Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks Ali Rahnema Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07606-8 - Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks Ali Rahnema Index More information

Index

Abadan oil reﬁnery, 12 Ashtiyani, Hoseyn, 32 Abbasi brothers, 72, 165, 168 Attlee, Clement, 13, 291 Acheson, Dean, 14, 16 Azar, Mehdi, 264 Afkhami, Gholam-Hoseyn, 161, 218–219 Azmudeh, Eskandar, 46, 93, 94, 96, 97–98, Afshartus, Mahmud, 28, 31, 34, 40–44, 102, 110, 114, 115, 119–121, 122, 124, 46, 47, 48, 50, 63, 239, 263, 266 234 Ajdanqezi, Parvin (Roqiyeh Azadpour), 163, Azmudeh, Hoseyn, ix 164, 227 Akhavi, Hasan, 42, 54, 77, 87, 88–92, 105, Bagheshah Garrison, 96–97, 103, 109, 153, 110, 121, 131, 132, 190 229 ‘Ala, Hoseyn, 18, 22, 35, 37, 243, 277, Baharestan Square, 18, 31, 54, 147, 156, 167, 284–285 170, 174, 175, 179, 180, 187, 197–198, Alam, Asadollah 200, 202 coup d’état, 9 Bakhtiyar, Abolqasem, 34–35, 36 ‘Alam, Asadollah, 8–9, 24, 67, 238 Bakhtiyar, Teymur, 56, 71, 108, 118, 119, American Embassy, 7, 29, 32, 35, 64, 90, 98, 121, 130 105, 111, 134, 170, 177, 224, 225, 238, Bana’i, Asghar, 156, 160 295, 296 Baniahmad, Ahmad, 119, 120–121, 176, 186, Amidi-ye Nouri, Abolhasan, 36, 135, 136, 190, 192, 207, 225 183 Baqa’i, Mozaffar, 24, 25–26, 30, 32–33, Amini, Mahmud, 262 41–44, 46–47, 49, 52, 53, 57–59, 62, 86, Amir Khalili, As’ad, 207–208, 209–210, 215, 121, 135, 170, 171, 197, 200, 202–203, 217 224, 227, 234, 239, 257, 260–261, 265, Aqayan, Felix, 267 276, 286 ‘Arab, Hasan, 58, 168, 170–171 Batmanqelich, Nader, 52, 88, 89, 90, 92–93, Arbab Zeinolabeddin, 71 95, 97, 98, 108, 118–120, 121–122, 124, Arbabi, Ali-Mohammad, 141–142, 206, 208 125, 135, 143, 190, 196–197, 205, 232 Arfa’, Hasan, 42, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 86, 87, Bayandor, Nasrollah, 41, 43, 50, 118 89, 121, 223 bazaar, 31, 37, 38, 39, 44, 49, 50, 72, 79–81, Ariya Party, 42–43, 45, 47, 52, 53–54, 55, 56, 97, 120, 124, 126, 133, 137, 167, 175, 237 57, 58, 85, 86, 121, 223, 227, 252 Behbahani, Ja’far, 53, 140 Armed Custom Guards, 88, 91, 113, 153, 186, Behbahani, Seyyed Mohammad, 37–40, 44, 189, 226, 227 45, 49, 50, 69, 70, 108, 127–128, 131, Ashraﬁ, Hoseynqoli, 12, 88, 90, 105–106, 132–133, 136–137, 139, 140–141, 158, 114–116, 121, 144–145, 151, 189, 201, 164, 167, 169, 170, 235–238, 239–246, 209, 213, 217, 221 248, 257, 268, 269

315

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07606-8 - Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks Ali Rahnema Index More information

316 Index

Behboudi, Soleyman, 67–68, 78 Esfand 9 (February 28 1953) plot, 28, 34, 37, Behbudgar (Sa’lehi), Hasan, 72, 138–140, 39–42, 43, 44–45, 46–47, 49–55, 57, 62, 160, 161, 171–172, 227 86, 106, 116, 128, 158, 161, 163, 197, Behzadi, Siyavosh, 105 229, 239, 242–243, 249, 250, 261, 266, Borujerdi, Ayatollah Seyyed Hoseyn, 39, 40, 272, 276, 294 128, 132, 136–137, 175, 198, 235–236, Eshqi, Ahmad, 49 240–247, 257 ‘Eshqi, Ahmad, 58, 72, 158, 162 Boscoe Brothers, 56, 79–81, 83, 87, 134 E’tezadi, Malekeh, 52–53, 140, 227, 267 British Memorandum, 130, 187, 227, 267 Extraordinary Legislative Powers (ekhtiyarat), Byrne, Malcolm, 81 30–31, 59, 237, 260

Carroll, George, 63, 75, 87–93, 104, 110, 125, failure of the ﬁrst coup, 101, 102, 103, 111, 130, 145, 190, 191, 225, 233, 254, 296 124, 125, 126, 135, 146, 201, 251, 278, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 3, 5, 9–10, 279, 282, 295 22, 27, 29, 33, 40, 49, 53, 56, 60, 61–64, Falle, Sam, 19–20, 25–26, 28–29, 32, 118, 224 72, 74–77, 79, 80–81, 84–88, 89, 90, 93, Fardust, Hoseyn, 89, 92, 131–132, 140, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 111, 229, 267 112, 114, 117, 120, 123, 125, 128, 130, Farzanegan, Abbas, 62, 87–94, 95, 98, 99, 134, 145, 147, 148, 154, 176, 178, 188, 110–111, 112, 121, 122, 123, 125–126, 191, 194, 196, 198, 223, 224, 225, 233, 128, 129, 130, 134, 145, 190, 192, 223, 249, 252, 254, 267, 268, 269, 278, 286, 233, 268, 269 288, 291, 293, 295, 296 Farzanegan, Azizollah, 224 Chaqu Keshan (knife wielders), 139, 156, 268 Fatemi, Hoseyn, 24, 97, 109, 199, 200, 222, Churchill, Winston, 26, 27, 60, 61, 292 264 Constitutional crisis, 278, 283 Fesharaki, Mousa, 228, 232 Cottam, Richard, 141, 170 Firouzabadi, Seyyed Jalaleddin, 38 council of war, 125–126, 127–129, 130–131, First Armoured Brigade, 88, 141, 206, 210, 137, 141, 156, 176, 213, 251, 266, 275 212, 234 Foruhar, Daryoush, 147, 199, 201–202, 256 Daad, 135–136, 148, 183 Fouladvand, Ali-Asghar, 102, 231–232 Dabirsiyaqi, Qodrat, 141, 142 Dadsetan, Farhad, 93, 108, 218, 234, 276 Garzan, Abbas, 108, 158 Daftari, Mohammad, 41, 48, 71, 88, 93, 94, Gasiorowski, Mark, 81–82, 86 97, 113, 121, 153, 184–189, 195–196, Gilanshah, Hadayatollah, 23, 52, 93, 96, 111, 217–218, 229, 234, 268 112, 118, 122–123, 125, 128–129, 192, Darbyshire, Norman, 60, 74, 76 225–226, 267 Davarpanah, Iraj, 228, 232, 233 Gilgili, Haj Akbar, 172 Dayhimi, Habibollah, 53, 54, 121 Goiran, Roger, 63, 79, 81, 85 Dehqan, Ahmad, 82–83 Goodwin, Joseph, 63, 87, 91, 134 Devotees of Islam (Fadaiyan-e Eslam), 17, 57, 219, 240, 247, 248, 272 Ha’eri Yazdi, Mehdi, 136–137 Devotees of the Shah (Fadaiyan Shah), 23–24, Ha’erizadeh, Abolhasan, 25, 93, 258, 260, 25, 40, 51, 52, 97, 102, 111, 115, 276, 285 118–121, 138, 145, 189, 192, 211, 215, Haj Reza’i, Taher, 138, 156, 157, 160 227, 252 Haj Reza’i, Tayyeb, 50, 53, 72, 138, 156, Dowlatshahi, Hoseyn-Ali, 52, 53 157–161, 162, 164–168, 169, 171, 172, Dulles, Allen, 27, 60, 278 183, 197 Dulles, John Foster, 60, 61, 111, 278 Haji Khodadad (Khodadad Khan), 71, 72, 165–166 Eden, Anthony, 1–2, 3, 21, 29, 32, 60, 270 Hamidi, Esma’il, 90, 113, 117 Eisenhower, Dwight, 5, 27, 28, 60, 61, 269, Haqshenas, Jahangir, 97, 264 290–291, 292, 294 Hasan Khani, Naser, 72, 156, 160

Index 317

Hasibi, Kazem, 161, 199, 288 Khosrovani, Parviz, 50–51, 71, 153, 229–230 Hejazi, Abdol-Hoseyn, 21, 24, 118 Khosrowdad, Amir, 192, 192, 211 Henderson, Loy, 3–4, 5, 7–8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 25, Khosrowpanah, Ali-Farhang, 90, 91, 93–94, 35, 36, 39, 40, 55, 118, 125, 131, 95, 96, 98, 116–117, 119, 120, 125, 191 177–178, 241, 242, 243, 270, 279, Kiyani, Ataollah, 96–97, 142, 207, 210, 284–285, 293, 296–297 213–218, 219, 226 Hojjat, Esma’il, 206, 207 Homayoun, Daryoush, 55, 56–57, 83–84, Lambton, A.K.S, 10, 12, 14–15, 17, 73, 74, 191 170, 171, 289 Homayouni, 119–121 line commanders, 91, 93, 117, 120, 145, 154, Homayouni, Mehdi, 102, 119, 122 192, 251, 252, 268 Hotchkiss, Theodore, 111, 112, 224, 225 Litkouhi, Fatollah, 276 London draft of operation TPAJAX, 29, 61, Imperial Guards, 78, 88, 89, 96–97, 102, 103, 98, 235, 278, 286, 288 153, 229 Louis, Roger, 15, 26, 75 Iran Party, 197, 198–199, 200 Love, Kennett, 134, 146–147, 268 Iranian Constitution, xii, 276–277, 282, 288 Luttwak, Edward, 273, 275 Iranian People’s Toilers Party, 32, 41, 42–43, 45, 52, 54, 58, 86, 197, 200, 227, 234, Makki, Hoseyn, 25, 30, 238, 258–260, 252 286–287 Iranian People’s Party, 147–148, 199, 201, Maleki, Khalil, 147, 149, 200–201, 256 256 Mansurpour, 90, 95, 113–114, 119, 121 Iravani, Iraj, 142, 206, 207–208, 209, 210 Mar‘ashi, 119, 120, 216, 218, 219, 230 Marzban, Reza, 83 Ja’fari, Sha’ban, 38, 49–50, 53, 72, 140, 158, Matin-Daftari, Ahmad, 258 160, 162–165, 166, 168, 169, 170–171, McClure, Robert, 125, 296 227 McGhee, George, 13 Jahanbani, Hamid, 142, 143, 206, Mesgar, Mahmud, 72, 168–169, 171, 172 207–208, 230 Meydan (fruit and vegtable market), 106, 155, Jalili (Djalili), Ali, 80–82, 148, 200 157, 167, 237 Jandaqi (Shahriyari), Abdollah, 156, 160, Middleton, George, 15, 18, 20–22, 24–25, 26, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171 27, 29, 32, 58, 238, 239 Military Secretariat, 62, 77, 89, 91, 93, 101, Kalali, Amir-Teymour, 259 103, 105, 110, 112, 122, 131, 190 Kamalvand, Ruhollah, 244 Mirashraﬁ, Mehdi, 19–20, 29, 223, 224 Karimpour Shirazi, Amir-Mokhtar, 199 Mo‘azzami, Seyfollah, 264, 288 Kashani, Abolqasem, 18, 25, 30–33, 35, Mobasheri, Mohammad-Ali, 102 37–40, 41–42, 44, 45–47, 49, 52, 57–59, Mobasser, Mohsen, 88, 95, 121–122, 184 63, 66, 69, 108, 128, 141, 158, 159, 162, Modabber, Nasrollah, 48, 88, 113, 121, 131, 169, 170, 174, 234, 235–236, 238–240, 151, 152–153, 187–188, 201, 209 241, 242–245, 257–261, 267 Mohanna, Mohammad, 221 Kashani, Mohammad, 240 Momtaz, Ezatollah, 88, 95–96, 98, 103, Kashani, Mostafa, 93, 169, 223 153, 154, 209, 210, 217, 228, 229, Keyser, William, 225 230, 232 Keyvani, Farrokh, 56, 62–63, 81–85, 107, Monazzah, Ali-Akbar, 41, 44, 50 126, 127, 129–130, 137, 148–149, 174, Monshizadeh, Davud, 42, 54–57, 84, 86, 191, 188, 191, 198, 200, 227, 254 227 Khajehnouri, Ebrahim, 24, 26 Moradiyan, Ali, 119, 189 Khal‘atbari, Ziaeddin, 71, 225, 227 Morrison, Herbert, 12 Khameh’i, Anvar, 150, 151 Mosaddeq, Gholam-Hoseyn, 159, 233, 261, Khatibi, Hoseyn, 41–44, 47 281 Khodayeki, Asadollah, 138 Mozayyani, Ali-Asghar, 41, 50, 118

318 Index

Naqdi, Majid, 196, 197 Parsa, Ali, 88 Nasiri, Ne’matollah, 71, 78, 88, 89, 93–94, Popular uprising, 7, 9, 202, 203, 271, 297 96–98, 100, 102, 118–120, 122, 124–125, 135, 189, 196, 197, 213, 228, Qanatabadi, Shams, 41, 47, 49, 57–58, 108, 229, 234, 264, 267, 282, 288 158, 159, 174, 234, 243, 244–245, 247, National Front (Jebhey-e Melli), 10, 55, 161, 257, 259, 267 200, 247, 257–259 Qarani, Vali, 52 national resurgence, 9, 297 Qorbannejad, Houshang, 208, 209, 210–212, National Will Party, 13, 62, 65 222, 230, 253 Navvab Safavi (Mirlowhi), Mojtaba, 47, 56, 57, 218, 235, 236, 240–241, 247–248, Rahimi, Azizollah, 50, 196, 211 257 Ramezoun Yakhi (Esma’ilpour), Hoseyn, 72, Navvab, Hoseyn, 260 161–165, 167, 168, 169, 171–172 Neguib, Mohammad, 21 Rashidiyan, Asadollah, 64, 65, 66–67, 68–71, Nehura, Benjamin, 219, 220 296 Nejati, Gholam-Reza, 87 Baqa’i, Mozaffar, 32 Nicosia Draft of Operation TPAJAX, 61, 62 Behbahani, Mohammad, 127, 140 Nouri, Bahaeddin, 38 coup d’état, 19, 29–30, 64, 107, 122, 123, Nowzari, Rostam, 88, 141–143, 205, 125, 126, 140, 267 206–207, 208, 210–211, 212, 220, Fazlollah Zahedi, 68 222, 234 Kashani, Abolqasem, 238 Mohammad Reza Shah, 66–67, 69, 73, 74, Operation Boot, 27, 99 75–78, 80, 91, 102, 139, 164 Operation Buccaneer, 12, 13, 29, 74, Southern Tehran ruffians, 62, 71–72, 126, 241, 274 139, 140, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, Ordubadi, Mansur, 90, 113, 119, 120 168, 250 Organization of Nationalist Officers, 115, 228 The British, 73–75, 99 Owliya’i, Karim, 169, 170 Zahedi, Ardeshir, 112 Rashidiyan, Habibollah, 64–66 Pahlavi, Ali-Reza, 51 Rashidiyan, Qodratollah, 24, 65 Pahlavi, Ashraf, 32, 67, 69, 74, 75–77, 82, 83, Rashidiyan, Seyfollah, 65, 73, 140 159 Razavi, Ahmad, 232, 288 Pahlavi, Gholamreza, 210 Razmara, Haj Ali, 58, 89, 240, 247, 257 Pahlavi, Hamid-Reza, 224 Retired Officers’ Association, 23, 24, 25, 34, Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 49, 97, 99, 109, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50 120, 130, 143, 144, 145, 163, 164, 188, Reza’i, Ali, 156, 157, 160 219, 246, 254, 270, 271 Riyahi, Mohammad-Taqi, 96, 97, 98, 105, Behbahani, Mohammad, 237, 238, 245 110, 115, 121, 124, 131, 143, 144, 150, coup d’état, 2–6, 8–9, 76–78, 91, 102, 152, 153, 184–186, 188, 197, 199, 205, 126, 127, 172, 253, 284–285, 293, 209, 211, 212, 213, 217, 221, 231–232, 297 262–263 Kashani, Abolqasem, 37–39 Roosevelt, Kermit, 3–7, 26, 28, 60–61, 63, 73, Khatibi, Hoseyn, 41 74–75, 77–78, 79–82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 98, Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 13–14, 16, 17, 100, 104, 111, 122, 125–126, 134, 178, 18–19, 35–36, 40, 52, 109, 135, 147, 224, 225–227, 254, 296 150, 183, 255, 261, 276, 277, 278, 279, Rostami, Amir, 42, 43 281–284 Rostami, Ja’far, 43 Qavam, Ahmad, 18 Rowhani, Ali-Mohammad, 90, 91, 93, 98, Roosevelt, Kermi, 75 116–119, 121, 145, 189–190, 196, 211, The British, 22, 27, 60 234 Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 174, 190, 192, 246 Royal Edict (farman), 77, 78, 84, 88, 91, 92, Pan-Iranist Party, 56 93–94, 277–279, 280–283, 288, 293

Index 319

Saber, Boyouk, 72, 138, 168–169, 227 Third Force Party, 147, 149, 200, 256 Sadiqi, Gholam-Hoseyn, 115, 175, 180, 188, Third Mountain Brigade, 88, 90, 95, 98, 105, 193, 209 113, 116, 144, 145, 152, 234 Saleh, Allahyar, 35, 199 Tir 30 (21 July 1952) uprising, 18, 19, 200, Saltanatabad garrison, 141, 142, 143, 144, 238, 249, 256, 259, 265, 266 205, 206, 208, 215, 220, 253 TPAJAX, 4, 53, 60–63, 73, 75, 77, 79, Schwarzkopf, Norman, 76–77 84, 87, 88, 91, 93, 99, 100, 104, Schwind, Don, 134 106, 117, 120, 190, 191, 223, 234, Second Armoured Brigade, 88, 143, 153, 191, 249, 251–252, 277–278, 285–286, 234 293 Second Mountain Brigade, 88, 90, 95, 98, 116, TPBEDAMN, 56, 62, 85, 86, 107, 129, 133, 117, 191, 228, 233, 234 191, 252, 274 Sepah Square (Toupkhaneh), 148, 166, 168, Tudeh Party, 18, 41, 43, 46, 54–55, 62, 79, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 80, 84, 86, 96, 100, 102–103, 108, 109, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195, 118, 119, 127, 129, 132, 144–146, 197, 198, 199, 200, 208, 211, 215, 147–151, 152, 157, 159–160, 161, 171, 218, 221, 255 180, 182, 190, 194, 200–202, 207, 231, Sepahbodi, Isa, 200 239, 254, 255, 256, 257, 261, 265–266, Sepahpur, Mehdi, 99 272, 291 Shahed, 41, 58, 135, 202, 234 Military Organization, 142, 207, 210 Shahrokh, Naser, 88, 153, 154, 191, 197 Shayanfar, Ali-Naqi, 106, 114, 119 Vahedi, Abdol-Hoseyn, 47, 56 Shepherd, Francis, 11, 12, 13, 62 Varqa, Mashallah, 151, 193, 195–196 Shervin, Mahmud, 42, 57, 58, 224, 258 Vosouq, Ahmad, 260 Shoja‘i, 71, 192, 192, 207, 215, 216, 218, 220, 225 Wilber, Donald, 60, 63, 64, 73, 74, 80–82, SIS (Secret Intelligence Service), 5, 9, 10, 22, 83–84, 87, 91–92, 101, 108, 112, 117, 27, 40, 53, 60, 61, 63–64, 67, 72–76, 125, 126, 130–131, 134, 136, 148, 153, 80–81, 84, 88, 100, 101, 106, 107, 177, 178, 190–192, 194, 196, 200, 204, 114, 126, 154, 176, 235, 286, 288, 221, 223–224, 225–227, 235, 251, 253, 293, 295 268 Siyasi, Hoseyn, 121, 184 Woodhouse, Christopher Montague, 4, 6, 27, Society of Moslem Mojaheds (Majma’ 28, 29–30, 60, 63–64, 72–74, 80, 81, 83, Mosalmanan-e Mojahed), 42, 43, 45, 52, 84, 87, 100, 134, 178 57, 58, 227, 252 Wright, Dennis, x, 3, 10, 270, 271 success of the second coup, 107, 114, 130, 196, 231, 249, 251, 263, 278 Yarafshar, Parviz, 175 SUMKA, 42, 47, 52, 54–57, 58, 84, 86, 191 Supplemental oil agreement, 11, 66 Zaehner, Robert Charles (Robin), 66, 73–74, 75, 238, 241 Tabataba’i, Seyyed Ziaeddin, 13, 15–20, Zahedi, Ardeshir, 92, 93, 99, 112, 134, 175, 21, 22, 24, 29, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 224–225 65–67, 68–69, 73, 82, 86, 171, 266, Afshartus, Mahmud, 42 293, 296 American Embassy, 35, 98 Taheri brothers, 164–165 Carroll, George, 130 Taj Athletics Club, 51, 153 coup d’état, 63, 112, 125, 192 Taleqani, Seyyed Mahmud, 132, 133 Esfahan, 130 Tehran Radio’s Broadcasting Station (bisime Goodwin, Joseph, 134 Pahlavi), xxi, 114, 179, 180, 189, 192, Kashani, Mohammad, 240 194, 195, 198, 204, 205, 207, 210, 212, popular uprising, 202 218, 221, 222, 225, 227, 229, 252 Southern Tehran rufﬁans, 138–139

320 Index

Zahedi, Fazlollah, 8, 9, 24, 26, 35, 44, 48, Nasiri, Ne’matollah, 97 88, 92, 93, 100, 111–112, 122, 125, open letter, 136 133–134, 143, 148, 205, 222–223, Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 78, 269 224–227, 269 Rashidiyan, Asadollah, 19, 32 Afshartus, Mahmud, 42 Retired Officers’ Association, 23 Ala, Hoseyn, 284 Roosevelt, Kermit, 5 American Embassy, 7 Royal Edict, 84, 135–136 Ashrafi, Hoseynqoli, 114 Southern Tehran ruffians, 172 Behbahani, Mohammad, 128, 132, 269 The British, 286 British Embassy, 21, 24–26 Zangeneh, Ahmad, 192, 196 Carroll, George, 234 Zand Karimi, 90–94, 95, 98, 105, 110–111, CIA, 63, 267 113, 115–117, 119, 120–121, 124–125, coup d’état, 29, 61–62, 278 145, 189, 234 Daftari, Mohammad, 113, 121, 195 Zand, Akbar, 119, 120, 145–146, 152, 186, Devotees of the Shah, 118–119 189–190, 191, 221, 222, 253 Falle, Sam, 20 Zargham, Amirqoli, 108, 119, 121, 130 Farzanegan, Abbas, 92 Zarrinkia, Amir, 49, 58 Kashani, Abolqasem, 32, 63, 234 Zirakzadeh, Ahmad, 97, 161, 199, 232 Middleton, George, 20, 239 Zohari, Ali, 202, 203, 286 Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 23, 118, 284 Zolfaqar Party, 52–53, 55, 57, 85, 159, 223, 227