairs of nerves lead to the mouthparts. - 28 - Posteriorly, the ventral nerve cord connects it with the ganglion in each thoracic segment.' The abdomen is innervated by the metathoracic ganglion, (Maynard 1951). Respiration is cutaneous in all but three genera, Sminthurus, Sminthurides and Actaletes in which there is a pair of spiracles, one on each side, in the membrane between the head and prothorax. From the spiracles, trachae lead to the head, legs and abdomen but each side remains seperate without anastomosis of tracheoles, (Imms 1947).

The reproductive organs in the male are long tubular sacs, terminating posteriorly in fine ducts that combine to form an ejaculatory duct. The female gonads are broader and shorter, which are not broken up into ovarioles as they are in most insects, but remain as seperate tubules. Posteriorly, they open into oviducts which terminate in the vagina. The genital aperture is ventral on abdomen V in both sexes. Accessory organs are absent, (Imms 1947).

Maynard (1951) separates the muscles into three groups, other than those to the appendages. These are, the longitudinal tergal muscles in two layers, the longitudinal sternal muscles, and the vertical-oblique tergo-sternal muscles. All appendages, including those on the abdomen are supplied with muscle attachments.

7. Systematic List and Description of Species:

(a) Nomenclature and Synonymy. This thesis follows the system of nomenclature - 29 - used by Maynard (1951) which was originally outlined by Gisen

(1944) and on the face of it, contains many errors and omissions of brackets, but Gisen especially requested that longstanding names be used even though they are in conflict with the Rules of Priority, until a ruling can be made by the

International Congress of Zoological Nomenclature. As the synonymy for some species is considerable, this suggestion would well serve to decrease the confusion.

Until the infraspecific groupings can be correctly separated, especially for the Holarctic species, the term "form" is used instead of the more common "variety" and "subspecies".

(b) List of Species of Collembola of the Vancouver

Region.

Suborder Arthropleona

Superfamily Poduroidea

Family Poduridae

Subfamily Podurinae 1. Podura aquatica L.

Subfamily Hypogastrurinae

S. Hvpogastrura pseudarmata (Folsom)

3. Hvpogastrura armata (Nicolet)

4. Hypogastrura tullbergii(sohagffer)

5. Hypogastrura humi (Folsom)

6. Hypogastrura maogillivrayi (Folsom)

7. Hypogastrura macrospinata Maynard

8. Hypogastrura matura (Folsom) - 30 -

9. Xenylla humicola Tullberg

Subfamily Neanurinae

Tribe Pseudochorutini 10. Anurida maritima (Guerin)

11. Friesea claviseta Axelson

Tribe Neanurini 12. Neanura muscorum (Tempieton ) Superfamily Entomobryoides Family Isotomidae Subfamily Isotominae

Tribe Anurophorini 13. Anurophorus laricis Nicolet

14. Folsomia f imetaria (L.)

15. Folsomia quadriooulata(Tullberg)

Tribe Isotomini 16. Proisotoma aquae (Bacon)

17. Isotoma viridis(Bourlet)

Isotoma viridis f cincta Tullberg

Isotoma viridis f catena Guthrie

18. Isotoma olivacia Tullberg

19. Isotoma cinerea Nicolet

Tribe Isotomurini 20. Isotomurus palustrus(Muller)

Family Entomobryidae

Subfamily Tomocerinae 21. Tomocerus vulgaris(Tullberg)

22. Tomocerus minor(Lubbock)

23. Tomocerus flavescens f artious Schott Subfamily Entomobryinae

Tribe Entomobryini 24. Entomobrya marginata(Tullberg)

25. Entomobrya nivalis(Linn.)

26. Entomobrya bmnneioapilla Maynard V

- 31 -

27. Entomobrya atrooincta

f albioollis Franklin

28. Entomobrya triangularis Schott

29. Entomobrya mineola Folsom

30. Entomobrya multlfasoiata (Tullberg)

31. Willowsia buskii(Lubbook )

52.Pseudosinella alba (Packard )

33.Lepidocyrtus oyaneus Tullberg

54.Lepidocyrtus aurantiaous Maynard

35»Lepidocyrtus curyioollis Bourlet

36. Lepidocyrtus pusillus fljinn.)

37. Lepidoovrtus guthrel Maynard

Tribe Orchesellini 38.Orohesella villosa Geoffrey

39.0rchesella cinota(Linn.)

Orohesella oinftta f yaga Linn.

40.0rohesella ainsliei Folsom

41.Orohesella hexafasoiata (Harvey)

Suborder Symphypleona

Family Sminthuridae

Subfamily Sminthuridinae

Tribe Katiannini 42.Arrhopalites binoculatus (Borner)

Subfamily Sminthurinae 45.Bourletiella hortensis(Fitch)

44. Bourletiella spinata (MacGillivray)

Subfamily Dicyrtominae 45. Ptenothrix unicolor(Harvey)

The descriptions of the color patterns described - 38 - here are taken from specimens preserved in alcohol and are therefore not necessarily as they would appear in life. The drawings were * all made freehand, with magnifications being determined using an eyepiece micrometer.

The collections, unless otherwise indicated, were made by the author. 1, Podura aquatica Linnaeus.

Hypogastrura aquatica Bourlet, 1839.

Hydropodura aquatica Borner, 1901.

Podura granulata MacGillivray,. 1893.

Length: 1 mill.

Color: Dark reddish brown, purplish hue ventrally; head

and antennae lighter reddish brown; femur, tibiotar-

sus and dentes pale reddish brown.

Head: Hypognathous. Eyes, eight and eight. Antennae

shorter than the head; stout; cylindrical; segments

increasing in length as 4:5:6:7; without ol^factory

hairs on IY.

Thorax: Unguis long, slender, curving, unidentate about

half way on the inner margin. Unguiculus represented

only by a rudimentary tooth. Tenent hair long,

unknobbed.

Abdomen: Furcula very long, flattened dorsoventrally,

reaching to the mesothorax; manubrium is to dentes

as 2:5. Distal quarter of dentes with transverse

rings of tubercles. Hucrones short, rounded apically,

lamellate. Dentes two segmented.

Clothing: A few minute setae on each sggment. Longer,

numerous hairs on legs, antennae, dentes, and

abdomen 71

Discussion: This widely found species is specially adapted

to live on the surface or at the shore of lakes, - 34 -

ponds and streams, also in rain puddles.

Distribution: Courtenay, V.I., May 11:, J.D. Gregson.

Alaska; Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe; Siberia.

Drawings: Fig. 1. Podura aquatica x 70

2. P. aquatica; Lateral view of right

1 pro-unguis x 720

3. P. aquatica; Right lateral view of mucro

x 1500

- 35 - 2. Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) pseudarmata (Folsom). Achorutes pseudarmatus Folsom, 1916. Hypogastrura pseudarmata Gisin, 1944 ="H. siglllata (Uzel, 1891). Length: 1.1 mm. Color: Dark bluish black. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Postantennal organ with four peripheral lobes, the two dorso-anterior lobes double the length of the other two. Antennae three quarters the length of the head. Antennae IV with seven curving olgfactory hairs. Mouth parts mandibulate. Thorax: Unguis fairly uniform and straight, unidentate just beyond mid point of inner margin; two basal- lateral teeth one-third from base. Unguiculus slightly more than one-half the unguis in length, with rounded basal lamella, apical half acuminate. One weakly knobbed tenent hair. Prothoracic terga one-half the length of the other two which are subequal. Abdomen: Manubrium and dentes stout, rounded apioally. Mucro to dens as 3:5. Outer lamella of mucro with a distal toothlike thickening. Mucro up• turned apically. Anal spines nearly straight, three-quarters as long as hind ungues. Papillae, contiguous, about one-third height of anal spines. - 36 -

Clothing: Many small curving setae; a transverse row of

long stiff hairs, dorsally on the first six body segments, many such hairs on remaining body segments.

Discussion: There are numerous records of this species occuring in abundant numbers. Specimens have been collected lying "inches thick" on the floor of a ski cabin on Grouse Mountain. Distribution: Norwood Ave. one block north of Balmoral Rd., North Vancouver, Feb. 22. Grouse Mountain, April 23, per G.J. Spencer. Courtenay, Aug. 8, J.D. Gregson.

Alberta; U.S.A.. Drawings: Fig. 4. Hypogastrura pseudarmata x 105

5. H. pseudarmata; Lateral view, of left metaunguis x 1600

6. H. pseudarmata; Lateral view of left mucro x 1350 7. H. pseudarmata; Left eye and postantennal organ x 870

- 37 -

3. Hypogastrura (Ceratophysella) armata (Nicolet) Podura armata Nicolet, 1841 Achorutes armatus Gervais, 1844 Achorutes holetivorus Packard, 1873 Achorutes marmoratus Packard, 1873 Achorutes pratorum Packard, 1873 Hypogastrura armata (Axelson) LinnaniemiL, 1911 Length: 0^9mm. Color: Color pattern variable, from deep blue to pale

yellow, dorsum appearing mottled.

Head: Antennae shorter than the head; segments as 5:4: 5:6, an eversible sac between the third and fourth segments; antennae IV with seven curved sensory hairs. Eyes eight and eight. Postantennal organ with four tubercles, unequal in size. Large eye patch posteriorly situated.

Thorax: Unguis long, curving at tip, unidentate beyond middle of inner margin. Unidentate lateral margins. Unguiculus with an elongate basal lamella, terminal part setaceous extending beyond mid-point of ungues.

Abdomen: Manubrium very stout, tapering sharply, subequal to dentes. Mucrones rounded apically; outer lamella with a large, triangular, dorsal lobe. Anal spines as long as hind ungues, slender, nearly straight. Papillae one-half height of anal - 38 -

spines, contiguous.

Clothing: Many small curving setae; body segments with

long, occasionally serrate hairs.

Discussion: Collected from leaves lying in long grass.

Distribution: On trail to beach west of Presidents house,

University Lands, Jan. 29. Courtenay, V.I.,

Aug. 8, J.D. Gregson.

Ontario; Alaska; U.S.A.; Greenland; Cosmopolitan.

Drawings: Fig. 8. Hypogastrura armata x 117

9. H. armata; Median view of right meta unguis

x 1300.

10. H. armata; Median view of left muoro x 730

11. H. armata; Right lateral view of tenaculum

x 1300

- 39 -

4. Hypogastrura tullbergi (Sohaffer)

Achorutes dubius Tullberg, 1876 Achorutes dubius var. concolor Carpenter, 1900 Achorutes tullbergi Schaffer, 1900 Hypogastrura tullbergi, Gisin, 1944

Length: 2.3 mm. Color: Dark reddish brown or blackish blue throughout. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Postantennal organ with four peripheral lobes. Antennae shorter than head with segments as 6:6:7:9.

Thorax: Unguis long, curving, unidentate about one-fourth from apex. Unguiculus with elongate basal lamella, distal half setaceous. Three knobbed tenent hairs on each tibiotarsus.

Abdomen: Stout manubrium, subequal to dentes. Mucro to dens as 1:3. Mucro upturned apically with narrow inner lamella. Short anal spines arched, on cylindrical papillae.

Clothing: Sparse curving setae of moderate length on body. Longer hairs found on legs and abdomen VI.

Discussion: Taken from decaying leaves. Distribution: South east corner of Bayswater St. and Point Grey Rd., Kitsilano, (Vancouver) March 10. U.S.A.; Europe. Drawings: Fig. 12. Hypogastrura tullbergi x 65

13. H. tullbergi: Lateral view of right meta - 40 -

unguis x 680 14. H. tullbergi: Lateral view of right mucro x 950.

15. H. tullbergi: Lateral view of right anal spine x 600

- 41 -

5. Hypogastrura hum! (Folsom)

Achorutes huml Folsom, 1916

Hypogastrura huriii Gisin, 1944

Length: 1.5 mm.

Color: Granular deep blue pigment throughout; ground

color pale yellow.

Head: Prognathous. Eyes eight and eight on dark

patches posteriorly situated. Antennae shorter

than head. Postantennal organ with four subequal

peripheral tubercles.

Thorax: Unguis stout, untoothed, curved at apex.

Unguiculus with elongate basal lamella, terminal

part very slender. Three long knobbed tenent

hairs on each tibiotarsus.

Abdomen: Manubrium very stout, tapering. Dentes with six

fine dorsal setae. Mucro slim with narrow outer

lamella. Anal spines short, curving on squat

papillae.

Clothing: Sparse minute setae, longer on legs and abdomen

VI.

Discussion: Taken from grass and moss on a dead log.

Distribution: On beach at foot of Trafalgar St., Kitsilano

(Vancouver) Jan. 4.

Ontario; U.S.A.

Drawings: Fig. 16. Hypogastrura humj. x 2500 Left meta unguis

17. H. humi; Lateral view of left mucro x 3000 - 42 -

18. H. humi; Median view of right anal

spine x 400G

- 43 - 6. Hypogastrura macgillivrayi (Folsom)

Achorutes macgillivrayi Folsom, 1916 Hypogastrura macgillivrayi Gisin, 1944

Length: 2 mm. Color: Mottled, deep blue, ground color pale yellow. Head: Prognathous. Eyes eight and eight, on oval patches posteriorly situated. Postantennal organ with four or five peripheral tubercles. Antennae subequal to head, with segments as 7:8:9:18.

Thorax: Unguis slender, slightly curving, unidentate on inner margin, one-third from apex. Unguiculus with oblong basal lamella with apical half acicular. Tenent hairs knabbed, two on proleg, three on each of the others.

Abdomen: Dentes slender, four times the mucrones in length. Mucro slender, apex projecting, with a dorsal subapical notch. Anal spines short, stout, straight on contiguous papillae as high as the anal spines.

Clothing: Sparse stiff setae, longer on the legs, antennae and abdomen VI.

Discussion: Taken from decaying leaves. It also occurs on the surface of water. Distribution: Five hundred feet south of incinerator, University Lands, Jan. 17. Ontario; U.S.A.. Drawings: Fig.19. Hypogastrura macgillivrayi x 60

20. H. macgillivrayi; Lateral view of left meta unguis x 1060

21. H. macgillivrayi; Lateral view of right anal spine x 1510 22. H. macgillivrayi; Lateral view of right mucro x 1580

-45-

7. Hypogastrura macrospina&a Maynard.

Length: 1*2 mm*

Color: Dark violet with black granular mottled patches; pale yellow ground color. Head: Eyes eight and eight on dark oval patches. Antennae shorter than the head. Antennae IV with seven curved sensory hairs. Sense organ of antennae III with two sharply bent rods

and two heavy sensory setae. Postantennal organ large, with three large and two small peripheral lobes.

Thorax: Unguis slender, curving, long, unidentate at mid-point of inner margin. Unguicuius longer than mid-point of unguis, with large well rounded basal lamella, terminal part acicular. One unknobbed tenent hair.

Abdomen: Manubrium stout, dentes twice the length of mucrones, rounded apically with long fine dorsal setae. Mucrones with broad lamellae terminating half way to apex which is sharply upturned. Slender anal spines almost as long as hind ungues; on papillae, well separated, about one-fourth the length of the spines.

Clothing: Sparse short setae with transverse rows of longer hairs on each body segment but most numerous on abdomen Wand VI. — 46 - Discussion: Taken from freshly turned earth covered "by

a low creeping weed. Distribution: On the ditch bank by Marine Drive, east of

the "Dolphins", University Lands, Jan. 17. U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.23. Hypogastrura macrospinata;, i 70 24. H. macrospinata; Median view of left meta unguis x 1400 25. H. macrospinata; Right eye and postantennal organ x 1140 26. H. macrospinata; Lateral view of right mucro x 1400

- 47 -

S. Hypogastrura matura (Folsom) Achorutes schotti Guthrie, 1903 Achorutes maturus Folsom, 1916 Hypogastura matura Gisin, 1944

Length: 0.9 mm. Color: Dark "blackish "blue throughout interrupted by numerous small pale yellow spots. Head: Eyes eight and eight, antennae shorter than head. Postantennal organ with four peripheral

tubercles and an oval "Nebenhockerrt. Thorax: Unguis stout, curving with a tooth one-third from apex on inner margin. Unguiculus lanceo• late, untoothed, half the length of the unguis. One long, knobbed tenent hair. Abdomen: Dentes cylindrical, stout. Mucro with apex rounded, upturned, outer lamella terminating before apex. Anal spines very short, peglike on papillae half again larger than the spines.

Clothing: Very sparse minute setae, longer and more numerous on antennae, legs and abdomen VI.

Discussion: Taken from very damp grass. Distribution: On roadside at Sunset Blvd. and Bedford St. North Vancouver, Feb. 7. U.S.A.; Mexico. Drawings: Fig. 27. Hypogastrura matura: Lateral view of

right pro unguis x 2180 - 48 -

Fig. £8. H. mature: Lateral view of right mucro

x 1600

Fig. 29. H. matura: Median view of left anal spine

x 2500 \ - 49 -

9. Xenylla hum!cola Tullberg Podura humlcola 0. Fabricius, 1780 Achorutes humicola Lubbock, 1873 Xenylla humlcola Tullberg, 1876 Xenylla maritima Meinert, 1896 Length: 0.9 mm. Color: Dark blue throughout, legs may be paler. Head: Eyes five and five. Antennae shorter than head. Postantennal organ absent. Antennae IV with four or five sensory hairs.

Thorax: Unguis stout, slightly curved, unidentate on inner margin one-third from apex. Two long knobbed tenent hairs. Unguiculus absent.

Abdomen: Manubrium appears divided by a deep longitudinal ventral furrow. Dentes are to the mucrones as 5:3. Mucro tapers to a finely rounded apex, with a ventral notch one-third from the base, narrow lamella terminates before apex. Anal spines very small on minute separated papillae. Clothing: Sparse minute setae some of which are denticulate; a few longer hairs on the antennae, legs and abdomen VT.

Discussion: In damp moss, taken from a rock by the edge of a river.

Distribution: Courtenay, V.I., May 7, J.D. Gregson. Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe. - 50 - Drawings: Fig. 30. Xenylla humicola x 100

31. X. humicola; Median view of right meta unguis x 1300

32. X. humioola; Lateral view of right mucro x 1500 32 - 51 - 10. Anurlda marltlma (Guerln) Achorutes maritimus G-uerln, 1836 Anoura maritima Nicolet, 1847 Anurida maritima Laboulbine, 1865 Lipura maritima Lubbock, 1873 Length: 3 mm.

Color: Blackish blue. Head: Eyes five and five. Postantermal organ with

six to ten peripheral tubercles. Antennae shorter than head; subapical sense organ of antennae IV large, trilobed. Thorax: Unguis slender, may be untoothed. Tenent hair unknobbed. Abdomen: Furcula and anal spines absent. Clothing: Abundant setae, larger ones denticulate. Discussion: Taken on seashore between tide marks. Specimens were identified by J.W. Folsom but are not available for drawing. Distribution: Nanaimo, V.I. July, G.J. Spencer. U.S.A.; Europe. 11., Frlesea claviseta Axelson

Length: 0.9 mm.

Color: Mottled blue granular pigment on a yellow

ground color.

Head: Eyes eight and eight on dark oval patches.

Antennae III with a sense organ of two recurved

rods. Antennae IV with four to six sensory

hairs and a retractile knob. Postantennal organ

absent.

Thorax: Unguis short, stout, curved. Unguiculus absent.

Five knobbed tenent hairs.

Abdomen: Mucro small with apex upturned, dentes very

short. Three curved anal spines subequal to

hind ungues, two anterior, one posterior.

Abdomen VT with ten long clubbed setae.

Clothing: Sparse short setae on body; more numerous,

slightly longer setae on antennae and legs;

clubbed hairs on abdomen VI.

Discussion: Taken from decaying leaves.

Distribution: South east corner of Bayswater St. and Pt. Grey

Rd. Kitsilano (Vancouver) March 8.

U.S.A.; Europe.

Drawings: Fig. 33. Friesea claviseta; Lateral view of right

meso unguis x 3000

34. F. claviseta; Right lateral view of

abdomen VI x 540

12. Neanura nusoorum (Templeton)

Achorutes muscorum Templeton, 1835

Anoura muscorum Nicolet, 1847 Anura muscorum Tullberg, 1869 Anura gibbosa Packard, 1873 Anoura gibbosa MacG-illivray, 1891 Neanura muscorum MacGillivray, 1893 Anoura sextuberculata Harvey, 1896 Length: 2 mm. Color: Mottled dark blue, lighter ventrally, grey back ground. Head: lyes three and three, not on dark patches. Post- antennal organ absent. Antennae shorter than head, conical, last two segments coalescent. Twelve tubercles on head. Mouth parts suctorial. Thorax: Unguis heavy, curving, without teeth. Unguiculus

absent. Tenent hairs absent. Prothorax with six tubercles. Meso- and Metathorax with eight tubercles each. Abdomen: Segments I to IV with eight tubercles each; Abdomen IY with four; Abdomen VI with two. Purcula absent. Anal spines absent. Clothing: Numerous long white hairs. Many are ciliated. Discussion: Taken from damp decaying leaves.

Distribution: Roadside of Marine Drive, east of incinerator, University Lands, Nov. 20, Jan. 17. Trail - 54 -

following outlet from Beaver Lake, Stanley Park,

flTiane 28. Trail just east of Cleveland Dam, North

Vancouver, July 1.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Mexico; Europe; Australia;

New Zealand.

Drawings: Fig. 35. Neanura muscorum; Median view of left

pro unguis x 900

36. N. muscorum; Right eye x 700

37. N. muscorum x 60 35 - 55 -

13. Anurophorus laricls Nicolet.

Adicranus cortieinus Bourlet, 1841

Lipura laricis Gervais, 1844 Lipura corticina Gervais, 1844 Bourletia laricis MacGillivray, 1893 Length: 1.2 mm. Color: Deep blue with light patches ventrally and posterior to the intersegmental sutures.

Head: Eyes eight and eight on dark suboblong eye patehes. Postantennal organ elliptical. Antennae slightly longer than the head. Antennae III sense organ of a pair of curved rods. Antennae III and XV with sensory setae. Antennae IV with two apical and one subapical papillae.

Thorax: Unguis stout, untoothed. Unguiculus represent• ed by a short spine. Tenent hairs three, weakly knobbed.

Abdomen: Rounded posteriorly. Anus ventral.:Abdomen I to IV subequal. Furcula and anal spines absent.

Clothing: Sparse short stiff setae, logger on abdomen V and VI, and legs.

Discussion: Taken from moss and grass growing from a crevice in a rotting log. Distribution: On beach at foot of Trafalgar St., Kitsilano (Vancouver) Jan. 4.

Ontario; U.S.A.'; Europe; Siberia.

Drawings: Fig. 38. Anurophorus laricis x 84

39. A. laricis; Lateral of right meta unguis

x 1560

- 57 - 14. Folsomia fimetaria (Linnaeus) ? Podura terrestris alba Linnaeus, 1746 Podura fimetaria Linnaeus, 1758 Isotoma alba Tullberg, 1871 Isotoma fimetaria Tullberg Isotoma manubriata MacG-illivray, 1896 Isotoma fimetaria Wahlgren, 1900 Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 Isotoma (Folsomia) fimetaria Borner, 1903 Folsomia fimetaria Linnaniemi (Axelson) , 1907 Length: 1.6 mm. Color: White. Head: Eyes absent. Postantennal organ small, oval. Antennae slightly longer than head. Sense organ of antennae III with two sense rods. Antennae IV with terminal tubercle, subapical papilla and several sensory setae. Thorax: Unguis curved, tapering, untoothed. Unguiculus two-thirds as long as unguis, lanceolate, untoothed. Tenent hairs absent.

Abdomen: Abdomen IV to VT ankylosed. Anus ventral.

Furcula short; Manubrium is to dentes as 1:2; Dentes slender with dorsal crenulations on the distal two-thirds. Mucro slender, bidentate, apical tooth only slightly upturned, anteapical - 58 -

tooth slightly larger, erect. Rami of tenaculum cjuadridentate.

Clothing: Dense short setae, abdominal segments with transverse rows of longer hairs. Discussion: Taken from the soil of house plants and a potato cellar. Distribution: Vancouver, Jan. 11, M.A.A'Allen; Dec. 1, G.J. Spencer. Alaska; U.S.A.; Europe; Siberia; Australia. Drawings: Fig. 40. Folsomia fimetaria x67 41. F. fimetaria; Median view of right mucro x 1300

42. F. fimetaria; Lateral view of left meta unguis x 1050

- 59 -

15, Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg)

Isotoma quadrioculata Tullberg, 1871 Isotoma (Folsomia)-quadrloculata Axelson, 1905

Folsomia quadrloculata (Axelson) Linnaniemi, 1907

Length: 1.3 mm. Color: Black spots of pigment in rings centrally on thorax II to abdomen III. Irregular on head and abdomen 17 to VT. White background. Head: Eyes two and two with separate pigment spots. Postantennal organ narrow, long. Antennae subequal to head. Sense organ, of antennae III of two rods. Antennae IV with apical tubercle, subequallpapillae, and sensory setae. Thorax: Unguis stout, curving, untoothed. Unguiculus half as long as unguis, lanceolate, untoothed. Tenent hairs absent.

Abdomen: Segments TV to VT ankylosed with a trace of the dorsal sutures showing. Anus ventrooaudal. Furcula short. Manubrium with two pairs of ventro-apical chitinous hooks between the bases of the dentes. Dentes with a few, central, dorsal erenulations. Mucrones bidentate; apical tooth hooked. Anteapical tooth erect. Clothing: Dense, moderately long setae with a few longer setae posteriorly. - 60 -

Discussion: Taken from moist cedar duff.

Distribution:Lumbermans arch, Stanley Park (Vancouver)

Feb. 7.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Flg.45.> Folsomia quadriooulata x 56

44. F. quadriooulata; Lateral view of left

meta unguis x 1450

45. F. quadriooulata; Lateral view .of left

mucro x 2100

16• Prolsotoma (Proisotoma) aquae (Bacon)

Isotoma aquae Bacon, 1914

Length: 1 mm.

Color: Dark greyish blue, mottled ventrally, interseg•

mental bands white. Legs below trochanter and

dentes white.

Head: Eyes eight and eight on two pair of dark eye

patches; an anterior, with five eyes, and a

posterior, with three eyes. Postantennal organ

subelliptical, constricted near the centre.

Antennae slightly longer than the head.

Sense organ of antennae III with twe rods

in a pit. Several sensory setae on antennae IY.

Prognathous.

Thorax: Tibiotarsus with a distal subsegment. Unguis

stout, unidentate mid-way on inner margin.

Unguiculus lanceolate, one-half the unguis,

untoothed. Tenent hairs absent. ,

Abdomen: Furcula short. Dentes to the manubrium as 3:£,

Slender, tapering with dorsal cremulations

ending about twice the length of the mucro

from the mucro. Mucro stout, subequally

bidentate, apical tooth hooked, anteapical

tooth erect.

Discussion: Taken from a pile of dry leaves.

Distribution:Parrington Rd., four miles North of Mission, - 62 -

Feb. 10, G.M. Wade.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig. 46. Proisotoma aquae x 80

47. P. aquae; Median view of left pro

unguis x 2500

48. P aquae; Lateral view of right muero

x 3800

- 63 -

17, Isotoma (Isotoma) viridis (Bourlet)

Isotoma caerulea Bourlet, 1839

Desoria virescens Nicolet, 1841

Desoria cylindrica Nicolet, 1841

Desoria viatica Nicolet, 1841

Desorda pallida Nicolet,. 1841

Desoria ebriosa Nicolet, 1841

Desoria annulata Nicolet, 1841

Podura annulata Bourlet, .841

Podura viridis Bourlet, 1843

Heterotoma chlorata Gervais, 1844

Isotoma desmarestic Gervais, 1844

Isotoma virescens Nicolet, 1847

Isotoma viatica Nicolet,1847

Isotoma cylindrica Nicolet, 1847

Isotoma ebriosa Nicolet, 1847

Isotoma annulata Nicolet, 1847

Isotoma anglicana Lubbock, 1862

Isotoma palustria Tullberg, 1871

Isotoma belfragei Packard, 1873

Isotoma tricolor Packard, 1873

Isotoma purpurascens Packard, 1873

Isotoma plumbea Packard, 1873

.Isotoma capitola MacGIllivray, 1896

Isotoma glauca MacGillivray, 1896

Length: 3 mm. - 64 - Color.: Dark greenish yellow. Legs* dentes, intersegmental

bands paler. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Postantennal organ oval, approximately the same size as an eye. Antennae slightly more than one and one-half times the head, with segments as 4:7:7:8. Sense organ of antennae III of a pair of rods.

Thorax: Unguis long, slender, curving with a pair of large lateral teeth, with inner margin bidentate and with parallel basal folds. Unguiculus about half the unguis,- lanceolate, unidentate beyond midpoint of inner margin. Tenent hairs absent. Abdomen: Furcula well developed, reaching to ventral tube. Dentes are to manubrium as 2:1. Slender, tapwring, crenulate dorsally, with a distal hair reaching beyond the mucro. Mucro falcately, tridentate; proximal teeth opposite each other. Rami of tenaculum quadrldentate; corpus with many ventral setae.

Clothing: Dense, moderately long, simple or serrate setae; some long unilaterally fringed sensory setae. Discussion: This is a very common, widely found species.

Taken from decaying leaves, compost, and

beneath logs or boards op. damp ground. • - 65--

Distribution: West side of Forestry and Geology building,

University Lands, Jan. 13-15. Corner of Trntrd

Ave. and Bayswater St., Kitsilano (Vancouver)

Jan. 11. Kamloops, June 9, J.D. Gregson.

Ontario; Alaska; Arctic Islands; U.S.A.;

Europe.

Drawings: Fig.49. Isotoma viridis x 65

50. I. viridis; Lateral view of right mucro

x 1050

51. IsdMridisw MSdiafr ;view of left mucro

x 1050

52. I. viridis; Lateral view of right meta

unguis x 770

53. I. viridis; Right lateral view of

tenaculum x 587

Isotoma (Isotoma) viridis (Bourlet) f. catena Guthrie

Isotoma catena Guthrie, 1903

Isotoma viridis var. catena, Mills, 1934

Isotoma viridis f. catena Gisin, 1944

This form differs morphologically only, in that the mucrones hear a minute fourth tooth ventrally at the base of the distal tooth.

Distribution: Brown's carnation house, Vancouver, May 25,

G.J. Spencer.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.'55. Isotoma viridis f. catena; Median view

of right mucro x 1200

56. I. viridis f. catena; Lateral view of

left mucro x 1200 - 67 Isotoma (Isotoma) viridis (Bourlet) f. cincta Tullberg Isotoma palustris var. cincta Tullberg, 1876 Isotoma glaUca : var. montana MacGillivray, 1896 Isotoma viridis var. cinota Schott, 1894 Isotoma viridis f. cincta Gisin, 1944 This form differs only in color from the principal form. The intersegmental regions are a pale yellow orange. The remaining part Is a deep mottled purple. Distribution: Corner of Commercial Drive and Venables St., Grandview (Vancouver) Feb. 3, R.J. Wade. U.S.A.; Nova Zembla. • Drawings: Fig.54. Isotoma viridis f. cincta x 20

- 68 ~

18» Isotoma (Isotoma) olivacea Tullberg

Length: 1.2 mm*

Color: In alcohol: Dark granular pigment on a greenish

background.

In life: Bluish on a yellowish ground color.

Numerous pale spots on head and body. Legs and

furcula paler.

Head: Eyes eight and eight, on dark elongate patches.

Antennae longer than head. Antennae III sense

organ with two curving blunt rods. Antennae IV

with a terminal papilla. Postantennal organ

elliptical.

Thorax: Unguis with a pair of small lateral teeth,

and with a small tooth just past the centre

of inner margin. Unguiculus broadly sublanceolate

with a minute tooth on the inner margin. Tenent

hairs absent.

Abdomen:: Abdomen III and IV subequal. Furcula long

reaching the ventral tube. Manubrium with

many dorsal and ventral setae; one-half the

dentes. Dentes with dorsal crenulations ending

about two and a half times the length of the

mucro from the" mucro. Mucro quadridentate;

apical tooth larger than the anteapical tooth.

Proximal teeth subequal, nearly opposite each

other. Rami of tenaculum quadridentate. .- 69-

Clothing: Dense, fine setae; slightly longer on posterior

segments and legs.

Discussion: Taken from moist decaying leaves.

Distribution:North west corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater

St.; South east corner of Pt. Grey Rd. and

Bayswater St., Jan. 24., Kitsilano (Vancouver).

Sunset Blvd. and Bedford St., North Vancouver,

Feb. 7.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Greenland.

Drawings: Fig.57. Isotoma olivaoea; Lateral view of left

mucro x 1230

58. I. oljvacea; Left lateral view of tenaculum

x 1173

59. I. olivaoea; Median view of left pro

unguis x 880

60. I. olivaoea x 60

~ 70

19, Isotoma (Vertagopus) oinerea Nicolet Desoria cinerea Nicolet, 1841 Isotoma cinerea Nicolet, 1847 Isotoma quadri-dentieulata Tullberg, 1871 Isotoma unica MacGlllivray, 1896 Isotoma dilatata MacGillivray, 1896 Isotoma inclinata MaoGillivray, 1896 Isotoma lateraria MacGillivray, 1896 Isotoma (Vertogopus) cinerea Borner, 1906

Length: 1.5 mm.

Color: Light purple or violet; intersegmental bands, tibiotarsus, dentes, are very pale purple. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae slightly longer than head. Antennae II and III, each with a short, incomplete, apical subsegment. Antennae III sense organ with a pair of rods. Postantenn- al organ elliptical.

Thorax: Unguis stout, curving with a pair of small lateral teeth one-third from base, unidentate beyond centre of inner margin. Unguiculus broadly lanceolate, inner margin unidentate. Two tenent hairs on proleg; Three each on the meso- and metalegs.

Jibdomen: Segments not ankylosed. Abdomen I - IV subequal. Furcula reaching to anterior border of abdomen II. Dentes twice the manubrium in length, tapering, convergent, crenulated dorsally. Mucro

quadridentate; small apical tooth slightly

hooked; anteapical tooth largest, erect; third

tooth very slightly smaller, erect; fourth

tooth lateral to the first three which are in

a line. Rami of tenaculum quadridentate.

Clothing: Sparse, fine, curving, simple setae. Longer

setae, sometimes minutely serrate, on abdomen.

Discussion: Taken from grass growing on sand on beach.

Distribution: On Beach at foot of Trafalgar St., Kitsilano

(Vancouver) Jan. 4.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe; Siberia.

Drawings: Fig.61. Isotoma oinerea; Lateral view of right

pro unguis x 2080

6E. I. oinerea; Lateral view of right mucro

x 3700 61 - 72

20• Isotomurus palustris (Muller) Podura palustris Miller, 1776

Isotoma palustris Lubbock, 1873 Isotoma tricolor Packard, 1871 Isotoma aquatalis Lubbock, 1873 Isotoma stuxbergii Tullberg, 1876 Isotoma tullbergi Moniez, 1889 Isotoma stuxbergi Moniez, 1891 Isotoma aequaelis MacGillivray, 1896 Isotomurus palustris Borner, 1903 Length: 2*3 mm. Color: Yellowish or greenish with a blue irregularly

margined median dorsal stripe. Antennae III distally and all antennae IV purplish.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae twice the head

in length. Antennae III sense organ with two

rods, a chitinous ridge and two setae. Thorax: Thorax I obscured by thorax II dorsally. Unguis ,

stout, curving, with a pair of small lateral

teeth. Unguiculus broadly lanceolate with a rounded inner lamellae. Tenent hair simple. Abdomen: Abdomen III one-quarter larger than abdomen IT. Purcula long, reaching ventral tube. Manubrium stout, with many vSntral stiff setae., Dentes

twice the manubrium in length; crenulate dorsally.

Mucro quadridentate, apical tooth minute, second and third tooth subequal; fourth tooth

lateral to others, which are in a line.

Clothing: Dense, short, simple setae. Three feathered

bothriotricha on each side of abdomen II to TV.

Discussion: Taken from swampy ground beneath a board.

Distribution: Courtenay, V.I. , May 17, J.D. G-regson.

U.S.A.; Mexico; Europe; Asia; Australia.

Drawings: Fig. 63. Isotomurus ,palustris x 46

64, I. palustris; Median view of right mucro

x 870

65. I. palustris; Median view of right meta

unguis x 730

- 74 -

21; Tomooerus (Tomooerus) vulgaris (Tullberg)

Macrotoma vulgaris Tullberg, 1871

Tomooerus plumbeus Packard (part), 1873 Length: 3.5 mm* Color: Color waxy yellow; dark pigment on head, meso• thorax, coxae and tibiotarsi. Head: Eyes six and six. Antennae one-half the length of body. Antennae III and IV ringed.

Thorax: Thorax II twice as long as thorax III, and overlapping thorax I dorsally. Unguis slender, with a pair of basal pseudcmychia and basal folds, with four to six inner teeth. Unguiculus lanceolate, untoothed. One thick tenent hair with its olavate tip Expanded to form a* lateral process.

Abdomen: Manubrium stout. Dentes partly divided into three segments, with spines arranged as follows: 4, 2/4, 1, 1, ,1,1, 1. The diagonal represents

the break between the first and second dental segments, the underlined numbers represent large spines, the others represent smaller spines. Mucro about one-fifth the dens in length with a pair of lamellate basal teeth, ten inter• mediate dorsal teeth, a large curved subapical tooth, and smaller hooked apical tooth.

Clothing: Dense scales, and many setae of various lengths. Discussion: Common in leaves and beneath boards on the

ground.

Distribution:Beach at the foot of Bayswater St., Nov. 23,

Corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater St., July 19,

Kitsilano (Vancouver)• Farrington Rd. four

miles nofcth of Mission, 0ct.-25.

U.S.A.; Europe.

Drawings: Fig. 66. Tomocerus vulgaris; Median view of left

mucro x 585

67. T. vulgaris; Median view of left pro

unguis x 625

68. T. vulgaris; Lateral view of right dens

x 205

22. Tomooerug (Tomocerus) *minor (Lubbock)

Macrotoma minor Lubbock, 1862

Macrotoma tridentifera Tullberg, 1872

Tomocerus plumbeus Lubbock, 1875

Tomocerus tridentiferus Brook, 1883

Tomocerus norvegicus Lie-Pettersen, 1897

Tomocerus minor Schaffer, 1900

Length: 2.6 mm*

Color: Body yellow beneath dark scales. Tibiotarsi

and antennae III and IV purplish.

Head: Eyes six and six on small oval dark eye patch.

Antennae more than one-half body length.

Thorax: Thorax II twice the length of thorax III and

overlapping thorax I. Unguis slender with five

or six teeth on inner margin; and basal

pseudonychia. Unguiculus stout, sublanceolate

with spinelike teeth neair centre of inner margin

Heavy tenent hair with expanded knob and small

terminal spine.

Abdomen: Manubrium and dentes stout. Dental spines

tridentate; dental formula (of spines):

2 / 4, 1, 1, 1. (Variable). Mucro with single

basal tooth, six dorsal intermediate teeth,

and a lamellate anteapical tooth.

Clothing: Long, serrate setae on antero-dorsal margin

of thorax II. Numerous other variable setae. - 77 - Body with dense dark scales. Discussion: Taken from grass grown on beach and from

beneath boards on grass. Distribution: Beach at the foot of Trafalgar St., Eitsilano

(Vancouver), Jan 4. Farrington Road, four

miles north of Mission, Oct. 25. Ontario; U.S.A.; New Zealand. Drawings: Fig.^69, Tomooerus minor; Lateral view of left

dens x 550 70. T. minor; Lateral view of left mucro x 730 71. T. minor; Median view of right me so unguis x 660

- 78 -

23. Tomocerus (Pogonognathus) flavesoens f. aroticus SchBtt Tomocerus arcticus SchBtt, 1894 Tomocerus niger var, arcticus Folsom, 1902 Tomocerus flavescens var. arcticus Folsom, 1915

Length: 2.4 mm. Color: Body waxy yellow, legs and furcula paler. Head and thorax II discolored. Antennae III and IT with purple tinge. Head: lyes six and six on small dark patches. Antennae two-thirds length of body. Antennae III and IT ringed. Head of maxillae with a tuft: of hairs. Thorax: Thorax II twice as long as thorax III, overlapping thorax I dorsally. Unguis with basal pseudonychia and folds; with four inner teeth. Unguiculus broad, lanceolate, unidentate on inner margin. Single stout tenent hair with cleft knob forming a spinelike terminal process.

Abdomen: Furcula long, stout. Dental formula: 2, 1/6, 2. Mucrones with two lamellate basal teeth, five intermediate dorsal teeth, lamellate anteapical tooth, and hooked apical tooth. Clothing: Thorax II with antero-dorsal setae. Body covered with scales. Numerous variable setae on body.

Discussion: Taken from beneath bark, beneath dqmp boards,

and from damp leaves and fir duff. - 79 -

Distribution: West side of Botanical gardens, Jan. 17, and west end of Spanish Banks beach, Aug. 12, University Lands. Point Grey golf course, Vancouver, April 22, G.J. Spencer. Courtenay, V.I. ...April 10, May 12, 14, J.D. Gregson. Goldstream, V.I., July 11, A.R. Forbes. Alaska; U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.72. Tomooerus flaveseens; Lateral view of left mucro x 825 73. T. flaveseens; Median view of, right dens x 540

74. T. flaveseens; Median view of right pro unguis x 950

- 80 -

24. Entomobrya (Entomobrya) marginata (Tullberg)

Degeeria marginata Tullberg, 1871

Degeeria griseo-olivata Packard, 1873

Entomobrya marginata Brook, 1884

Entomobrya griseo-olivata Brook, 1884

Entomobrya marginata var, pallida Krausbauer, 1898 Length: 1,3 mm,

Color: A yellow-green or mustard shade. Darker pigment on the genae and lateral margins of meso- and metathorax. Antennae are a dark purple throughout. Legs are pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight on dark rectangular patches. Antennae one-half the length of body.

Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral, and three teeth on the inner margins, Unguiculus lanceol• ate, untoothed. Tenent hair slender, slightly knobbed.

Abdomen: Furcula long, slender. Dentes dorsally crenulated to a distance of two and one half times the mucro from the mucro. Muero with hooked apical tooth, erect subapical tooth, and basal spine. The terga of abdomen IV is longer than all of abdomen I - III.

Clothing: Body and appendages covered densely with fine setae of Variable lengths. Antero-dorsal margin of mesothorax and head with long serrate setae as shown in figure 120,

Discussion:Taken from leaves in a garden. This species

is quite variable in color but typical of the

genus morphologically.

Distribution:North west corner of Third Ave. and

Bayswater St.,Jan. 24.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe; Australia.

Drawings* Fig.75. Entomobrya marginata x 70

76. E. marginata; Lateral view of right

pro unguis x 1600

77. E. Marginata; Median view of left mucro

x 4800 77 - 82 -

25• Entomobrya (Entomobrya) nivalis (Linnaeus)

Podura nivalis Linnaeus, 1758

Degeeria nivalis Nicolet, 1841

Entomobrya nivalis Linnaniemi, 1912

Length: 1.6 mm.

Color: Yellow background with purple markings. Head

with a small dorsal rectangular spot. An

irregular lateral stripe extends from the genae

to abdomen IY. Thorax II to abdomen IV with

dorsoposterior transverse markings which project

forward on the dorso-lateral margin. On

abdomen IY this produces a ,rU" shaped mark.

Antennae and tibiotarsi light purple. Remainder

of legs and furcula pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae nearly as long

as body, segments I to III subequal.

Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral, and three

teeth on inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate,

untoothed. One;clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Long, slender furcula. Mucro with apical and

anteapical teeth and basal spine.

Clothing: Dense short setae and long hairs on anterior

of thorax and head as in figure 120 •

Discussion: Taken from damp leaves.

Distribution:West end of Spanish Banks beach, Aug. 12,

North west corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater St., July 19,(Vancouver).

U.S.A.; Europe; Australia; New Zealand.

Drawings: Fig.78. Entomobrya nivalis x 62

79. E. nivalis; Median view of right mucro

x 2700

80. E. nivalis; Lateral view of right "meso

unguis x 1650 78 - 84 -

26. Entomobrya (Entomobrya) brunneioapilla Maynard

Length: 1.2 mm.

Color: Brownish yellow. Antennae purple throughout.

Some purple pigment on genae, coxae of all legs,

and dorso-laterally on thorax I to abdomen T.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae twice as long

as head.

Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral, and three

teeth on inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate,

untoothed. One long clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Furcula moderately stout, extending to abdomen

II. Mucro with apical and anteapical teeth and

basal spine.

Clothing: Dense, short, curved, serrate setae on all

segments. Dorsally on the head, thorax II and

III and abdomen I are many long, heavy,

serrate, brown setae.

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves.

Distribution:North west corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater St.

Kitsilano (Vancouver), Nov. 23.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.81. Entomobrya brunneioapilla; Lateral view

of left mucro x 3100

82. E. brunneioapilla; Median view of right

meta unguis x 1700

*i 85 *

27. Entomobrya atrocincta f. albicollis Franklin

Entomobrya albicollis Franklin, 1905 Length: 1.0 mm. Color: Ground color waxy yellow. Purple maitkings on anterior part of head, thorax I and anterior part of thorax II, nearly all of thorax III and abdomen I - III, posterior part of abdomen IV, and antennae II - IV, These markings appear black dorsally on thorax III to abdomen III and IV. Legs and furcula pale yellow. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae slightly longer

than head. Hypognathous. Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral, and three

teeth on inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate, untoothed. One long clavate tenent hair. Abdomen: Furcula slender, reaching to abdomen II. Mucro with apical and anteapical teeth and basal spine. Clothing: Dense, short setae on all segments. Dorsally on the head and mesothorax are long, serrate, clavate hairs. Discussion: Taken from dry leaves.

Distribution:Corner of Second Ave. and Bayswater St., Kitsilano (Vancouver), Nov. 33. U.S.A.. ~ 86 -

Drawings: Fig.83. Entomobrya atrooinota f. slbicollis x 107

84. E. atrooinota f. albicollis; Lateral

view of left mucro x 7500

85. E. atrooinota f. albicollis; Lateral

view of right meta unguis x:2150

28.. Entomobrya (Entomobrya) triangularis Schott

Length: 1.0 mm.

Color: Light yellow background with dark blue markings

on head between antennae bases, distal parts

of antennae I - III, proximal half of antennae

IV, genae, anterior dorsal band on thorax II

joining to a lateral longitudinal band which

extends to abdomen II, posterior band on

thorax III connecting with a lateral stripe,

dorsal centre part of abdomen IV, dorsally

on abdomen V, and on tibiotarsi. Furcula pale

yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae twice as long

as the head.

Thorax: Unguis straight, with one outer, two lateral,

and three teeth on inner margins. Unguiculus

lanceolate, untoothed, Long, clavate tenent

hair.

Abdomen: Long, slender furcula. Mucfco with apical and

anteapical teeth and basal spine.

Clothing: Fairly dense setae of various lengths.

Discussion: Taken from very decayed leaves and coniferous

duff.

Distribution:One-quarter of a mile south of the Cleveland

Dam on the hillside east of the river,

North Vancouver, July 1. - 88 - '

U.S.A.

Drawings: Figs.86. Entomobrya triangularis; Lateral view of

right meta unguis x 2400

87. E. triangularis; Lateral view of right

mucro x 6250

89. E. triangularis x 57

29, Entomobrya (Entomobrya) mineola Folsom

Length: 1,1 mm.

Color: Ground color yellow with light purple markings

in two interrupted lateral stripes which

appear only as spots on thorax II - III,

abdomen II and III. Antennae purple beyond

distal part of antennae I. Legs with very

little purple pigment. Furcula pale.

Head; Eyes eight and wight. Antennae twice as long

as the head.

Thorax: Unguis with one small outer, two lateral,

and two teeth on inner margins. One long

clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Furcula slender, reaching abdomen II. Mucro

with apical and anteapical teeth and slender

basal spine.

Clothing: Dense setae of Variable lengths on all body

segments.

Discussion: Taken from damp leaves.

Distribution: By steps to beach leading from fseafalgar St.,

Kitsilano (Vancouver), Jan. 4.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.89, Entomobrya mineola x 72

90. E. Mineola; Median view of left mucro

x 4200

91. E. mineola ;Right meta unguis x 1550

30. Entomobrya (Entomobrya) Multifasoiata (Tullberg)

Podura fasciata Say., 1821

Podura variegata Guer. and per., 1838

Podura simplex Koch, 1840

Podura striata Koch, 1840

Degeeria nivalis Nicolet, 1841

Degeeria lanuginosa Nicolet, 1841

Degeeria disjuncta Nicolet, 1841

Degeeria corticalis Nicolet, 1841

Degeeria nicoletii Lubbock, 1867

Degeeria muscorum Tullberg, 1871

Degeeria arborea Tullberg, 1871

Degeeria decemfasciata Packard, 1873

Degeeria pulehella Ridley, 1881

Degeeria multifasoiata Tullberg, 1871

Entomobrya multifasoiata Brook, 1883

Entomobrya nivalis var. decemfasciata, Bonet, 1934

Entomobrya nivalis f. multifasoiata, Gisin, 1944

Length: 1.7 mm.

Color: Ground color yellow with dark purple markings

on head between antennal bases, beyond distal

part of antennae I, genae, lateral longitudinal

band from thorax II to abdomen IV, and

transverse posterior markings on every body

segment as well as a central band on abdomen IV.

Tibiotarsi colored centrally. Furcula pale yellow. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae half as long

as body.

Thorax: Unguis with one outer, and three teeth on

inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate, untoothed. One.long heavy clavate tenent hair. Abdomen: Furcula long,slender. Mucro typical of the

genus.

Discussion: Taken from damp leaves.

Distribution: By steps leading to beach from Trafalgar St.,

Kitsilano (Vancouver), Jan. 4. Vavenby,

North Thompson River Valley, June 5, J.D.

G-regson.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe; Australia; New Zealand.

Drawings: Fig.92, Entomobrya multlfasoiata x 46

93. E. imiltifasciata; Lateral view of left

mucro x 2300

94, E. multifasciata; Lateral view of left

meso unguis x 1600

31. Wlllowsia buskii (Lubbock)

Seira buskii Lubbock, 1869

Degeerla cyanea Tullberg, 1871

Sira buskii Tullberg, 1872

Sira buski Folsom, 1928

Willowsia buskii Shoebotham, 1917

Length: 1.3 mm.

Color: Body a dark violet throughout. Antennae beyond

the distal part of segment I purplish.

Tibiotarsi light purple. Head, legs except tib-

iotarsi, and furcula yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae half as long

as the body.

Thorax: Unguis with a pair of lateral teeth and three

teeth on the inner margin. Unguiculus slender,

acute, untoothed. Long, weakly knobbed tenent

hair.

Abdomen: Abdomen IT nearly as long as abdomen I - III.

Furcula long, slender. Mucro with apical and

anteapical teeth and basal spine.

Clothing: Body (not the dentes) densely clothed with

scales which are heavily ribbed and pointed.

Discussion: Taken from beneath boulders in dry conditions.

Distribution: Barriere, North Thompson River Talley, June 2,

J.D. Gregson.

U.S.A.; Europe. - 93 -

Drawings: Fig. 95. Willows ia buskii x 70

96. W. buskii; Median view of left meso

unguis x 1500 96 32. Pseudosinella alba (Packard)

Lepidocyrtus albus Packard, 1873

Pseudosinella alba Scblffer, 1900

Length: 1.0 mm.

Color: White.

Head: Eyes two and two on small separated black

patches. Antennae slightly longer than the head.

Thorax: Thorax I obscured by thorax II. Unguis with a

wing like paramedian tooth, and,two teeth

on the inner margin as well as two lateral

teeth. Unguiculus lanceolate, untoothed (outer

margin may be serrate). Weakly developed tenent

hair.

Abdomen: Body segmentation indistindt. Furcula slender.

Dentes crenulated dorsally, with a small,, outer

distal spine. Mucrones tridentate.

Clothing: Densely covered with scales which are rounded

with fine striations.

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves.

Distribution:North west corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater St.,

Kitsilano (Vancouver), Nov. 23, Jan 24.

U.S.A..

98. P. alba

99. P. alba

X 2900

100. P. alba /oo - 95 -

33. Lepidooyrtus cyaneus Tullberg

Lepidocyrtus purpureus Lubbock, 1873

Lepidooyrtus metallicus Packard, 1873

Lepidocyrtus assimilis Reuter, 1890

Lepidocyrtus pallidus Schott, 1893

Lepidocyrtus cyaneus var. pallidus Sehfttt, 1894

Lepidocyrtus cyaneus var, assimilis Sch8tt, 1894

Lepidocyrtus elegantulus Meinert, 1896

Length: 0,8 mm.

Color: Body dark blue metallic throughout. Anterior

half of head dark bine as well as distal parts

of antennae I and II and all af antennae III

and IV, Manubrium, coxae, and ventral tube

light blue. Dentes, femora and tibiotarsi

pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae slightly longer

than head.

'Thorax: Thorax II projects partly over base of head.

Unguis with two lateral, and two teeth on the

inner margins. Unguicuius narfcow, untoothed.

One clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Abdomen IV, four times as long as abdomen III.

Furcula long. Mucro with slightly hooked apical

tooth, erect anteapical tooth, and heavy basal

spine. Dentes with two dorsal rows of subclavate

fringed setae. Clothing: Dense scales over the body and furcula

(except mucrones). Serrate setae on the append•

ages and anteriorly on thorax II

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves.

Distribution: Norlfeh west corner of Third Ave and Bayswater

St., Kitsilano (Vancouver), Jan. 24.

Victoria, V.I. , July 16, J.D. Gregson.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Alaska; Greenland; Europe;

Siberia; Africa; Australia.

Drawings: Fig.101. Lepidooyrtus oyaneus; Median view of

left meta unguis x 3500

102. L. cyaneus; Median view of left mucro

x 4400

103. L. oyaneus x 470

- 97 -

34. Lepidocyrtus aurantiacus Maynard

Length: 1.1 mm.

Color: Yellowish orange. Purple distally on antennae I and II, and all of antennae III and IV. Coxae of all legs flecked with purple. Furcula pale yellow. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae slightly longer than the head. Thorax: Unguis stout, curved, with two lateral and two strong teeth on the inner margins. One weakly clavate tenent hair. Unguiculus .. lanceolate, slender, untoothed. Abdomen: Furcula reaching to abdomen II. Dentes with deep dorsal crenulations, scaled heavily. Mucro with hooked apical, and erect subapical teeth and long basal spine. Clothing: Dense scales which are rounded with fine striations over body and furcula. Serrate setae anterior on thorax II, and on all appendages. Discussion: Taken from dry leaves. Distribution:Corner of Second Ave. and Bayswater St., Kitsilano (Vancouver), Nov. 23. U.S.A.. Drawings: Fig.104. Lepidocyrtus aurantiacus; Lateral view

right mucro x 3200 Fig*105* L. aurantiacus; Median view of left pro unguis x 2900

35• Lepidocyrtus curvicollls Bourlet

Lepidocyrtus albicans Guthrie, 1905 Cyphodeirus capucinus Nicolet, 1842 Length: 1*2 mm. Color: White oig- pale yellow. Antennae purple beyond distal part of antennae II. Purple flecks on head between eyes and on coxae. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae nearly twice as long as head. Thorax: Mesomotum projects over posterior part of head. Unguis with one lateral, and three

teeth on inner margins. Unguiculus sublanceolate, untoothed. One weakly clavate tenent hair. Abdomen: Abdomen III one-sixth of abdomen IV. Furcula

long, slender. Mucro with apical, anteapical teeth and basal spine. Clothing: Dense scales covering the body and on the furcula. Serrate setae anteriorly on thorax II

and on all appendages.

Discussion: Taken from damp and dry coniferous duff arid.

leaves.

Distribution:West side of Botanical Gardens, University

Lands, Jan. 17. One-quarter mile east of

Cleveland Dam, North Vancouver, July 1. West

end of Spanish Banks beach, Vancouver, Aug, 12.

Ontario; U.S.A.; Europe. - 100 -

Drawings: Fig.106. Lepidocyrtus ourvioollis; Median view

of right pro unguis x 2600

107• L. curviooliis; Lateral view of left

mucro x 2500

- 101 -

36. Lepidooyrtus pusillus (Linnaeus)

Podura pusillus Linnaeus, 1767 Lepidocyrtus pusillus Lubbock, 1871 Length: 0.8 mm.

Color: Body and coxae purple (granular) with inter•

segmental areas light. Lighter purple on head and antennae beyond distal part of segment II. Furcula nearly white. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae subequal to the head. Thorax: Unguis with two lateral, and two teeth on the inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate, untoothed. One long, clavate tenent hair. Abdomen: Furcula long, slender. Mucro with hooked, apical and slender anteapical teeth and basal spine.

Clothing: Dense scales on the body and furcula.

Serrate setae anteriorly on thorax II and

all appendages. Discussion: Taken from damp leaves. Distribution:By steps leading to beach from the foot of Trafalgar St., Kitsilano (Vancouver), Jan. 4. U.S.A.. Drawings: Fig.108. Lepidocyrtus pusillus x 125 109. L. pusillus; Median view of right meta unguis x 3300 - 102 -

Fig.110. L. Pusillus: Median view of right

mucro x 3600

- 103 -

37, Lepidocyrtus guthriei Maynard

Lepidocyrtus purpureus (Lubbock) Guthrie, 1903

Length: 0.9 mm.

Color: Body and coxae with granular reddish purple

pigment. Intersegmental bands lighter. Head waxy

yellow with some purple flecks. Antennae

purple beyond distal part of segment II.

Legs distal to coxae, and furcula pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae slightly longer

than the head.

Thorax: Unguis with two lateral, and two teeth on

inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate, untbothed.

One long, clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Furcula long, slender. Mucro with apical and

anteapical teeth and basal spine.

Clothing: Body covered with dense scales. Serrate setag

on mesonotum and all appendages.

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves.

Distribution:South west corner of Thirteenth Ave. and

Discovery St., Vancouver, Feb. 8.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.111. Lepidooyrtus guthriei x 80

112. L. guthriei; Right mucro x 2500

113. L. guthriei; Lateral view of right

meso unguis x 2500

- 104 -

38. Orohesella villosa Geoffroy

Length: 2.6 mm.

Color: Pale yellow or orange background with blackish

purple pigment on distal part of antennae II

and III and all of antennae IY. The head and

body have many irregular, variously arranged

pigment patches. A horseshoe shaped mark appears

on the outer part of all precoxal segments.

Pigment also occurs centrally on the femora

and distally on the tibiotarsi.

-Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae six-segmented,

tapering from base to apex, nearly three times

as long as the head.

Thorax: Unguis slender, curving, with two outer and

two inner teeth. Unguiculus slender, tapering,

unidentate near the midpoint of the outer

margin. One short clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Abdomen IV twice abdomen III in length.

Furcula long, stout. Mucro with hooked apical

tooth, erect subapical tooth and basal spine.

Clothing: Dense, short setae on all parts. Long clavate

curving hairs dorsally on head and body.

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves, grass, bare soil

and from beneath boards.

Distribution:Corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater St., Nov. 1,

Jan. 24, Kitsilamo (Vancouver). Totem pole park, - 105 :~

University Lands, Jan. 17. One block east

of Sixty-eighth Ave. and Heather St.,

Marpole (Vancouver), July 10. Farrington

Rd., four miles north of Mission, Oct. 25.

U.S.A.; Europe.

Drawings: Fig.114. Orchesella villosa; Lateral view of

right meta unguis x 810

115. 0. villosa; Lateral view of right mucro

x 1850

116. 0. villosa x 24 ^

- 106 -

39, Orchesella cincta (Linnaeus) Podura cincta Linnaeus, 1758 Orchesella cincta Lubbock, 1873 Orchesella flavopicta Packard, 1873 Length: 2.4 mm. Color: Ground color yellow with dark reddish brown markings, covering most of the head, antennae I and III, and the dorsal part of abdomen III.

Pale patohes interrupt the pigment dorsally on the remaining body segments. The distal parts of the femora and tibiotarsi are tinged with purple.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae six-segmented,

over twice as long as the head. Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral, and three teeth on the inner margins. Unguiculus slender, acute, with and outer tooth. Tenent hair well developed. The mesonotum does not obscure the pronotum. Abdomen: Furcula long, stout. Mucro with subequal apical and anteapical teeth and a basal spine.

Clothing: Dense, short setae. Sparse, long clavate hairs (serrate) dorsally oh head and body.

Discussion: Taken from damp leaves.

Distribution:By steps leading to beach from the foot of Trafalgar St., Jan, 4, North west corner of - 107 -

Third Ave. and Bayswater St., July 19, Kitsilano (Vancouver). U.S.A.; Europe. Drawings: Fig.117. Orchesella cincta x 28

118. 0. cincta;Median view of left pro unguis x 900 119. 0. cincta; Median view of left mucro x 2250 120. 0. cincta; Long dorsal hair x 660

- 108 -

Orohesella cincta (L.) f. vaga L.

Podura vaga Linnaeus, 1767

Heterotoma vaga Bourlet, 1839

Orohesella cincta Lubbock, 1873

Orohesella cincta var. vaga Renter, 1895

Orohesella cincta f. vaga, Gisin, 1944

This form differs in color only. The head and body are black or dark reddish brown. Antennae I and III are black, the remaining segments brown. The legs down to the femora are a dark brown. The furcula and tibiotarsi are a medium brown.

Discussion: Taken from garden leaves.

Distribution: North west corner of Third Ave. and Bayswater

St., Kitsilano (Vancouver) July 19,

U.S.A.; Europe. - 109 -

40. Orohesella ainsliel Folsom Length: 1.3 mm. Color: Yellow ground color on body. Head orange-

yellow. Purple markings in the form of two lateral stripes and two irregular dorsal bands from posterior part of head to abdomen IV. Transverse purple bands occur dorsally on thorax III, abdomen 1,111 - V, Antennae purple beyond distal part of segment II. Some purple pigment on all leg segments. Furcula pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae nearly twice

as long as the head. Thorax: Unguis with two lateral and three teeth on the inner margins. Unguiculus lanceolate with a small tooth distally on the outer margin. One long pointed tenent hair. Abdomen: Furcula long, stout. Mucro with apical and

anteapical teeth and slender basal spine. Clothing: Dense, short, curved, fringed setae. Long, clavate hairs on head, thorax II - III, abdomen I - II. Discussion: Taken from grass growing in sand. Distribution:On beach at foot of Trafalgar St., Kitsilano,

(Vancouver), Jan. 4. Ontario: U.S.A.. -110-

Drawings: Fig.121. Orchesella ainsliei x 60 122. 0. ainsliei: Median view of left mucro x 3300 123. 0. ainsliei: Median view of left pro unguis x 1750

- Ill -

41. Orohesella hexfasciata (Harvey)

Entomobrya hexfasciata Harvey, 1896

Orohesella hexfasciata James, 1933

Length: 1.4 mm.

Color: Ground color pale yellow with six purple

transverse bands: Anteriorly on thorax II

and III, posteriorly on abdomen IV, all of

abdomen V. My specimens are lightly colored

and these bands are partially incomplete.

A purple patch connects the antennal bases.

Antennae I and II dark purple. Antennae IV - VT

lighter purple. All leg segments are tinged

with purple. Furcula pale yellow.

Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae five segmented

due to subdivision of antennae I. Antennae II

very obscurely subdivided. Antennae twice

as long as the head.

Thorax: Unguis with one outer, two lateral and three

teeth on the inner margins. Unguieulus stout,

lanceolate with a distal tooth on the outer

margin. One long clavate tenent hair.

Abdomen: Furcula long, stout. Mucro with a slightly

hooked apical tooth, an erect anteapical

tooth and a basal spine.

Clothing: Dense, short, curving, fringed setae intersper•

sed with long shaggy hairs. - 112 -

Discussion: Taken from damp moss and moist leaves.

Distribution: In park at MacKay Ave. and Marine Dr.,

North Vancouver, Feb. 7. Corner of Sunset

Blvd. and Bedford St., North Vancouver,

Feb. 7. One block east of Heather St. on area

Beuth of sixty-eighth Ave., Marpole

district(Vancouver), Feb. 21.

Ontario; U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.124. Orchesella hexfasciata x 46

125, 0. hexfasciata; Lateral view of right

meta unguis x 1300

126. 0. hexfasciata; Lateral view of right

mucro x 3000

- 113 -

42. Arrhopalites blnoculatus (Borner)

Sminthurinus blnoculatus Borner, 1901

Arrhopalites binoculatus Mills, 1934

Arrhopalites bimaculatus Brimley, 1938

Length: 0.7 mm.

Color: Pale yellow ground color with the dorsal head and body parts reddish purple. Antennae light purple. Legs and furcula white.

Head: Eyes one and one on small black patches. Antennae four segmented. Antennae IV with six subsegments. Antennae two-thirds as long as body. Hypognathous. Thorax: Thoracic segments fused into a globular mass with the abdomen witn only faint segmentation showing. Unguis with an outer distal tooth and one tooth on the mid point of the inner margin; with a feeble tunica. Unguiculus narrowly lamellate with a long anteapical filament. Tenent hairs absent.

Abdomen: Manubrium stout. Dens with a distal peglike setae. Both margins of mucro with fine serrations. Abdomen V and VI separated by a constriction. Females with anal appendages which have numerous terminal branches.

Clothing: Sparse simple setae. Discussion: Taken from long grass, - 114 -

Distribution: On trail to beach west of President's house,

University Lands, Jan. 29.

U.S.A..

Drawings: Pig.127. Arrhopalites binoculatus x 101

128. A. binoculatus; Lateral view of right

meso unguis x 1750

129. A. binoculatus; Lateral view of right

mucro x 780

- 115 -

43, Bourletlella hortensls (Fitch)

Smynthurus hortensis Fitch, 1863

Sminthurus hortensis Folsom, 1899

Sminthurus pruinosus Tullberg, 1871

Sminthurus quadrisigns.tus Packard, 1873

Sminthurus lineatus leuter, 1876

Sminthurus albamaculata Harvey, 1897

Sminthurus signatus Agren, 1903

Bourletiella pruinosa Linnaniemi, 1912

Bourletiella signata Shoebotham, 1914

Bourletielia hortensis Brown, 1918

Length: 0.7 mm.

Color: Body and head dark blue except dorsally between

the eyes which is orange and anteriom to the

furcula which is yellow. Antennae dark blue.

Legs and furcula light blue.

Head: Eyes eight and eight on dark patches. Antennae

IV with eight subsegments; proximal subsegaent

longest. Antennae two-thirds body length.

Thorax: Unguis stout, curving, with two lateral

basal teeth and a single tooth two-thirds

along the Inner margin. Unguiculus lanceolate,

untoothed. Three long clavate tenent hairs.

Abdomen: Abdomen VI of male with two lateral hooked

spines and a long dorsal looped filament.

Mucro apically rounded with dorsal margins entire. - 116 -

Discussion: Taken from the bases of cabbage seedlings.

Distribution: Victoria, V.I. , May 15, A.R. Forbes.

Ontario; Nova Scotia; U.S.A.; Europe*

Drawings: Fig.130. BoUrletiella hortensis x 80

131. B. hortensis; Median view of left

pro unguis x 1400

132. B. hortensis; Median view of left mucro

x 250

133. B. hortensis; Right lateral view of

anal papilla x 250

- 117 -

44. Bourletiella spinata (MacGillivray)

Smynthurus spinatus MacGillivray, 1893

Sminthurus spinatus Guthrie, 1903

Bourletiella spinata Folsom, 1928 Length: 2.2 mm.

Color: Color patterns vary greatly between the male and female. The only specimen I have is tlwenty years old and has lost all color.

The color of the male is darker than the female running from a blaekish green to dark brown with distinctive pale areas. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae IV with sevent• een subsegments. Thorax: Unguis stout; unidentate near midpoint of

inner margin. Unguiculus represented by a small spine on pro and meso legs, well developed, elliptical on meta legs. Three heavy, clavate, short tenent hairs.

Abdomen: Dentes with two lateral rows of long' setae. The mesal setae have posterior membranous expansions. Mucro deeply excavated, with toothed outer lamella. Clothing: Dense simple, curving setae.

Discussion: Taken from water lily leaves.

Distribution:Victoria, V.I., July 25, J.D. Gregson. Ontario; Manitoba; U.S.A.. - 118 -

Drawings: Fig.134. Bourletiella spinata x 56

135. B. spinata; Lateral view of right pro

unguis x 350

136. B. spinata; Lateral view of right

mucro x 180 /36 - 119 -

45, Ptenothrix unlcolor (Harvey) Papirius unicolor Harvey, 1893

Papirius plni Folsom, 1896 Ptenothrix unicolor Folsom, 1928 Dicyrtoma unicolor James, 1933 Length: 2 mm. Color: Dark reddish brown on dorsum. Antennae, legs and base of furcula purple. Head, ventral tube brown, furcula light purple. Head: Eyes eight and eight. Antennae III with eight

subsegments. Antennae IV with six. Thorax: Unguis with a pair of lateral teeth and two

on the inner margins. Unguiculus with a spinelike inner tooth and a long subapical filament. Abdomen: Dens with two rows of dorsal serrate setae and four long simple hairs. Mucro serrate with 22 - 29 teeth on the inner margin and 18 - 23 teeth on the outer margin. Female anal appendage simple, spinelike.

Clothing: Spinelike setae anteriorly on dorsum, small setae posteriorly; four pairs of abdominal bothriotrichia.

Discussion: Taken from leaves and under stones.

Distribution:Roadside of Marine Dr. near incinerator,

Nov. 27, Jan. 17. Courtenay, V.I. , Aug. 8, - 120 -

J.D. Gregson.

Ontario; U.S.A..

Drawings: Fig.137. Ptenothrix unioolor; Lateral view of right

meta unguis x 350

138. P. unioolor; Ventral view of right

meso unguis x 600

139i P. unioolor; Median view of left mucro

x 550

140. P. uAioolor; Median view of left antenna

x 725

141. P. unioolor; Lateral view of right dens

x 770

142. P. unioolor; Median view of left pro

unguis x 800

121 -

8. Phylogeny: The order Collembola shows many specialized characteristics, quite distinct from the other apterygote orders; therefore the predecessors of the present day Collembola presumably developed by an early divergence from the first evolved insect prototypes. The higher orders of insects bear more resemblance to the present day Thysanura. The two suborders of Collembola appear superficially unrelated, but there is a strong tendency to retain the typically Collemboloid features, ie. furcula, segmentation, digestive tract, eye, special sensory structures.

The relationship between the families is shown below. The family Protentomobryidae contains fossil forms which form an important connecting link for the family Entomobryidae. The family Isotomidae, although generally appearing to have little close association with the family Poduridae, includes the genus Guthriella, which indicates the evolution of the primitive Isotomids from the ancestors of the genus Hypogastrura. The family Onychiuridae bears a more obvious relationship to the family Poduridae. - 122 -

Phylogenetio Tree for the Order Collembola (Modified from Maynard 1951)

Entomobryidae

Apterygota InJecta Symphyla - 123 -

9. Literature Consulted:

1. Brittain, W.H. 1924, The Garden Springtail (Smin-

thurus hortensis Fitch). Acadian Ent. Soc.

Prod. 1923, 9:37-47.

2. Brues, CT. 1933, Progressive Change in the Insect

Population of Forests Since the Early

Tertiary. Am. Nat. 67:385.

3. Collinge, W.E. 1913, Collemhola Damaging Pine Trees.

J. Econ. Biol. 8:99.

4. Comstock, J.H. 1949, An Introduction to Entomology.

p. 225-229.

5. Crosby, CR. & Leonard, M.D., 1918, The Garden

Springtail. Manual of Vegetable Garden Insects.

139-140.

6. Davidson, J". 1931, The Influence of Temperature on

the Incubation Period of Eggs of Smyn-

thurus viridis L. Australian J. Exp. Biol.

Med. Sci. Vol. 8.

7. Davidson, J*. 1952, On the Viability of the Eggs of

Smynthurus viridis in Relation to their

Environment. Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med.

Sci. Vol. 9.

8. Davidson, J. 1932, Factors Affecting Oviposition of

Smynthurus viridis. Australian J. Exp.

Biol. Med. Sci. Vol. 9.

9. Davidson, J. 1935, Environmental Factors Affecting - 124 -

Development of the Eggs of Smynthurus viridis

Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. Vol. 10.

10. Davidson, J. 1933, The Distribution of Smynthurus

viridis L. in South Australia Based on

Rainfall, Evaporation and Temperature.

Australian J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. Vol. 11.

11. Davies, W.M. 1926, Collembola Injuring Leaves of

Mangold Seedlings. Bull. Ent. Research, 17:

159-162.

12. Davies, W.M. 1928, The Effect of Variation in Relati^a

Humidity on Certain Species of Collembola.

Brit. J". Exp. Biol. 6:79-86.

13. Davies, W.M. 1928, On the Economic Status and Bionom•

ics of Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola).

Bull. Ent. Research, 18:291-296.

14. Davies, W.M. 1932, Swarming of Collembola in England.

Nature, London, 130:94.

15. Davis, A.C. 1941, Mushroom Pests and their Control.

U.S.D.A. Circ. No. 457:24-25.

16. Elton, C. 1927, Animal Ecology, p. 110.

17. Eltringham, 1930, Histological Methods for Entomolo•

gists.

18. Fink, D.E. 1914, Injury to Truck Crops bv Springtails.

J. Econ. Ent. 7:400-401.

19. Folsom, J.W. 1913, North American Springtails of the - 125 -

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