DOCSLIB.ORG

Challenges to Mediation Support in Hot Wars: Learnings from Syria And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Challenges to Mediation Support in Hot Wars: Learnings from Syria And Discussion Points of the Mediation Support Network (MSN) No. 7 Atlanta 2015 Challenges to Mediation Support in Hot Wars: Learnings from Syria and Ukraine Foreword by Jimmy Carter Participants at the MSN meeting in Atlanta: Miguel Alvarez Gandara (SERAPAZ), Hrair Balian (The Carter Center), Roxaneh Bazergan (UN MSU), Virginia M. Bouvier (USIP), Tom Crick (The Carter Center), Teresa Dumasy (Conciliation Resources), Paul Dziatkowiec (HD), Sara Hellmüller (swisspeace, MSP), Anna Hess (CSS, MSP), Sofie Karlsson (FBA), Lars Kirchhoff (CPM), Natacha Kunama (ACCORD), Jennie K. Lincoln (The Carter Center), Christopher McNaboe (The Carter Center), Walter Odhiambo (NPI-Africa), Jordan Ryan (The Carter Center), Rachel Schiller (U.S. State Department), Nikki Singer (CPCS), Ngarm Plai Soth (SEACSN/CPCS), Valerie Sticher (CSS, MSP), Danielle Taylor (The Carter Center), Luxshi Vimalarajah (Berghof Foundation). Authors: Lars Kirchhoff, Sara Hellmüller, Anna Hess, Anne Isabel Kraus, Chris McNaboe, Valerie Sticher Editor: Valerie Sticher Disclaimer: MSN Discussion Points summarize the authors’ reflections on discussions held at network meetings and do not aim to provide a comprehensive or consensus MSN view. Online version: www.mediationsupportnetwork.net Print version: Send an e-mail to [email protected] Copyright: © Mediation Support Network 2016 Series: Discussion Points of the Mediation Support Network (MSN) Layout: Miriam Dahinden-Ganzoni (CSS) Acknowledgements: Many thanks for the feedback from Roxaneh Bazergan, Natacha Kunama, David Lanz and Simon Mason. Thank you to Katrina Abatis for proofreading. Thank you for the financial support from the Mediation Support Project, a joint project of the Center for Security Studies ETH Zurich and swisspeace funded by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. ISSN: 2413-2020 Contents Foreword ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 1. Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 2. Syria Case Study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 3. Ukraine Case Study �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 4. Implications and Recommendations for Mediation Support ������������������������������������������12 4.1 Improving and Better Anchoring Conflict Analysis in Practice.................................12 4.2 Spelling out “Inclusivity” of Peace Processes from a Mediation Perspective ���������13 4.3 Rethinking Cooperation in the Peace Mediation Market �����������������������������������������14 5. Conclusion and Implications Beyond Hot Wars ��������������������������������������������������������������15 – 4 – Foreword By Jimmy Carter In October 2015, the global Mediation Support Network met at The Carter Center to discuss how best to support peacemaking efforts while war is still raging. There is always a moral imperative to stop the fighting as quickly as possible, but can this be accomplished in a manner that results in recovery and lasting peace? Since I began to address violent conflicts through The Carter Center, our understanding of how mediation can support peace has developed significantly. Resolving differences between the major warring protagonists is just a first step. Experience shows that peace succeeds when all the affected parties, not just the primary combatants, have a meaningful voice. In practice, this requires deliberate efforts to include women at all negotiation tables, along with a wide range of civil society groups. It means engaging all armed factions and invest- ing the time, resources, and patience to build a process of inclusive, local decision-making and compromise. This publication examines the challenges of implementing such an inclusive approach in the real world and how diplomats and mediation experts can work in the complex war environ- ment. Topics include the need for early warning, long-term engagement and conflict analy- sis; coordination and inclusion; relations between various mediation stakeholders; how to avoid conflicts of interest; and, the principles of “do no harm” and “both sides win.” The collection is essential reading for those seeking to intervene during war with the goal of building lasting peace. – 5 – 1. Introduction 2. Syria case study Hot wars pose distinct challenges to peacemaking ef- Five long years after the Syrian conflict started, hope is forts. In fluid and quickly changing contexts, coordina- finally emerging for a political solution to the conflict. tion is difficult, information is highly politicized, and ac- This hope, which comes in the form of the ongoing tors are tempted to rush in without proper preparation. intra-Syrian talks, represents a new major phase of a The humanitarian situation puts enormous pressure on long international effort to mediate and manage the third parties to resolve the conflict, and to do so as conflict. quickly as possible. There may be an increased willing- ness on the side of international actors to compromise Observers generally agree that the Syrian conflict be- on established principles, such as inclusivity or national gan with widespread protests on 15 March 2011. The ownership, in order to stop the carnage. This all begs protests were met with violence by the government and the question: how can we best support peacemaking pro-government paramilitaries. The suppressions led to efforts while war is still waging? more protests and the cycle continued until late 2011, when a growing number of defectors from the military From 12 to 14 October 2015, the Mediation Support began to take up arms. Network (MSN) met in Atlanta, US, under the auspices of The Carter Center to discuss this timely question. The initial clashes between the Syrian military and The combination of conceptual discussions and case the decentralized, armed opposition calling itself the studies allowed the space to take a detailed look into “Free Syrian Army”, were limited in size and geographic the inner workings, promises, challenges and pitfalls of scope, and led to the first international attempts at the contemporary field of peace mediation. mediating the conflict. This effort took the form of an observer team led by the Arab League and, in Febru- The core idea of the MSN is to discuss and develop ary 2012, the naming of Kofi Annan as Joint Special good practice in the field. The discussions at the MSN Envoy of the UN and Arab League on the Syrian crisis. meetings present a unique opportunity to exchange on Annan’s tenure marks the most visible start of interna- and discuss how to deal with the multiple constraints tional mediation efforts. For analytical purposes, these and dilemmas mediation support actors face. In this efforts can be divided into three major phases, which edition of the MSN Discussion Points, we focus on the are characterized in terms of how international consen- challenges that arise in the context of supporting me- sus evolved (though always remaining tentative), and diation in hot wars, as discussed at the MSN Atlanta by the escalation in violence. In reality, however, these meeting. phases merged into each other, with simultaneous ef- forts underway at track II and III. The following two sections provide a short overview of the situations in Syria (Section I) and Eastern Ukraine Phase 1: First Geneva Communiqué (Section II), including a discussion of the specific chal- lenges mediation support actors face in these contexts. Kofi Annan’s intervention involved an effort to reduce Section III discusses the implications and recommenda- the violence in order to create space for political dia- tions for mediation support. It identifies and elaborates logue. The six-point peace plan, submitted by Annan to on three broad themes that need to be addressed by the UN Security Council shortly after his appointment as mediation support actors when engaging in hot wars: Special Envoy, set in motion a ceasefire and the deploy- improving and better anchoring conflict analysis in ment of an unarmed UN peacekeeping mission to Syria practice, spelling out inclusivity of peace processes (UNSMIS). The idea was that an observed ceasefire from a mediation perspective, and acknowledging the would help create the space for political discussions. competitive nature of peace mediation to rethink co- This process ultimately resulted in what became known operation in this context. The lessons learned from as the first Geneva Communiqué, which became the the two case studies and the discussions at the MSN only point of consensus amongst the parties to the Atlanta meeting extend beyond mediation support in conflict. However, the effort ultimately failed to prevent hot wars, as is explained in the concluding remarks of the conflict from progressing further. Despite Annan’s Section IV. They provide important guidance to state ac- ceasefire, the nascent Syrian armed opposition saw un- tors, regional organizations and NGOs that are currently deterred growth, and regional and international actors establishing or re-defining their profile as future peace continued to support the government and opposition mediation actors. with arms supplies and funding. This publication is inspired by discussions held Phase 2: Geneva II Conference on Syria throughout the MSN Atlanta meeting, building in par- ticular on the two case
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seasonal and Diurnal Performance of Daily Forecasts with WRF V3.8.1 Over the United Arab Emirates
    Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1615–1637, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1615-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Seasonal and diurnal performance of daily forecasts with WRF V3.8.1 over the United Arab Emirates Oliver Branch1, Thomas Schwitalla1, Marouane Temimi2, Ricardo Fonseca3, Narendra Nelli3, Michael Weston3, Josipa Milovac4, and Volker Wulfmeyer1 1Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany 2Department of Civil, Environmental, and Ocean Engineering (CEOE), Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA 3Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 4Meteorology Group, Instituto de Física de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain Correspondence: Oliver Branch ([email protected]) Received: 19 June 2020 – Discussion started: 1 September 2020 Revised: 10 February 2021 – Accepted: 11 February 2021 – Published: 19 March 2021 Abstract. Effective numerical weather forecasting is vital in T2 m bias and UV10 m bias, which may indicate issues in sim- arid regions like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) where ex- ulation of the daytime sea breeze. TD2 m biases tend to be treme events like heat waves, flash floods, and dust storms are more independent. severe. Hence, accurate forecasting of quantities like surface Studies such as these are vital for accurate assessment of temperatures and humidity is very important. To date, there WRF nowcasting performance and to identify model defi- have been few seasonal-to-annual scale verification studies ciencies. By combining sensitivity tests, process, and obser- with WRF at high spatial and temporal resolution. vational studies with seasonal verification, we can further im- This study employs a convection-permitting scale (2.7 km prove forecasting systems for the UAE.
    [Show full text]
  • United Arab Emirates (Uae)
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: United Arab Emirates, July 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) July 2007 COUNTRY اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴّﺔ اﻟﻤﺘّﺤﺪة (Formal Name: United Arab Emirates (Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah Dubai , أﺑﻮ ﻇﺒﻲ (The seven emirates, in order of size, are: Abu Dhabi (Abu Zaby .اﻹﻣﺎرات Al ,ﻋﺠﻤﺎن Ajman , أ مّ اﻟﻘﻴﻮﻳﻦ Umm al Qaywayn , اﻟﺸﺎرﻗﺔ (Sharjah (Ash Shariqah ,دﺑﻲّ (Dubayy) .رأس اﻟﺨﻴﻤﺔ and Ras al Khaymah ,اﻟﻔﺠﻴﺮة Fajayrah Short Form: UAE. اﻣﺮاﺗﻰ .(Term for Citizen(s): Emirati(s أﺑﻮ ﻇﺒﻲ .Capital: Abu Dhabi City Major Cities: Al Ayn, capital of the Eastern Region, and Madinat Zayid, capital of the Western Region, are located in Abu Dhabi Emirate, the largest and most populous emirate. Dubai City is located in Dubai Emirate, the second largest emirate. Sharjah City and Khawr Fakkan are the major cities of the third largest emirate—Sharjah. Independence: The United Kingdom announced in 1968 and reaffirmed in 1971 that it would end its treaty relationships with the seven Trucial Coast states, which had been under British protection since 1892. Following the termination of all existing treaties with Britain, on December 2, 1971, six of the seven sheikhdoms formed the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The seventh sheikhdom, Ras al Khaymah, joined the UAE in 1972. Public holidays: Public holidays other than New Year’s Day and UAE National Day are dependent on the Islamic calendar and vary from year to year. For 2007, the holidays are: New Year’s Day (January 1); Muharram, Islamic New Year (January 20); Mouloud, Birth of Muhammad (March 31); Accession of the Ruler of Abu Dhabi—observed only in Abu Dhabi (August 6); Leilat al Meiraj, Ascension of Muhammad (August 10); first day of Ramadan (September 13); Eid al Fitr, end of Ramadan (October 13); UAE National Day (December 2); Eid al Adha, Feast of the Sacrifice (December 20); and Christmas Day (December 25).
    [Show full text]
  • WHY YOUNG SYRIANS CHOOSE to FIGHT Vulnerability and Resilience to Recruitment by Violent Extremist Groups in Syria RESEARCH SUMMARY
    WHY YOUNG SYRIANS CHOOSE TO FIGHT Vulnerability and resilience to recruitment by violent extremist groups in Syria RESEARCH SUMMARY Understanding conflict. Building peace. About International Alert International Alert helps people find peaceful solutions to conflict. We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding organisations, with 30 years of experience laying the foundations for peace. We work with local people around the world to help them build peace, and we advise governments, organisations and companies on how to support peace. We focus on issues that influence peace, including governance, economics, gender relations, social development, climate change, and the role of businesses and international organisations in high-risk places. www.international-alert.org © International Alert 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Layout: D.R. ink Front cover image: © Caro/Photoshot WHY YOUNG SYRIANS CHOOSE TO FIGHT Vulnerability and resilience to recruitment by violent extremist groups in Syria RESEARCH SUMMARY May 2016 Authors: Meg Aubrey, Rosie Aubrey, Frances Brodrick, Caroline Brooks Contributors: Kristine Anderson, Matthew Bamber, Rebecca Crozier, Lucy Holdaway, Olawale Ismail, Lana Khattab, Talal al-Mayahi, Adel Nehmeh, Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington, Ruth Simpson, Tahir Zaman Field researchers: Adel Nehmeh, Mariam Balhas, Ashraf al Hafny, Juma Hamdo, RMTeam 2 International Alert Acknowledgements The production of this report was truly a team effort. International Alert sincerely thanks all of the authors, contributors and field researchers for their valuable contributions, insights and analysis. Alert would also like to extend its thanks to the outstanding partner organisations working on this project, for their extraordinary commitment, perseverance and contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • How Climate Change Fuels the Crisis in Syria and the Implications for the World at Large
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Spring 2019 The Most Critical Resource: How Climate Change Fuels the Crisis in Syria and the Implications for the World at Large Edward Medeiros University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Medeiros, Edward, "The Most Critical Resource: How Climate Change Fuels the Crisis in Syria and the Implications for the World at Large" (2019). Honors College. 499. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/499 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MOST CRITICAL RESOURCE: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE FUELS THE CRISIS IN SYRIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORLD AT LARGE by Edward Daniel Medeiros A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degrees with Honors (Zoology and International Affairs) The Honors College University of Maine May 2019 Advisory Committee: Christine Beitl, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Advisor Margaret Killinger, Rezendes Preceptor for the Arts in the Honors College Joseph Miller, Assistant Professor of Military Science Paul Roscoe, Professor of Anthropology Timothy Waring, Assistant Professor of Social-Ecological Systems Modeling ABSTRACT The Syrian crisis, both domestic and international in scope, may well be the defining geopolitical challenge of the generation. Climate change may be the single greatest challenge to face humanity in the entirety of our species’ life history.
    [Show full text]
  • OE Threat Assessment: United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    DEC 2012 OE Threat Assessment: United Arab Emirates (UAE) TRADOC G-2 Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) Complex Operational Environment and Threat Integration Directorate (CTID) [Type the author name] United States Army 6/1/2012 OE Threat Assessment: UAE Introduction The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is important because of its location near the Strait of Hormuz and its willingness to work with Western nations. The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow body of water that separates the Persian Gulf from the Gulf of Oman, through which 20% of the world’s oil passes annually. The UAE, seven emirates that work under a federalist structure, also is an important hydrocarbon producer in its own right with the world’s seventh largest known oil reserves and the eleventh largest known natural gas fields. The UAE allows both the U.S. and France to operate military bases in the country from where the two countries support their military activities in Afghanistan and elsewhere in the Middle East. Political Seven former members of what was known in the 19th century as the Trucial or Pirate Coast currently comprise the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In order of size, the emirates are: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Umm al Qaywayn, Ajman, Al Fajayrah, and Ras al Khaymah. Ras al Khaymah joined the UAE in February 1972 after the other six states agreed on a federal constitution the year before. The UAE, with its capital in Abu Dhabi, is a federation with specified powers delegated to the central government and all other powers reserved to the emirates. Due to the prosperity of the country, most of its inhabitants are content with the current political system.
    [Show full text]
  • SYRIAN REFUGEES INTER-AGENCY REGIONAL UPDATE 19 March 2015
    SYRIAN REFUGEES INTER-AGENCY REGIONAL UPDATE 19 March 2015 HIGHLIGHTS Conflict in Syria enters fifth year KEY FIGURES As the Syrian conflict enters its fifth year, millions of refugees in neighboring countries and those displaced inside Syria are caught in deteriorating conditions, 3.9 million facing an even bleaker future without more international support. A statement Syrian refugees have fled to from UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 12 March stressed that a political neighboring countries and North solution to the conflict is necessary and called upon the international community Africa to unite and lend its full support to UN efforts to forge an inclusive, Syrian-led political transition based on the Geneva Communiqué and which meets the 1.9 million aspirations of the Syrian people for freedom, dignity and justice. Refugees and vulnerable members On 13 March, senior officials of the UN’s humanitarian system issued a joint of impacted communities are statement expressing their horror, outrage and frustration as the crisis in Syria receiving food assistance in 2014 enters its fifth year. They restated their commitment as humanitarian leaders and urged world leaders to put aside their differences and use their influence to bring 1.7 million about meaningful change in Syria. The officials warned that the credibility of the People have been provided with international community is at stake. access to safe drinking water in Meanwhile, some 21 humanitarian and human rights organizations released a 2014 report which accuses the UN Security Council of failing to implement the three resolutions passed last year which sought to boost humanitarian assistance to 966,000 Syrian civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fight Begins Before Soldiers and Marines Ever Roll on to the Battlefield
    A joint publication for U.S. Artillery professionals November-December 2017 Battle Ready The fight begins before Soldiers and MarinesFires ever roll on to the Battlefield Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Departmenthttp://sill-www.army.mil/firesbulletin of the Army. PB 644-17-6 • 1 Table of contents 5 The return of Army short-range air defense in a changing environment Editor By Brig. Gen. Randall McIntire FiresMarie Berberea 9 Howitzer technology Art Director Changing the culture of field artillery Rick Paape, Jr. By Lt. Col. Daniel Blackmon, Maj. Bryan Fanning and Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Kimble Assistant Editor Monica Wood 12 Positioning air defense for re-introduction of The Fires staff can be reached by email at usarmy. M-SHORAD [email protected] or by By Maj. Trey Guy phone at (580) 442-5121. 14 Operation Tobruq Legacy 17 showcases capabilities Disclaimer range Fires, a professional bulletin, is published bi- monthly by Headquarters, Department of the Army By 1st Lt. Josef Danczuk under the auspices of the Fires Center of Excellence, 17 Forward observer 455 McNair Ave., Fort Sill, OK 73503. The views ex- A lost art pressed within are those of the authors and not the By Sgt. 1st Class Robert Hance Department of Defense or its elements. The content contained within Fires does not necessarily reflect the 21 Distributed alternative U.S. Army’s position or supercede information in oth- Training in the National Training Center from home station er official publications. Use of new items constitutes By Lt.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Qatar and Qatar Armed Forces
    The State of Qatar and Qatar Armed Forces The State of Qatar is in the world the State of crime rate, according a peninsula located Qatar has a total land to the World Economic amid the western area of 11,610 km2 (4,483 Forum. by İbrahim SÜNNETÇİ coast of the Arabian sq. miles). According Gulf. The peninsula is to United Nations (UN) Military Service allowed female Qatari citizens to join the Army approximately 100 km estimations, dated Since April 2015, when and extended compulsory across and extends August 2019, the State of the National Service Law military service to one 200 km into the Gulf. Qatar’s total population entered into force, Qatar year. With this step the Qatar adopted its first is 2,839 million. With has made it mandatory State of Qatar has sought written constitution in some 340,000 people, for Qatari citizens to to increase its limited April 1970 and became Qataris are considered be conscripted in the manpower (citizen- fully independent from a ‘minority’ in their own Army. Until April 2018, soldiers) for the Armed the United Kingdom nation amounting to only Qatari men between the Forces. According to on September 1, 1971. 12% of the population. ages of 18 and 35 years Law No. 5 of 2018 on The State of Qatar Foreign workers amount old must train in the compulsory national is a sovereign and to around 88% of the military for at least three service program issued independent Arab state population, with Indians months if they are college by the Emir Sheikh Tamim that has been ruled by being the largest graduates, and four Bin Hamad Al-THANI on the Thani Family since community numbering months if they have high April 4, 2018 Wednesday, Jassim Bin Mohammad around 700,000.
    [Show full text]
  • For Four Months, the 4417Th Air Expeditionary Force (Provisional) Made a Home at a Desert Airfield Outside of Doha, Qatar
    For four months, the 4417th Air Expeditionary Force (Provisional) made a home at a desert airfield outside of Doha, Qatar. An F- 15E from the 335th Fighter Squadron sits on the tarmac, behind a security ring of concertina wire Assignment Qatar Photographs by Guy Aceto, Art Director to Ace n June, elements of the 4th Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson by Guy by I tos AFB, N. C.; 20th Fighter Wing, Pho Shaw AFB, S. C.; 33d Fighter Wing, Eglin AFB, Fla.; and 319th Air Refueling Wing, Grand Forks AFB, N. D., gathered at an installation near Doha, Qatar, to form USA F's third air expeditionary force. AEF III—the 4417th Air Expeditionary Force (Provisional)— was a further refinement of a concept that first appeared in the fall of 1995: taking a composite group from Stateside bases and creating a lethal force on short notice. The idea originated in October 1994, when quickly deployed airpower, augmenting forces already in the area, caused Iraq to halt its buildup of troops on Kuwait's border. For AEF III, the 4th FW served as the core, bringing twelve F-15Es from its 335th Fighter Squadron, as well as operational and logistics personnel. Three 8-18s from the 7th Wing, Dyess AFB, Tex., and three B-52Hs from the 5th Bomb Wing, Minot AFB, N. D., and the 2d Bomb Wing, Barksdale AFB, La., were also ready to support the AEF from Stateside bases. Brig. Gen. Lance Smith, commander of the 4th FW and AEF III, said, "Our goal is, once we're notified, .
    [Show full text]
  • 21 St Century Air-To-Air Short Range Weapon Requirements
    AU/ACSC/210/1998-04 AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY 21ST CENTURY AIR-TO-AIR SHORT RANGE WEAPON REQUIREMENTS by Stuart O. Nichols, Major, USAF A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements Advisor: Major Woody Watkins Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama April 1998 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, it is not copyrighted, but is the property of the United States government. ii Contents Page DISCLAIMER................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 HISTORY OF AIR-TO-AIR COMBAT.......................................................................... 1 World War I.............................................................................................................. 2 World War II ............................................................................................................ 3 Korean War............................................................................................................... 3 Vietnam War............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IRAQ: AFP Hot Cases by Province (For 2013 and Week 40 of 2014)
    IRAQ: AFP Hot Cases by Province (for 2013 and week 40 of 2014) Baghdad 2013-2014 Turkey Turkey Dahuk !Dahuk Erbil ! Erbil Ninewa Ninewa Syria Sulaymaniyah ! Syria Sulaymaniyah Kirkuk Iran Kirkuk Iran Salah al-Din Salah al-Din Diyala Diyala Baghdad-Resafa ! Baghdad-!!! !!! Resafa ! ! ! Baghdad-Karkh Baghdad-! Karkh! Anbar Anbar Wassit Wassit Jordan Kerbala Babylon Jordan Kerbala Babylon Diwaniya Missan Diwaniya Missan Najaf Thi-Qar Najaf Thi-Qar Basrah Basrah Muthanna Muthanna ! Saudi Arabia Kuwait Saudi Arabia Kuwait 2013 2014 Notes: Further information: Disclaimer World Health Organization The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion Legend Iraq Country Office whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or 1-Total number of hot AFPcases in 2013 [email protected] area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent AFP Hot Cases were14 cases and in 2014 are 17 cases given Data Source: approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. All reasonable precautions have been that reported data for 2014 are only as of week 40 Ministry of Health/ WHO taken by WHO to produce this map. However this map is being distributed without warranty of any kind, 2- 70% of the hot cases of 2014 are reported to be District boundaries either express or implied regarding its content. The responsibility for its interpretation and use lies with the user. in the districts of Baghdad, while in 2013 only Health district boundaries, are not In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable always match the administrative for damages arising from its use.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Is the Syrian Civil War?
    WHERE IS THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR TAKING PLACE? A Geographic Analysis of Civilian Casuales Since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in March 2011, the number of civilian casualties has Hot Spots ‐ Civilian Casuales Most Violent Areas constantly increased. Between March 2011 and January 2013, many civilians have died as a di- rect consequence of this war. Also, this conflict is provoking an urgent humanitarian crisis. One of the main consequences has been the massive forced population displacement and creation of ref- ugee flows to other countries. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR) estimates that 1.43 million people are directly affected by this conflict (2013), from which 1.2 mil- O lion people are Syrian refugees in Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey. Although until today V there are no official data of the total number of civilian and non civilian casualties, we count with estimations compiled by non-governmental organizations and United Nations Agencies pre- E sent inside the country. R V The goal of this project is to analyze the spatial dimensions of violence and civilian casualties throughout the war in Syria. Identifying the geographic areas in which civilian population have suf- I fered high levels of violence and increased violation of human rights in the country will have differ- ent applications in a post conflict setting. Also, this project intends to look at what are the main ar- E eas where the conflict is taking place today, based on the type of land cover. W The use of GIS technology can help identify correlation between the areas with levels of violence and religious distribution, ethnic patterns, or the predominant land cover in which the current fight is taking place between the beginning of the Syrian upraising against Bashar el-Assad in March 2011 and January 2013.
    [Show full text]