The Historical Archaeology of the St Bathans Cottage Hospital

MEDICATING MINERS: THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ST BATHANS COTTAGE HOSPITAL

Jessie Garland

A thesis submitted for the degree of

Master of Arts

at the University of Otago

2012 Abstract The following research examines the nature of health care provision in Central Otago during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century through an archaeological and historical investigation of the St Bathans cottage hospital. Material excavated from a cesspit on the hospital site has provided the basis for a detailed investigation of the practice and provision of medical care in the settlement and surrounding district from the early 1890s until the 1920s. The information derived from analysis of the archaeological assemblage has been combined with documentary sources to provide a comprehensive illustration of medical and domestic life at the cottage hospital, with an emphasis on the relationship between the dual function of the building as a domestic residence and medical institution. This has, in turn, been used to explore the way in which the cottage hospital interacted with its wider social and geographical context on a local, national and international scale, including how that context influenced and was adapted to the day to day operation of a small health care institution in rural New Zealand.

Acknowledgements There are a number of people to whom I owe thanks for their support and assistance during the course of this thesis. First and foremost, my thanks go to my supervisor, Ian Smith, for offering me the opportunity to pursue this in the first place and providing unfailing support and encouragement over the course of its completion. I am incredibly grateful.

Numerous students and staff within the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Otago also deserve thanks for their assistance, particularly over the last few months. Special mention must be made of Angela Middleton, for her part in the excavation of the St Bathans material and her help during the process of artefact analysis; Les O’Neil, whose explanation of Photoshop was invaluable towards the end; Justin Maxwell, for his assistance in photographing the artefact assemblage and keeping me sane and Peter Petchey, whose encyclopaedic knowledge of historical archaeology in Otago and willingness to discuss ideas helped bring this thesis together. I am also grateful to my fellow post-graduate students in the department, whose shared experiences and understanding of thesis writing and research made the difficult parts of this work easier to bear.

Lastly, my thanks go to my friends and family, who have not only put up with my constant distraction and suffered through countless conversations about my thesis, but have been unconditionally supportive. In particular, I have to thank my mother, Margaret Garland, who read and critiqued everything I threw at her and was always willing to discuss my ideas with me, even when I didn’t know what they were.

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Table of Contents Abstract ...... ii Acknowledgements ...... iii Table of Contents ...... iv List of Figures ...... vi List of Tables ...... ix Chapter One: Introduction ...... 1 Chapter Two: Medical Context ...... 6 Medical Advances of the Nineteenth Century ...... 6 Alternative Medicine and the Victorian Ideal of Self-Care ...... 11 Medical Care and the Public Health System in New Zealand ...... 14 Chapter Three: Historical Evidence for Health Care in St Bathans ...... 19 St Bathans ...... 19 Health Concerns ...... 24 Health Care before the Hospital ...... 28 The Cottage Hospital...... 38 Chapter Four: Excavation and Analytical Methods ...... 51 Cottage Hospital Excavation ...... 51 Methods of Artefact Analysis ...... 58 Chapter Five: Results of Artefact Analysis ...... 67 Overview ...... 67 Glass ...... 69 Metal ...... 93 Ceramic ...... 101 Other Artefacts ...... 109 Faunal ...... 115 Chapter Six: Functional Analysis of Artefacts ...... 117 Healthcare ...... 117 Other ...... 125 Dating the Assemblage...... 135 Chapter Seven: Discussion ...... 137 Deposition of the Assemblage ...... 137

Life and Medicine at the Cottage Hospital ...... 138 The Cottage Hospital and the Community ...... 144 The Wider Context ...... 145 Conclusion ...... 149 References...... 151 Appendix 1 ...... 159 Appendix 2 ...... 169

List of Figures Figure 1: The original building of the Cranleigh Village (Cottage) Hospital, taken from McConaghey (1967)...... 11 Figure 2: Map of the Maniototo district, including the settlements at Ophir, Omakau, Becks, Gimmerburn, Blackstone Hill, Waipiata, Naseby, Cambrians and St Bathans...... 20 Figure 3: The settlement at St Bathans c. 1870 (Burton Brothers, Photographers) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014328 ...... 21 Figure 4: A hydraulic elevator in use at St Bathans in the late 1890s (Vulcan Hotel Collection) ... 22 Figure 5: St Bathans in 1877 (William P. Hart, Photographer) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014903 ...... 23 Figure 6: The main street of St Bathans c. 1870. (Burton Brothers, Photographers) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014331) ...... 24 Figure 7: Members cards for the St Bathans Medical Aid Club, c. early twentieth century (Pyle Family Papers n.d., Hocken Library Archives)...... 32 Figure 8: William Pyle, resident storekeepers, Justice of the Peace, pharmacist and occasional medico (Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1905)...... 37 Figure 9: The Cottage Hospital in 1905, with the ward room visible on the left of the building (OW 1/03/1905, p. 44) ...... 40 Figure 10: Photo of Dr Hugh Kennedy Maclachlan (Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1902)...... 44 Figure 11: Map of archaeological sites recorded in St Bathans and its immediate surroundings. The site of the Cottage Hospital (HA/170) is circled in red...... 51 Figure 12: The St Bathans Cottage Hospital building in 2010...... 53 Figure 13: Plan of the St Bathans cottage hospital site, showing the location of the excavated cesspit in relation to the extant building...... 53 Figure 14: The surviving foundations of the ward room ...... 54 Figure 15: Stratigraphic profile of excavated feature, drawn during excavation...... 54 Figure 16: a) Plan of excavated feature, b) Photo of cesspit after excavation...... 55 Figure 17: Photo of site in May 2012, following construction of retaining wall in front of the excavated feature...... 56 Figure 18: Ceramic joins within stratigraphic layers of cottage hospital cesspit...... 68 Figure 19: Glass joins within stratigraphic layers of cottage hospital cesspit...... 68 Figure 20: Types of ampules identified within the cottage hospital assemblage...... 70 Figure 21: A) Machine made crown top beer bottle B) Embossed body fragment from machine made crown top beer bottle C) Unspecified alcohol bottle D) Black beer bottle E) Ring seal wine/beer bottle D) Base fragment of small beer bottle...... 74 Figure 22: A) Wide mouth bottles B) St Jacobs Oil bottle C) Embossed torpedo bottle D) Cylindrical vials made with two piece moulds...... 75 Figure 23: A) Cylinder ink bottle B) Unidentified bottle embossed with BW & Co London on the base C) Martin H Smith bottle recovered from St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit D) Unidentified colourless bottle with 4 OZ embossed on base E) Unidentified round sectioned fragment with K embossed on glass F) Unidentified round sectioned bottle with KCB embossed on base...... 76

Figure 24: A) Rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical bottles B) Rectangular bevelled bottle C) Ball neck panelled bottles found D) Complete rectangular panelled bottle made with two piece mould ...... 78 Figure 25: A) Complete rectangular pharmaceutical bottles B) Broken rectangular pharmaceutical bottles ...... 79 Figure 26: A) Rectangular base embossed with 8 B) Rectangular base embossed with 2 PM & Co C) Rectangular bottle embossed with TRICOPHEROUS FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR on one side and DIRECTIONS IN THE PAMPHLET on the other ...... 80 Figure 27: A) Kerol bottle, B) B. Bagley and Sons pharmaceutical bottles C) R. Conn pharmaceutical bottle, D) Partially embossed square bottle E) embossed lozenge shaped oval vial F) Wellcome Chemworks oval vial G) Bovril bottle...... 84 Figure 28: A) Oval poison bottle B) James Reid Chemist bottle C) Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia D) Fragment of hexagonal sectioned embossed bottle E) Octagonal sectioned ink bottle F) Glass dish...... 86 Figure 29: A) Enema tube B- C ) Glass jar with metal cap attached and embossing on shoulder D)Beaded rim from chimney lamp E) Yellow glass lens...... 88 Figure 30: A) Microscope slide with cover slip B) Broken pipette C) Melted stirring rod D) Syringe case and plunger E) Glass syringes advertised in the Illinois Glass Company Catalogue , 1906..... 90 Figure 31: A) Thermometer B) Test tube C) Flat bottomed glass tubes D) Broken glass tubes ...... 92 Figure 32: A) Matchboxes, B) Enamelled Jug C) Gargoyle MobilOil cap D) Wire nail E) Wire peg bent into shape F) Roundhead peg G) T-shaped pipe join H) Unidentified ferrous pipe I) Barbed wire ...... 96 Figure 33: A) A set of surgical tools, including an aneurysm needle at the top of the image, dated to 1840 (Bennion, 1979) B) Aneurysm needle recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit C) Bracing rib D) Pot handle E) Candle holder F) Two bolt rim lock G) Horseshoe H) Unidentified oval rings...... 98 Figure 34: A) Insulated copper pipe B) Locket fragment C) Unidentified toothed copper artefact D) Unidentified composite fastener E) Carbide lamp F) Arsenic container? G) Unidentified oval artefact ...... 100 Figure 35: A) Porous pot from Léclanché wet cell battery B) Diagram of complete Léclanché wet cell battery (Miller et al., 1919)...... 102 Figure 36: A) F. Winkle Whieldon Ware plate B) Burgess & Leigh plate C) Decorated teacup and saucer fragments E) Paragon China saucer F) Whiteware cup decorated with green boat motif. 105 Figure 37: A) B) Relief moulded jug C) Painted fragment of unidentified refined earthenware vessel D) Rockingham style teapot E) Smaller Rockingham style teapot F) Bone china rice bowl G) Porcelain jug handle ...... 107 Figure 38: A) Complete stoneware bottle B) Fragment of ribbed stoneware vessel (possibly a mustard jar) C) Fragments of salt glazed stoneware bottle ...... 108 Figure 39: A) Cork with copper wire encircling it B) Child sized shoe C) Adult boot heel with spur D) Leather strips E) Woollen fabric F) Dome found within woollen fabric...... 112 Figure 40: A) Possible wall or floor covering B) Possible wall or floor covering C) Possible toothbrush handle D) Slate pencil E) Burnt fragments of a wooden smoking pipe F) Unidentified

vii button G) Unidentified button with chequered pattern on inner surface H) Unidentified fragments of material with red paint residue on the surface...... 114 Figure 41: Advertisement for Barry’s Tricopherous (U. S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.) and Glyco-Heroin (Journal of the National Medical Association 4/10/1914)...... 124 Figure 42: Various date ranges established for individual artefacts from the cesspit assemblage. A + sign has been used to denote open ended dates, which may have extended earlier or later than could be established here...... 136

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List of Tables Table 1: Accidents and injuries recorded in St Bathans district (for full details and sources see Appendix 1.1)...... 25 Table 2: Illnesses and diseases recorded in St Bathans, grouped roughly by type...... 27 Table 3: Known members of the St Bathans Medical Aid Club Committee, listed chronologically...... 30 Table 4: Neighbouring doctors known to have provided medical care for the St Bathans district over the years from 1872 until 1898...... 35 Table 5: Chronological summary of changes in subscription and subsidy paid to the COHB and salary paid to St Bathans doctor, drawn from COHB annual meetings and balance sheets (see Appendix 1.5). Other known transactions have been excluded...... 42 Table 6: The cottage hospital doctors and their qualifications...... 43 Table 7: Known medical cases in the St Bathans district involving the St Bathans cottage hospital or resident doctor...... 48 Table 8: List of surgical operations known to have occurred at the St Bathans cottage hospital. ... 49 Table 9: Total NISP and MNI of the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage according to material classes...... 67 Table 10: The various artefact classes (derived from form) present within the St Bathans cottage hospital glass assemblage...... 69 Table 11: Various bottle shapes identified within St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage. Most of these reference Smith 2004. Note that although some are derivative of original contents, such as black beer and schnapps, they refer here to vessel shapes which take their name from commonly associated contents, rather than to the contents themselves...... 71 Table 12: The St Bathans Cottage Hospital metal assemblage according to material classes, NISP and MNI...... 93 Table 13: NISP and MNI of ferrous artefacts according to functional/form categories and artefact identifications...... 94 Table 14: Minimum number of nails recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit according to head, end and shaft types...... 95 Table 15: Copper based artefacts from the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage according to functional/form categories and individual artefact identifications...... 97 Table 16: Showing the total NISP and MNV of the St Bathans cottage hospital ceramic assemblage according to ware and body colour...... 101 Table 17: Minimum number of ceramic vessel forms identified according to fabric type...... 102 Table 18: NISP and MNI of ‘other’ materials identified within the cottage hospital assemblage. 109 Table 19: NISP and MNI of the fabric and leather artefacts recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit, according to artefact class and type...... 110 Table 20: Writing and markings visible on the burnt paper fragments recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit...... 111 Table 21: Total NISP and MNE of species present in St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage...... 115 Table 22: The cottage hospital assemblage MN according to material class and functional category...... 117

Table 23: Number of artefacts considered to have a medical function...... 119 Table 24: Minimum numbers of pharmaceutical artefacts...... 121 Table 25: Other functional categories by material class and minimum number...... 126 Table 26: MN of artefacts identified with foodways within functional sub-categories...... 127 Table 27: Personal artefacts according to description and MN ...... 130 Table 28: Artefacts identified as furnishings...... 131 Table 29: Structural artefacts from the St Bathans cottage hospital according to type and MN. .. 133 Table 30: Artefacts related to equestrian and automotive transport at the cottage hospital...... 133 Table 31: Items of uncertain functional classification...... 135 Table 32: MN of selected groups of glass and ceramic vessels from comparative hospital sites in New Zealand...... 140

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Introduction The historical archaeology of health care provision in the context of late nineteenth century medical institutions is a field that has been relatively neglected in the past, both locally and internationally. In New Zealand, and certainly within the Otago region, the study of medical practice during this period, from either an archaeological or historical perspective, is particularly lacking. This thesis attempts to remedy this through an exploration of the nature of medical practice in rural New Zealand during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, drawing on the case study of a cottage hospital constructed in the Central Otago mining town of St Bathans in 1891. An archaeological assemblage was excavated from the site in 2009, the analysis of which provides the archaeological basis for this thesis and foundation for a wider interpretation of the site within its social and historical context. It is hoped that this study will not only add to the modern understanding of medical practice in New Zealand’s recent past, but will also provide comparative material for future archaeological and historical investigations of hospitals on a global scale.

Archaeological Background Internationally, archaeological studies of historic era medicine and health care provision in both institutional and non-institutional contexts are relatively scarce. Much of what has been done in the western world has focused on individual aspects of medical care or has been subsumed within larger archaeological investigations with separate focus. Other studies, particularly those resulting from CRM (Cultural Heritage Management) archaeology, are relatively limited in scope. Much of the latter is also only reported in the unpublished ‘grey’ literature and is consequently difficult to access: it is acknowledged that there are likely to be a number of hospital or medical archaeologies missing from the following discussion because of this.

Most of the published literature found deals with hospital or medical sites in Europe, North America and Australia. In the case of the former, most archaeological studies of hospitals are derived from medieval and early modern contexts, and generally focussed on skeletal remains from hospital burial grounds (Atkins and Popescu, 2010, Price and Barber, 1998, Lee and Magilton, 1989, Roberts et al., 2012). Excavations at the Hospital of St Mary Magdalen in Lincolnshire, for example, dealt with a site which was in use as a hospital from the twelfth to early fourteenth century and would have operated under a far different definition of ‘hospital’ than that

1 which arose during the nineteenth century (see following chapter for more detail) (Atkins and Popescu, 2010). Unfortunately, studies of medical institutions during the latter period in Europe are scarce; Morris et al. (2011), which explores faunal remains found at the Royal London Hospital is one of the few known exceptions.

North American literature, on the other hand, is still sparse but ranges from early colonial to late nineteenth century in age and includes hospitals in urban, rural and military settings as well as non-institutional medical archaeologies (Bush, 2000, Carley, 1981, Maniery, 2002, Triggs, 2005, Sanchez, 2009, Mann et al., 1991, Cabak et al., 1995, Lockhart et al., 2012). Some of the former discuss hospitals or hospital related features within the context of wider archaeological investigations, such as references to an early twentieth century hospital at the Butt Valley Dam Construction Camp in California (Maniery, 2002) or to latrines associated with a hospital facility at a Civil War era prison in Ohio (Bush, 2000). Others are focussed specifically on the provision of health care, such as the study of a fever hospital at Fort Vancouver, Washington, which uses historical records and the various medical artefacts recovered to examine the early nineteenth century medical response to fever epidemics in this area (Carley, 1981). One of the more notable non-hospital examples is a study which explores the provision of medical care through the institution of a community church in Illinois during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with a focus on the juxtaposition of formal medical care and traditional treatments (Cabak et al., 1995). Other non-institutional investigations of medical care in an American context include the reconstruction of surgical techniques from faunal remains found in a doctor’s privy in Maryland (Mann et al., 1991), DNA analysis of residue from a nineteenth century hypodermic syringe (Schablitsky, 2006) and the examination of ethnic identity through medicinal use at the site of Five Points in New York (Bonasera, 2001).

Closer to home, the only studies of institutional health care able to accessed in Australian literature were assessments of former hospital buildings rather than analyses of excavated finds, with the exception of mid nineteenth century material recovered from the cess-pit at the Civil Hospital on Norfolk Island (Starr 1997, 2001) and analysis of surgical equipment from the wreck of HMS Pandora (Pigott 1995). In a non-institutional context, Peter Davies’ study of medicine in a rural bush community uses a contextual approach to investigate the way in which people in an isolated settlement responded to the issues of health care provision (Davies, 2001). From a different perspective again, the work of Michelle Knehans examines the role of pharmaceutical

2 products and the pharmaceutical profession in nineteenth century Australian society (Knehans, 2005), research which is echoed in a New Zealand context by Jennifer Low’s study of patent and proprietary medicines in New Zealand archaeological sites (Low, 2005). It is probable that pharmaceutical products, particularly patent and proprietary medicines, comprise the most commonly found representation of health care practices in archaeological sites but are so often found in non-medical contexts and through salvage or CRM archaeology that very few attempts have been made to synthesise the material into a broad study of medical provision.

In New Zealand only four archaeological investigations of institutional health care are known, one of which was concerned with the Sunnyside lunatic asylum in Christchurch (Watson, 2009) and, as such, is not really representative of ‘hospital’ archaeology. Another, the Opus investigations of the Queen Mary Hospital in Hanmer, uncovered very little archaeological material relating to the nature of health care provision in that area (Cable, 2004). The remaining two are the closest examples of hospital archaeologies in New Zealand, in the form of salvage excavations undertaken on late 19th century deposits at the sites of Wellington Hospital (O'Keeffe 2007) and Thames Hospital (Phillips and Druskovich, 2009). The latter was established in 1868 as a result of the gold rush to the area, while Wellington hospital was constructed in 1881, situating them within a comparable time frame to the subject of this thesis. Investigations at each site recovered material culture from both residential and institutional contexts, including a small number of medical artefacts, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter Seven. Both excavations were a result of cultural heritage management requirements and as such, were restricted in their scope, although they do provide some archaeological context and comparison for the St Bathans cottage hospital material.

It is evident from the small amount of archaeological literature on health care provision in the historic period that very few studies have been capable of or attempted to provide a holistic investigation of institutional medicine in a nineteenth century context. Even more pertinently to this thesis, none of these, either locally or internationally, include the study of cottage hospitals (defined in more detail in Chapter Two), an omission which adds yet another dimension to the potential variability existing within the fields of hospital and medical archaeology. The investigation of the St Bathans cottage hospital provides the opportunity to realise some of that potential within both a New Zealand and more international context.

Approach The overarching approach employed in this thesis is informed by the theoretical framework of Charles Orser’s theory of ‘glocalisation’, which builds on earlier applications of contextual archaeologies and the theoretical foundation of multiscalar analysis (Orser, 2008). Glocalisation, as Orser defines it, melds microhistory or the investigation of the ‘minutiae of past daily life’ with the kinds of macro global historical archaeology that developed out of the application of Emmanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory to archaeological contexts in the 1970s and 80s (Wallerstein, 1974, Wallerstein, 1982, Orser, 2009). While a number of criticisms have been levelled at World Systems Theory over the decades since its introduction to archaeology (see Hall and Chase-Dunn, 1994, Orser, 2009, Peregrine and Feinman, 1996 for more detail), subsequent work has drawn attention to the benefits of viewing archaeological sites, particularly those of the modern world or post-Columbian period, within their wider global context. The last few centuries have seen the emergence of an increasingly globalised world and it seems illogical to attempt any understanding of human activity, especially that which is also situated within a colonial setting, without also considering the social, geographical and temporal context in which that activity occurred.

Various methodological tools have been employed in the application of this theoretical framework to archaeological analysis, a detailed discussion of which is beyond the scope of this thesis (Orser, 2009). It is apparent, however, that there seems to be a distinction between studies which utilise these ideas for the large scale interpretation of numerous sites within a specific context, be it regional, national, political, economic or social, and those which adopt a more multi-scalar approach and view individual sites or networks of sites within multiple contexts. It is the latter which has been employed here: this thesis offers a detailed examination of the archaeological and historical evidence for activity at the St Bathans cottage hospital and considers the information provided from this analysis within its broader social, geographical and professional context at a local, national and international level.

With this in mind, the following chapter provides a background to the historical and medical context in which the St Bathans cottage hospital was situated, from the international medical developments of the period to the nature of health care provision on a national and regional scale in New Zealand. This is followed in Chapter Three by the application of a micro-historical approach to the surviving documentary record of health care provision in St Bathans. Chapter

Four continues this, with an overview of the excavation undertaken at the site of the cottage hospital and the methods used to analyse the material culture recovered, the results of which are detailed in Chapters Five and Six. Finally, Chapter Seven discusses the archaeological data in correlation with the information drawn from the historical record, and considers the various ways in which the site was connected to its wider context at a local, national and international level. It is hoped that the information displayed in the following pages can provide a fresh, holistic perspective on a previously overlooked aspect of health care provision in New Zealand.

CHAPTER TWO: MEDICAL CONTEXT The nineteenth century was a hugely transformative period for medicine and the provision of health care. The developments which occurred did so within a much wider framework of scientific progress and socio-political change. It would be impossible to fully understand health care provision in St Bathans without also considering the wider context in which it existed and the influences to which it was subject, whether at a local, national or international level. Most of the following outline of international medical history focuses on changes in the western world, with particular emphasis on Britain as the most significant area of development from a New Zealand colonial perspective. It is also only a brief outline of what is a complex, varied and extremely wide field of historical research: one historian describes medical history as ‘a patchwork of ideas and institutions, theory and practice, craft and science…infinitely less clear cut than, say, theoretical physics’ (Porter, 1997, p. 428). While this may be something of an exaggeration, the many developments in the theory and practice of scientific and non-scientific medicine, institutional and private care, public legislation and professional regulation are too numerous and too nuanced to be covered comprehensively within the scope of this thesis. The following is an overview of the contextual background most relevant to an understanding of medicine in St Bathans: more detailed accounts of medical history during this period can be found elsewhere, in the work of historians such as Roy Porter (1997, 2001) William Bynum (1994, 2006, 2008, 2011) and Paul Starr (1984), among others (see also Harrison, 2004, Lawrence, 1994, Porter, 1994, Woodward and Richards, 1977, Hardy, 1993, Worboys, 2000). In the New Zealand context, the work of Linda Bryder (1991), Derek Dow (1994, 1991), Rex Wright St Clair (1975), Michael Belgrave (1991) and John Angus (1984) provides information on the social and professional development of the national health care system and medical practice.

Medical Advances of the Nineteenth Century From a purely scientific perspective, the latter half of the nineteenth century was a crucial period in the development of western medicine as it exists today. Pioneering advances by Joseph Lister, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in germ theory and bacteriology altered the contemporary and future understanding of disease, resulting in more sophisticated methods of diagnosis, such as microscopy (Hogg, 1854) and thermometry (Haller, 1985), as well as an increasing emphasis on treatment of the underlying disease rather than the symptoms (Bynum, 1994, Stewart et al., 2003, p. 20-21). Prior to these discoveries disease had often been attributed to environmental causes such as ‘bad air’ or ‘miasma’ or viewed through the Hippocratic notion of individual imbalance,

with symptoms such as fever classed as diseases in their own right. (Porter, 1997, Bynum, 1994, p. 18, Davies, 2001).

The work of Lister, Koch and their colleagues also contributed to dramatic changes in the availability and efficacy of medical care through innovations in the fields of antisepsis, anaesthesia and surgical technique (among others) (Porter, 1997, Bynum, 1994, Davies, 2001, Borsay, 2007). Surgical techniques, in particular, underwent a significant transformation aided by the availability of anaesthetics such as chloroform, and new approaches to the prevention of infection through the use of early antiseptics like phenol (carbolic acid) (Porter, 1997, p. 360-375). Where surgery had previously been restricted to amputations and often ineffective emergency measures (Porter, 1997, Davies, 2001), the introduction of anaesthesia and an expanding comprehension of human anatomy allowed more complex internal operations (often abdominal) to become both more common and more successful. Later experiments with local anaesthetics in the form of cocaine and synthesised derivatives such as novocaine and eucaine in the early twentieth century further pushed the boundaries of surgical possibility (Karch, 1999, Malvin, 2007). Non-surgical treatments were still somewhat limited: although morphine had been in use since the early 1800s, pharmacological advances in medication and therapeutics didn’t really make an impact until the tail end of the nineteenth century with the introduction of drugs like heroin and aspirin in the 1890s (Furst, 2000, p. 13, Porter, 1997, p. 333-335). Even then, antibiotics were not developed until the 1920s and 30s through the work of Alexander Fleming and others. It was therefore difficult to effectively treat many of the epidemic and infectious diseases prevalent during the nineteenth century (Ligon, 2004). Some breakthroughs were made in the late 1800s in immunology, with the production of an anti-toxin for diphtheria in 1891 and work on vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis occurring from 1880 onwards but, again, effective progress in this area didn’t really occur until the early decades of the twentieth century (Porter, 1997, p. 436-448).

Shifts in the nineteenth century understanding of disease and medicine were matched by concurrent developments in the regulation and availability of medical care, which eventually laid the foundations for the medical profession as it exists today (Porter, 1997, p. xii, Porter, 1994, Starr, 1984, Bynum, 1994, p. xi, Furst, 2000). These changes derived partly from the expansion of scientific medicine, but were also driven by a range of social, economic and political factors, such as industrialisation, urbanisation, state reform and the ‘rise of market society’ (see Porter, 1997, p. 348 for more detail).

The practice of medicine at the beginning of the nineteenth century has been described as ‘the age of individualism’ in which medical practitioners largely worked alone, with little in the way of organised training or professional regulation (Bynum, 1994, p. 11, Porter, 1997, p. 628). In Britain, this began to change mid-century, with the Medical Act of 1858, which established a national register of medical practitioners, following the example of other nations in Europe (Porter, 1997, p. 348-360). In the United States similar measures were introduced during the 1870s and 1880s (Furst, 2000, p. 24). As a result of this, medical training and practice as a whole began to lose its often inconsistent and varying standards as doctors were required, in principle, to have recognised qualifications prior to practice and be accountable not only to their patients and colleagues, but also to the state (Wright-St Clair, 1975, Porter, 1997, p. 354-5). At the same time, within these overarching developments the practice of individual doctors remained somewhat varied, with the ‘rank and file’ of the profession in 1900 still including practitioners opposed to scientific medicine or state regulation (Bynum, 1994, p. 218). Similarly, a great deal of medical provision during this period remained closer to private practice in nature, particularly when it came to those doctors operating in rural or less populated areas (Porter, 1997, p. 358).

Institutional Health Care Developments during this period also encompassed various changes in the provision and perception of institutional health care. Hospitals, in particular, were transformed from establishments filled with disease, contagion and death to recognised places of healing and order, becoming ‘permanent feature[s] of the medical landscape, pillar[s] of medical services and crucial site[s] of medical education” (Bynum, 1994, p. 55, Davies, 2001). At the beginning of the nineteenth century in Britain, the concept of a hospital as it is understood in the modern world did not exist. Although health care institutions were around during the eighteenth century, they operated largely as ‘charitable refuges for the sick poor’ and destitute (Porter, 1997), including convicts, beggars, orphans and the insane (Bynum, 1994, p. 25). Those who went willingly to a hospital for medical care were usually people with no other alternative available; those who could afford it would be treated in their own homes, away from the rampant infection and unpleasant conditions of the hospital (Bynum, 1994, Porter, 1997, Emrys-Roberts, 1991). Individual hospitals were run along similar principles to individual practice at this time, with each institution managed independently by wealthy patrons, boards of governors or charitable organisations, not necessarily medical in nature.

By the mid-nineteenth century this had begun to change: the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean war coupled with the scientific advances detailed above gradually led to more hygienic, more organised, and more medically innovative institutions (Porter, 1997, p. 375-396). Hospitals became part of the revolution in medical education, as sites for the testing and transmission of the emerging field of scientific medicine, particularly developments in surgery, anatomy and bacteriology, as well as playing a role in the increasing specialisation that began to characterise the medical profession during this period (Porter, 1997, p. 360-361, Bynum, 1994, p. 55). They were gradually drawn under the umbrella of the emerging welfare state of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, although many hospitals continued to be managed through a system of subscriber contributions and charitable aid (see Porter, 1997, Cherry, 1992a, Bynum, 2008 for details). So-called voluntary hospitals, which were targeted at the ‘sick poor’ and destitute and provided medical treatments, food and lodgings at no cost to the patient also remained significant features of institutional health care in Britain throughout this period (Dow, 1991).

The transformation in the operation and reputation of hospitals was not universally comprehensive: as with other fields of medicine during this time, institutional care varied across the profession and many hospitals still lacked hygiene or effective medical facilities, particularly on the frontiers of colonial settlement. A hospital in Sydney in the 1860s is described less than flatteringly as a slaughterhouse and similar descriptions exist of fever hospitals in the United States during the gold rushes of the 1850s (Baur, 1949, Roth, 1997). Nevertheless, by the 1880s and 1890s hospital medicine had undergone a significant shift, not only in regard to the medical care available, but also in terms of the way in which they were viewed by the profession and the public alike. Rather than the place people went to as a last resort, reserved largely for the poor and destitute, hospitals evolved into health care institutions at the forefront of medical practice, training and research, to which patients would willingly go to be healed, instead of to die.

The Cottage Hospital Movement Cottage hospitals were first established during the 1860s in rural England in response to the pre- Listerian stigma of poverty and death associated with most of the larger institutions. Many of the latter were located at large distances from smaller communities and although patients could be treated in their own homes, the condition of domestic sickrooms was less than ideal, particularly in poorer households (Emrys-Roberts, 1991, Swete, 1870). A handful of smaller voluntary

hospitals are known to have existed prior to the 1860s, including examples of dispensaries with inpatient facilities (Cherry, 1992b, p. 272, Fisher, 1963), but these were neither widespread nor consistent in capability. It was not until 1859 that the ‘cottage hospital movement’, as it was known, is generally agreed to have begun with Albert Knapper’s establishment of a cottage hospital in Cranleigh (Surrey) to treat ‘problematic cases for which there had hitherto been no adequate haven’ (Emrys-Roberts, 1991, p. 4, Cherry, 1992b).

The Cranleigh cottage hospital took the form of a ‘simply furnished’ two story building with four to six beds, an operating room, and a nurses room on the upper storey (Figure 1), staffed by a resident surgeon/physician (Albert Knapper) and local nurse. This model of a ‘small hospital[s] comprising less than a dozen beds, staffed by a GP, in cottage or similar style accommodations’ became the basic principle behind subsequent cottage hospitals established in Britain (Cherry, 1992b, p. 272, Swete, 1870, Ch. 2). These were funded through a system of subscriptions and patient contributions, wherein patients were required to pay for their upkeep but not necessarily their treatments (McConaghey, 1967, p. 132-135, Cherry, 1992b, p. 274, Emrys-Roberts, 1991, p. 4-28). Management varied, with some cottage hospitals run by committees of elected subscribers, others by local Friendly Societies or charitable organisations, many of whom adapted the ideas and principles behind the movement to their own situations (Cherry, 1992b, p. 276, Holden, 1889).

Medical care offered at cottage hospitals included onsite surgical operations and convalescent care, with a contemporary emphasis on the therapeutic value of a local, familiar setting (Waring, 1867, p. 2-3, Swete, 1870). Early recorded cases at the Cranleigh hospital range from the treatment of compound fractures, amputations and multiple traumatic injuries to chronic pneumonia (Emrys- Roberts, 1991, p. 4), while cases from the Ditchingham cottage hospital (East Anglia) include ‘severe burns, lacerations and fractures and a number of patients suffering from ‘“general debility”, dropsy and respiratory complaints’ (Cherry, 1992b, p. 279). Cases of infectious disease, however, were refused admittance on the grounds of contagion and more difficult cases of illness and injury were still referred to the nearest large hospital for treatment (Emrys-Roberts, 1991, Cherry, 1992b, Holden, 1889). Cottage hospitals in Britain also seem to have functioned as joint facilities for doctors within designated districts: some were staffed in three month rotations by neighbouring doctors while others were used as shared operating theatres and repositories of equipment (McConaghey, 1967, p. 137, Cherry, 1992b, p. 274). Certain historians argue that this particular characteristic was pivotal in developing greater professional relationships between communities of

doctors in rural areas, as well as facilitating greater professional development by providing general practitioners with the ability to treat the more complicated cases which had previously been referred elsewhere (Cherry, 1996).

Figure 1: The original building of the Cranleigh Village (Cottage) Hospital, taken from McConaghey (1967).

As the movement grew, cottage hospitals came to include institutions ranging from small cottages with only a handful of beds to larger buildings, some of which were capable of housing up to fifty patients (McConaghey, 1967). Britain experienced a rapid growth in the number of established cottage hospitals during the 1870s, with 148 known examples in 1875 and approximately 400 in 1889 (Holden, 1889), and by the turn of the century they had become a significant fixture in the medical landscape, particularly in rural areas (Cherry, 1992b, p. 273). Similar institutions are also known to have existed in North America and South Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, again in predominantly rural areas (Lawson and Noseworthy, 2009, Loubser, 1988).

Alternative Medicine and the Victorian Ideal of Self-Care In addition to the advances and developments in orthodox medicine that occurred during this period, the latter half of the nineteenth century was also characterised by a proliferation of

alternative forms of medical care and what has been referred to as the Victorian ideal of self-care (Bryder, 1991, Bynum, 1994). This was most prominently embodied in the plethora of patent and proprietary pharmaceutical products available for consumption, as well as the popularity of ‘traditional’ medicines, quack doctors and alternative therapies such as homeopathy and hydropathy. Patent medicines, in particular, were ubiquitous in nineteenth century society, evidenced by the numerous advertisements found in contemporary newspapers and the large quantities of associated bottles found in domestic archaeological contexts (Coombes, 1981, Low, 2005, Starr, 1984, Knehans, 2005). Such remedies were usually concocted from ‘secret recipes’ which had little in the way of actual medicinal properties (Starr, 1984): many were predominantly alcohol and promised results which were far beyond the capabilities of a single product, regardless of the ingredients. This began to change during the first decades of the twentieth century as both the American Medical Association and British Medical Association began to push for the full disclosure of contents for pharmaceutical and pseudo-pharmaceutical products (Starr, 1984, Bynum, 1994, Porter, 1997). Despite this, however, patent medicines and the notion of self- medication remained popular well into the twentieth century and, arguably, are still evident in present day society.

The pervasiveness of alternative treatments and self-care throughout this period was grounded in the individualistic nature of medical care prior to the mid-1800s, particularly the early nineteenth century traditions of patient involvement in the treatment process, and wider social doctrines of self-sufficiency and self-help (Furst, 2000, Carlyon, 2001). Their tenacity in the latter decades of the nineteenth century, however, was also a response to the increasing influence of scientific medicine and the regulation of the medical profession. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century, distrust of public health care and the apparent benefits of science remained relatively widespread and many alternative practitioners and producers of patent or proprietary remedies used this mentality to set themselves up in direct opposition to orthodox medical practice (Porter, 1997, Bynum, 1994, p. 218, Shortt, 1983, p. 68, Starr, 1984). Some scholars speak of this division as an almost adversarial dichotomy between the competing interests of ‘orthodox’ and ‘irregular’ medicine (Davies, 2006, Raftery, 1999), while others see the success of the latter as a reaction to the often pessimistic reality of scientific medicine, which could not promise the same certainty of cure advertised by the patent medicine industry (Porter, 1997, p. 396).

A detailed discussion of this relationship and the social framework within which it was situated is too vast to be included here and has been covered elsewhere (Bynum, 1994, Porter, 1997, Soller, 1998, Raftery, 1999, Starr, 1984), but such conflicting trends in medical ideology and practice only stand to illustrate the ambiguity and complexity of health care provision during this period. What does appear to be clear, however, is that there was significant geographical and social variation in the articulation of scientific medicine, alternative therapies and the Victorian notion of self-care.

Mutual Aid and Friendly Societies While the patent medicine industry came to epitomise the ideology of self-care on an individual level, the influence of the latter was also evident in the large number of Friendly or Benevolent societies which appeared during the second half of the nineteenth century. Such societies were grounded in ideas of mutual aid and self-help which had permeated British society since at least the early 1800s and were, in part, a response to the social and economic climate created by the industrial revolution (Weinbren and James, 2005, Gosden, 1963). The term ‘Friendly Society’ is usually used to refer to branch or affiliated organisations such as the Independent Order of Oddfellows (also known as the Manchester Unity or MUIOOF), the Ancient Order of Foresters or the Hibernian Catholic Benefit Society, but also encompassed smaller, unaffiliated, local town or village societies (Gosden, 1963). They have been discussed in the past as factors in the various social developments of the nineteenth century, including the labour movement and rise of the working classes (Gosden, 1963), and were particularly strong in the colonies or areas with heavy population migration, where it has been argued that they provided an ‘important aspect of security and identity for the displaced’ (Weinbren and James, 2005, p. 93). Their impact in Australia has been documented by historians such as Weinbren and James (2005) and Green (1984), while in New Zealand, Friendly Societies were active from 1842 onwards, when the first Oddfellows Lodge was established in Nelson (Carlyon, 2001).

As well as their significant role in social welfare and related movements during this period, Friendly Societies also assumed some responsibility for providing medical care and health insurance to their members. While it was not necessarily a principal objective during their initial formation, by the 1870s most Friendly Societies had relatively comprehensive arrangements for the provision of medical care to their members, paid for by the subscription of each member to their individual lodges (Gosden, 1963). The details of this varied depending on the society in question, ranging from benefits or protection offered against the possibility of accidents or death

to the appointment of medical officers for lodge or society branches to active involvement in the procurement of health care services for specific areas (Weinbren and James, 2005, Gosden, 1963, Ch. 6). They were also a contributing factor in Britain in the establishment of some associations and clubs devoted exclusively to the provision of medical aid due to dissatisfaction with the often only part-time medical attendance provided by the Society lodges themselves. Medical aid associations, in contrast, procured and employed a full time surgeon and/or physician and provided ‘a house and all the medicines he needed’ (Gosden, 1963, p. 141). Similarly, in Australia, Friendly Societies are noted to have been a significant influence on the ‘widespread’ numbers of medical aid clubs which existed during the latter half of the nineteenth century (Green, 1984).

Their role in the provision of medical care began to decline during the early decades of the twentieth century, both internationally and in New Zealand, as health care provision increasingly became the province of the state. In Britain this followed the implementation of measures such as the British National Insurance Act of 1911 and the much later establishment of the National Health Service in 1946 (Gosden, 1963), while a similar movement from voluntarism to state funded healthcare systems had also occurred in Australia by the mid-twentieth century (Green, 1984). In New Zealand the 1938 Social Security Act marked the introduction of state funded hospital care and subsidised general practitioner treatment and a shift away from the need for health care provision through mutual aid and the work of Friendly Societies (Carlyon, 2001, Belgrave, 1991, Dow, 1991).

Medical Care and the Public Health System in New Zealand The provision of medical care in New Zealand during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shows clear international influences in its development, although it is also characterised by the adaptation of those influences to the New Zealand context (Belgrave, 1991). During the initial decades of settlement medical care in the country existed without a nationwide standard of professionalization or regulation, due for the most part to its status as a relatively new colony. Early doctors and so-called health care professionals in the country often had other occupations and there was little to distinguish qualified practitioners from the unqualified or unlicensed (Fulton, 1922, Belgrave, 1991). The lines between different types of medical care were blurred and it wasn’t unusual to find one person fulfilling the roles of doctor, nurse, dentist and pharmacist (Belgrave, 1991, Coombes, 1981). In some circumstances that person would be one who had little to no medical training at all, although, conversely, New Zealand (and Otago in particular) also

attracted a number of heavily qualified medical professionals in the early years, many of whom went on to become prominent figures in both medicine and politics (Wright-St Clair, 1975).

This situation began to change during the 1870s as statutory developments in medical regulation and an increase in the number of resident practitioners and medical institutions in the country spearheaded a shift away from the chaos of the early 1860s towards a more structured landscape of health care provision (Belgrave, 1991). The Medical Practitioners Act of 1867, which led to the publication of the first New Zealand medical register in 1868, and the subsequent Public Health Act of 1872 were the first major legislative attempts to provide structure for the medical profession and health care system (Wright-St Clair, 1975). These were followed by the Hospital and Charitable Institutions Act of 1885, which introduced ‘the concept of local control by hospital boards’ to the management of institutional care in New Zealand (Wright-St Clair, 1987). This came to define the way in which hospitals in the country were run over the following decades and paved the way for the development of the New Zealand hospital system as it exists today.

Prior to the 1860s only a handful of hospitals had been erected in New Zealand, with facilities established in Auckland, Wellington, Wanganui and New Plymouth by 1851 and Dunedin by 1852 (Dow, 1991). These were followed by a succession of other health care institutions throughout the country, largely as a result of the population increase and high frequency of injury associated with the various gold rushes in Otago, Thames and the West Coast of the South Island (Dow, 1991, Wright-St Clair, 1975). By the end of the 1860s fourteen additional hospitals had been established, all located in the Otago or West Coast goldfields; by 1882 this had increased to at least thirty seven and by 1910 fifty six public hospitals are known to have been in operation in New Zealand, not including private institutions, mental health facilities or cottage hospitals.

Initially, these hospitals were administered largely by local provincial governments but, after the abolition of the provincial system in 1876, their management was split equally between local committees, regional bodies and the central government (Angus, 1984). The 1885 Hospital and Charitable Institutions act further modified this system by dividing the country into districts governed by regional hospital and/or charitable aid boards, who were in turn elected by local authorities (Angus, 1984). These district boards essentially acted as the middle man in the relationship between public health care institutions, local communities and associations, Friendly Societies and the central government. Hospitals were run on a system of subscriber contributions, government subsidies and individual treatment charges which, while influenced by the voluntary

hospital system employed in Britain, had been adapted to the New Zealand context (Dow, 1991). The most noticeable difference was the requirement that patients contribute towards the cost of their treatment and board: although there were measures in place for charitable aid and outdoor relief, New Zealand health care was ‘not characterised by the same degree of voluntarism as Britain’. It has been argued that this may have been influenced by experiences of the Australian system of health care provision, conveyed to New Zealand through the various Australian miners and personnel who arrived during the gold rushes of the 1860s.

While the developments of the 1870s and 1880s detailed above have been argued to herald the beginning of what would become New Zealand’s public health care system (Balfour, 1924), their initial impact on medical provision was not universally comprehensive. It seems to be generally agreed that orthodox medicine really only came into its stride around 1900 as, gradually, the New Zealand health care system became more hierarchical, more institutionalised and more stratified (Belgrave, 1991, Balfour, 1924). As in other parts of the western world at the time, the roles of the different professions became more sharply delineated and as the specialisation and regulation of orthodox medicine increased, so too did the divide between it and more alternative and ‘professionally dubious’ forms of health care (Belgrave, 1991, p. 12). While non-orthodox medicine became increasingly marginalised, professionally, in New Zealand from the 1890s onwards, the numbers and popularity of irregular medical practitioners remained high, to the extent that the medical profession found it necessary to push through the ‘Quackery Prevention Act’ in 1908, although it is unclear how effective this was as a measure of restriction. The persistence of self-care throughout the twentieth century has been noted as a characteristic of the New Zealand health care system (Belgrave, 1991) and both self-medication and over the counter treatments have remained popular here well into the present day.

Health Care in Otago A significant amount of New Zealand’s early medical development was driven by the achievements and innovations of various people involved in health care provision in Otago, such as Duncan Macgregor, Millen Coughtrey, James MacAndrew, John Halliday Scott, Daniel Colquhoun and Thomas Hocken (Wright-St Clair, 1975). Many of these men had trained in Britain, with emphasis on London and Edinburgh, and came to be associated with the Dunedin Hospital and Dunedin Medical School, the latter of which was founded in 1875. The Medical School quickly became an important fixture of New Zealand medicine in terms of the provision of

locally situated medical training but, more importantly, both it and the Dunedin Hospital functioned as vehicles for the transmission of knowledge, specifically the application of discoveries and developments pioneered in Britain and Europe to a New Zealand context (Wright- St Clair, 1975). Listerism and the notion of antisepsis was first introduced to New Zealand in 1871 through the Dunedin Hospital by Duncan MacGregor, who had studied under Lister in Edinburgh, long before it had come to be generally accepted by the international medical community (Wright-St Clair, 1975). By the 1880s it was well established in New Zealand medical practice. Similarly chloroform was first used as an anaesthetic in New Zealand early on during the 1860s through the Dunedin Hospital (Angus, 1984). Later, during the early 1890s, Dr Daniel Colquhoun, a lecturer in medicine at the University of Otago pioneered neurosurgery in Otago at a time when it was still uncommon internationally (Wright-St Clair, 1975).

The early strength of Dunedin in the field of medicine was in part derived from the events of the Otago Gold Rush in the 1860s, which drove a number of the social and economic developments of the city and surrounding area (Wright-St Clair, 1975, Angus, 1984). From a regional perspective, the influence of the gold rush is also evident in the number of hospitals and doctors present in the wider Otago district, particularly in Central Otago, where relatively large hospitals were established at Frankton (est. 1863-64), Arrowtown, Cromwell, Dunstan (est. 1863), Mt Ida/Naseby and Tuapeka/Lawrence (est. 1862) during the 1860s and 1870s (Angus, 1984, p. 43). Initially, these were administered through a subscription system under the 1862 Hospital Ordinance which required hospitals to be managed by committees of subscribers, with each subscriber having the ability to recommend two people for charitable aid (Angus, 1984). There was a limited amount of government input, in the form of subsidised subscriptions and some funding for construction, with the former settled at £1 from the government for each £1 from subscribers by 1871 (Angus, 1984, p. 44). The 1885 Act resulted in the Otago province being separated into five districts, consisting of Waitaki, Tuapeka, Southland, Otago (Dunedin) and, most pertinent to St Bathans, Central Otago (Vincent and Maniototo Counties) (Angus, 1984, p. 72-73). Information on the ways in which hospital management in Otago developed during and after these developments is detailed in John Angus’s A History of the Otago Hospital Board and its Predecessors.

As far as cottage hospitals in the region go, available literature suggests that they were something of a later development, with concentrated growth in the first decade of the twentieth century, although the only real discussion of their establishment in the Otago region was undertaken with

a distinctly post-1910 focus (Angus, 1984). The same study, by John Angus, does note the existence of cottage hospitals at Tuapeka, Kaitangata, Tapanui, Port Chalmers, Middlemarch, Roxburgh, Palmerston, Balclutha, Owaka and Milton, although no dates are provided and no mention made of St Bathans.

CHAPTER THREE: HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR HEALTH CARE IN ST BATHANS Most of the information provided in the following sections was drawn from newspaper accounts and advertisements, accessed through the digital database, Paperspast, and the microfilm collections available at the Hocken Library, Dunedin. Other sources utilised include anecdotal accounts provided by secondary publications, primary records held at the Naseby and Alexandra Museums and various documents found within the archives at the Hocken Library, largely consisting of receipts and correspondence between people associated with the St Bathans cottage hospital. The quantity of information available from contemporary newspapers such as the Mt Ida Chronicle, Otago Witness and Otago Daily Times proved to be particularly useful, but was not without limitations. Reports on medical care in St Bathans were not chronologically consistent, with a higher prevalence of pertinent material published during certain periods and a complete dearth of information at other times. Adding to this, not all published issues have survived in perfect condition, particularly in the case of the Mt Ida Chronicle, records for which are inconsistently preserved.

Newspaper accounts are also by nature part of the public record and the information provided within is both subject to the social mores of the time and filtered through the opinions, interests and experience of the correspondent, reporter and editor of the publication. It is noticeable in the following sections that there is a disparity in the types of health concerns and medical treatments evident in the public record and those mentioned in more restricted, private, documentary sources. At the same time, even those sources which are more personal or private in regard to their intended audience are still reflections of individual or contemporary perspectives and cannot be used uncritically as solid fact. Nevertheless, if interpreted with an understanding of the various biases present in the source material, the information presented below can still go some way towards providing an understanding of health care provision in St Bathans from a contemporary and modern perspective.

St Bathans The town of St Bathans is situated at the northern end of the Manuherikia Valley, within the district of Maniototo in Central Otago, roughly equidistant from the towns of Ranfurly and Alexandra. The town sits within a small valley on the western slopes of the southernmost spur of the St Bathans range, which separates the upper reaches of the Manuherikia River from Dunstan Creek, one of its major tributaries (Figure 2). Mt St Bathans, the highest peak in the range, stands

Figure 2: Map of the Maniototo district, including the settlements at Ophir, Omakau, Becks, Gimmerburn, Blackstone Hill, Waipiata, Naseby, Cambrians and St Bathans. 20

to the north, while the Hawkdun range runs to the east. The nearest major settlement of Naseby is approximately twenty miles to the east, with the smaller communities of Ophir, Omakau, Becks, Gimmerburn, Blackstone Hill, and Cambrians located at varying distances from St Bathans (Figure 2).

Initially known as Dunstan Creek, the settlement at St Bathans began with a rush of miners in February 1864 following the discovery of gold there in December 1863 (ODT 11/02/1864, OW 6/02/1864). Within four months of the initial discovery a tent city of 200-300 miners, demonstrating ‘an aspect of permanence’ (ODT 11 Feb 1864), had been established, including a number of canvas public houses, banks and stores (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977, Hall-Jones, 2005). This rose quickly to 700-800 (OW 16 Apr. 1864) and the settlement came to be described as one of “the most prosperous and permanent of any in the province… [comprising] about forty business places, ten of which are hotels…a Court House, a place of worship belonging to the Roman Catholics, and a Police Camp on a small scale” (OW 29 Oct. 1864, p. 11). By 1865 more permanent structures began to replace the tents, including mud-brick, corrugated iron and prefabricated timber buildings, many of which were only single roomed dwellings (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977, Smith, 2011). The population, largely British in origin with a noticeable number of Irish-born residents, grew during the 1870s and 1880s but began to decrease during the 1920s and 30s as the mining industry in the area fell into decline.

Figure 3: The settlement at St Bathans c. 1870 (Burton Brothers, Photographers) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014328

Unlike many other gold-rush towns in Central Otago, mining remained the primary economic industry for St Bathans well into the twentieth century. The land around St Bathans, particularly Kildare Hill, Surface Hill and Vinegar Hill, is formed from tilted quartz beds which contain numerous gold bearing seams. Initially, these were mined by digging deep shafts and tunnelling into the seams, techniques which were quickly replaced by ground sluicing and then hydraulic sluicing, using pressurised water to extract gold. Much of this was centred on Kildare Hill, which was mined so extensively that all 120m of it was sluiced away to form the Blue Lake. By the late 1870s and early 1880s, nearly all of the mining in St Bathans was being undertaken through large scale operations in ‘alluvial mining’, including the use of hydraulic elevators (Figure 4) (AJHR, 1863-1892, McCraw, 2009, Smith, 2011). These operations were run by a succession of companies, some of whom controlled the equipment and mining itself, while others dealt with the operation of the water races and reservoirs required to provide water for sluicing (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977, Hall-Jones, 2005, AJHR, 1863-1892). At the turn of the century two elevators in use on the Kildare claim were lifting to heights of 142 feet and by the 1930s this had increased to 225ft, the deepest lift operating in the world at the time (McCraw, 2009, Smith, 2011, Middleton, 2010).

Figure 4: A hydraulic elevator in use at St Bathans in the late 1890s (Vulcan Hotel Collection)

Despite the rapid prosperity achieved by St Bathans and the accounts of the town mentioned above, conditions of life, particularly during the early years, remained less than ideal. Sanitation was poor to non-existent and many of the dwellings were little more than single roomed corrugated iron sheds (Smith, 2011) (Figure 5), which did nothing to shield their inhabitants from the harsh winters. A particularly unflattering description found in The Cromwell Argus depicts the town as ‘a labyrinth of children, broken bones, carpenters tools, bottles, salmon tins and miscellaneous rubbish’ and claims that ‘the effluvium rising out of the locality on a warm day is enough to create a malarious fever; it is positively sickening’ (Hall-Jones, 2005) (Figure 6) Concerns about the state of the town were still evident in the early twentieth century, with one correspondent describing St Bathans as ‘one of the most unsightly places…in Central Otago’ (MIC 19/09/1902). While these testimonials appear to be largely concerned with the social implications of a ‘messy’ town, such conditions would also have been detrimental to the health of the residents, increasing the risk of accidents and enabling greater contagion and severity of disease (MIC 19/09/1902; North Otago Times 08/04/1876, p. 2).

Figure 5: St Bathans in 1877 (William P. Hart, Photographer) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014903

Figure 6: The main street of St Bathans c. 1870. (Burton Brothers, Photographers) Te Papa Tongarewa C.014331)

Health Concerns A wide variety of health concerns are recorded for St Bathans, including respiratory illnesses, infectious diseases, a range of gastric, cardiac, dermatological and venereal afflictions as well as various accidental and traumatic injuries. Many of these are typical of a Central Otago mining town at this time, particularly those caused or aggravated by occupational and environmental factors, and serve to illustrate the very real need for medical care in this context. However, surviving historical accounts of illness and injury in St Bathans also allow insight into the contemporary understanding and recognition of disease and ways in which that understanding may have influenced the subsequent provision of health care in the district.

The vast majority of injuries reported in the historical record from 1866 until 1921 (Table 1) resulted from mining accidents or mishaps involving horses and the various forms of pre- automotive transport present at the time. Many of the latter appear, in turn, to have been caused by the state of the roads in and out of the town, which could become close to impassable during the winter months (OW 01/07/1882, p. 13). Such accidents generated a plethora of broken and

fractured bones, dislocated limbs and head injuries, among others, some of which were severe enough to be fatal (Appendix 1.1). In later years automotive and railway accidents also became a concern, although not to quite the same scale. Likewise, the various mining accidents known to have occurred are representative of the types of alluvial mining undertaken in the district, with injuries and deaths resulting from drowning and water hazards, dredging accidents and instances of falling earth (ODT 17/02/1866, 22/07/1868; OW 30/09/1871, 01/07/1882, p. 13). The latter is particularly symptomatic of the deep diggings enabled by the use of hydraulic elevators, wherein a miner could easily be crushed or buried by loose earth falling from the face of a claim. Other instances involved workers falling from the top of a claim or off the hydraulic elevator itself for distances of up to 40 feet (OW 6/10/1898). Most of these resulted in death or severely broken bones.

Table 1: Accidents and injuries recorded in St Bathans district (for full details and sources see Appendix 1.1).

Accident/Incident Circumstances Injuries Mining Falls of earth; falling up to 40ft from face of Body crushed or buried, broken/fractured claim; machinery (usually dredge) malfunction bones, torn flesh, drowning, death. or fall; water hazards. Horse riding Thrown/fell from horse; kicked by horse; horse Fractured skull/head injuries, broken/fractured bolted; dragged by horse. bones, torn flesh, crushed fingers, death. Horse & Cart Thrown out of dray/buggy/trap, run over by Head injuries, unconsciousness, internal dray, trap capsized, dragged by reins, near injuries, drowning, broken bones, dislocated collision with motorcar limbs, death. Automotive Car rolled, motorbike slipped, near collision Dislocated jaw, fractured/broken bones, with horse and cart internal injuries. Railway Rockfalls working on line, run over by train Broken/fractured bones, nearly severed limbs. Domestic Limbs shut in door, children playing with Broken/fractured bones, burns, severed finger, caustic soda, knife slipping, falling from sleigh, severed arteries, knife wound. falling out of house. Fire House fire, children playing with flask of Severe burns, minor burns, death gunpowder, children playing with fire, burning nightdress. Shooting Shot with shotgun by husband, shot with rifle Gunshot wound to arm, death, gunshot wound while rabbit shooting. to hand. Attempted suicide Cut throat, ingested brass cleaner, ingested rat Internal injuries, death. poison Miscellaneous Freezing temperatures, drowning, slipping on Frozen to death, drowning, broken/fractured ice, wounded by farm machinery, sporting bones, laceration to neck/jawbone, dislocated injuries, falling over cliff, wounded by sausage limbs, head injuries, severed finger. machine.

Non-mining or transport related accidents were also evident in the documentary record, including various domestic accidents, fire related injuries and a surprisingly small number of incidents

involving firearms. These include children wounding themselves during play, a man who fell out of his loft (OW 24/08/1899, p. 29), another who walked off a cliff in the dark (MIC 08/07/1904) and a woman who was shot by her husband (ODT 17/01/1879). Severe weather appears to have been a factor in a couple of cases, with at least one reported instance in which a man froze to death outside (Grey River Argus 26/06/1875) and another involving injury sustained from slipping on ice (OW 29/07/1897).

The extreme climate also influenced the frequency and severity of certain illnesses and diseases in St Bathans, further exacerbated by the poor sanitation and living conditions (Table 2; see Appendix 1.2 for details). Two of the diseases known to have been suffered in St Bathans, typhoid fever (NOT 08/04/1876, p. 2) and the highly infectious diphtheria, can be directly caused by contaminated or unsanitary environments. Another report detailed a single instance of unspecified illness due to contaminated water (MIC 25/02/1910). Furthermore, many of the other illnesses reported in the documentary record would have been aggravated by such conditions, along with the poor standards of housing and extreme environment. Respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis, pleurisy, whooping cough and the unspecified ‘inflammation or congestion of the lungs’, are also frequently referred to in the documentary record, often as a cause of death (NZT 01/10/1875; OW 24/09/1886, p. 16, 10/08/1888, p. 17). Numerous accounts of infectious or epidemic diseases such as scarlet fever, tuberculosis, influenza, measles, mumps and diphtheria also exist, some of which affect the respiratory system or may result in complications which do. A large proportion of these have the potential to be fatal, especially in children and the elderly, and the documentary record indicates that this potential was frequently realised in St Bathans.

Newspaper reports also mention a few occurrences of rheumatic and gastric complaints (MIC 30/09/1904, 15/10/1909; OW 25/08/1898, p. 30) in addition to a couple of cases of heart problems (MIC 26/04/1907; OW 04/07/1906, p. 58) and one of cancer (MIC 30/10/1903) but, with the exception of accidental or traumatic injuries, are notably lacking in information on health concerns other than infectious or respiratory illnesses. Feminine health issues are conspicuously absent, as is any mention of venereal disease or ailments affecting private aspects of individual health, probably due to the very public nature of newspaper coverage. Other sources, namely the Naseby Hospital records of patients from St Bathans, indicate that a much wider variety of health problems existed in that district than is discernible from newspaper accounts. The specifics of these are detailed in Appendix 1.2 and 1.3 but notable entries include three cases of syphilis, eight

cases of exclusively female ailments and more precise diagnoses of gastro-intestinal, dermatological and cardiac disorders.

Table 2: Illnesses and diseases recorded in St Bathans, grouped roughly by type.

Type Illness Infectious Scarlet fever, measles, meningitis, croup, measles, influenza, pertussis (whooping cough), mumps, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scabies, ringworm Respiratory Bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pleurisy, pulmonary tuberculosis, pertussis (whooping cough), croup, diphtheria, influenza, pulmonary edema, pneumonia Cardiac Dilated cardiomyopathy, fatty degeneration of heart, valvular disease of heart Gastric Typhoid fever, gastrointestinal perforation, nephritis, dyspepsia, nephrolithiasis, hernia, haematemesis, peptic ulcer, perineal abscess, obstruction of bowels, appendicitis Dermatological Ringworm, scabies, sebhorrhoeic capitis (cradle cap) Venereal Syphilis Rheumatic Rheumatism, rheumatic fever, ‘joint disease’ Other Purpura haemorrhagica, corneal ulcer, dropsy, fibroid, dysmenorrhea, neuralgia, retroversion of uterus, cancer, varicose ulcer, paralytic stroke, congestion of brain

The latter suggest that the generalised terms used to describe illness in the newspapers are another consequence of the public circulation of that particular medium rather than an accurate reflection of contemporary understanding of disease, particularly amongst medical practitioners. Entries in the hospital records demonstrate the identification of specific disorders like ‘acute peritonitis & perforation of intestine’, ‘perineal abscess’, ‘haematemesis’ and ‘nephrolithiasis’ or ‘dilated cardiomyopathy’ instead of ‘internal complaint’ or ‘heart trouble’. They also provide evidence for a number of diseases which would be otherwise unrepresented in historical sources, including various diseases of the skin. Cases of scabies, ringworm and cradle cap (sebohorrhoea capitis), which commonly affect children, are all evident, as are haematological disorders like chlorosis (a form of anaemia) and purpura haemorrhagica (bleeding under the skin) (Naseby Hospital Records 1886-1898).

The female complaints recorded nearly all relate to internal problems, such as uterine tumours and cysts, cervical ulceration, dysmenorrhoea (menstrual pain) and one case of ‘retroversion of the uterus’ (Naseby Hospital Records 1886-1898). Interestingly, there are no entries for childbirth, suggesting that women from the district either went elsewhere to deliver their babies or records of this were kept independently. There is, however, one case of ‘hysteria’ (Naseby Hospital Records, 30/11/1890), an exclusively female diagnosis which fell out of repute in the early twentieth century. It is now largely remembered for the use of ‘pelvic massage’ in prescribed treatments and its role in the development of the vibrator (Logan, 1997, Micale, 1995) but is interesting in this

context as one of the best examples of the potential discrepancy between health problems actually suffered by people in the past and those with which they were diagnosed. From the perspective of this thesis, which seeks to explore the provision of health care in the context of the contemporary social and medical landscape, such inconsistency is less of a hindrance and more an important reminder that any attempt to understand past peoples through their documentary record is already predicated on their understanding of the time and society in which they lived. As such, the provision of medical care in St Bathans must be viewed as a response to contemporary knowledge of illness, injury and disease, including diagnoses now known to be erroneous.

Health Care before the Hospital Few records have survived regarding the nature of medical care in the early years of settlement at St Bathans. Those which do remain suggest that it would have been as chaotic and disorganised as the ‘medical anarchy’ attributed to fledgling gold-rush settlements elsewhere in the world (Groh, 1966, Baur, 1949, Loomis, 1949). Health care provision likely consisted of self-medication, utilising the patent and proprietary medicines so regularly advertised at the time, folk-remedies and the distant services of the Dunstan (Clyde) Hospital, approximately forty miles away. Evidence for the former consists only of a few anecdotal accounts and the known proliferation of such medicines at the time (Low, 2005), but given the numerous accounts of such circumstances across the Otago goldfields during the early years there is no reason to believe that the situation was initially any different in St Bathans.

Nevertheless, this appears to have changed quickly. A hospital was established at Dunstan in 1863 (see previous chapter) and, in 1866, subscribers to the institution elected a local committee for St Bathans (OW 23/06/1866, p. 2), who organised fundraising efforts from that district (ODT 02/08/1866, p. 4). The distance between the Dunstan Hospital and St Bathans, however, continued to be a problem and two years later the local community formed their own association to combat this issue, in the form of a Medical Aid Club (OW 9/05/1868). It is arguable that the foundations for this may have been laid, to some extent, by the prior existence of the local Dunstan Hospital subscribers committee. Later years also saw the establishment of other ‘benevolent’ institutions, such as the Oddfellows Lodge and Hibernian Society, with stated interests in the provision of health care services.

The Medical Aid Club The St Bathans Medical Aid Club (also known as the Medical Aid Society and Medical Aid Association) was first established in 1868 in response to the dangers posed by the mine workings and a claim that ‘no medical aid could be obtained nearer than Clyde – a distance of forty miles’ (OW 9/05/1868, p. 15). It was reported to include 100 members at the time, ‘who contribute 3s each per month, which entitles them to receive medical attendance and medicine gratis, in case of sickness or accident’ (OW 9/05/1868, p. 15). The Club undertook to provide this by securing a resident medical practitioner for the area and providing a salary, partly through the monetary contributions of the subscribers. This was, as discussed in the previous chapter, not unusual in regard to the provision of medical care in New Zealand at this time, which was often organised through so-called ‘Friendly’ or ‘Benevolent’ societies.

The Club appears to have ceased operation at some point between its initial establishment and 1874, when a note appears in the New Zealand Tablet, stating that:

“The residents of St Bathans have held a meeting, with the view of establishing a Medical Club in the district, to secure medical aid for those who might meet with accidents, or be laid prostrate with sickness, without having to pay the exorbitant charges at present demanded, owing to there being no medical man resident in that place” (New Zealand Tablet 28/11/1874).

The re-formation of the club was then ‘temporarily deferred’, although a committee was established, in deference to the likelihood that a branch of the Hibernian Society would be opened in the area (NZT 5/12/1874). The latter was a Catholic Friendly Society which originated in Australia and came to New Zealand in 1869 via Greymouth and the West Coast goldrush. It is unclear how much of a role the Hibernians played in the provision of medical services in St Bathans. Contemporary references mention them independently of health care provision and the Medical Aid Club, which appears to have been reformed by at least 1879 (OW 6/04/1879).

Management of the Club was undertaken by an elected committee of local residents (Table 3), many of whom were prominent miners and citizens of the town (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977). It proved difficult to find comprehensive details about the general membership of the club, in regard to both the number of subscribers and the social and cultural backgrounds from which they

originated. Although membership is known to have numbered approximately one hundred in 1868 (OW 09/05/1868), there are no surviving records for the following decades.

Table 3: Known members of the St Bathans Medical Aid Club Committee, listed chronologically.

Year Chairman Secretary Treasurer Committee 1874 - - - Mr Bunny 1876 - G. Preston - - 1879 - W. S. MacIntosh - - 1887 F. Buckley 1888 - G. H. Brent - - 1890 Wm. Burnett G. H. Brent/ W. - - Blaxall 1891 Wm. Burnett W. Blaxall - S. Turner, H. Excell, W. Williams, J. Eagle, W. Watson 1898 Wm. Burnett - - J. Eagle, Wm. McConnochie, T. Wilkinson, W. Thurlow 1899 Wm. Burnett - - J. Eagle, Messr. Wilkinson 1900 Wm. Burnett 1902 W. M. Wilson - - J. Eagle, N. Nicolson, J. Enright, A. H. V. King, E. Gerkins, W. Gay 1903 W. M. Wilson - - A. H. V. King, P. Sexton, N. Nicholson, J. Enright, J. Eagle, W. Gay, E. Gerkins, M. Wade 1904 W. Wilson J. Eagle - 1909 W. Wilson - - P. Sexton, P. T. O’Regan, Frank Eagle, Mr Cowan 1910 - P. McCarthy 1911 W. Wilson P. McCarthy P. McCarthy P. Morgan, P. T. O’Regan 1913 - - Miss Sexton? - 1917 - P. McCarthy - P. Morgan 1919 - - P. T. O’Regan/ Wm. Pyle - 1920 - P. T. O’Regan P. T. O’Regan/ Wm. Pyle - 1921 - Wm. Pyle? P. T. O’Regan/ Wm. Pyle -

The cost of subscription rose over the decades, from 3 shillings each per month (£1 16s per year) in 1868 (OW 9/05/1868) to £1 per year for married men and 10s for singles in 1890 (MIC 18/09/1890) and £2 per year for a family, £1 for a single man, and 10 shillings for a single lady in the early twentieth century (Pyle Family Papers, n.d.). A report on mining in the district in 1887 states that the wages for miners had stood at 10s per day since 1876, but had been reduced in the year of writing to 8s 6d (AJHR, 1863-1892). Although these figures are only applicable to miners who were employed by a company, rather than those who mined independently or those residents otherwise employed, they do indicate that the cost of subscription, at least during this period, would have been affordable for miners.

While the description of the club given in 1868 claimed entitlement to ‘medicine gratis’ membership cards believed to be from the 1900s provide a price list for services such as ‘consultation in St Bathans’, ‘accouchement’ (childbirth) and ‘broken limb, setting and attendance’ (Figure 7) (Pyle Family Papers, n.d.). The same card states that these fees are trebled for non- subscribers, resulting, for example, in the price of £12 12s for the treatment of a broken limb. Newspaper records of a club meeting in 1891 also discuss the production of a ‘ticket’ for members detailing the scale of charges for medical care, in addition to an agreement with a ‘local dispenser’ curtailing the cost of medicines to no more than 2s 6d per bottle (MIC 22/10/1891). Whether the latter was only applicable to subscribers or had been arranged by the club as a flat rate for all residents is not known, although it seems probable that it was solely for members. It also remains unclear whether the charges for medical attendance were paid through the Club or directly to the Doctor in question. Records are also scarce regarding how this worked in cases of emergencies or non-payment, although the social institution of charitable aid was certainly active in St Bathans (MIC 14/05/1909, 22/10/1909, 05/11/1909). The financial relationship between the Medical Aid Club, resident Doctors and the provision of health care services became somewhat more structured after the establishment of the Cottage Hospital, discussed below.

Oddfellows Lodge A local branch of the Oddfellows Lodge (see previous chapter) was established in Cambrians in 1897, the stated objective of which was ‘to throw out some inducement for some medical man to settle here amongst us, and if that is not possible, to subsidise the nearest one to visit us regularly’ (MIC 23/07/1897). The formation of the Lodge and vocal calls for a medical practitioner appear to have been a response to the void left by the 1892 closure of the St Bathans cottage hospital (OW 17/11/1892) (see cottage hospital section below), which also catered for the surrounding settlements. The Oddfellows eventually came to be closely associated with the St Bathans Medical Aid Club and cottage hospital, financially and socially (OW 04/05/1899, p. 30), despite some early attempts to situate a doctor at Becks rather than St Bathans (MIC 21/09/1897; OW 23/09/1897). They remained involved in the provision of health care for the St Bathans district in later years, with at least four of the resident doctors acting as medical officer for the Lodge (MIC 13/05/1898, 18/11/1898, 10/02/1911, 10/08/1917). One such doctor stated that he was ‘pleased to find the [cottage] Hospital Board so willingly supported by… the local Oddfellows Lodge’, which he characterised as one of the best in New Zealand (MIC 07/09/1906).

Figure 7: Members cards for the St Bathans Medical Aid Club, c. early twentieth century (Pyle Family Papers n.d., Hocken Library Archives).

It remains unclear exactly how the relationship between the Medical Aid Club, Hospital and Oddfellows Lodge worked, particularly in regard to whether or not Lodge members also paid a subsidy to the Medical Aid Club for use of the cottage hospital or had their own direct arrangement with the doctor or Central Otago Hospital Board. They certainly had some sort of understanding with the latter, who included the Lodge in negotiations upon the resignation of the doctor in 1911 (MIC 10/02/1911) and cite the support of the Oddfellows in other references to medical care in St Bathans over the years (MIC 10/08/1917). At the same time, there doesn’t appear to have been the same kind of financial relationship between the Lodge and the COHB that existed between the COHB and the St Bathans Medical Aid Club in regard to the subsidy, suggesting that while the Oddfellows played a role in health care provision for the district, they did so from a more peripheral position as an independent, rather than affiliated, organisation.

Local Board of Health In addition to the Medical Aid Club and Oddfellows Lodge, the district of St Bathans also had a Local Board of Health, first referenced in 1876, which was appointed by the then Central Board of Health for Otago (OW 26/08/1876). Records indicate that they operated from 1876 to at least 1892 (probably further) and seem to have been concerned with the causes of illness and injury in the town, such as sanitation and the ‘prevention of nuisance’ (MIC 14/04/1892), rather than the provision of medical services, which remained the province of the Medical Aid Club.

Resident Doctors before 1890 A total of four Doctors are known to have resided at St Bathans over the years before the cottage hospital was established, the longest remaining in the town for a known total of two years. The Medical Aid Club appears to have faced significant difficulties in attracting and then retaining suitably qualified medical practitioners, including internal obstacles in the collection of necessary funds.

They initially secured the services of Dunedin physician, Dr Wilson, in 1868, but had some trouble finding a replacement after his death, less than two months after his appointment was announced (ODT 25/06/1868, p. 5; ODT 22/07/1868, p. 4). It wasn’t until 1869 that another medical practitioner was found: an announcement in the Mt Ida Chronicle in June of that year stated that Dr Niven, formerly of Clyde, would be taking up residence in St Bathans and that the community was collecting funds from subscribers to build him a suitable house (MIC 11/06/1869). This was, however, followed two weeks later by a report declaring that “after a fund had been

subscribed, it was found that his demands were too exorbitant even for the generosity of the St Bathans public, and so negotiations were broken off” (MIC 25/06/1869), leaving the town without a medical practitioner until 1877, when a Dr Allan took up the post (New Zealand Tablet 07/09/1887).

Dr C. J. Allan, who was educated in Britain, remained in the town for two years, before transferring to Roxburgh in 1879 (OW 10/05/1879). While there is very little information available on his training or its application in St Bathans, he features strongly in accounts of the local school and Board of Education (New Zealand Tablet 02/08/1878), with which he appears to have been heavily involved. After his departure in 1879, St Bathans acquired Dr James Whitton as resident medical practitioner, although this appears to have been a short lived appointment. A notice in the Otago Witness in 1881 announces that the Medical Aid Club was forced to terminate the employment of Dr Whitton, due to difficulties collecting the requisite subscriptions for his salary (OW 11/06/1881). He didn’t go far, however, operating as the medical officer for the Naseby district throughout the 1880s until 1890 (OW 01/08/1885; MIC 13/09/1890). In the course of this, he is likely to have been periodically responsible for St Bathans, particularly during those years in which they were lacking their own resident practitioner. It is worth noting that despite issues with finances at various times over the years (MIC 15/10/1891), this is the only time that Medical Aid Club were the ones to end the agreement with a doctor: in all other cases the doctor resigned the position, usually to move to another practice.

Lastly, in 1888, there is a reference to a Dr Money, who was ‘unremitting in his attention’ in the case of a young boy who died from inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia) in St Bathans (OW 10/08/1888). He appears to have attempted to purchase land in the town (OW 28/09/1888) but did not stay, as less than two months later the Medical Aid Committee placed another advertisement in the Otago Daily Times for a ‘duly qualified medical man’, promising a salary of £200 (ODT 12/11/1888). There is no evidence that this was answered before 1890, when the Cottage Hospital was established.

Non Resident Doctors During the periods in which the town proved unable to secure a medical practitioner, residents were forced to rely on a variety of alternatives for health care. These included utilising the services of visiting and neighbouring doctors (Table 4), who widened their districts to include the

people of St Bathans, in addition to the nearest hospital facilities at Naseby and Dunstan (Clyde). Most of the references to the former can be found in accounts of medical emergencies or situations which required a medical response (OW 01/08/1885, p. 13), but newspaper announcements of scheduled visits to St Bathans from neighbouring doctors indicate that neighbouring doctors provided more than just emergency services for the district (MIC 13/09/1892). The responsibility seems to have fallen largely to the Naseby and Ophir medical practitioners, who each ‘ran’ the St Bathans district at various times over the years (OW 17/09/1892, p. 21), although Dr Byers of Waipiata is mentioned frequently in later years (MIC 05/02/1915, 19/10/1917, 08/02/1918).

Table 4: Neighbouring doctors known to have provided medical care for the St Bathans district over the years from 1872 until 1898.

Neighbouring Doctor Year Blacks Dr Niven 1872-? Blacks/Ophir Dr Hyde 1882-? Ophir Dr Bentley 1887-? Dr Ward 1890 – at least 1897 Dr McIlroy 1904 Naseby Dr Whitton 1876 – at least 1890 Dr Church 1894 - 1904 Dr Macknight 1904 - 1909 Dr Lillie 1909 – 1920 Waipiata Dr Byers 1909 – at least 1918 Unknown Dr Black 1876 Dr Sluman 1880 Dr Jeffreys 1892 Dr Brown 1898

The situation, however, doesn’t appear to have been satisfactory for any of the parties involved. Regular visits were relatively infrequent, with one source announcing that the doctor would visit St Bathans for only three hours a fortnight (MIC 13/09/1890), and the distance (20 miles from either Naseby or Ophir) involved in responses to injuries and illness is emphasised in contemporary accounts as a likely cause of preventable fatalities (OW 15/12/1892). Simultaneously, the extended workload placed on the respective doctors by the addition of St Bathans to their responsibilities caused difficulties for both the individual practitioners and the patients and subscribers from their own districts. In early 1898, for example, a local Naseby resident raised concerns about the extent of the area covered by their local doctor, Dr Church, after the latter was unable to immediately attend to an urgent case in Naseby due to the fact that he was in Cambrians. In response to this, Dr Church is reported to have been ‘anxious for the

settlement of a doctor in the St Bathans part of the district’ (MIC 21/01/1898), indicating the procurement of a resident practitioner for St Bathans was a priority, not only for the inhabitants of that town, but also for the wider districts from which they were otherwise forced to obtain medical attention.

Alternative Forms of Health Care Neighbouring and resident doctors, however, were not the only health care providers operating in the St Bathans district. Various accounts indicate that when necessary, residents of the town relied on the services of William Pyle, the local storekeeper, Justice of the Peace, pharmacist and occasional ‘unofficial’ provider of medical care (Figure 8). He is only mentioned in the role of the latter when there was no doctor in St Bathans, although he served as the local pharmacist continuously from 1887 onwards (OW 09/09/1887, p. 10, 23/08/1894, p. 23; ODT 11/10/1887). From the few descriptions available, he appears to have acted as an emergency physician in those instances when immediate attention was required, including stitching up head wounds (OW 29/07/1893, p. 22) and carrying out intermediary measures for cases that were then transferred to neighbouring doctors or the Naseby Hospital (MIC 29/07/1897, 22/01/1898, 04/02/1898).

Newspaper records also provide evidence for visiting dentists from Mosgiel (MIC 17/09/1915) and Dunedin (MIC 01/11/1890), as well as one account of a resident ‘nurse and midwife’, described as an elderly lady ‘known over a large area of the district’ (OW 6/06/1895, p. 22). It is not known when the latter began or ceased working in the St Bathans area, nor exactly how she operated in relation to the various doctors or the cottage hospital: given the nature of her work, it is unsurprising that very little information could be found in the public record. Her presence, however, is one possible explanation for the lack of entries regarding births in the records from the Naseby Hospital (see section on health concerns above).

Lastly, self-medication and the application of so-called ‘folk’ or ‘traditional’ remedies for health problems appear to have been an enduring aspect of health care in St Bathans, even when there was a doctor or other medical practitioner available. Although it is likely to have been widespread, very little documentary information exists regarding the specifics of this. One anecdotal account from an elderly woman who had grown up in St Bathans describes the case of an old resident who used to ‘swathe’ his hands in ‘kerosene soaked bandages as a home cure for rheumatism’ until a ‘carelessly lit pipe…nearly cured [it] for all time’ (McLeod, B. n.d.). She goes on to say that; on the whole, people didn’t see the doctor much as patients since:

‘We were a healthy lot and people treated themselves. If there was an epidemic, people would burn sulphur on a fire shovel and carry it through the house. They did that at the school too. The fumes were supposed to cleanse the air. And then there was treacle and sulphur mixed up on a spoon. A dose of that was supposed to cure anything.’ (McLeod, B., n.d.)

Such a sentiment is particularly interesting in this context as it is seemingly at odds with the evident determination of the local St Bathans community to acquire their own resident medical professional, particularly after the establishment of the cottage hospital. The implications of this contrast are discussed further in Chapter 7.

Figure 8: William Pyle, resident storekeepers, Justice of the Peace, pharmacist and occasional medico (Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1905).

The Cottage Hospital On May 21st, 1890, the Medical Aid Club presented a petition to the then Central Otago Hospital Board, requesting that a cottage or ‘branch’ hospital be established in the district. The petitioners cited their isolation from medical care, particularly during the winter months, ‘a distance which in the knowledge of your petitioners has caused the loss of several valuable lives’, as well as their ‘large’ contribution to the Board in the form of the county revenue (MIC 29/05/1890). The petition, presented by William Burnett, then Chairman of the Medical Aid Club and member of the COHB, carried four hundred signatures from residents around St Bathans including, it is suspected, both members and non-members of the club. The Board appear to have been largely in favour of the idea, although there was some concern expressed about how it would operate in accordance with potential changes to the Charitable Aid Act being debated in Government at the time (MIC 29/05/1890). There seems to have been some debate on the proposed location of the cottage hospital (MIC 20/07/1890, 17/07/1890) and concerns that it would interfere with the larger hospitals in the district, including some territorial objections sent in from Naseby (MIC 10/07/1890). Contention regarding the location of the resident doctor for the district continued in later years with arguments about the centrality of St Bathans in relation to the other settlements affected (MIC 23/07/1897, 21/09/1897; OW 23/09/1897, p. 25). Nevertheless, despite these concerns, and the looming changes to the Charitable Aid Act, it was resolved by the Board in July 1890 that:

“Provided that the petitioners of the districts of St Bathans and Ophir make provision for the erection of the cottage hospitals, and contribute to this Board the sum of £80 per annum for each hospital, the Board will undertake the management of the same, provided the cost thereof to the Board does not exceed £160 per annum for each hospital” (MIC 10/07/1890).

Further progress on the issue doesn’t seem to have been made until two months later when the St Bathans Medical Aid Club gathered to discuss developments and begin canvassing for subscriptions, which would then be subsidised by the Board with 24s, or £1 and 1/5, for every £1 raised (MIC 18/09/1890). An advertisement for a resident medical practitioner followed within a week, placed by the ‘St Bathans Cottage Hospital Committee’ and offering ‘a subsidy of £150 per annum guaranteed, with outside practice’ (ODT 23/09/1890). The successful applicant, Dr Maclachlan, was available for consultations at ‘his residence’ no more than three months later

(MIC 11/12/1890). Other than this reference to the doctor’s residence, there is no mention of the cottage hospital itself until May 1891, almost exactly a year after the initial petition was placed before the COHB, when it is described as a ‘small cottage…fitted up in a temporary way and called a cottage hospital’ (OW 7/05/1891).

The hospital was subsequently forced to close only two years after its establishment, when the Medical Aid Club was unable to find a replacement for Dr Maclachlan, despite a declaration in the Otago Witness that ‘the inhabitants here will have nothing short of a doctor residing in St Bathans’ (OW 08/09/1892, p. 21). The hospital remained out of operation until April 1898 when the Medical Aid Club, in concert with the newly established Oddfellows Lodge and Dr Church of Naseby, secured the services of the then resident house surgeon for the Dunedin Hospital, Dr Stenhouse. Interestingly, although the St Bathans residents are known to have been involved in the recruitment of Dr Stenhouse (MIC 28/01/1898), newspaper records suggest that the impetus for his appointment came from nearby Cambrian and the Oddfellows, from whose reports in the Mt Ida Chronicle a sense of ‘ownership’ of the doctor is projected (MIC 01/04/1898). This, however, may be as much a reflection of the higher frequency and proportion of reports on the issue received from Cambrian at the time as it is an accurate representation of the situation. Certainly, by June 1898, Dr Stenhouse’s association with the St Bathans cottage hospital had been cemented through the renewal of the original agreement with the Central Otago Hospital Board and continuation of the subscription payments from the district (MIC 24/06/1898).

The initial hospital building is reported to have cost the Medical Aid Club £250 and comprised a six roomed cottage made from mud brick which functioned as both a domestic residence and a venue for the consultation and overnight treatment of patients (OW 07/05/1891, 08/091892) (Figure 9). There is little information available on the use of the space within the building in the first few years, particularly whether or not there was any division between medical and domestic areas of use. However, given the above description of the cottage hospital and an accompanying remark hoping that ‘the doctor will get the side hospital he wants, and that fitted up in a proper manner’ (OW 07/05/1891), it seems apparent that the initial building was more cottage than hospital.

This changed following the reopening of the hospital in 1898, when a ward room was added through the combined efforts of the resident doctor, the Oddfellows Lodge and the Medical Aid Club (OW 25/08/1898, 29/12/1898, 16/03/1899, 4/05/1899; MIC 29/10/1898, 05/05/1899,

02/16/1899). Like the rest of the hospital building, the ward room was made of sun dried brick, measuring 21ft (6.4m) by 14ft (4.26m) (OW 25/08/1898) and extended off the eastern side of the original structure, ‘convenient to the doctor’s surgery’. It was reported to have the capacity for three to six patients (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977) and may also have functioned as an operating ward (OW 25/08/1898). Newspaper reports indicate that it was used frequently for patients with a variety of ailments, some of whom remained in the ward for stays of up to fourteen weeks (OW 16/11/1899, 19/09/1900, 14/11/1900). The precise location of the surgery, on the other hand, is unclear from historic records: accounts of surgical operations undertaken prior to the construction of the ward indicate that it was part of the original building, but this may have changed with the addition of the ward room (MIC 29/07/1898). A dispensary is also mentioned in one source (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977, p. 12), but there is no other evidence to suggest where or when it might have been located.

Figure 9: The Cottage Hospital in 1905, with the ward room visible on the left of the building (OW 1/03/1905, p. 44)

Following the initial process of establishment, the St Bathans Medical Aid Club continued to be more or less responsible at a local level for the on-going management of the cottage hospital, particularly its finances, reporting in turn to the Central Otago Hospital Board and subsequent Maniototo Hospital Board. Although the doctor and hospital were explicitly stated to be under the control and management of the Board in the original agreement (MIC 10/07/1890, see above), most of the day to day running of the institution was dealt with by the Medical Aid Club Committee (also referred to as the Cottage Hospital Committee/Board of Management) and, where necessary, public meetings with the residents of the St Bathans district (MIC 21/05/1891; 15/10/1891; 22/10/1891;OW 18/11/1903). As they had prior to the construction of the cottage

hospital, the Medical Aid Club committee remained responsible for the collection of subscriptions, which were paid in quarterly instalments to the COHB for the provision of the doctor’s salary (MIC 20/06/1902, 09/06/1905). They also held fundraising events, such as concerts and ‘dramatic entertainments’, to cover additional expenses associated with the maintenance and upgrading of the hospital itself. Both the ward room and its furnishings were paid for through a fundraising concert held in combination with the Oddfellows Lodge (OW 04/05/1899; MIC 05/05/1899, 16/06/1899), an event which was repeated the following year in aid of the hospital (MIC 01/06/1900) and included songs performed by the current doctor, Dr Stenhouse (OW 14/06/1900).

It is worth noting, however, that furnishing of the hospital and requisite equipment, for example only seems to have been provided by the Medical Aid Club after the ward room was built (OW 16/03/1899). Early records indicate that at first, the resident doctor was responsible for providing his own equipment or ‘everything necessary for the hospital’ out of his salary (MIC 21/05/1891), a marked contrast with the furnishing of the new addition in 1898 and an account in 1903 which reports the Medical Aid Club having spent £12 ‘on the further equipment of the hospital ward, most of the goods being imported direct from London to St. Bathans’ (OW 18/11/1903).

The Club also faced some difficulty in the early years collecting the sum (£80) required on their part to pay the doctor’s salary. The first practitioner at the hospital, Dr Maclachlan, only commanded a salary of £160 (advertised at £150), with £10 pounds of that allocated to hospital expenses (MIC 21/05/1891), yet the Club were still forced to re-canvas the district in order to find the funds to retain him for a second year (MIC 15/10/1891, 22/10/1891). Although successful in that instance, the subsequent closure of the hospital (see following section) for four years (1892- 1898) seems to have stemmed as much from a struggle to raise the necessary funds as trouble finding a replacement doctor. Concerns about funding were so omnipresent at times that in 1902 the St Bathans correspondent to the Mt Ida Chronicle wrote to urge against attempts to find a doctor for Ophir as ‘probably neither division of the old district will be financially able to retain the services of a good practitioner’ (MIC 19/12/1902). These appear to have been somewhat exaggerated, as Ophir and St Bathans managed to support a doctor each in the following years, the latter with an increased salary (Table 5). In 1909, the Medical Aid Club even had sufficient funds to allow the payment of a bonus of 25 sovereigns to Dr Bagley, the resident practitioner at the time (MIC 31/12/1909). However, this seems to have been an isolated instance of surplus: the

financial situation appears to have remained an enduring concern for the cottage hospital throughout its operation.

Table 5: Chronological summary of changes in subscription and subsidy paid to the COHB and salary paid to St Bathans doctor, drawn from COHB annual meetings and balance sheets (see Appendix 1.5). Other known transactions have been excluded.

Year Salary Subscriptions Subsidy Total Balance 1890-1892 £160 0s 0d1 £80 0s 0d 1 1/5 £96 0s 0d £176 £16 June 1898 £160 0s 0d £80 0s 0d 1 1/5 £96 0s 0d £176 £16 June 1899 £200 0s 0d £100 0s 0d 1 1/5 £120 0s 0d £220 £20 June 1902 £200 0s 0d £100 0s 0d 1 1/5 £120 0s 0d £220 £20 July 1904 £250 0s 0d ? ? ? ? June 1905 £250 0s 0d £125 0s 0d2 1 1/5 £150 0s 0d £175 £25 Sept 1907 £250 0s 0d ? ? ? ? ending 31/03/1909 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 ending 31/03/1910 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d3 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 ending 31/03/1911 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 ending 31/03/1912 £362 10s 0d4 £164 18s 3d 1 1/5 £197 17s 10d £362 16s 1d £0 6s 1d ending 31/03/1914 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 ending 31/03/1915 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 ending 31/03/1917 £250 0s 0d £113 13s 0d 1 1/5 £136 7s 0d £250 £0 Note: italics indicate estimated, not recorded, amount 1 advertised at £150 2 initially only quarterly sum of £28 8s 3d paid (eq. £113 13s 0d p.a.), increased to £31 5s 0d (eq. £125 p.a.) as per ‘original agreement (MIC 09/06/1905) 3 also reported as £113 12s 11d, missing 1d from usual amount 4 reported in correspondence as increase to £400 but annual balance sheet only shows expenditure of £362 10s 0d

Doctors A total of seven doctors are known to have resided at the cottage hospital during the thirty years it was in operation, in addition to another four who acted as locum tenens on various occasions when the regular practitioner was absent (Table 6). They ranged from newly graduated doctors to experienced practitioners and brought a variety of professional and social skills to the St Bathans community.

Dr Maclachlan (b. 1842), the first doctor to take up the post at the cottage hospital, (Figure 10) was a graduate of Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities who had served in the Mediterranean, Bombay and Jamaica as part of the 74th Highlanders prior to his arrival in New Zealand in 1877 (Clyclopedia of New Zealand 1902). He began practice in St Bathans in December 1890 (MIC 11/12/1890) and remained in the area until September 1892 when he took up a position in Huntly (OW 08/09/1890, p. 21). He brought with him his wife and daughter, the only child known in any

certainty to have resided at the cottage hospital, and by all accounts the family was well regarded socially and professionally (OW 08/09/1892). The doctor was ‘highly spoken of in his professional capacity’ (MIC 15/10/1891) as well as engaging in the social life of the community (he gave recitations) (OW 14/04/1891).

Table 6: The cottage hospital doctors and their qualifications.

Year Doctor Qualification 1890-1892 Dr Hugh Kennedy Maclachlan LRCP (Edinburgh), LLB (Glasgow) 1898-1902 Dr Andrew Stenhouse MA, MB, ChB (Otago) 1898 Dr Gibson ? 1902 Dr Bett ? 1902-1906 Dr James Brugh MB, ChB, LRCS (Edinburgh) 1903 Dr Lilly/Lillie MB, ChB (Unknown) 1906-1907 Dr William Todd ? 1907-1912 Dr Richard Amour Bagley MB, ChB (Otago) 1912-1919 Dr Vincent D. Griffen LRCPE (Edinburgh), MB, ChB(Otago) 1917-1918 Dr Geo Byres ? 1920 Dr Ross Collier ? Note: LRCP. – Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians; LRCS– Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons; LRCPE – Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh; LLB – Bachelor of Law (Legum Baccalaureus); MA – Master of Arts; MB – Bachelor of Medicine (Medicinae Baccalaureus); ChB – Bachelor of Surgery (Baccalaureus Chirurgiae)

After Dr Maclachlan’s departure for the North Island the doors of the hospital were closed for four years, until the appointment of Dr Andrew Stenhouse in 1898. Dr Stenhouse, who was the house surgeon for the Dunedin Hospital from 1896 -1898, was described as an ‘Otago man’ who had studied at university in Dunedin (MIC 29/07/1898). Prior to his settlement in the district, he had assisted in surgical operations at the Naseby Hospital at the request of Dr Church (MIC 14/01/1898) and it seems that his recruitment to the position at the St Bathans cottage hospital was undertaken over a period of some months by both Dr Church (MIC 28/01/1898) and the local Oddfellows Lodge at Cambrian (MIC 23/07/1897, 08/10/1897, 01/04/1898), who were vocal in their calls for a resident practitioner. Dr Stenhouse was an active member of the lodge, for whom he provided subsidised medical care in his role as lodge medical officer (MIC 29/04/1898).

Dr Stenhouse remained in St Bathans for four years, during which time he became known for his surgical prowess, efficiency, and ‘unfailing attention to the sick and disabled’ (OW 23/07/1902, p. 35). The ward room, added during his tenure there, was built to the requirements he put forward after a successful, but difficult, operation undertaken at the hospital with Dr Church indicated to the Medical Aid Committee ‘the need of an operating ward for the doctor’ (OW 25/08/1898, p.

30). He maintained a close working relationship with Dr Church and his successor at Naseby, Dr Macknight, with whom he established and taught a branch of St Johns Ambulance in St Bathans (MIC 29/06/1900, 06/07/1900, 21/12/1900). He also filled the role of Public Vaccinator to the district from 1901 (OW 17/04/1900) and acted as post-mortem examiner on at least one occasion (MIC 07/03/1902). A brief absence at the end of 1898, during which the doctor got married (OW 12/01/1899, p. 29), was covered by a Dr Gibson, who was also highly spoken of, although little else is known about him (OW 29/12/1898, p. 25).

Figure 10: Photo of Dr Hugh Kennedy Maclachlan (Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1902).

Dr Stenhouse was briefly replaced by a Dr Bett in September 1902 when he resigned suddenly and took up a post in Balclutha (OW 23/07/1902, p. 35). Dr Bett remained in St Bathans for three months, after which he moved to relieve Dr Church at Naseby (MIC 31/10/1902). He was, in turn, replaced by Dr James Brugh, who was at the time assistant doctor at the Masterton Hospital (Bush Advocate 11/10/1902, p. 3). Dr Brugh was one of four applicants to the position at the cottage hospital, the only recorded instance in which multiple applications are noted, in marked contrast to the dearth of applicants in earlier and later years (OW 08/10/1902). He held qualifications from Edinburgh (see table) and returned to England for six months soon after his arrival in St Bathans in order to continue his education and ‘learn more of his profession’ in London’s hospitals (OW

25/03/1903). Dr Lilly, who later replaced Dr Macknight at Naseby Hospital (MIC 6/04/1909), acted as locum tenens for the cottage hospital during his absence.

Following his return to the district in November 1903, Dr Brugh and his wife remained in St Bathans until September 1906 (OW 05/09/1906). He had resigned earlier, in 1904 (MIC 28/10/1904), but had subsequently withdrawn his resignation a few months later (OW 25/01/1905): it is possible that this may have had something to do with the lack of applications for the position during those months (OW 25/01/1905). As with his predecessors, Dr Brugh was highly valued by the St Bathans community and wider district, socially and professionally. He appears to have had a good working relationship with Dr Macknight, with whom he performed surgical operations at the cottage hospital, as well as a professional discourse with Dr Colquhoun, of Dunedin Hospital (Brugh & Colquhoun 1906). He was also particularly active in the local athletics club and was described as a ‘sociable gentleman’ with a ‘keen appreciation of humour’ (MIC 07/09/1906). Following his departure in September 1906 the position of resident doctor was filled for a short time by a Dr William Todd, of Invercargill (OW 05/09/1906). It is not clear exactly when Dr Todd left the district, but by April 1907 both the Otago Witness and Mt Ida Chronicle reported the appointment of a Dr Bagley to the St Bathans cottage hospital (OW 24/04/1907; MIC 26/04/1907).

Dr Richard Amour Bagley, grandson of local Dunedin chemist Benjamin Bagley, arrived in St Bathans as a recent graduate of the Dunedin Medical School (Auckland Star 28/01/1907, p. 5) and remained until February 1913 (MIC 03/07/1913). He is reported to have resigned for a brief period in early 1911 (MIC 10/02/1911), to be replaced by Dr Hugh Barr (MIC 13/04/1911), but was reappointed to the position three months later at an increased salary (MIC 16/06/1911). Dr Bagley proved to be a popular addition to the St Bathans community, evident from the framed testimonial presented to him upon his (first) resignation in 1911 (now hanging in the Vulcan Hotel, St Bathans). Again, like his predecessors, this popularity was both socially and professionally derived: he appears to have been valued as much for his talent as pianist and willingness to ‘assist in any public movement’ as for his ‘professional skill and assiduity’ (MIC 28/04/1911). He was also an avid motorist and the first recorded doctor in St Bathans to have had use of a car, claiming that it was ‘absolutely necessary equipment for a country doctor now-a-days’ (MIC 28/04/1911). There is no record to suggest that he was married or had children during his time in St Bathans.

The use of a car to answer medical calls throughout the district was continued by Dr Bagley’s successor, Dr Vincent D. Griffen, of Riversdale (MIC 24/01/1913, 05/11/1915), who arrived in St Bathans in March 1913 (MIC 15/08/1915). Dr Griffen, who was also a member of the Athletics Club during his time at the cottage hospital, was trained in both Edinburgh and New Zealand, the latter after he had left St Bathans, in 1919 (MIC 14/02/1919, 17/03/1919). He also served in the New Zealand Medical Core during WW1, from 1917 – 1918 (MIC 19/10/1917). His call up to military service during the war was an issue of contention for the Medical Aid Club, who wrote to Dr Valintine, the Inspector-General of Hospitals in New Zealand at the time, requesting that he be excepted from service until a successor was appointed (MIC 10/08/1917, Letters between Maniototo Hospital Board, St Bathans Medical Aid Club and Department of Public Health 1917, Pyle Family Papers n.d.) This appeal seems to have been made despite an already standing offer from Dr Byres of Waipiata to cover the district (MIC 10/08/1917). It was ultimately unsuccessful, with Inspector Valintine eventually writing to recommend that St Bathans utilise the services of Dr Byres, who subsequently operated as the medical practitioner for the district (and, it is assumed, Waipiata) until Dr Griffen’s return in 1918 (MIC 06/12/1918).

It is unclear exactly who replaced Dr Griffen after his departure in early 1919. Although a ‘medical practitioner, St Bathans’ is mentioned (MIC 11/04/1919), no more information is provided. It is possible that Dr Byres or another neighbouring doctor may have stepped in to fill the post. No further references to the situation are made until late 1920, when the Mt Ida Chronicle notes the appointment of Dr Ross Collier to the ‘St Bathans end of the district’ (MIC 7/12/1920), after which the historical record ceases to discuss the St Bathans cottage hospital at all.

Health Care Practice at the Cottage Hospital The duties of the cottage hospital doctor seem to have encompassed four main categories of medical care: surgical operations, response to accident and emergency, convalescent care and consultation (Table 7). While much of this was undertaken on site at the hospital itself, records indicate that medical practice in St Bathans also involved a significant amount of outpatient care or medical care administered outside the physical bounds of the hospital building.

Sources indicate that medical consultation, for example, was undertaken both at the cottage hospital (MIC 11/12/1890) and through visits to various individuals and localities within the wider district, including a standing arrangement with the Oddfellows Lodge in Cambrians (MIC 15/04/1898)). An advertisement in 1891, shortly after the establishment of the hospital, declared

the availability of the doctor for daily consultation ‘at his residence’ in addition to future arrangements ‘for visiting Cambrians and Blackstone Hill’ (MIC 14/03/1891), and later accounts regularly refer to the doctor travelling outside St Bathans to visit patients (MIC 24/06/1898, 16/09/1910; OW 24/04/1901). There appears to have been a schedule for some of these visits with allocated days for different areas, often set at fortnightly intervals, while others were made in response to specific medical emergencies.

Most of the cases of accident and emergency reported in the historical record seem to have involved the immediate relocation of the doctor to the site of the emergency after which the patient could be removed to the cottage hospital (OW 05/01/1899, 25/03/1903; MIC 07/09/1900), the Naseby hospital (OW 08/04/1903, p. 31), or their home, depending on the degree of severity (MIC 08/04/1904, 13/05/1904). Some accident patients were unable to be conveyed elsewhere due to the severity of their injuries, such as a teenage girl who died in her own home as a consequence of burns so acute she could not be moved, despite the best efforts of the doctor (08/04/1904). In other cases, the injuries suffered from accidents necessitated surgery (OW 08/04/1903), the setting of broken limbs or resulted in a prolonged stay at the hospital to convalesce, particularly if mobility of the patient was limited as a consequence. There are only three documented cases of illness known to have been admitted to the facility for convalescent care, in the form of two pleurisy patients and one with ‘inflammation of the lungs’ (OW 03/08/1899, p. 29, 23/11/1899, p. 34), a number which is likely to have been much higher in reality. Unfortunately, there is very little surviving information regarding how these patients were treated once they had been admitted to the hospital, although there is at least one reference to a nurse (OW 15/06/1904) and patients are known to have remained there stays of up to fourteen weeks (OW 14/11/1900, p. 33). It is probable that the documented rest and general care received while in the hospital comprised as much of the treatment as the application of medical remedies (Cherry, 1992b).

There are also numerous references to the doctor visiting sick patients in their homes, particularly those suffering from so-called epidemic diseases such as measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever and influenza, although, again, it is not known exactly how these were treated (OW 16/11/1898, 16/04/1899; MIC 19/01/1900, 15/06/1917, 11/04/1919). Outpatient visits were also made to patients who had recently been discharged from the cottage hospital but required on-going attention from the doctor (MIC 13/05/1904). There is also evidence for what would now be called palliative care, involving care for those who were suffering from diseases or illnesses that could not be cured, only

eased (MIC 30/10/1903). The best example of this is the case of an elderly woman who contracted bronchitis and, rather than be moved to the cottage hospital, chose to remain and die in her own home, albeit under the care of the doctor (OW 03/08/1899; MIC 04/08/1899).

Table 7: Known medical cases in the St Bathans district involving the St Bathans cottage hospital or resident doctor.

Year Inpatient Outpatient Convalescent Convalescent Accident/Emergency Consultation 1891 Man kicked by horse (U) Boy with head injuries (R) 1892 Respiratory illness (F) 1898 Post-op obstruction of Flesh torn from fingers (PR) bowels (R) Injury from 35ft fall (U) Severe injuries to leg and foot from moving dredge (U) 1899 Concussion (U) Bronchitis (F) Fractured skull from fall of earth (F) Measles and influenza Fractured leg (U) Inflammation of lungs (U) Pleurisy (two) (R) Fractured arm (R) 1900 Fractured leg (R) Head injuries (R) Colds Head injuries (R) Fractured foot (R) 1901 Fractured leg (R) 1902 Colds 1903 Dislocated shoulder, Influenza and Care and transport of paralytic stroke broken ribs (R) meningitis (F) patient (F) Post-op appendicitis (R) Cancer patient (F) Compound fracture in both legs (removed to Naseby for amputation) (F) Broken ankle (R) 1904 Scalp wound and Scalp wound and Broken thigh (removed to Naseby) (R) concussion (R) concussion (R) Dislocated hip (R) Girl with severe burns (F) Broken ribs in 40ft fall (R) 1906 Unknown illness (F) 1909 Almost severed foot, having been run over by train (removed to Naseby )(U) 1910 Internal injuries (U) Pleurisy (F) Set leg fracture (R) Influenza 1912 Tuberculosis Diptheria 1914 Leg fracture (removed to Naseby) (R) 1915 Unknown injury (R) 1917 Dislocated jaw (removed to Naseby) (R) Scarlet fever 1919 Scarlet fever Note: R = recovery, PR = partial recovery, U – unknown fate, F = fatal

The remaining accounts of convalescent care at the hospital relate to patients recovering from surgical operations undertaken there. Only seven cases of this are reported in the historical record

(Table 8), although the surgical capabilities of the facility and its staff are well established (see previous sections). These range from an emergency tracheotomy in 1891 (MIC 07/05/1891) to operations for appendicitis and hernia ruptures in 1903 and 1904, respectively (OW 25/03/1903; MIC 17/06/1904). Nearly all of the operations mentioned were performed in response to an illness or internal complaint rather than physical injury or what would now be considered trauma surgery. Two of the seven recorded instances refer to the use of chloroform as an anaesthetic at the hospital, including one which comments on the application of eucaine, a local anaesthetic, as a substitute (OW 15/06/1904; MIC 17/06/1904). While the other known operations do not mention the use of chloroform, it is the most likely anaesthetic to have been used at this time. The use of eucaine as a substitute also fits with contemporary concerns regarding the use of chloroform, which was responsible for a number of deaths, and developments in the field of local anaesthesia at the tail end of the nineteenth century (Snow, 2006, Malvin, 2007, Calatayud and González, 2003). The use of eucaine at St Bathans appears to have been very successful, with the local correspondent reporting that it ‘is looked upon as a wonderful stride in surgery’ (OW 15/06/1904).

Table 8: List of surgical operations known to have occurred at the St Bathans cottage hospital.

Year Accident/Emergency Illness Note 1891 Tracheotomy for diphtheria (F) 1898 Stitched up wound to Operation for obstruction of bowels (R) Aided by Dr Church jawbone/neck (R) (Naseby) 1903 Operation for appendicitis (R) Aided by Dr Church (Naseby) Operation on elderly woman for internal Aided by Dr Church complaint (F) (Naseby) 1904 Hernia operation using injections of eucaine in Aided by Dr Macknight place of chloroform (R) (Naseby) 1906 Catheter insertion under chloroform for renal Consultation with Dr colic in young boy Bauchop (Ophir) Note: R = recovery, PR = partial recovery, U – unknown fate, F = fatal

The use of chloroform as an anaesthetic in St Bathans is also discussed in a 1906 letter written from Dr Brugh to Dr Colquhoun of Dunedin Hospital, in which he outlines his diagnosis and treatment in the case of an eight year old boy with kidney stones (renal colic). The letter also refers to the prescription of opium and hypodermic injection of morphine and atropine for pain as well as the application of chloroform prior to the insertion of a ‘J. R. catheter’ (Brugh 1906). Atropine was first refined in 1833 and was used as an anticholinergic and antispasmodic, often in conjunction with anaesthetics and opiates.

Not only does Dr Brugh’s letter provide the only surviving documentary evidence for some of these medicines at the cottage hospital, it also offers the most detailed account of the way in which the doctor carried out his duties, from diagnosis to treatment to possible methods of preventative medicine in the future. The description of the initial symptoms includes references to clinical methods of diagnosis in the form of palpation (physical examination by touch), percussion (used to assess condition of abdomen, among other things, by tapping on surface) and thermometry (Porter, 1997, p. 256, 341-7). Interestingly, the diagnostic process detailed in the letter doesn’t end with the treatment of the symptoms. Dr Brugh continues with a request to Dr Colquhoun for analysis of a urine sample taken from the patient, which he had sent to Dunedin as he had ‘not the advantages of a laboratory near me and… cannot make much of it by ordinary methods’ (Brugh 1906). He also appeals for advice on preventative measures that could be used in future, suggesting an approach which was targeted as much towards the disease as the symptoms.

Closure It remains unclear from the historical record exactly when the St Bathans cottage hospital closed its doors. Dr Collier’s appointment to the position of resident medical officer in late 1920 is the last known report regarding health care provision in the town in the local newspapers, although this may be a reflection of the sources as much as the circumstances. The Mt Ida Chronicle and St Bathans Weekly News became just the Mt Ida Chronicle in 1919, indicating a shift away from reporting events in the St Bathans district (MIC 04/06/1919). However, a former resident of the town also noted that the hospital was no longer functioning during her childhood in the 1920s (Smith, 2011), suggesting that it must have closed within a few years of the appointment of Dr Collier. This lack of documentary evidence regarding the closure of the hospital is one of the questions for which it was hoped the archaeology might be able to provide an answer. This and other questions raised by the historic record, such as the kinds of medicine utilised at the hospital and the relationship between the medical and domestic aspects of the institution, are addressed in the following chapters.

CHAPTER FOUR: EXCAVATION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

Cottage Hospital Excavation The site of the St Bathans cottage hospital (H41/170) (Figure 11) was first recorded through the New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme in 2009, following an archaeological assessment undertaken by Angela Middleton on behalf of the owners of the extant cottage hospital building (Figure 12) and surrounding section (Middleton 2009). The proposed construction of a retaining wall at the rear of the building led to further assessment and excavation under the Historic Places Act 1993 and Resource Management Act 1991.

Figure 11: Map of archaeological sites recorded in St Bathans and its immediate surroundings. The site of the Cottage Hospital (HA/170) is circled in red.

The initial assessment recorded the ‘profiled remains of a rubbish pit’ exposed in the bank behind the outbuilding (Figure 13), in addition to the historic characteristics of the cottage hospital building. The latter consists of a ‘mud brick building in the layout typical of a nineteenth century villa’ (Middleton 2009), with most of the original structure still present, although the 1898 ward room has been demolished and is now only evident through the surface remnants of its foundations, to the south of the verandah (Figure 14). The ward room appears to have been inaccessible from the interior of the original building, with the only the remnants of a door into the verandah visible in the connecting wall. Inside, the building is laid out with a central hallway, off which the other rooms open, in addition to a lean-to at the rear of the house (in which the kitchen and bathroom are now located). At the time of assessment, the latter had been recently rebuilt and restored to its original mud brick façade. The possibility of archaeological features other than the visible rubbish pit was noted, particularly in the dirt bank behind the house, but investigation of this was determined to be beyond the scope of the archaeological assessment, subsequent authority and excavation.

Excavation of the ‘rubbish pit’ feature was undertaken in September 2009 by Angela Middleton and Ian Smith (Smith, 2011), after the issuing of an archaeological authority (NZHPT Authority 2009/218). The excavation followed established archaeological protocols: the exposed portion of the feature was photographed and drawn in profile before the associated area on the sloping ground above the scarp was laid out for excavation. This was turfed by spade before being excavated by hand trowel following standard stratigraphic procedures. The feature was initially partially sectioned in order to draw up a profile (Figure 15) before being fully emptied and drawn to plan (Figure 16). Most of the cultural material was recovered by hand, although a sample of fill from each context was sieved ‘to confirm that complete recovery was being achieved’ (Smith 2011). Following excavation, the feature was, at the request of the owners, filled in. Further site visits were made in 2012, by which time the retaining wall had been constructed, effectively containing and protecting the cesspit in situ (Figure 17).

Figure 12: The St Bathans Cottage Hospital building in 2010.

Figure 13: Plan of the St Bathans cottage hospital site, showing the location of the excavated cesspit in relation to the extant building.

Figure 14: The surviving foundations of the ward room

Figure 15: Stratigraphic profile of excavated feature, drawn during excavation.

A B

Figure 16: a) Plan of excavated feature, b) Photo of cesspit after excavation.

Figure 17: Photo of site in May 2012, following construction of retaining wall in front of the excavated feature.

Stratigraphy The cesspit itself was stone lined. predominantly using water-rolled greywacke cobbles from c. 150 – 400mm in length. The pit, as defined by the stacked stone, reached a height of c. 1.4m, ‘except where the upper courses had been breached by cutting of the scarp along its eastern edge’ (Smith 2011). The surrounding soil, into which the pit had originally been dug, comprised a compact yellow-brown clay of a ‘hard and dry’ consistency at the edges of the feature and a more water logged ‘sticky’ consistency at the base of the pit, which sat below the water level. Two yellow stained quartz boulders, one significantly larger than the other, were lodged in the surface of the lower layer.

Initial observations during excavation determined three distinct stratigraphic layers within the cesspit, two of which could be further subdivided (Figure 15) (Smith 2011).

Layer 1 was a grey-brown topsoil which varied from 50 -100mm in depth.

Layer 2 was a brown soil. In its upper 250-300mm (layer 2a) it was loose, silty and contained glass, ceramic and metal artefacts. At the base of this component, covering about half of the pit opening, were decayed remnants of one or more pieces of corrugated iron. The lower 200-350mm (layer 2b) was mottled with patches of rusty orange staining and in places had distinct lenses of yellow brown ash. It also contained glass, ceramic and metal artefacts.

Layer 3 was a grey black soil. The upper 200 – 400mm (layer 3a) was predominantly grey, ashy and contained fewer artefacts than layer 2. The lower 150mm (layer 3b) was darker, contained numerous pieces of charcoal and yielded only a few artefacts. The water table was encountered c. 25mm above the base of the deposit and, consequently, the soil here was very damp.

The excavated feature is most likely to have originally functioned as a cesspit, a common feature of

19th and early 20th century settlements in New Zealand (Hamel, 2004). Other possible identifications, such as a well or water-reservoir, were discounted: it is too shallow to have been a well and lacks the waterproof lining necessary to function as a water reservoir.

Cesspits were typically located beneath an ‘out-house’ building (Butcher and Smith 2010, Hamel 2004), although no evidence for such a structure was found here, and were usually lined with

brick, stone or timber (Carnes-McNaughton and Harper, 2000). Crook and Murray (2004) define them as ‘deep pits dug into the ground, below a small ‘closet’, fitted with a seat or row of seats, to collect waste, until such time as the waste seeps away or can be dug out and relocated off-site” (Crook and Murray, 2004). They were often used as rubbish pits after they ceased to be used as cesspits, although this did not necessarily mean that the original waste contents were completely removed (Warner, 1991, Wheeler, 2000).

It is probable that Layer 3 of the St Bathans cesspit correlates to the original use of the feature while Layers 1 and 2 reflect the deposition of rubbish after it was abandoned. The concentration of charcoal at the base (layer 3b) of the pit supports this, as it was one of the materials commonly used to counter odour and ‘sanitise’ night soil (Crook and Murray, 2004, p. 45), while the distinctly different composition of the layers above indicates that they were deposited separately.

Methods of Artefact Analysis The assemblage excavated from the cesspit feature was initially treated as discrete layers of deposition, corresponding to stratigraphic provenance. The material from each recovered bag was sorted into artefact classes based on material composition and cleaned accordingly. Material classes included glass, ceramic, metal, faunal and other/miscellaneous. With the exception of metal, wooden, and some miscellaneous items, which were dry-brushed, all artefacts were washed with water using a 3.2mm sieve. Fabric items, excluding leather, were carefully soaked in cold water and then dried. Subsequent sorting and analysis of each material class was undertaken according to attributes specific to each class, discussed in individual sections below. Emphasis was initially placed on descriptive characteristics, such as colour, ware, material and form and results recorded in an electronic catalogue.

Items were quantified in keeping with standard archaeological protocols, recording both NISPs (number of identified specimens) and MNV/Is (minimum number of vessels/items) for individual artefacts, in addition to weight and measurements. The artefact assemblage was small enough and varied enough that MNV/Is could often be determined without relying solely on diagnostic counts. In those cases where MNV/I was not immediately apparent from general characteristics, diagnostic elements of each artefact group were counted and the most common element taken as indicative of MNV/I: for example, if there were three bottle tops and four bases, the MNV/I was understood to be four. Measurements were recorded using digital callipers and are provided in

millimetres in the following chapters. A diameter chart was also used for fragments of circular vessels in order to determine original measurement of the complete vessel. Weight was recorded using electronic scales.

All the artefacts recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit were photographed and those photographs cross-referenced with the electronic catalogue. Refitted vessels were photographed before and after the refitting process in order to record all available information.

Ceramic Ceramic fragments were initially sorted by body type and ware, then by glaze and decoration. Where possible, vessels were refitted using PVA glue, a water soluble adhesive, and the number of joins and/or matches recorded. Form was subsequently established from the most complete aspect of a vessel and MNV taken from the largest number of distinct fragments, bases or rims within each material class. Where present, patterns and marks were identified as closely as possible, utilising electronic and documentary resources on ceramic decoration and manufacture (Brooks, 2005a, Godden, 1964, The Potteries, 2005). The vast majority of the information on body type and ware used in this thesis was taken from Alasdair Brooks’ 2005 publication on British Ceramics in Australia and the Otago Archaeological Laboratory Guidelines for Ceramic Vessels (Brooks, 2005a).

The term body type refers here to the material composition and process of manufacture of ceramic vessels. Each typological category is characterised by the clay or material used to form the ceramic and the temperature or technique by which it is fired. In the context of European historical archaeology, there are three main body types: earthenware, porcelain and stoneware, the first two of which are here further divided into coarse and refined earthenware and soft-paste and hard- paste porcelain. Definitions of these terms as they are used in this thesis are largely derived from Brooks (2005a).

The classification of vessel form was, again, based mostly on Brooks (2005a) and Smith (2007), in addition to various archaeological reports and publications dealing with similar material. Initially, an effort was made to avoid those terms with overtly functional associations, such as tea-ware, serving-ware or table-ware. Vessels were instead identified using terms such as plate, saucer, cup or bowl, which, although they have some inherent functional connotations, refer to a variety of established vessel forms (Brooks, 2005b) in both archaeological and non-archaeological literature.

Functional categories were applied to the assemblage after descriptive attributes had been recorded: the methods associated with that analysis are discussed in a separate section below. Finally, decorative techniques, patterns and motifs, and makers marks were recorded and identified where possible, utilising catalogues provided by archaeologists and collectors (Brooks, 2005a, Godden, 1964, The Potteries, 2005). In cases where makers’ marks or decorative patterns could not be identified, they were recorded as such, photographed and described in detail.

Glass The glass assemblage was initially sorted into colour groups and then catalogued according to vessel shape and visible methods of manufacture, following Smith (2004) and the information provided through the Society for Historical Archaeology website (Lindsey, 2011) in addition to other resources (Fike, 1987, Orsman, 1996, Bynum, 2008). Conjoins and matches between fragments of vessels were recorded and vessels temporarily refitted where possible in order to ascertain artefact form to a greater degree of accuracy. A select few glass artefacts were then more permanently refitted using a solution of Paraloid B-72, a ‘general purpose conservation grade acrylic resin’ which can be dissolved using acetone if necessary (H. Williams, personal communication, November 2011). MNV/I was determined from diagnostic portions such as bases and top/rims or fragments distinct from other items in the assemblage and measurements for bottles were taken following the guidelines laid out in Smith (2004). Evidence of manufacture, embossing and any other visible attributes were also recorded and the artefacts photographed.

In regard to colour, note was taken of amethyst and straw tinted discolouration of colourless glass, which indicate the presence of decolorising agents such as manganese dioxide and selenium dioxide/arsenous oxide respectively. The former was commonly used in colourless glass manufacture prior to WWI until it was eventually replaced by the latter, making both characteristics potentially useful dating tools for archaeologists (Lindsey, 2011). However, despite its use as a method by which to sort an assemblage and occasional indication of age (with regard to colourless glass only), glass colour has little to say about the nature of archaeological glass as a whole. Certain colours, such as aqua blue/green and cobalt blue, are often associated with a particular type of vessel (rectangular pharmaceutical bottles and poison bottles, respectively) but are not exclusive and cannot be used as the sole identifying attribute during analysis. With this in mind, colour was recorded and the analysis described and structured according to variables in form and then function.

Artefact form was initially recorded through an overall vessel class, derived from shape, before being identified to more narrow typologies within those classes. ‘Folk’ names were used, where applicable, for the identification and description of vessel form, particularly in regard to bottles (Smith 2004), in addition to purely descriptive terminology when common names were unsuitable. Most of the folk typology used has grown out of knowledge of the original contents and/or function of a set of common vessel types in historic archaeological sites (Lindsey, 2011), but despite their functional basis, they are here used to refer to shape as much as, if not more than, function. While many glass vessels were made with a specific function or product in mind, there are enough examples of vessels which defy ‘form follows function’ identification to necessitate caution in cataloguing according to those assumptions (Lindsey, 2011). To this end, individual attributes of vessel shapes were also recorded, often separated into top glass/middle glass/bottom glass, in order to account for variation within types. Most of the methodology for the analysis of archaeological glass is in reference to bottles and jars: these methods were adapted where necessary for other forms of glass artefact, but were built on similar principles of analysis.

Evidence of manufacture was identified where possible, particularly in the case of the bottles and jars, for which the most information on nineteenth century processes exists. Again, the latter followed the guidelines laid out in Smith (2004) and Lindsey (2011), focusing on the presence/absence of mould marks and seams on vessels. For the remaining glass artefacts, manufacturing information was recorded if apparent, although little information was available on the processes by which such artefacts were made

Metal The metal assemblage was first sorted by material classes, namely copper based/cuprous and iron based/ferrous items. Fragments were then sorted according to the ‘like with like’ principle and identified to form. The identification and definition of material classes was derived from standard archaeological protocols and publications on the analysis of historic metal artefacts (Light, 2000, Watson, 1998). Items were initially divided into the categories of ferrous and non-ferrous, the former referring in this case to all iron-based metals which could not be definitively identified to more specific categories, such as steel. Non-ferrous materials, in the case of this particular assemblage, mainly comprised copper based artefacts, including possible brass items. Alloy metals, such as brass, steel and tin, were only classed as such if they could be definitively identified and separated from cuprous and ferrous items, which is often difficult to do without analysis at a

chemical level (Light, 2000, Logan, 2002). Those artefacts for which more than one material was present were classed as ‘composite’ and the different material components listed.

Items were then classified to form, initially through an overall vessel category, such as fastener, wire, sheet metal, jewellery, container, pipe or fragments, before being narrowed down to an artefact class (for example, nail, peg, locket or can) within which further distinctions could be made under the category of artefact type. As with other material classes, emphasis was initially placed on descriptive attributes rather than function. Any marks or distinctive attributes were recorded and identified as closely as possible. The MNI was taken from diagnostic elements within a particular class or type, depending on how narrowly items could be differentiated. Each artefact was also weighed and appropriate measurements taken.

All metal artefacts recovered were photographed early on in the process of analysis, in light of the high level of deterioration common with metal assemblages. No items could be refitted, but note was made of vessel/fragment matches and the provenance recorded.

Other/Miscellaneous A number of artefacts excavated from the cesspit were unable to be placed within any of the material classes discussed above and were instead classified as other/miscellaneous. These included items made of wood, fabric, paper, cork, lead and composite materials. The latter refers to artefacts for which there appeared to be more than one material used in composition.

Items were, following material identification, placed into a descriptive category and identified to class and type, derived from general attributes and more specific characteristics of form or material composition. Additional descriptors or attributes, including any evidence of manufacture, were recorded where necessary and measurements taken if possible. A variety of resources and approaches were used, given the diversity of artefacts represented, and these are covered, where applicable, in the following chapter.

Fauna Faunal material recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit was washed and dried, before being sorted into shell and bone assemblages. Fragments were then sorted into taxa and identified, where possible, to species and element. Elements were sided and the portion/s recorded, along with any taphonomic marks present on the bone or shell. The latter included evidence of burning, cut marks, gnawing or weathering. Any cut marks identified were specified as cut, sawn or

chopped and an attempt was made to determine the type of gnawing (for example – dog). NISP was recorded, from which an MNE (minimum number of elements) was calculated. The MNE was then used to establish an MNI (minimum number of individuals) using diagnostic elements for each species represented. All the material was weighed and any other distinguishing characteristics noted.

Dating Where possible, artefacts from the assemblage were dated to periods of manufacture or use, using information drawn from the items themselves and available documentary sources. The former included stylistic and functional attributes and evidence of manufacturing techniques, all of which were often popular or in use during a specific period of time. Some artefacts bore printed or embossed marks, delineating a product or manufacturer which could be identified and dated accordingly. Biases in the dating of historical artefacts in the archaeological record have been well covered in published literature (Adams, 2003), including issues with the re-use of items, particularly glass bottles and ceramic wares, and the geographical context in which they are found. Items manufactured in the United Kingdom or the United States of America would, by necessity, have taken time to reach New Zealand, thereby making it unlikely that the earliest date of manufacture corresponds to the earliest date at which those objects could have entered the historical or archaeological record of this country. These issues were taken into account when dating the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage and an attempt made to consider all possible biases in the date ranges provided.

Date ranges for the individual artefacts recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit were then used to determine a terminus ante quem for the assemblage as a whole. A terminus ante quem refers to the earliest possible point at which the artefact assemblage could have been deposited into the archaeological record. As is standard, this was derived from the date range of the youngest (most recently manufactured) artefact/s in the deposit. It is by no means definite: artefacts do not always enter the archaeological record immediately after manufacture or use and the individual date ranges on which a TAQ is based may be relatively non-specific.

Functional Analysis The use of functional categories for the analysis of artefact assemblages has undergone significant debate amongst archaeologists over the last few decades. The use of such categories in historical archaeology initially came to the fore through Stanley South’s famous Method and Theory in

Historical Archaeology (1977) and the development of pattern recognition analysis in the interpretation of archaeological sites. It has since been discussed and adapted by a variety of archaeologists, notably Orser (Orser, 1989) and, in an Australasian context, Alasdair Brooks (2005b) and Mary Casey (2004). Essentially, the functional analysis of material culture refers to the identification and classification of objects according to their past use, usually through the grouping of artefact assemblages into broad and narrow categories such as ‘foodways’, ‘structural’, ‘personal’ (Orser, 1989), or ‘table-ware’, tea-ware’, ‘alcohol’, ‘ornamental’ or ‘cosmetic’ (Cabak et al., 1995). It relies on the assumption that the characteristics of an object are indicative of its use, both of which will be identifiable in the archaeological record. As an interpretive tool, it provides a necessary link between the physical remains of the past (the archaeological record) and the social context in which they existed (the actions and behaviours of people). However, a number of issues have been raised over the years regarding the ‘use and abuse’ (Cabak et al., 1995 p. 62) of functional categories in archaeological analysis, often centred on the potential of this method to decontextualise and oversimplify the archaeological record.

Many of the issues raised concerning South’s original work and later, derivative, studies (Sprague, 1981) are most relevant to the use of functional analyses on large scale assemblages and comparative investigations across multiple sites, particularly those which attempt to illustrate and correlate systematic patterns in artefact typologies and human behaviour. The discussion surrounding this is too vast to be detailed here (see Cabak et al., 1995, Brown, 1990, Orser, 1989, Brooks, 2005b for overviews and perspectives on various sites), but has been claimed to encompass two primary criticisms: the largely processual interpretation of the archaeological record as something that can be systematically and empirically understood and the tendency for functional analysis to decontextualise material culture by placing it into simplistic classification systems. These both seem to come down to the same issue: that by trying to create a system by which archaeologists can interpret the activities of people in the past, functional analysis, used uncritically, has the potential to ignore the social and contextual complexity of that activity and present a biased and overly simplistic view of history.

Although taken into account during the process of analysis, much of the wider debate is peripheral to the use of functional categories on the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage. For example, criticism regarding its application to sites associated with ‘cultures in transition’ (Sprague, 1981) has little relevance to this thesis due largely to the already strong contextual

approach utilised, the nature of the research question and the relatively small size of the assemblage.

Two issues in particular were found to require critical consideration: allowing for contextual ambiguity and the potential polyfunctionality of the objects recovered from the archaeological record, both of which are somewhat interrelated. Polyfunctionality refers to the potential for objects to have had more than one use, including functions for which said objects were not intended, and has been extensively discussed in archaeological literature (Brooks 2005b). Items found in the archaeological record may have been re-used after their primary function was fulfilled or, as is more pertinent for the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage, may have been used in contexts with which they are not normally associated. For example, a teacup, intended as a vessel used in the consumption of tea, often found in a domestic setting, may also have functioned as a food preparation vessel or ornamental object and thus have been used in settings outside of the ‘domestic’ context with which tea drinking would normally be associated. Other items, such as bottles, may have contained material which had more than one use or property: this is particularly true of pharmaceutical remedies and household objects. The placement of an artefact into a functional category, such as ‘teaware’, is based on a single assumed function (usually that for which an object was intended) and thus privileges one use above all others, even when it is likely, or known that the item had multiple uses. Essentially, that categorisation ignores the possibility of further information, creating a typology arbitrarily based on only part of the available data, which in turn affects the interpretation of the assemblage or site, often to the point of oversimplification. It is impossible, using a system like this, to prevent all potential errors and fallible assumptions, but care was taken to minimise this as much as possible during the process of analysis and interpretation.

The St Bathans cottage hospital site is already complicated contextually, by virtue of being both a medical institution and a residential dwelling, neither of which have clearly delineated spatial or social boundaries. It is therefore possible for objects – such as foodways items – ordinarily found in a domestic setting to have been used in the context of the medical function of the hospital building. It is also possible, given that it is not uncommon during archaeological investigations of similar period household sites to find items with a medical or pharmaceutical purpose, that some of the objects from the hospital assemblage associated with the health care may have been used by

the Doctor(s) and family in their domestic life as much, if not more, than in the provision of the official medical care by the hospital as an institution.

With such issues in mind, the functional classification system developed for the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage was formulated to allow for such nuances of context and activity as much as possible, drawing on and adapting other available typologies (Sprague, 1981, Cabak et al., 1995). Items with more than one possible function were categorised according to the most likely possibility in this particular context and discussed in text. Those objects for which a primary function could not be determined from the possible options were categorised as being of ‘uncertain function’ and, again, discussed in text. It was also recognised that some artefacts could not be identified to form, let alone to function, and would have to be considered unclassifiable in functional analysis. Categories were broadly grouped under the rubric of objects and activities associated with the direct provision of health care and those which related to the non-healthcare specific aspects of life at the cottage hospital, although these were not considered to be mutually exclusive.

It is acknowledged that this typology and the underlying dichotomy of medical and non-medical activities potentially limits the amount of information available from the artefact assemblage, particularly in regard to questions unrelated to the provision of health care. As discussed in previous sections, in order to preserve the objectivity of the data as much as possible, functional analysis was separated from the initial cataloguing process, which is also presented separately in the following chapters. The latter was derived from characteristics of form and undertaken using standard historic archaeological classifications, rather than a system adapted to a particular research question. The specific system of functional classification used here was developed to address the objectives of this thesis, which are concerned with the provision and nature of health care at this site. It is hoped that this method both preserved objectivity and allowed for the interpretation of the assemblage with a specific research question in mind.

CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS OF ARTEFACT ANALYSIS

Overview The St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit contained a total of 1752 artefact fragments and 230 faunal specimens. The former included ceramic, glass and metal artefacts, along with various miscellaneous items (Table 9). Glass was by far the most predominant material recovered (49.5% of the total artefact NISP), followed by metal and ceramics (30.8% and 9.9% respectively). Most of the assemblage was found in relatively good condition, with some complete artefacts recovered, although fragmentation and degree of deterioration varied with each material class.

Table 9: Total NISP and MNI of the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage according to material classes.

Material NISP MNI Glass 868 134 Metal 540 123 Ceramic 175 40 Other Artefacts 169 26 Fauna (bone) 215 8 Fauna (shell) 15 2 Total 1982 333

While the material recovered was initially sorted according to stratigraphic provenance, a number of similar glass and ceramic fragments were found throughout the various layers and sub-layers. Further analysis established that many of these could be refitted to form individual vessels (Appendix 3) suggesting that the artefacts found in the cesspit comprised a single assemblage which had been ‘rapidly’ deposited in one event, rather than as a gradual accumulation of material (Middleton, 2009). The possibility that post depositional processes were responsible for the stratigraphic distribution of vessel fragments was considered, but discounted given the number of conjoins and matches found, particularly those which were present in both Layer 2a and Layer 3b (Figure 18and Figure 19). This is a relatively common feature of cess-pit excavations, which often include the initial identification of discrete layers of stratigraphy followed by conjoin analyses indicating that the assemblage was derived from a single event (Crook and Murray, 2004).

Consequently, the material recovered from the St Bathans cesspit was treated as a single analytical unit and the following section discusses the results of the initial artefact analysis according to material and form, rather than stratigraphic or spatial location.

Figure 18: Ceramic joins within stratigraphic layers of cottage hospital cesspit.

Figure 19: Glass joins within stratigraphic layers of cottage hospital cesspit.

Glass A total of 868 glass fragments, comprising 134 individual vessels were identified within in the cesspit assemblage. Seventeen complete vessels were found, in addition to a number of near complete items and fragments which could be refitted to form complete vessels. The presence of broken vessels which could be refitted to form complete items suggests the possibility that they broke on impact or as a result of deposition. Alternatively, the representation of artefacts by a single fragment within the assemblage may suggest breakage prior to deposition, and the disposal of the remaining fragments elsewhere.

The overall condition of the glass assemblage was good, with only a few fragments displaying opalescence (a shimmering patina often found on glass that has been exposed to the elements) (Smith, 2004). A variety of different glass colours were present, the most predominant of which were colourless and light aqua green/blue glass fragments (Appendix 2.1). Within these, eighteen different classes of artefact were identified (Table 10), each of which is discussed separately in the following section.

Table 10: The various artefact classes (derived from form) present within the St Bathans cottage hospital glass assemblage.

Class NISP MNV Ampule 10 9 Bottle 567 99 Dish 2 1 Fragment 55 0 Enema tube 5 1 Jar 23 4 Lamp 106 4 Lens 1 1 Melted glass 1 0 Microscope slide 2 1 Pipette 1 1 Stirring rod? 1 1 Stopper 2 0 Syringe 2 2 Test tube 1 1 Thermometer 1 1 Tube 4 4 Tumbler 1 1 Unidentified 6 1 Window glass 77 2 Total 868 134

Ampules A total of nine glass artefacts were identified as a type of small glass vial known as an ampule. The term encompasses a variety of forms, but those found in the St Bathans assemblage are tubular in shape, with a rounded base, convex shoulder, pinched neck and tapered point seal instead of a finish (Figure 20). All nine items found in the cesspit are made of amber coloured glass, commonly associated with drug containers (Lindsey, 2011). The ampules present vary in size, ranging from c. 11mm to c. 25mm in diameter and c. 75mm to c. 95mm in length. All are incomplete, with the most intact examples still broken at the neck and missing the seal. Five ampoules displayed fine vertical lines on the body, likely to have been a result of the manufacturing process, while one other vessel was partially melted. Unfortunately, given the lack of distinguishing marks and continued use of this type of drug container in the present day, it is impossible to discern when they may have been made, who the manufacturer may have been, or precisely what liquids they may have contained. The latter would have been denoted by paper labels, which are unlikely to survive in the archaeological record.

Figure 20: Types of ampules identified within the cottage hospital assemblage.

Bottles Almost all of the glass artefacts recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit were identified as bottles, most with round or rectangular cross sections (Table 11). A total of 98 vessels were recorded from 560 fragments, an indication of the relatively large number of broken or partially represented vessels within the assemblage. A number of the fragments and complete vessels recovered were embossed with identifiable markings (Appendix 2.2), allowing for further research into the activities represented by the assemblage.

Table 11: Various bottle shapes identified within St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage. Most of these reference Smith 2004. Note that although some are derivative of original contents, such as black beer and schnapps, they refer here to vessel shapes which take their name from commonly associated contents, rather than to the contents themselves.

Cross Section Vessel Form MNV Round beer 2 black beer 2 crown top beer 2 cylindrical vial 7 ring seal wine/beer 2 ring seal wine (small) 1 squat, round c/s (ink bottle) 1 thin tall cylindrical 1 torpedo 1 wide mouth milk bottle 1 wide mouth squat round 1 unidentified round c/s 18 Oval lozenge shaped vial 1 oval c/s pill vial 1 wide mouthed bovril bottle 1 unidentified oval c/s 9 Rectangular rectangular bevelled (pharmaceutical) 5 rectangular panelled (front and sides) 1 rectangular panelled on side 1 rectangular panelled ring on neck 2 rectangular (pharmaceutical) 25 rectangular ring on neck 1 rectangular vial, panelled with ring on neck 1 Square square bevelled (pharmaceutical) 3 square sectioned (schnapps) 1 square sectioned, rectangular panelled, arcing shoulders 2 Hexagonal unidentified hexagonal c/s 1 Octagonal squat octagonal c/s (ink bottle) 1 Unidentified unidentified bottle 4 Total 99

Round Cross Section A large number of bottle shapes recovered from historic archaeological sites in New Zealand (and the rest of the world) are referred to using terms derived from alcoholic contents, with which they are most commonly associated. These include forms such as ‘black beer’, ‘ring seal wine/beer’ and ‘crown top beer’, examples of which, in addition to variations thereof, were found within the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage. Two forest green bottles, both broken, were simply identified as beer bottles, with round cross sections and applied one piece finishes with tapered up lips (Figure 21c &d). Another two machine moulded crown top beers, emerald green and amber brown in colour, were identified from a number of fragments (Figure 21a & b). The latter amber brown example was embossed on the body with THIS REGIS[TERED]... /THE SO... /... ON NEW ZEALAND BR.../ ...CH A DE... within a rectangular frame. It is possible that BR, on the third line, may be the beginning of the word ‘brewery’, suggesting that the bottle did originally contain beer.

Fragments of two black beer bottles ubiquitous in nineteenth century New Zealand sites, were present (Figure 21e), one of which displayed a characteristic bare iron pontil mark while the other was embossed on the base with 15/B. Both were made with dip moulds, as evident from shingling and seams on the body, suggesting an earlier (pre-1900) date of manufacture than other items within the assemblage. The pieces of three green ring seal wine/beer shaped bottles were also recovered, one of which was considerably smaller than the other (Figure 21f).

Two ‘wide mouth’ bottles were identified, consisting of a complete colourless wide mouth milk bottle and fragments of a colourless squat wide mouth bottle, both with round cross sections (Figure 22a). An H is embossed on the base of the wide mouth milk bottle, in addition to III on the heel of the body.

A complete thin cylindrical shaped bottle recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit was embossed with ST JACOBS OIL down the body and L & T on the base (Figure 22b). St Jacob’s Oil bottles are relatively common in nineteenth century archaeological sites and are difficult to date with any specificity. The original contents of this bottle are discussed further in Chapter Six.

The colourless fragments of a single torpedo shaped bottle were also found, embossed with the partial mark ...T. HOT...//NAT... on the body (Figure 22c). Torpedo bottles were commonly used to contain carbonated/aerated soda waters and were in use in England as early as 1809. The Society for Historical Archaeology states that the majority of two piece mould made torpedo

shaped bottles, such as the example from the St Bathans assemblage, date somewhere between the 1870s and 1910s (Lindsey, 2011). Although this is an American-centric estimate, it is likely to be similarly applicable in a New Zealand context.

A number of small bottles were excavated from the cesspit and classified as ‘vials’ due to their size. Seven of these were recorded as ‘cylindrical’ due to their long bodies and round cross sections, including one complete vessel and the fragments of another five (Figure 22e). Notably, despite the similar shape, two of these, including the complete example, were made using two piece moulds with cup bottoms while the other five were made with three piece dip moulds.

An eighth small bottle was classed as a ‘squat round c/s (ink bottle)’ rather than a vial, due to the slightly larger size of the vessel and differences in shape (Figure 23a). Made of colourless glass, with a ring on the heel and shoulder, this particular bottle is also known as a ‘round ink’, ‘cylinder ink’, or ‘round mucilage’ and was made using a two piece mould (Lindsey, 2011).

Finally, a total of nineteen vessels, all incomplete, were unable to be identified to shape beyond ‘round cross section.’ These included a number of embossed fragments, three of which were potentially identifiable to contents and/or manufacturer, and both machine made and moulded examples of manufacturing methods. One of these, an aqua green base embossed with KGB/7745 on the underside with the C intertwined between the K and the B (Figure 23f), was traced to Kilner Bros. Ltd, a glass manufacturing company operating out of West Yorkshire, England, and dated to the tail end of the nineteenth century. Seams on the body indicate the use of a three piece dip mould in the manufacturing process. The other identifiable bottles were comprised of eight amber brown fragments including a base portion with BW & Co/ LONDON embossed on the underside (Figure 23b) and another nine fragments of an amber bottle with MARTIN H SMITH/CHEMISTS/NEW YORK also on the base (Figure 23c). The former may refer to Burroughs Wellcome and Co (see oval sectioned amber vial below), a pharmaceutical company based in the England from the nineteenth century through into the twentieth century. The mark is referenced by Toulouse (1970) as such, although the association is assumed, rather than proven.

The latter example, referring to the Martin H Smith Company, Pharmaceutical Chemists, New York, was identified as originally containing ‘glyco-heroin’ or ‘glykeron’, a combination of glycerin and heroin advertised as a pharmaceutical remedy. The bottle itself, although only the base and some of the body was present in the St Bathans assemblage, would have originally had

“Glyco-Heroin/ ‘SMITH’ embossed on the shoulder and/or a paper label. The method of manufacture for the St Bathans example is unknown, although, given the chronological context, it is possible it was made using a machine mould.

A B C

D E F

Figure 21: A) Machine made crown top beer bottle B) Embossed body fragment from machine made crown top beer bottle C) Unspecified alcohol bottle D) Black beer bottle E) Ring seal wine/beer bottle D) Base fragment of small beer bottle.

B C

D E

Figure 22: A) Wide mouth bottles B) St Jacobs Oil bottle C) Embossed torpedo bottle D) Cylindrical vials made with two piece moulds.

Six fragments of round sectioned bottles with unidentifiable embossed marks were also recovered. A relatively small colourless bottle, also made with a three piece dip mould, bore the mark 4 OZ on the base (Figure 23d). Three more bases, consisting of a machine made aqua green bottle, colourless and cornflower blue vessels of undetermined manufacture, were also embossed on the underside with ...B &..., ....ET.... and 358 respectively. Finally, the letters BR with a large K entwined through them were embossed on a fragment of amethyst tinged colourless glass (Figure 23e).

A B C

F D E

Figure 23: A) Cylinder ink bottle B) Unidentified bottle embossed with BW & Co London on the base C) Martin H Smith bottle recovered from St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit D) Unidentified colourless bottle with 4 OZ embossed on base E) Unidentified round sectioned fragment with K embossed on glass F) Unidentified round sectioned bottle with KCB embossed on base.

Rectangular Cross Section The largest proportion (34 individual items) of the bottle assemblage comprised vessels with rectangular cross sections, many of them but not all of them identifiable as ‘pharmaceutical’ according to bottle typologies (Lindsey, 2011, Smith, 2004). Rectangular sectioned bottles could be

separated into three main types: rectangular bevelled (pharmaceutical), rectangular panelled and simply rectangular (pharmaceutical).

The former implies what is, technically, a polygonal cross section, with bevelling visible on the corners of the vessel or what is known as a ‘blake varient 1’ base section and, commonly, flanged lips on the finish (Smith, 2004, Lindsey, 2011). Five bottles in this form were identified within the cesspit assemblage, including two complete examples, in aqua green, aqua blue and colourless glass (Figure 24a & 24b). None of these were embossed and it is probable that the contents of the bottles were originally denoted through the use of paper labels, unlikely to survive in the archaeological record. The fragments of four rectangular panelled bottles, in aqua green and colourless glass, were also recovered, two of which featured a ring on the neck, identifying them as ‘ball neck panels’ (Figure 24c) (Lindsey, 2011). Of the two other bottles the aqua green example had an A embossed on the base and both were the result of two piece moulds with cup bottoms (Figure 24d).

Notably, most of the rectangular sectioned bottles were without both panelling and bevelled edges, taking the form of what is referred to as ‘oval round cornered blake’ in Smith (2004). A total of twenty four individual vessels were identified, most of these in light aqua green or aqua blue glass, including three complete and fifteen near complete vessels (Figure 25). All of these were made with the use of a two piece mould with cup bottom and, with two exceptions, a banded and tapered up lip, the finishes were flanged.

Seven of the bottle bases were embossed; four with the number 4 and one with the number 8 (Figure 26a), likely referring to a particular batch or mould. Another base fragment was embossed with ...2 PM & Co (Figure 26b), while the seventh example displayed a partial and unidentifiable mark. Only one rectangular sectioned bottle, a complete colourless (amethyst tinged) vessel with a tapered up lip and long neck, was embossed on the body with BARRY’S//TRICOPHEROUS/FOR THE SKIN/AND HAIR//NEW YORK//DIRECTIONS IN THE PHAMPHLET (Figure 26d). Alexander C. Barry started selling his ‘tricopherous’ in New York as a ‘hair raising agent’ during the 1850s (Fike, 1987), but the first mention of the product in New Zealand newspapers (through Paperspast) occurs in an advertisement in the Nelson Evening Mail in 1867 in relation to

B C

Figure 24: A) Rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical bottles B) Rectangular bevelled bottle C) Ball neck panelled bottles found D) Complete rectangular panelled bottle made with two piece mould

Figure 25: A) Complete rectangular pharmaceutical bottles B) Broken rectangular pharmaceutical bottles

A B C

Figure 26: A) Rectangular base embossed with 8 B) Rectangular base embossed with 2 PM & Co C) Rectangular bottle embossed with TRICOPHEROUS FOR THE SKIN AND HAIR on one side and DIRECTIONS IN THE PAMPHLET on the other

‘E. Augustus, Hairdresser and Ornamental Hair worker’ (Nelson Evening Mail 29/03/1867, p. 3). It continued to be sold well into the twentieth century.

Lastly, a small rectangular vial in colourless glass was recovered, with vertical ribbing running down the body, and a ring on the neck. It was not embossed, but was notable for the small brush still present inside the vessel, identifying it as a nail polish bottle (Williams, pers. comm 2011). Nail polish or glaze became popular during the 1920s and 1930s (Auckland Star, 19/02/1920, p. 8; Evening Post 16/06/1930, p. 13) but was in limited use prior to this (Bruce Herald, 13/06/1905, p. 7). The vial was machine made, with an external screw, supporting a twentieth century date of origin (Figure 26c).

Square Cross Section In addition to the rectangular sectioned bottles recovered from the cesspit, six ‘square sectioned’ bottles were found, four of which were classed as ‘square bevelled (pharmaceutical)’ in addition to a complete schnapps bottle and a single amber brown panelled bottle. The latter was complete and embossed with KEROL on two sides of the body, identified as a disinfectant made by the British company Quibell Bros Ltd (Figure 27a) (Poverty Bay Herald 23/06/1909, p. 8). The bottle was made using a two piece mould with a straight/flat lip and cup bottom.

The four square bevelled bottles recovered consisted of two near complete vessels in light aqua green glass, embossed on the body with B. BAGLEY & SON/CHEMISTS/DUNEDIN (Figure 27b); a near complete colourless bottle displaying R. CONN/DRUGGISTS/DUNEDIN/N. Z. embossed on one panel (Figure 27c) and the top of an amber brown bottle with a partially visible frame embossed on the body (Figure 27d).

B. Bagley and Son refers to a Dunedin druggists established in 1862 and located on George St, opposite Ford and Healy at number 121 (New Zealand Tablet, 20/11/1891, p. 13; Otago Daily Times, 5/02/1875, p. 4). An end date for the operation of the business is not known, but both bottles found in the cottage hospital assemblage were made using a two piece mould with cup bottom and flanged finishes, suggesting a nineteenth century date of manufacture.

The R. Conn bottle was also made using a two piece mould and features the symbol of a mortar and pestle and integrated R/C embossed on the panel, in addition to WTO/R or B/USA on the base. The latter refers to Whitall, Tatum and Company (originally the ‘Glasstown’ plant, New Jersey), an American glass manufacturing company who operated from 1857 until 1938, when

they were taken over by the Armstrong Cork Glass Company. According to Bernard Orsman, Whitall Tatum & Co supplied more ‘prescription’ bottles to New Zealand than any other manufacturer and are identifiable through the mortar and pestle symbol embossed on the glass (Orsman, 1996). Contrastingly, there is very little information available on R. Conn, Druggist. An R. Conn, Dunedin, is mentioned in the list of examination passes made by the Pharmacy Board in the Evening Post in 1910 (The Evening Post , 14/11/1910, p. 2) . This may have been the same person, but if so, it leaves a significant chronological gap between the suggested date of manufacture for the bottle and likely date of operation for the contents manufacturer. It is possible, given the state of nineteenth century drug dispensing, that R. Conn may have been in business prior to passing any kind of examination. Alternatively, the R. Conn mentioned in the Evening Post may refer to a son or relative of the original proprietor. This particular bottle is most likely to have been made between 1880 and 1901.

A complete colourless schnapps shaped bottle, characterised by a square cross section and panelled sides was also identified. Seams present on the bottle indicate that it was manufactured using a two piece mould with cup bottom and finished by hand, a common method of manufacture during the nineteenth century.

Oval Cross Section ‘Oval’ can be a misleading term in regard to bottle shapes, particularly when it comes to base cross sections. The term ‘oval (round corned blake)’, for example, is used to refer to a base cross section shape which is essentially rectangular and is often an attribute of the so-called ‘rectangular pharmaceutical’ bottle shape (included in the above section on rectangular bottles). In regard to the twelve oval sectioned vessels found in the cottage hospital cesspit, the term is used to describe an elongated shape with at least two curved sides. These included two vials, a Bovril bottle, a complete vessel in aqua blue glass, near complete examples in aqua blue (medium), amber (medium), colourless and aqua green (light) glass, in addition to fragments of another bottles in colourless and amber (medium) glass.

Both of the oval vials recovered were embossed. An unusual ‘lozenge’ shaped vial in colourless glass, embossed with 3324 on the base and ...RSCALL... on the body was found with the metal screw cap still attached and identified as machine made. Unfortunately, the contents and manufacturer could not be identified from the partial mark. On the other hand, the second embossed vial (oval cross section), dark amber brown in colour, and bearing the words

WELLCOME/CHEMIWORKS imprinted around the number 100 on the base was identifiable (Figure 27f). The bottle is similar in form to medicinal vials sold in the modern world and was most likely to have been a product of Burroughs Wellcome & Co (now the Wellcome Trust), a pharmaceutical company founded in London in 1880 by Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs (Bailey, 2008). The vial found in the St Bathans assemblage was made using a two piece mould with cup bottom and applied one piece finish, suggesting a pre-1900 date of manufacture.

A third small oval sectioned bottle, in amber glass, was machine made, with a ‘handy’ type cross section (Smith, 2004) and is embossed with H/I on the base and 2 OZ/BOVRIL/LIMITED on the body (Figure 27g). Bovril is a beef and vegetable extract which first originated in 1871 with a contract to supply canned beef to Napoleon’s starving army in 1871. The contract was won by a Scotsman, John Lawson Johnston, who created ‘Johnston’s Fluid Beef’, renamed Bovril in 1886 (Unilever UK, 2011). The Bovril Company was subsequently formed in 1889 and the product appears to have been popular throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century, now owned by Unilever UK. The machine made characteristic of this particular bottle indicates a twentieth century date of manufacture.

The complete aqua blue bottle has POSIONOUS NOT TO BE TAKEN embossed on the body, surrounded by vertical ribbing on either side (Figure 28a). Manufacturing marks indicate the bottle was made using a two piece mould with a cup bottom and square flanged lip.

Another five of the oval sectioned bottles were embossed. A colourless base fragment displayed the partial mark N/L?.../A... on the underside but had no other distinguishing features. Three incomplete aqua blue bottles had Y C Co inside an irregular hexagon embossed on the base and bore the words JAMES REID/CHEMIST/DUNEDIN on the body (Figure 28b), in addition to a near complete aqua green bottle with 7033 and a trident symbol on the base and KRUSES PRIZE MEDAL MAGNESIA on the body (Figure 28c). James Reid was a Dunedin pharmacist, who ran the Central Pharmacy until 1898, when it was purchased by James Waters (Orsman, 1996) (Otago Daily Times , 19/08/1898, p. 2). It is unclear when Reid began operations in Dunedin, although he is mentioned in a public notice in 1888, in association with other Dunedin chemists and druggists (Otago Daily Times, 28/04/1888, p. 3). Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia, on the other hand, is a relatively common artefact found in historic era sites in New Zealand and Australia. It was

A B

C D

E F G

Figure 27: A) Kerol bottle, B) B. Bagley and Sons pharmaceutical bottles C) R. Conn pharmaceutical bottle, D) Partially embossed square bottle E) embossed lozenge shaped oval vial F) Wellcome Chemworks oval vial G) Bovril bottle. 84

initially created by Johann August Kruse, a German pharmacist who became particularly prominent in Victoria, Australia from the 1850s onwards (McMullen, 2000). The bottle itself was made using a two piece mould with cup bottom and square flanged lip. The bottle manufacturer could not be identified.

Hexagonal Cross Section A single hexagonal sectioned bottle was recovered, comprised of two shoulder fragments in colourless glass, embossed with C. M. B.../ THIS BO[TTLE].../ USED B... // REGd DESIG[N].../ ...8449 INDIA... and displaying vertical ribbing on the glass (Figure 28d). Unfortunately, neither mark nor vessel could be further identified.

Octagonal Cross Section A bottle, similar in size to the round sectioned ink bottle discussed above, was also identified as an ink bottle (Figure 28e). Manufactured from rough green glass, the bottle has a crudely finished lip, made without the use of additional glass, which would usually suggest an older date of manufacture. However, bottles of this shape have previously been identified as English in origin, with the crude finish indicative of ‘cheap, mouth blown, utilitarian bottles made in England in the late 1800s to as late as 1920’ (Lindsey, 2011).

Unidentified Another four fragments, including two in amber brown and grass green glass, embossed with DUNED[IN] and ...AN... respectively were unable to be identified even to cross section and were thus classed as unidentified bottles.

Dish Two fragments of a single unidentifiable glass dish were recovered, made of colourless glass and displaying a raised half diamond pattern on the inner surface (Figure 28f). It is most likely to have been a product of the twentieth century, although, as it is incomplete and without any identifiable marks, this cannot be said with absolute certainty.

Enema Tube A single artefact, comprised of five fragments, could not be fully identified, but bears a resemblance to nineteenth century enema tubes. It consists of two parts, an open funnel with a raised scallop pattern on the inner surface and a curling tube extending from the base of the funnel (Figure 29a). The method of manufacture and date of origin remain unknown.

A B C

D E F

Figure 28: A) Oval poison bottle B) James Reid Chemist bottle C) Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia D) Fragment of hexagonal sectioned embossed bottle E) Octagonal sectioned ink bottle F) Glass dish.

Jars A total of four jars were also recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit, including fragments of a machine moulded jam jar and a large machine moulded jar with the metal screw cap still attached and ...RICK & .../...N... embossed in a circle on the body, in addition to four dots in a circle on the base (Figure 29b- c). Fragments of another large wide mouth jar and unidentified jar were also found.

Lamps Four oil lamps, made of very thin colourless glass, were found within the glass assemblage and comprised a total of 106 fragments. All four were identifiable as ‘chimney’ lamps, displaying the open base and beaded rim typical of this form of kerosene lamp (Figure 29d). Five of the fragments recovered displayed faint white markings, discernable as an oval with the words TRADE MARK ACME LEAD FLINT inside it and MADE IN THE U. S. OF AMERICA, No. 2 HALO around the outer edges. Another fragment, which may or may not be associated with the others, bore a printed star/sunburst symbol.

Lead flint refers to a particular type of glass, although the exact definition seems to be disputed in a historic context. An 1871 piece in the Auckland Star describes it as similar in composition to English crystal glass, ‘a mixed silicate of potassium and lead’ (Auckland Star, 10 /07/1871, p. 2), but the SHA historic glass bottle resource notes that ‘flint’ and ‘lead’ glass was used to ‘erroneously’ describe colourless glass made with ‘low iron sand’, although true lead glass used lead oxide (Lindsey, 2011). No definitive information could be found on the ACME Flint Glass Works, other than a reference to their lamps in an advertisement by an Ashburton/Christchurch retail company in 1900 (Ashburton Guardian, 7/06/1900, p. 3).

Lens A circular piece of yellow glass with a slight curve to it was identified as a probable lens, although the type of lens remains unclear. The glass is curved along one axis, rather than uniformly from the circumference of the circle (Figure 29e).

Microscope Slide A thin rectangular piece of colourless glass with a small circular cover slip was identified as a microscope slide, almost certainly from an optical microscope. The slide was broken at one end and the cover slip had been used, although the residue remaining on the glass was far too damaged to be identifiable (Figure 30a). Optical or reflected light microscopy refers to a type of microscopy (and microscope) which makes use of light deviation (or diffraction) to magnify samples, as opposed to other methods of magnification, such as electron microscopy, which it preceded (Warner, 1982). Unfortunately, despite there being a number of variations and advancements (Kohler principle) in the types of optical microscopes used during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, glass slides were a fairly invariable component. As such, individually, a slide can provide little information in regard to the model or date of the associated device, beyond a

B C

D E

Figure 29: A) Enema tube B- C ) Glass jar with metal cap attached and embossing on shoulder D)Beaded rim from chimney lamp E) Yellow glass lens.

general identification as optical. Microscopes have a long and varied history, but the optical (or reflected light) microscope is generally believed to have been invented around the start of the seventeenth century (Masters 2006) and was in use during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, both in scientific research and (in the late nineteenth century, at least) the pursuit of individual interest in fields such as botany and entomology.

Pipette The broken shaft of a tiny cylindrical tube was found, measuring c. 1.65mm in diameter and 36.47mm in length (Figure 30b). It is probable that this was part of a pipette, a tool used for measuring and moving small measurements of liquid, sometimes in medical settings. The exact date of origin is uncertain but pipettes are known to have been used during the nineteenth century and are advertised, along with glass burettes, in the 1906 catalogue for the Illinois Glass Company in various volumes (Illinois Glass Company, 1906, p. 276).

Stirring Rod A fragment of a colourless glass rod, curved slightly at one end, was tentatively identified as a stirring rod (Figure 30c). It is approximately 8mm in diameter and appears to have been slightly melted at some point in time. Again, examples of this are present in the Illinois Glass Company catalogue for 1906 and are likely to have been widely available through other glass manufacturing companies (Illinois Glass Company, 1906, p. 92).

Syringes Two parts of a syringe were identified within the cottage hospital assemblage in the form of a large near complete tube/body and separate plunger, both made of colourless glass (Figure 30d). The former was approximately 186mm in length, with a diameter of 26mm, whereas the latter had a maximum length of approximately 85mm, with a head diameter of 20mm. It is likely that, given the difference in measurements, these two fragments represent two individual syringes. Other archaeological and historical examples (O'Keefe, 2007a, Illinois Glass Company, 1906) suggest that a complete syringe of this type and era would usually have also included a cork bung on the plunger (Figure 30e).

Hypodermic syringes were developed during the 1850s (Wright-St Clair, 1975, Howard-Jones, 1971, Porter, 1997, p. 663) and first manufactured from glass during the 1860s (Kravetz, 2005, Malvin, 2007). Glass syringes continued to be in use until 1956 when a New Zealand pharmacist

A B C

Figure 30: A) Microscope slide with cover slip B) Broken pipette C) Melted stirring rod D) Syringe case and plunger E) Glass syringes advertised in the Illinois Glass Company Catalogue , 1906.

patented a new disposable plastic syringe (Kravetz, 2005). Unfortunately, as with the ampules discussed above, a lack of distinguishing marks on either fragment from St Bathans makes it impossible to identify the manufacturer or date the items to a specific point in time.

Test Tube A complete test tube was also identified within the glass assemblage, made from amber glass and approximately 6mm in width and 61.5mm in length, with a small lip and slightly uneven rounded base (Figure 31b). No distinguishing marks were evident. A similar object is advertised for sale in the catalogue of the Illinois Glass Company in 1906 in a variety of sizes and quantities.

Thermometer Part of a thermometer was also recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit, consisting of the base and shaft and including a white tube in the middle of the glass shaft. The shaft is pinched at the base before flaring again and displays a cross and 30 SEC/ BURGOYNE & Co on one side and measurements on the other side, in white. The latter begins at 95°F at the base, rising in increments of five until 110°F, after which point the shaft has been broken. There is an arrow at 98.4°F (Figure 31a).

It is possible that Burgoyne & Co refers to Burgoyne Burbidges & Co, suppliers of pharmaceutical and photographic products based in London from 1863 onwards. They are named in an advertisement in the Hawkes Bay Herald in 1892 as Burgoyne, Burbidges, Cyriax and Farries, in association with cases of drugs and chemists ‘sundries’, which appear to include thermometers (Hawkes Bay Herald, 16/07/1892, p. 5) .

Tubes Four artefacts, all incomplete and made from colourless glass, were simply classed as ‘tubes’. One, approximately 15.5mm in diameter, has a flat base and is referred to in the Illinois Glass Company catalogue (1926) as a homeopathic vial (Figure 31c).Variations on the other forms, one of which still has a rounded base (Figure 31d), are represented in the 1906 catalogue under the term ‘tube’.

Tumbler A single, incomplete, water tumbler was also identified within the assemblage, made of colourless glass and panelled on the body. It is likely to have been twentieth century in origin.

Window Glass Seventy seven fragments of window glass were recovered from the cesspit; twenty eight of these in dark red glass and another forty nine in a light aqua green glass, both completely flat and relatively even in consistency.

Unidentified Glass Six fragments of colourless glass, including a round sectioned base portion, were unable to be identified to form as it was unclear whether they represented the base of a bottle, tumbler or jar.

A B C

Figure 31: A) Thermometer B) Test tube C) Flat bottomed glass tubes D) Broken glass tubes

Metal One hundred and twenty three metal items were identified within the cottage hospital assemblage, consisting of 541 individual fragments within nine different material classes (Table 12). The assemblage, as a whole, was in good condition although the degree of deterioration made specific identification of certain items unachievable.

Table 12: The St Bathans Cottage Hospital metal assemblage according to material classes, NISP and MNI.

Material NISP MNI ferrous 333 97 copper 165 15 copper/brass 4 2 copper foil 3 1 foil 2 2 tin? 2 2 composite 30 3 unidentified 2 2 Total 541 123

Ferrous Ferrous artefacts were, by far, the most predominant material class in the metal assemblage, consisting of a total of 333 fragments and 97 individual items, representing a variety of artefact types (Table 13).

Sixteen different containers were identified, including fragments of what are likely to have been tin cans and their lids, in addition to others with square or rectangular shapes. Two matchboxes were present (Figure 32a) although they displayed no distinguishing marks. Of note amongst the containers recovered from the cesspit are an enamelled jug (Figure 32b) and the lid from a container of Gargoyle Mobiloil. The latter bears the image of a red animal, identified as a gargoyle, on the top of the cap, along with the words ...GOYL[E]/ ...BILOILS (Figure 32c). Gargoyle Mobiloil was a product distributed by the Vacuum Oil Company during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It’s history is somewhat convoluted, given the changing relationship of the Vacuum Oil Company (formed in 1866) with other companies, particularly the Standard Oil Company, which eventually morphed into what is now Exxon Mobil. In 1879, the latter bought a three quarter interest in Vacuum Oil, which specialised in lubricating oils, but the two don’t appear to have properly merged until the 1930s. The Standard Oil Company seems to have operated in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand (Colonist 27/04/1910, p. 2) through

the Vacuum Oil Company, who established themselves in Wellington in 1896, selling ‘lamp oil and harness grease’ (Mobil New Zealand, 2011) and lubricating oils for machinery (Auckland Star 15/09/1897, p. 2), before expanding into vehicle fuel in the early twentieth century (Mobil New Zealand, 2011). Gargoyle Mobiloil, specifically, is first mentioned in New Zealand newspapers in 1912, in conjunction with the Vacuum Oil Company (Evening Post, 16/05/1912, p.4) and continued to be in use until at least 1931 (Otautau Standard and Wallace Country Chronicle, 29/09/1931, p. 2).

Table 13: NISP and MNI of ferrous artefacts according to functional/form categories and artefact identifications.

Class Artefact ID NISP MNI bar unidentified 2 2 container gargoyle mobiloil lid 1 1 jug 1 1 matchbox 9 2 round c/s 28 6 round c/s lid 7 4 square/rect c/s 6 2 fastener nail 51 40 peg 6 2 unidentified 1 1 washer 1 1 wingnut 1 1 wire peg 2 2 fragmentary unidentified 115 1 medical surgical tool 1 1 miscellaneous bracing rib? 1 1 candle holder 2 1 door lock 1 1 hinge 1 1 horseshoe 2 2 pot handle 1 1 ring 3 2 unidentified 11 7 pipe join 1 1 unidentified 2 2 sheet strip 2 2 unidentified 25 5 wire barbed wire 2 1 fragments 41 1 twisted 5 1 wire 1 1 Total 333 97

In addition to the containers identified, forty seven artefacts could be classified as fasteners of some kind, ranging from nails to wire pegs to a wingnut (Table 14). Where possible, the nails were identified to manufacture (wrought, cut, wire or unknown) and shank, point and head types, although most were too poorly preserved to provide a great deal of information. Those items which could be identified to type were mostly wire jolthead and flathead nails (Figure 32d), which postdate their introduction to New Zealand in the 1840s (although they were relatively uncommon until the 1870s) (Middleton, 2005). Four pegs were also identified, two of which were wire pegs bent into shape (Figure 32e), one unidentified and one with a rounded head, circular cross section and slight taper down the shank. (Figure 32f),

Table 14: Minimum number of nails recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit according to head, end and shaft types.

Head Type End Type Shaft C/S Clenched MNI flathead point round n 17 rosehead unidentified unidentified n 1 jolthead point round n 5 jolthead point round y 1 unidentified point round n 8 unidentified round n 7 unidentified round y 3 Total 42

Three ferrous pipes and a relatively large number of wire fragments were also recovered from the cottage hospital assemblage, including a heavy t-shaped pipe join (Figure 32g) and fragments of two smaller pipes, neither of which could be further identified (Figure 32h). None of these were insulated. The wire fragments consisted of four different types of wire, including barbed (Figure 32i) and twisted examples.

A single artefact was tentatively classified as a surgical tool. A thin instrument, c. 2mm in thickness and 87mm in length, with a shaft and crescent hook, it bears a resemblance to late nineteenth century and early twentieth century surgical tools like aneurysm needles and tenaculum (Figure 33a-b).

A number of the ferrous artefacts found could not be placed into the categories mentioned above and were simply classified as miscellaneous. These included the bracing rib from a pot or large pipe, a pot handle, hinge and an orange enamelled candle holder with the candle stub still present (Figure 33c-e). The latter is probably made of tin and, despite the bright colour and a kind of scalloped decoration on the inner surface, is fairly utilitarian in appearance. A complete two bolt

A B C

D E F

G H I

Figure 32: A) Matchboxes, B) Enamelled Jug C) Gargoyle MobilOil cap D) Wire nail E) Wire peg bent into shape F) Roundhead peg G) T-shaped pipe join H) Unidentified ferrous pipe I) Barbed wire

rim lock was also identified (Figure 33F) (Priess, 2000), in addition to two horseshoes and seven unidentified artefacts. Both horseshoes had a toeclip and were sized for adult horses, measuring 127.35mm and 121.56mm in width, respectively (Figure 33g). Tack holes were visible on the left hand side of one shoe.

Finally, the seven unidentified artefacts took the form of oval rings, c. 71mm x 33mm x 6mm in size (with some variation) that did not appear to have been attached to each other, despite resembling links in a chain (Figure 33h). The other unidentified ferrous artefacts, including a piece of sheet metal folded into a triangular point, are described in Appendix 2.4.

Copper A total of 165 fragments of copper were recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit, comprising 18 different artefacts, shown in Table 15. Six artefacts were classed as fasteners, encompassing washers, a rivet and what may have been a hinge or brace. One hundred and forty three fragments of wire were recovered and identified as three different kinds, including insulated wire, which was likely to have had an electrical or telecommunication function. The single copper pipe found was insulated with rubber (Figure 34a). Part of a locket was also identified amongst the copper materials with a roughly circular shape, hinges at the top and bottom and a stencil like design through the centre of the disc (Figure 34b).

Table 15: Copper based artefacts from the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage according to functional/form categories and individual artefact identifications.

Material Category Artefact ID NISP MNI copper fastener hinge? brace? 1 1 rivet 1 1 washer 5 3 washer? 1 1 fragmentary unidentified 4 0 jewellery locket 1 1 miscellaneous unidentified 7 2 pipe water pipe/hose 1 1 sheet fragments 1 1 wire insulated wire 141 1 unidentified 2 2 copper foil fragments fragments 3 1 copper/brass fastener join? 4 2 Total 172 18

A B

C D

E F

G H

Figure 33: A) A set of surgical tools, including an aneurysm needle at the top of the image, dated to 1840 (Bennion, 1979) B) Aneurysm needle recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit C) Bracing rib D) Pot handle E) Candle holder F) Two bolt rim lock G) Horseshoe H) Unidentified oval rings.

Finally, six fragments of an unknown artefact were also classed as copper. They consisted of strips of copper, with flat teeth, c. 5.5mm in height, forming curved arches along one edge. One piece was bent, as if it was the corner of a rectangular/square object (Figure 34c). The function of this artefact is unknown.

Composite Three artefacts, in thirty pieces, were constructed of more than one material and could not, consequently, be included in the above categories. The first, a single ferrous fragment encircled by copper wire, was identified as an unspecified fastener, c. 30mm in length and c. 12mm (base) to 15.5mm (head) in diameter. Four to five strands of wire were present, wrapped around the artefact c. 11mm from the top, which may have acted as a washer or spring in function (Figure 34d).

A large circular container, consisting of a copper based/plated exterior filled with white sediment, lid, and an associated ferrous spring, was identified as the container of a carbide lamp with the calcium carbide (white sediment) retained within (Figure 34e). The lamp was found in 28 fragments, c. 48mm in height and c. 82.5mm in diameter. Flecks of red paint were visible on the exterior surface, in addition to a band of vertical grooves running around the container, just above the heel. Both the base and lid were indented. Carbide (or acetylene) lamps were relatively common in the early part of the twentieth century and seem to have been introduced for public use in the 1890s.

The third artefact identified as composite in material is relatively small in size, c. 55mm in length and 28mm in width. It appears to be a small container with a thin layer of engraved/imprinted metal as a front and a papery/flaking material at the back. Inside, there are more layers of thin metal interspersed with crusty white sediment, some of which contained orange crystals (Figure 34f). What is legible of the fragmented writing on the front reads as ARSE.../... only/ Ca...te/l...ari...ing/ .../FOR H... It is possible that ARSE is the beginning of the word ‘arsenic’, although this identification is not certain.

Unidentified Finally, two metal artefacts were unable to be identified to material type, consisting of a thin hollow cylinder of metal and an unidentified oval artefact. The latter was bisected by a lever or hinge and attached to scraps of coarse fabric on the underside (Figure 34g).

A B

C D

G F

Figure 34: A) Insulated copper pipe B) Locket fragment C) Unidentified toothed copper artefact D) Unidentified composite fastener E) Carbide lamp F) Arsenic container? G) Unidentified oval artefact

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Ceramic A total of 175 fragments of ceramic were found within the cottage hospital cesspit, comprising a total of 40 individual vessels or artefacts. The vast majority of the body types recovered were identified as refined earthenware (Table 16), in addition to smaller quantities of coarse earthenware, bone china, porcelain and stoneware vessels.

Table 16: Showing the total NISP and MNV of the St Bathans cottage hospital ceramic assemblage according to ware and body colour.

Body Type Body Colour Ware NISP MNI ew-c off white coarse earthenware 11 2 ew-r Buff buff bodied earthenware 10 1 off white whiteware 16 2 reddish Brown refined red earthenware 19 1 White unidentified 1 1 whiteware 81 21 porc-h White chinese porcelain 1 1 hard paste porcelain 1 1 porc-s White bone china 24 5 st Buff stoneware 2 2 grey-brown Stoneware 9 3 Total 175 40

Coarse Earthenware Only two coarse earthenware vessels were identified, one complete and one incomplete, both in the form of the cylindrical ‘porous pot’ component of a Léclanché battery cell (Figure 35a). The Léclanché cell (or ‘wet cell’) was originally trademarked by George Léclanché in 1866 and produced electricity through the combination of an electrolytic solution of ammonium chloride, a carbon cathode, zinc anode and manganese dioxide ‘depolariser’. The latter was packed into the ‘porous pot’ and the carbon cathode inserted in the form of a rod. This, in addition to the zinc anode, was then immersed in the ammonium chloride solution (contained within a glass jar), which acted as the electrolyte and passed through the porous pot to reach the cathode (Figure 35b).

Both porous pots found in the St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage are unglazed, although the complete example displays a band of dark brown around the rim on the outer surface and an indecipherable mark on the base. A large assemblage of Leclanche cells were also recovered during excavations of the old Queenstown Post Office (c. 100km from St Bathans) (Chris Jacomb, PersComm 2010).

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A B

Figure 35: A) Porous pot from Léclanché wet cell battery B) Diagram of complete Léclanché wet cell battery (Miller et al., 1919).

Refined Earthenware Most of the refined earthenware identified could be further classed as whiteware, the majority of which took the form of plates, cups and saucers (Table 17). Seven whiteware plates were recovered in various levels of completion, five of which were decorated and two of which bore identifiable makers marks (Figure 36). All five decorated plates were edgemoulded. One fragment was decorated with a light blue slip, while the others were all clear glazed.

Table 17: Minimum number of ceramic vessel forms identified according to fabric type.

Vessel Form Ware Class Form BC BBE CP CE HPP RRE ST UNID WW Total Flatware Plate 1 7 8 Saucer 4 4 Hollow-ware Bottle 3 3 Bowl 1 1 Cup 5 5 Cylinder 2 2 Eggcup 1 1 Ink Bottle 2 2 Jug 1 1 Teapot 1 1 1 3 Unidentified 1 1 3 5 Unidentified Unidentified 1 1 1 2 5 Total 5 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 23 40 Note: BC: Bone China, BBE: Buff Bodied Earthenware, CP: Chinese Porcelain, HPP: Hard Paste Porcelain, RRE: Refined Red Earthenware, ST: Stoneware, UNID: Unidentified, WW: Whiteware.

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Only the two most complete examples (post-refitting) bore any identifiable marks. One plate, decorated with the gilt tea leaf (Brooks, 2005b) or fleur de lis (Ritchie, 1986), pattern in the centre of the body with hairline banding and edgemoulding around the rim, had the mark F WINKLE & Co/LTD/WHIELDON WARE/ENGLAND transfer printed on the base (Figure 36a). ‘Messrs. F. Winkle and Co., Colonial Pottery’ was a British earthenware manufacturer based in Whieldon Road, on the border of Stoke-on-Trent and Fenton in Staffordshire. F. Winkle began pottery production as part of Winkle and Wood in 1888, before breaking off in 1890 to form the Colonial Pottery, which continued production until 1931 (The Potteries, 2009). An 1893 advertising and trade journal article describes the factory as ‘one that has played a foremost part in pushing that export trade that has proved of such advantage to the Potteries generally’, going on to say that ‘there are probably few in this district [Staffordshire] that stand higher in the confidence and esteem of wholesale buyers both at home and abroad than does the firm trading under the title of Messrs. F. Winkle and Co., Colonial Pottery, Stoke-on-Trent’ (Anon, 1893). The manufacture of this particular vessel dates to post-1911, due to the inclusion of ‘Ltd’ in the makers mark, which most closely resembles the one used for the period from 1908 – 1925 (Godden, 1964, The Potteries, 2009).

A second earthenware dinner plate, edgemoulded with a continually repeating colourless banner design, bears the underglaze transfer printed mark ‘ROYAL SEMI-PORCELAIN’ curved above a globe with the words ‘BURGESS & LEIGH/BURSLEM/ENGLAND’ wrapped around it (Figure 36b). Burgess & Leigh were another Staffordshire pottery firm, situated in Burslem (one of the six towns later amalgamated to form the city of Stoke-on-Trent), who began in 1851 under the name of Hulme and Booth. The company changed its name to Burgess & Leigh (referring to Frederick Rathbone Burgess and William Leigh) in 1877 and continued under that banner until 1999, producing a variety of tea and dinnerware, jugs and vases among others (The Potteries, 2003). They operated out of a succession of potteries, beginning with the Central Pottery, Burslem from 1862 –1870, followed by the Hill (Top) Pottery from 1862 – 1889 and the Middleport Pottery from 1889 until the present day (Godden, 1964). William Leigh and Frederick Burgess died in 1889 and 1898 respectively and the firm was continued by their sons, Edmund Leigh and Richard Burgess. The former, in particular, was an extensive traveller and spent time in both New Zealand and Australia, establishing the trade of Burgess & Leigh wares in this part of the world, a trade which continued after his death in 1924 (The Potteries, 2003). The makers mark described above bears

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the strongest resemblance to the globe mark used by the company between 1906 and 1912 (The Potteries, 2003, Godden, 1964) on wares from the Middleport Pottery.

Four whiteware saucers were also recovered from the St. Bathans cottage hospital cesspit, one complete and three incomplete (Figure 36c-e). All four vessels were decorated using a variety of decorative techniques (Appendix 2.3), but, with the exception of the gilt tea leaf example, none of the patterns could be identified. One pattern, an underglaze transfer printed motif in dark blue, pink and white, is also present on a teacup fragment recovered from the cesspit (Figure 36d).

Twelve fragments, decorated overglaze with a light blue and green tulip design, were refitted to form a complete vessel, bearing the mark PARAGON/CHINA/ENGLAND on the base below a six- pointed star (Figure 36c). Paragon China was first introduced in 1903, as part of the Star China Company, who began operations in Longton, Staffordshire, in 1897 (The Potteries, 2011, The Paragon International Collectors Club, 2007).The company was originally formed by Herbert James Aynsley, John Gerrard Aynsley and William Illingworth and was eventually managed by Hugh Irving, the son-in-law of Herbert, post-1910. The name of the company was officially changed to The Paragon China Company in 1920, following the popularity of the brand, and remained so until 1972 when it became part of Royal Doulton (The Paragon International Collectors Club, 2007). During the early decades of the twentieth century, they were known for exporting the vast majority of their ware (‘tea and breakfast ware’) to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (The Potteries, 2011). The saucer found in the hospital assemblage can be dated to c. 1916 by the style of the mark (The Paragon International Collectors Club, 2007) prior to the official change from Star China to the Paragon China Company.

Five whiteware cups were also identified, all of which were incomplete. Two displayed gilt banding around the rims, a third was underglaze transfer printed with a dark blue and white motif matching one of the saucers recovered (see above) and a fourth, also underglaze transfer printed, featured a design in green of a boat on water with foliage overhanging (Figure 36f). The fifth was undecorated and no maker’s marks were present.

Fragments of two hollow-ware vessels, a clear-glazed teapot and a large relief moulded jug (Figure 37a), were also identified as whiteware. While the former displayed no decoration or distinguishing marks, the jug was decorated with a yellow and brown double slip in two bands

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A B

D C

E F

Figure 36: A) F. Winkle Whieldon Ware plate B) Burgess & Leigh plate C) Decorated teacup and saucer fragments E) Paragon China saucer F) Whiteware cup decorated with green boat motif.

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around the top of the vessel with fern fronds moulded around the rim and vertical columns down the body. No manufacturer’s marks were present.

A further four fragments of unidentified hollow whiteware and four of unidentified flat whiteware were recovered from the cesspit, in addition to eight refined earthenware fragments unable to be identified to form at all. Two of the latter were decorated, one painted in metallic green and black (Figure 37a), the other underglaze transfer printed with a blue and white floral design. A third fragment displayed a black slip.

Only two examples of non-whiteware refined earthenware were identified from the cottage hospital cesspit, one buff-bodied, one red-bodied, and both in the form of manganese brown slip decorated teapots. Neither vessel was completely intact, although enough fragments were present in order to undertake refitting (Figure 37d-e). This kind of brown glazed red and buff-bodied earthenware teapot was common during this era and has been found in numerous archaeological contexts.

Porcelain Seven separate vessels, comprised of twenty six fragments, were identified as porcelain. Two fragments were further identified as hard-paste porcelain with the remainder, a rice bowl, plate (Figure 37e-g), eggcup base, hollow-ware handle and unidentified body fragment, falling into the class of soft-paste porcelain (Table 17). The bowl, plate and hollow-ware handle were all decorated, including an overglaze decal printed Asian landscape and floral motif on the bowl.

The handle, decorated with an orange brown slip and cobbled effect, is likely to have belonged to an unidentified spherical vessel (Figure 38a). Of the two items identified as hard-paste porcelain, one, a relief moulded fragment that may have been part of a doll or ornamental vessel decoration, is highly translucent and glassy, characteristic of Chinese porcelain (Brooks, 2005b). The other, a small body fragment, could not be identified beyond the hard-paste classification.

Stoneware Finally, five stoneware bottles were recovered from the cesspit, including a complete grey bodied ink bottle (Figure 38). The other four vessels recovered were fragmentary, two with a metallic tinged medium brown salt glaze, a third with lip and spout present and the fourth, clear glazed, with vertical grooves on the outer surface, which may have originally been part of a mustard jar.

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A B C

D E

F G

Figure 37: A) B) Relief moulded jug C) Painted fragment of unidentified refined earthenware vessel D) Rockingham style teapot E) Smaller Rockingham style teapot F) Bone china rice bowl G) Porcelain jug handle

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A B C

Figure 38: A) Complete stoneware bottle B) Fragment of ribbed stoneware vessel (possibly a mustard jar) C) Fragments of salt glazed stoneware bottle

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Other Artefacts As well as the glass, ceramic and metal objects found a range of other materials were represented in the cottage hospital assemblage, including fabric, paper, wood, slate, and clay pipe (Table 18). These are discussed below.

Table 18: NISP and MNI of ‘other’ materials identified within the cottage hospital assemblage.

Material Artefact class NISP MNI clay clay pipe 1 1 composite fastener 1 1 cork bottle cork 4 3 fabric clothing 1 1 footwear 35 4 strip 8 2 unidentified 64 6 paper newspaper? 41 2 plastic? toothbrush 3 1 slate slate pencil 1 1 unidentified button 1 1 unidentified 6 2 wood Wooden Pipe 3 1 Total 169 26

Clay Pipes A single clay pipe was represented in the cottage hospital assemblage in the form of a white clay stem, undecorated and bearing no identifiable marks. The stem measured c. 17mm in length, and was tapered measuring c. 8.5mm to c.7mm in diameter at either end, with a bore hole of c. 2mm.

Cork Three corks were recovered from the cottage hospital, in four pieces. One of these had thin copper wire wrapped around the centre of the cork, while another was charred (Figure 39a).

Fabric and Leather Fourteen artefacts were included in this category, including leather, composite material and items tentatively identified as made of wool and lino, in addition to two unidentified textiles (Table 19).

The largest portion of the assemblage consisted of leather fragments, which equalled 79.8% of the total NISP. Most of this could, in turn, be identified as footwear, with one child sized shoe heel, one partial adult shoe heel and toe, and one adult boot heel present (Figure 39b-c). Another curled fragment of leather with thread holes may also have been part of a shoe or boot. None of the shoe fragments could be sided, but it is notable that the adult boot heel had an extension at the back of

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the heel with a hole through it for a screw of some kind. Both the child’s heel and adult boot heel were made of layers of leather using what is known as vertical attachment, a method of manufacturing footwear that was popular during the nineteenth century. The metal fasteners used in the adult boot heel are still present and the regularity of the tacks suggests that it was a machine made, rather than handmade, product, probably dating to the latter end of the nineteenth century (Veres, 2005).

Table 19: NISP and MNI of the fabric and leather artefacts recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit, according to artefact class and type.

Category Artefact class Artefact type NISP MNI fabric/copper alloy fastener Dome 1 1 knitted wool? clothing unidentified 1 1 unidentified unidentified 1 0 leather footwear boot 2 1 shoe 2 1 shoe? 30 1 unidentified 1 1 strip unidentified 8 2 unidentified unidentified 43 3 unidentified unidentified unidentified 14 2 wall or floor covering unidentified 6 1 Total 109 14

In addition to the leather fragments identified as footwear, eight pieces of leather strips were recovered in two different widths, approximately 20mm and 11.6mm respectively. One of the thicker strips has been tied in a knot, while the thinner strips are slightly furry to the touch (Figure 39d). A further 43 fragments of leather were unable to be identified, although at least three different types could be distinguished. These included nine textile fragments consisting of layers of fabric, one of leather and one of a softer, unidentified fabric, attached to each other. Another, separate, piece was textured on one side, as if it an adhesive or something similar had been used and another, fourth, leather fragment displayed a rim around the edges, although no other distinguishing features were visible. The remaining fragments were brittle and small, likely to have originally belonged to the larger leather artefacts recovered.

Leather was, however, not the only textile found in the cottage hospital cesspit. Two fragments of material, black in colour (although this may not have been the original colour) appeared to have been made of knitted wool and were probably part of a garment of some kind (Figure 39e). White sediment was visible in one, potentially the same material as that found in the carbide lamp

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(discussed above) also recovered from the cesspit. A dome was also found within the folds of this piece, identified as made of copper based material and punched through a small remnant of fabric, still attached to the artefact (Figure 39f).

In addition to the wool artefacts, six textile fragments, smooth and black on one side and textured brown on the other, were tentatively identified as pieces of floor or wall covering. Another fourteen fragments were unable to be identified at all beyond the classification of fabric. Seven of the latter were similar in texture to the former, but were cross hatched on one side (as if adhered to something) and decorated on the other with splotches of red, white, yellow and black in an unidentifiable pattern (Figure 40a-b).

Paper Despite the fact that paper tends not to survive well in the archaeological record, forty one fragments of burnt paper were recovered from the cottage hospital cesspit. Typed writing was still discernible on some of these, listed in Table 20, in addition to lines and borders. It is likely that these fragments were originally part of a newspaper or newsletter. Differences in writing type and format suggest the possibility of two individual publications.

Table 20: Writing and markings visible on the burnt paper fragments recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit.

Item Line Marking/Writing One 1 n...(line/dots) 2 (unidentified picture) ...MING D?... 3 FOR.../PROFESS... 4 ...ilor 5 DONE (line) 6 ...GAR.../...amer 7 (dots/lines) IN ... 8 I buy (diamonds) ... 9 su.../?/Sho.../though..../room s.../...tion that...//...and.../...good argument.../But that’s no argument.../ 10 (image of hair) 11 ....none... 12 ...llers ... 13 ...ght?/ moth...//..?... 14 ...pie suit/...year...//We... 15 THE P... 16 ...HESTRAT.../...IS-V//OTA.../...nd... 17 ...YOU... Two 1 ...ll street .../ ...ing wit... / ...y days/ ...t word/ ...d ?.../ was ad.../ ...mber 2 00/ MAR? 3 Pr... / qualit.../ ...ke // an... / ENG.../ of / 4 ...out/ ...ard/ Want ... / re.../ ? // ? 5 ...abl.../...e...//TR.../...nal...

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A B

C D

E F

Figure 39: A) Cork with copper wire encircling it B) Child sized shoe C) Adult boot heel with spur D) Leather strips E) Woollen fabric F) Dome found within woollen fabric.

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Plastic? A grey/brown handle, burnt, with a highly polished hard outer surface and unidentified inner fill, was found, engraved on one side with MARK in block lettering and C...ented in cursive script (Figure 40c). It bears a similarity to the handles of nineteenth/early twentieth century toothbrushes (Chris Jacomb 2011, pers. comm.), which were commonly made of early forms of plastic such as celluloid (a nineteenth century replacement for bone and ivory) or bakelite (patented in 1907 by Leo Baekeland) (Hyson, 2003). Given the chronological context for this assemblage, it is most likely that this artefact is bakelite rather than celluloid, but it is difficult to be certain due to the condition of the fragment.

Slate A single slate pencil was identified, with no distinguishing marks (Figure 40d).

Wood Three pieces of wooden pipe were recovered from the cesspit, all very burnt, consisting of two fragments of bowl and one of a stem (Figure 40e). None of the fragments displayed any discernible markings, although there were striations visible on the outer surface of the bowl and a reddish brown residue on the inner surface.

Unidentified Finally, a total of three artefacts were unable to be identified to material, including two items tentatively identified as buttons. Of the latter, one is oval in shape with a raised ridge down the centre (Figure 40f), while the other consists of two flat circles originally attached together, one of which has a raised chequered pattern on the inner surface (Figure 40g). Both artefacts were unable to be identified to type or specific form.

The third unidentified item consists of four very small, curved thin fragments with red paint or glaze on one surface, also unable to be identified to form (Figure 40h).

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A B

C D E

F G H

Figure 40: A) Possible wall or floor covering B) Possible wall or floor covering C) Possible toothbrush handle D) Slate pencil E) Burnt fragments of a wooden smoking pipe F) Unidentified button G) Unidentified button with chequered pattern on inner surface H) Unidentified fragments of material with red paint residue on the surface.

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Faunal The faunal assemblage was relatively small, consisting mostly of bone and totalling 227 fragments altogether (Table 21). A total of 124 individual elements were identified (see Appendix 2.3), comprising a minimum number of ten individuals including oyster, cat, chicken, rabbit, cow and sheep.

Table 21: Total NISP and MNE of species present in St Bathans cottage hospital assemblage.

Taxon NISP MNE MNI Bird/rabbit 1 1 0 Cat 1 1 1 Chicken 2 2 1 Cow 5 4 1 Cow/pig 5 5 0 Large mammal 3 2 0 Mammal ?sp 52 2 0 Oyster 15 4 2 Rabbit 34 34 2 Rabbit? 1 1 0 Sheep 76 47 3 Sheep/pig 30 19 0 Sheep? 2 2 0 Total 227 124 10

Sheep (ovis aries) were the most common species represented, with a minimum number of three individuals represented. Elements identified included fragments of crania, pelvis, teeth, vertebra, long bones and scapulae. Another twenty one elements were determined to belong to either sheep or pig, but could not be definitively classed as one or the other. A minimum of two rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) were identified, again represented by a variety of elements ranging from long bones to pelvis, mandibles and meta-carpals/meta-tarsals. Cow (bos taurus), chicken (gallus gallus) and cat (felis catus) were also represented, with an MNI of one each and comparatively small NISPs. A further five elements bore a resemblance to both cow and pig (sus scrofa) and were recorded as such, while a total of fifty five bone fragments were only identifiable as mammal.

A small proportion (5.6%) of the assemblage displayed evidence of butchery . Of the sheep bones identified, chop marks were present on three fragments, including at the glenoid end of a scapula blade (separating the scapula from the humerus), with another two fragments of scapulae displaying cut marks. One cow rib had been sawn at the shaft end, while another rib, classed as cow/pig, had been cut through the shaft. While none of the other species present displayed any

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evidence of butchery, a few fragments of sheep, rabbit and cow/pig bone(8.06%) had been gnawed on at some point, with teeth marks on the bone attributable to dog(s), and a small proportion of bone (8.87%) showed indications of weathering (Appendix 2.4). The latter included root etching and splitting.

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CHAPTER SIX: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF ARTEFACTS A discussion of the functional grouping of historic period artefact assemblages and procedures adopted here for assigning artefacts to functional categories has already been provided in Chapter Four. The following analysis outlines the information resulting from the application of those procedures to the cottage hospital material, including the difficulties encountered during analysis.

Of the 323 artefacts recovered from the cesspit, 22.6% were either primarily medical or pharmaceutical in function, 23.5% related to domestic and household activities with a further 21.3% associated with the building itself and surrounding structures (Table 22). A relatively small 8.6% were classed as of ‘uncertain function’ or ‘other’ and 23.8% considered unclassifiable by functional analysis. The latter are not discussed in text, but are available in Appendix 2.4. It is notable that the medical and pharmaceutical categories are almost entirely comprised of glass objects, accounting for 65% of the glass recovered from the site, while the structural items are nearly all made of metal. The vast majority of the ceramics identified were associated with various foodways functions.

Table 22: The cottage hospital assemblage MN according to material class and functional category.

Category Glass Ceramic Metal Other Total Structural 2 - 61 - 63 Foodways 20 27 4 - 51 Pharmaceutical 51 - - - 51 Medical 21 - 1 - 22 Personal 3 4 1 13 21 Furnishing 4 - 1 1 6 Transport - - 4 - 4 Electrical - 2 1 - 3 Other 8 - 15 2 25 Unclassifiable 25 7 35 10 77 Total 134 40 123 26 323

Healthcare

Medical Artefacts identified as medical in function were those which could be directly associated with the provision of healthcare in a medical context. These objects were further divided into classes correlating to steps in the process of providing medical care to a patient: medical diagnosis, relating to the process of diagnosing or investigating an illness or injury; medical preparation,

relating to the process of preparing treatments; and medical treatment, relating to the process by which a patient would have been treated with medical care.

A total of 22 artefacts were categorised as medical, consisting of 21 glass objects and a single metal item (Table 23). Only two of these, the thermometer and microscope slide, were considered to be diagnostic in function. Both would have been relatively common items of medical equipment by this period and are representative of the modest ability of the cottage hospital to diagnose patients through measurement of temperature and blood count.

The use of thermometry in medical diagnosis ‘began in earnest’ in the mid nineteenth century as the medical community became increasingly aware of the correlations between physical temperature and various ailments (Haller, 1985, Wright-St Clair, 1975). This grew until, by the end of the nineteenth century, thermometers had become a regular feature of clinical medical practice, aided in part by the development of smaller, more portable, instruments for this purpose (Pearce, 2002, p. 346, Porter, 1997). Temperatures were usually taken from the axilla (underarm) and only began to be taken orally in the late 1890s, as ‘doctors recognised the importance of alcohol, bichloride of mercury, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate and other germicidal agents’ (Haller, 1985, p. 113). Accordingly, the thermometer found at St Bathans may have been used to determine temperature through either avenue.

Optical microscopes, such as those represented by the slide, had a range of scientific and recreational uses during the nineteenth century, including a prominent role in some of the more significant advances in medical knowledge (Porter, 1997, p. 342, Warner, 1982). An 1854 book on the subject states that in the medical world its utility and necessity are fully appreciated, even by those who formerly were slow to see its benefits’ (Hogg, 1854). The same book claims that at the time of writing, ‘the study that belongs to the domain of microscopic observation [is]… if not wholly neglected, a best but coldly and indifferently appreciated, by the great mass of the general public’ (Hogg, 1854). Yet, by the 1870s and 1880s microscopes were being advertised in New Zealand newspapers (and internationally) as tools for ‘natural research’ in ‘the parlour, garden or sea-side’ (Poverty Bay Herald 13/07/1884, p. 2; Wanganui Herald 18/06/1873, p. 2) as well as for their usefulness in the field of medicine (Daily Telegraph, 29/12/1888, p. 6).

At the St Bathans cottage hospital, in which context there is no reason to doubt its primary function as part of the diagnostic process, a microscope would have been restricted to simple

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procedures such a basic blood cell count, which had by this time become an accepted tool of diagnosis (Porter, 1997, p. 342). The limitations, or relative lack of laboratory facilities at the hospital is acknowledged by Dr Brugh in his letter to Dr. Colquhoun regarding his inability to analyse a set of urinary samples consequently sent to Dunedin (Colquhoun, n.d.) (see Chapter 3).

Table 23: Number of artefacts considered to have a medical function.

Class Glass Metal Total diagnosis microscope slide 1 thermometer 1 preparation pipette 1 stirring rod 1 test tube 1 tube 4 treatment ampule 9 enema tube* 1 syringe 2 aneurysm needle* 1 Total 22 Note: * = identification probably but not certain

Excluding these letters there is little documentary information regarding the use of scientific equipment at St Bathans, including anything related to the preparation of medicine at the site. However, seven objects, ranging from a pipette and stirring rod to various glass tubes, were considered likely to have been part of the process of medical preparation. While this primarily refers to the preparation and mixing of medical treatments, such items may also have been used in a diagnostic context, in the preparation and temporary storage of diagnostic solutions and/or samples. Pipettes are used to move small measured quantities of liquids and semi-solids by means of controlled suction and are commonly found in laboratory contexts, as are objects like the tubes and stirring rod found. All of these would have been relatively accessible at the time.

None of the medical objects so far discussed shed much light on the kind of treatments being prepared and administered at the cottage hospital, nor on the illnesses being treated. In addition to the information provided by the documentary record thirteen artefacts were considered to be part of this aspect of medical practice, including the ampules, syringes, enema tube and aneurysm needle/tenaculum identified. The two syringes represented indicate the injection of liquid remedies, such as morphine (Colquhoun, n.d., see also Chapter 3), which are likely to have been transported and stored in glass ampules like those found in the cesspit.

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More specific medical procedures are indicated by the remaining two items, both of which are asterisked in Table 23 because of some uncertainty over their identification (see Chapter 5). The glass object identified as an enema tube would, if correct, have been used for the delivery of purgative treatments for rectal, intestinal and colonic ailments, which were commonly undertaken in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Maniery, 2002).

Finally, the possible aneurysm needle or tenaculum was also included in this category, although this is a probable rather than certain identification. Aneurysm needles were used for passing ligature around an artery or holding arteries and other small body parts during surgery. Similarly shaped tools also had a use in dentistry. Given that there is no historical evidence for the practice of the latter at the cottage hospital (in fact, there are advertisements for a travelling dentist in the local newspaper), but surgical procedures are well documented, it seems most likely that this is a surgical tool of some kind. If so, it closely resembles an aneurysm needle or similar tool with, it is assumed, a similar function. It would, therefore, be the only surgical artefact present in the cottage hospital cesspit and the absence of associated objects may reflect the relative expense of such items. It is probable that this item originally came from a set of tools which belonged to an individual doctor and are less likely to be abandoned or discarded at the hospital. It is worth noting that the rest of the medical artefacts, recovered are relatively disposable or broken (thermometer) items, many of which only have a single use.

Pharmaceutical Fifty one artefacts were identified as primarily pharmaceutical in function (Table 24). These were further separated into the classes of patent/proprietary, referring to those products able to be purchased over the counter from licensed and unlicensed practitioners; ethical, referring to pharmaceuticals which required a prescription to be sold; contents unknown, referring to those artefacts found which could be identified to contents manufacturer but not to content; and unidentified, referring to those items for which function was derived from form resembling that of pharmaceutical products/containers, but which could not be identified to contents or contents manufacturer (Knehans, 2005). Most of the items classed as pharmaceutical were unable to be identified to contents, but those which could be included both patent/proprietary and ethical remedies and products originating locally and internationally.

Four products, Barry’s Tricopherous, St Jacobs Oil, Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia and Kerol disinfectant, were classed as patent and/or proprietary medicine, following the definitions

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outlined in Knehans (2005). All four items are relatively common in archaeological sites of the period, often in the context of domestic rather than medical deposits, despite contemporary advertisements clearly targeting the treatment of physical ailments.

Table 24: Minimum numbers of pharmaceutical artefacts.

Class Description MNV Patent/ Barry’s Tricopherous 1 Proprietary St Jacob’s Oil 1 Kerol disinfectant ** 1 Kruse’s Prize Medal Magnesia 1 Ethical Martin H. Smith, glyco-heroin 1 Contents unknown B. Bagley and son 2 R. Conn, druggist 1 James Reid, Chemist 3 Burroughs Wellcome & Co * 2 Unidentified lozenge shaped pill * 1 (pharmaceutical rectangular bevelled * 5 shape) rectangular panelled * 4 rectangular (pharmaceutical)* 24 square bevelled vial * 1 round c/s * 1 oval c/s (one embossed poisonous not to be taken) * 2 Total 51 Note: * = identification probable but not definite ** = could be placed in household category (see text)

St Jacobs Oil and Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia were both advertised primarily as pharmaceutical remedies, directed, respectively, at pain relief and stomach complaints. An advertisement in the Otago Daily Times in 1893 states that St Jacobs Oil was ‘a standard remedy for bruises, sprains, or sores in man or beast’ and was ‘invaluable for toothache’ (ODT, 26/04/1893, p. 3). It appears that there may have been some truth in this claim, although likely not to the extent advertised. A brief piece in the British Medical Journal in 1894 describes the results of an analysis into the composition of St Jacobs Oil as 82.4% turpentine with traces of camphor, 10% ether, 5% alcohol, 2% carbolic acid, 0.4% capsicum, 0.01% aconite and small quantities of origanum as a scenting agent (Murrell, 1894). Aconite is known to have pain relieving properties, particularly for rheumatism and as an anti-inflammatory, while turpentine is considered effective in homeopathy circles for mitigating rheumatism and was often used as a disinfectant, along with carbolic acid (phenol) (now considered to be fairly toxic). Capsicum also has medicinal properties, through the component capsaicin, which is used in topical medicines to alleviate pain.

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Unfortunately, no complete recipe or analysis was found for Kruses Prize Medal Magnesia, although it was advertised to contain ‘ten grains of pure Carbonate of Magnesia’ per fluid ounce (ODT 27/10/1877, p. 4). It claimed to be a remedy for stomach complaints, including dyspepsia and stomach acid, having been ‘proved of the greatest benefit to children’ (ODT 25/01/1868, p. 8). An 1877 advertisement in the Otago Daily Times also states that Kruse’s Magnesia ‘composes the stomach after any excess or hard drinking’ and cost no more than 3s 6d per bottle (ODT, 27/10/1877, p. 4). Magnesium carbonate is known to have some effect as an antacid, increasing with the purity of the product and is still used as such in the modern world. This suggests that, similar to St Jacobs Oil, Kruses’ magnesia is likely to have functioned as advertised if the contents were as claimed, although whether this truly was ‘to the greatest benefit’ of the patient is unclear.

Barry’s Tricopherous, on the other hand, had very little merit as an effective pharmaceutical remedy. It was primarily marketed as a hair restorative (Figure 41) and claimed to be ‘unequalled for preserving, restoring, and beautifying the hair’ but was also advertised as good for ‘preventing baldness and grey hair, curing diseases of the skin, glands, and muscles, pimples, chillblains, and gives instant relief in cuts, bruises, sprains, burns, scalds etc’ (ODT 4/03/1871, p. 4). This claim is contradicted by a recipe for the concoction published in the Era Formulary of 1893, which lists the ingredients as 80% unspecified alcohol, in addition to oil of lavender, bergamot and castor oil, none of which are likely to have been effective, medicinally or cosmetically (D. O. Haynes & Company, 1893). Other commentators have speculated that the popularity and primary function of Barry’s Tricopherous lay more in the exceedingly high alcohol content than any belief in its efficacy as a hair restorative. It is possible that this was the case at the St Bathans cottage hospital, for both patients and practitioners.

The bottle of Kerol disinfectant proved difficult to classify, but was cautiously included as a patent/proprietary pharmaceutical. Kerol was a ‘non-poisionous and non-corrosive’ disinfectant advertised for use in household activities and problems such as laundry, house cleaning and the prevention of ‘fly infestations’ (Wanganui Chronicle, 10/02/1919, p. 6, Wairarapa Daily Times, 11/03/1919, p. 6) as well as in the care of stock (Poverty Bay Herald 5/07/1909, p. 8). It was also, however, marketed as a medicinal product, specifically as a method of preventing infantile paralysis, or acute poliomyelitis, and diphtheria (Colonist 18/03/1916, p. 5). Both polio (viral) and diphtheria (bacterial) are highly contagious diseases spread through contact with the pathogen in

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the air or infected individuals (diphtheria) and via the oral-fecal or oral-oral routes of transmission (polio). It is possible that disinfectant may have mitigated the contagion and such a product would definitely have been useful in a broader hospital context, but it is, unlike the other patent/proprietary remedies found in the cesspit, a treatment applied to the environment rather than individual patients. It is also more preventative than curative in function. It has, however, been cautiously included here because of the emphasis on its medicinal uses in contemporary advertisements, in relation to specific diseases, which suggests an intended function beyond general household cleanliness. Nevertheless, the two contextual functions are not mutually exclusive and, as a disinfectant, Kerol is most likely to have been used in any or all parts of the cottage hospital building.

Only one product, Martin H Smith’s Glykeron, was placed in the category of ‘ethical’ medicine, which refers to treatments unable to be obtained by the general public without a prescription. The only advertisements found for Glykeron were placed in the Journal of the National Medical Association in America, where it is stated to be a treatment for respiratory illnesses such as coughs, bronchitis, phthisis, pertussis (whooping cough), pneumonia, and asthma in both children and adults (Figure 41). It is clearly described as prescription medicine, with one advertisement from 1912 giving the amount ordinarily prescribed by a physician to be two, three or four ounces (Journal of the National Medical Association 1912), while a later notice in 1925 claims that ‘Glykeron has been prescribed and greatly esteemed by physicians for over twenty five years’ (Journal of the National Medical Association 1925, p. 255). The subject of the latter was new federal legislation which required changes in the composition of the product, indicating that by this time, Glykeron was subject to national regulations in the United States, something which certainly differentiates it from patent or proprietary medicines.

Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine or diamorphine, is a derivative of opium created in the late nineteenth century and a common ingredient in medicines prior to WWI, although still more restricted than many of the ingredients used in other, less regulated, products. It became even more restricted further into the twentieth century, in Britain, as well as the United States, where it was only available for selective medical uses after 1920 (Carley, 1981). It is still used in medical practice in the modern world, primarily for ‘myocardial infarction (heart attack), palliative care, pulmonary oedema and post-operative pain’ (Seddon, 2007, p. 144), rather than the respiratory problems it was prescribed for in the early 1900s. Glycerine, or glycerol, is also still used in

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medical and pharmaceutical products as a laxative and ingredient in cough syrups and expectorant, in addition to a variety of other medical and non-medical uses (Pagliaro and Rossi, 2010).

Figure 41: Advertisement for Barry’s Tricopherous (U. S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.) and Glyco-Heroin (Journal of the National Medical Association 4/10/1914).

As well as being the only ethical medicine represented, the Martin H Smith’s Glykeron was one of nine pharmaceutical artefacts which could be traced to their original product manufacturers (note that this may differ from the manufacturer of the vessel, which is not discussed here). Unlike the Glykeron bottle, however, the other eight bottles displayed no indication of their original contents and were identified as pharmaceutical solely through the names or initials of the individual chemists embossed on the glass. Four manufacturers were represented, three of which, James Reid, B. Bagley and Sons and R. Conn, were chemists based in Dunedin in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (see Chapter 5 for details). Although there is very little information available on the kinds of products supplied and manufactured by James Reid and R. Conn, advertisements for B. Bagley and Sons include a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic merchandise, both locally prepared and imported, from leeches to enemas, ‘horse and cattle medicines’, soothing powders

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and ‘Catalan hair-renewer’ (ODT, 1/01/1875, p. 6). In addition to these, they advertised themselves as ‘importers of druggists sundries, patent medicines, perfumery &c.,” (New Zealand Tablet, 20 Nov. 1891, p. 13; ODT, 5/02/1875, p. 4) suggesting that regional chemists such as B. Bagley and Sons may also have been another of the avenues by which local medical practioners obtained equipment for mixing medicines as well as pharmaceutical products manufactured overseas. This particular pharmaceutical establishment also had an established connection to the St Bathans district from 1907 onwards through family relations with Dr. Bagley, who was the grandson of Benjamin Bagley of B. Bagley and Sons (Bagley, S., pers. comm 2012).

In addition to Martin H Smith, one other international pharmaceutical company was represented in the St Bathans assemblage through two artefacts believed to have been made by Burroughs Wellcome and Co, a London company known for their large scale production of compressed pills and pioneering drug research (Bailey 2008). If this identification is correct, they are the only pill based medicine represented in the cottage hospital assemblage, as the form and/or contents of the rest of the pharmaceutical bottles indicate liquid remedies.

Over 80% of the pharmaceutical bottles recovered were unable to be identified to either manufacturer or contents and were classed as pharmaceutical solely from their distinctive rectangular or oval form. These bottle shapes are commonly acknowledged to denote pharmaceutical contents (Lindsey, 2012, Orsman, 1996) and enough labelled or otherwise identifiable examples exist in museums, archaeological assemblages and historical documents, for the bottles found at St Bathans to be classed as such, especially when considered in context of a medical institution. It is possible, given other evidence for the preparation of medicines at the cottage hospital, that these bottles may have been used to dispense such treatments (Belgrave, 1991). Alternatively, they may represent other ethical, patent or proprietary medicines which were originally marked with paper labels unable to survive in the archaeological record. The oval bottle embossed with ‘poisonous not to be taken’ was included in this category as, although this label was used on bottles containing poisons or toxic liquids, such as ammonia, during the nineteenth century, the specific product and/or manufacturer remained unidentifiable.

Other Of the remaining artefacts recovered from the cesspit, foodways and structural items were found to be predominant (Table 25). Most of the items discussed in the following sections are representative of the non-medical aspects of life at the cottage hospital, although some, like those

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discussed above, may have functioned in both the domestic and medical contexts of the institution.

Table 25: Other functional categories by material class and minimum number.

Category Class Glass Ceramic Metal Other Total Foodways Food storage 6 1 2 - 9 Food preparation - - 1 - 1 Food/beverage service 2 26 1 - 29 Beverage (alcoholic) 10 - - - 10 Beverage (non-alcholic) 2 - - - 2 Total 20 27 4 - 51

Household Stationery 2 3 - 1 6 Total 2 3 - 1 6

Personal Clothing - - - 7 7 Adornment 1 - 1 - 2 Hygiene - - - 1 1 Leisure - - - 2 2 Smoking - - - 2 2 Toys - 1 - - 1 Total 1 1 1 12 15

Structural Fasteners - - 52 - 52 Fittings - - 2 - 2 Piping - - 3 - 3 Windows 2 - - - 2 Wire - - 4 - 4 Total 2 - 61 63

Transport Equestrian - - 2 - 2 Automotive - - 2 - 2 Total - - 4 - 4

Furnishing Lighting 4 - 1 - 5 Floor covering - - - 1 1 Total 4 - 1 1 6

Electrical Leclanché cells - 2 - - 2 Insulated wire - - 1 - 1 Total - 2 1 - 3

Foodways Approximately 24% of the classifiable artefacts related to the storage, preparation and consumption of food and beverages (Table 26). This included all but four items from the ceramic assemblage, 20% of the classifiable glass vessels and four metal items. With one exception, all the ceramic artefacts were associated with food and beverage service, which comprised the largest sub-category of foodways items, followed by alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and food storage (which also includes items that might otherwise be classed as consumables). Most of the

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artefacts included in this category have obvious associations with various foodways functions, although some items were found to have other possible uses unrelated to food storage, service or consumption.

Table 26: MN of artefacts identified with foodways within functional sub-categories.

Class Description MN Storage/consumable jar 5 Bovril** 1 4 OZ bottle** 1 foil seal 2 Preparation pot handle 1 Service glass dish 1 tumbler 1 teacup/saucer 9 teapot 2 bowl 1 egg cup 1 jug 2 plate 8 bottle 1 unidentified ceramic* 3 Alcoholic beverage wine/beer bottle** 9 schnapps bottle** 1 Non-alcoholic beverage torpedo aerated water 1 milk bottle 1 Total 51 Note: * = identification probable but not certain ** = item has functional uses beyond those associated with foodways

The latter includes two of the artefacts identified as storage vessels/consumables. One, Bovril is commonly considered to be a foodstuff and is usually diluted with water and consumed as a beverage. Historic advertisements for the product stated that if ‘used as a drink, Bovril stimulates, exhilarates and “comforts”’ in addition to providing sustenance (OW 23 23/09/1903, p. 65). However, it was also claimed to have some medicinal qualities, being described in the Otago Witness in 1904 as the ‘nurse’s ‘second self’’ in the sick room in conjunction with its apparent ability to provide strength and sustenance to the consumer (OW 28/09/1904, p. 69). As its use within a health care context appears to have been derived from its attributes as a foodstuff, with which it is primarily identified, it has been categorised accordingly here. The other uncertain item in this sub-category is the bottle with 4 OZ embossed on the base: this mark indicates that it contained something usually sold and possibly used in measured quantities, but does not specify the nature of its original contents. Embossed marks denoting quantity are common on bottles

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containing certain foodstuffs, but were also characteristic of some pharmaceutical bottles. The shape of the vessel is equally ambiguous, being a form used for both kinds of product. It was placed in the category of foodstuffs as it lacks the more distinctive characteristics shared by those items classed as primarily pharmaceutical (above), although it is acknowledged that this is a fairly arbitrary classification. The remaining artefacts within this sub-category are all food jars, although these too may have been used to hold alternative substances once their original contents had been used or removed.

Only one item was found to be associated with the preparation of food, in the form of the handle from a metal pot. The lack of other such items in the St Bathans assemblage may result from the fact that they are often made of durable materials and are less likely to be discarded or broken. Alternatively, they may have been disposed of elsewhere, or considered valuable enough to be moved whenever the hospital was vacated.

Service vessels consisted mainly of ceramic tea and table wares, although the glass serving dish, water tumbler and metal jug/tankard were also included in this sub-category. None of these items are particularly distinctive in terms of functional associations and provide little in the way of information regarding the types of food or beverages served.

All of the bottles shapes commonly associated with the storage or consumption of alcohol (see Chapter 5) were included as items representative of foodways. So-called alcohol bottles are well known to have been used for a variety of purposes, some of them distinct from the original contents of the bottle, but more often than not still within the sphere or beverages or foods. However, the use of alcohol in health care, both within and beyond the context of medical institutions, has also been documented archaeologically and historically (Phillips and Druskovich, 2009, Angus, 1984). Such a use is more applicable to stronger forms of alcohol, such as spirits, rather than beer and wine, which are better represented in the St Bathans assemblage, but it is noted as a possible alternative function for these artefacts. Only two non-alcoholic beverages were represented, by the torpedo shaped aerated water bottle and wide mouth milk bottle.

A further insight into foodways at the cottage hospital is provided by the faunal assemblage, which included sheep, cow and chicken remains, although the sample is too small to consider it a comprehensive representation of faunal consumption at the site. The variety of elements present in the case of the sheep identified, including crania and teeth, may represent the home butchery

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of complete or near complete animals, with some parts disposed of elsewhere. It is possible that the sheep bones represent the disposal of non-food remains, but this is unlikely, given the relative lack of vertebrae present. Contrastingly, the lack of butchery marks on the rabbit remains, in addition to a similarly broad representation of elements, suggests that these either died in situ or were disposed of within the cesspit and are not a representation of subsistence activity. In regard to the shell fauna found, it is not unusual to find oyster shells in Central Otago sites from the nineteenth century (Butcher, 2008), although if they were being eaten, one would expect to find a larger quantity of shells. Again, this suggests the possibility that other places were used for the disposal of faunal remains associated with the cottage hospital.

It was also found, while considering the functional implications of this category that the classification of foodways artefacts as exclusively ‘domestic’ was somewhat problematic, especially if that classification was viewed in in opposition to or separate from the provision of health care at the cottage hospital. While their primary function as individual objects is directly associated with food, they are as likely to have been used to prepare or provide food for patients, in the medical context of the hospital, as for the resident Doctor and his family in a domestic setting. Most of the service vessels identified from St Bathans, for example, are plain, utilitarian, earthenwares and relatively common transfer printed or gilt decorated whiteware. Such common, readily available, ceramics are more likely to have been used communally by the institution for patient care than more expensive higher status ceramics, of which there is a notable lack in the cottage hospital assemblage. Similarly, the consumables represented within this category, whether they be faunal remains, stored foods or beverages, are fairly standard, easily available, items which could have been used in either context.

Personal Fifteen artefacts were placed in the category of personal items, indicating that they were objects associated with the individuals who resided at the cottage hospital (Table 27). Seven pieces of clothing were identified, including four items of footwear. It was noted in the previous chapter that one of the latter was child sized which, when considered with the porcelain doll face also found, may reflect the presence of children at the cottage hospital during its years of occupation (see Chapter 3). The remaining three fragments were adult sized but provide no other evidence regarding the identity of the wearer or specific style and/or function of the footwear. Similarly,

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little in the way of details about individuals or specific garments could be gleaned from the button, dome or pieces of knitted wool.

Table 27: Personal artefacts according to description and MN

Class Description MN clothing footwear 4 knitted wool 1 button 1 dome 1 adornment locket 1 nail polish bottle 1 hygiene toothbrush handle** 1 leisure newspaper 2 smoking wooden pipe 1 clay pipe 1 toys porcelain doll face* 1 Total 15 Note: * = identification probable but not certain ** = could be placed within other functional contexts

It seems probably that the locket and nail polish bottle recovered indicate a female presence, although the locket may also have belonged to a child. While Drs Maclachlan, Stenhouse and Brugh are known to have had families while in residence at the cottage hospital, the machine made nail polish bottle wouldn’t have been present until after they had moved on, suggesting that it belonged to a later, undocumented, female resident or patient.

The probable toothbrush handle identified represents the activities of dental hygiene and personal grooming at the cottage hospital. Dental hygiene and the toothbrush, while originating much earlier, began developing into their current form towards the end of the eighteenth century. By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, toothbrushes were becoming relatively common, part of an increasing individual concern with and mitigation of dental problems in addition to personal presentation (Shackel, 1993). From this perspective, the handle found at the cottage hospital reflects another form of preventative health care, at a personal, habitual, level, as well as the regular routines of individual grooming. As such, it is another example of an object with more than one functional meaning or context of use.

As well as personal attire and adornment and hygiene, two smoking pipes and fragments of newspaper found reflect potential leisure activities of the occupants or patients of the hospital to a small degree. Pipe smoking was a common pastime during the 1900s, particularly in the later decades, and carried on well into the following century, although clay pipe manufacture was

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almost at a standstill by WWI (Triggs, 2005). The newspaper represented is most likely to be the local Mt Ida Chronicle, but could also conceivably be a publication from further afield.

Household Only six artefacts were included in this category, all of which were identified as items of stationary likely to have been used by the household, differentiating them from the more personal objects detailed above. Slate pencils and bottled ink were common writing instruments during this period and could have been used in both the medical and residential contexts of the cottage hospital.

Class Description MN stationary glass ink bottle 2 stoneware ink bottle 3 slate pencil 1 Total 6

Furnishing Very little information exists in the documentary record regarding the interior of the hospital building and its furnishings. The archaeological record proved to be slightly more informative, but only six of the artefacts found were related to this aspect of the site, five of which related to lighting (Table 28). The sixth comprises fragments of fabric tentatively identified as possible floor or wall covering in the previous chapter.

Table 28: Artefacts identified as furnishings.

Class Description MN lighting chimney oil lamp 4 candle holder 1 floor covering linoleum* 1 Total 6 Note: * = identification is uncertain

The lighting artefacts consisted of the fragments of four glass chimney oil lamps and an enamelled metal candle holder. The glass ‘chimneys’ would have rested on a metal burner and kerosene fuel tank and may have been fitted to wall brackets or free standing. Oil or kerosene lamps of this type were popular methods of lighting during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, in addition to candlelight, before electrical lighting became widespread (Russell, 1968). Historical records indicate that domestic electricity didn’t become available in St Bathans until after the

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closure of the cottage hospital in the 1920s (Works, 1967), supporting the use of alternative forms of lighting during the period in which the hospital was occupied.

Electrical Three artefacts, consisting of the two Leclanché wet cell batteries and insulated wire, were classified as electrical in function, although all three could also have been used in the operation of the telegraph, which was established in the St Bathans in 1874 and used well into the twentieth century (Nicolson-Garrett, 1977).

Leclanché cells, which typically produced c. 1.5V of electricity with a resistance of several ohms, were commonly used in telegraphy, signalling, electric bells and other applications requiring intermittent current and infrequent maintenance (Oakes, 2002, Derry and Trevor, 1993, p. 611). The latter included residential uses, such as electric doorbells, as well as medical experiments, as detailed in an 1879 edition of the New Zealand Tablet, which describes the invention of a British doctor, demonstrated to ‘transmute the movements of the arterial pulse into loud telephonic sounds’ using a Leclanché cell (Fish et al., 2003, Ch. 13) (New Zealand Tablet 08/08/1879, p. 14). While it is unlikely that the Leclanché cells found at the cottage hospital were used in this way, they are another example of objects unable to be placed within a single functional context. Similarly, the insulated wire found, while probably used to transmit electric or telegraphic current, could have been used in either the medical or residential context of the cottage hospital.

Structural With the exception of two panes of window glass, all artefacts identified as structural in function were metal (Table 29). Fasteners were by far the most predominant structural item, most of which were iron wire nails of the type commonly used in building construction, in addition to a copper rivet which may have been used to fasten metal machinery or piping, among other things. Other fasteners such as the wire pegs and ‘joins’ were less easily identified to a specific use within their broader function, particularly the latter, which proved difficult to identify to form, let alone function.

Two artefacts, the gate hinge and door lock were classed as ‘fittings’, referring to their function as part of another structure, such as a door or gate. The four pipes found were also difficult to identify to any specific purpose, although the insulated copper pipe may have been used to move

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water. The wire found is most likely to have been used outside the hospital building itself: the twisted and barbed wire is most likely from some form of fencing.

Table 29: Structural artefacts from the St Bathans cottage hospital according to type and MN.

Class Description MN fasteners nail 42 washer 5 join* 2 peg 1 rivet 1 wingnut 1 fittings gate hinge 1 two bolt rim lock 1 piping join 1 water pipe/hose 1 unidentified 1 windows window pane 2 wire barbed 1 twisted 1 unspecified 2 Total 63 Note: * = identification probably but not certain

The relative scarcity of structural artefacts found at the cottage hospital site may reflect the extant condition of the building and the material with which it was built. Those items which were found probably derive from the maintenance and repairs of the building as much, if not more, than from its construction.

Transport At least two forms of transport, equestrian and automotive, were represented in the cottage hospital assemblage. The use of horses, with and without carts and carriages, would have been the one of the only forms of transport available to the doctors and patients prior to the introduction of automotive vehicles at the end of the nineteenth century. There are numerous references to the use of horses as transport at the cottage hospital in the historical record (see Chapter 3) and the two horseshoes found there almost certainly relate to this.

Table 30: Artefacts related to equestrian and automotive transport at the cottage hospital.

Class Description MN automotive acetylene lamp 1 Gargoyle Mobiloil cap `1 equestrian Horseshoe 2 Total 4

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The acetylene lamp and Gargoyle Mobiloil cap were also included in this category as evidence for the use of automotive vehicles at the cottage hospital. The former closely resembles the type of headlight found on early motorcycles, which were introduced to New Zealand at the end of the nineteenth century, while Gargoyle Mobiloil, ‘the oil that lubricates most’, was primarily used as an engine lubricant in automobile and motorcycle engines (The Evening Post, 25/09/1912, p. 4).

Historical records indicate that motorised transport was used in association with the cottage hospital as early as 1910 (MIC 10/06/1910) when Dr Bagley was in residence, only twelve years after the first motorcar was introduced to New Zealand in 1898 (Watson, 1996). Despite a rapid growth in availability throughout the early 1900s, automotive vehicles remained something of a luxury item until the 1920s. In 1925, at the end of the first national registration of motor vehicles, there were 106 000 motor vehicles in New Zealand (Watson, 1996) in comparison to a population of between 1.24 million (1920) and 1.48 million (1930) (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2010) suggesting that they were still relatively uncommon possessions for the average New Zealand resident. In St Bathans, however, considering the distances travelled by the resident Doctor and the necessity of a swift response to injury, motorised transport would have been an important addition to the provision of medical care, supported by contemporary remarks on the subject (see Chapter 3).

Uncertain Twenty five artefacts were determined to have multiple possible uses, none of which were prominent enough to justify inclusion in a specific functional category (Table 31). Some of these, such as the corks and metal containers, are clearly identifiable as part of objects used to store or hold material but display no indication of their contents or the context in which they may have been used. Other items, such as the bottles and arsenic container, which could be associated with more specific uses, were included here because it was unclear which of those uses was the most likely. The ball neck bottle form, for example, is often associated with food essences (Lindsey, 2012) but also closely resembles shapes related to pharmaceutical products. Similarly, while the six cylindrical vials are similar to bottles used to contain perfume or cosmetic products they may also have held pharmaceutical pills or concentrated liquids and it is difficult to establish which identification is the most accurate. Arsenic is also known to have been used medicinally and as a household poison, both of which are functions with equal possibility in this context. Lastly, the yellow glass lens was included here as its primary function as a lens indicates that it may have

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been part of a larger device, such as a microscope, but exactly what that device might be could not be determined with any certainty.

Table 31: Items of uncertain functional classification.

Uncertain Description MN glass ball neck panel bottle 2 cylindrical vial 6 lens metal arsenic* 1 matchbox 2 round container 10 square/rectangular container 2 other cork 2 Total 25

Dating the Assemblage It is evident from the data presented here and in the previous chapter that date ranges for the objects found span the period from the 1860s through to the early twentieth century. Many of the dates obtained provide only a broad indication of the period of manufacture and/or use for individual artefacts (Figure 42). A relatively large proportion of the artefacts could only be loosely identified as nineteenth or twentieth century in origin based on manufacturing and stylistic characteristics, including the various machine made bottles and products such as Kruses Magnesia, which were in relatively continuous production over a long period of time. Nevertheless, a terminus ante quem for the deposition of the assemblage could be determined as post-1916, as evident from the youngest artefact in the deposit, a Paragon China saucer with a 1916+ makers mark (The Paragon International Collectors Club, 2007). It is likely, however, that the material found in the cesspit was deposited slightly later than this, given that 1916 is a date of manufacture, not of use, and is merely the earliest possible point at which these objects could have been placed in the ground. Many of the artefacts dated appear to have still been in production or use during the 1920s and this, in addition to the relatively high proportion of machine made bottles and other so-called ‘modern artefacts’ supports a 1920s date of deposition.

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Figure 42: Various date ranges established for individual artefacts from the cesspit assemblage. A + sign has been used to denote open ended dates, which may have extended earlier or later than could be established here.

Summary The functional analysis of this assemblage indicates that a considerable proportion of the artefacts recovered can be interpreted with reasonable confidence as representations of the health care function of the cottage hospital during its period of operation, from 1891 until the 1920s. At the same time, it is also evident that many of the objects identified reflect its domestic and residential functions during the same period of time. The interplay of these two aspects of the site and their interpretation in a broader context are discussed in more detail in the following chapter.

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CHAPTER SEVEN: DISCUSSION

Deposition of the Assemblage The use of abandoned cesspits for the deposition of rubbish is well documented in archaeological literature (Crook and Murray, 2004). Cesspits gradually became less commonly used as sanitation improved and municipal sewerage systems developed and were frequently filled with household refuse after abandonment (Middleton, 2009). The rapid deposition of material, as evident in the case of St Bathans, is often associated with ‘major cleaning or site abandonment’ events and these assemblages referred to as ‘clean out’ deposits (LeeDecker, 1991). It has been suggested that such deposits resulted from significant changes within a household, the transition from one set of residents to another, or the established use of household refuse as a method of filling in large holes (such as abandoned cesspits/privies) on a property (Crook and Murray, 2004, Carnes-McNaughton and Harper, 2000, Wheeler, 2000). Taking into account the historical information surrounding the operation of the hospital building and the relative dates of the artefacts recovered, the St Bathans assemblage is almost certainly a result of ‘significant changes at the site’, probably correlating to the closure of the hospital in the early 1920s. As such, it is by no means a complete representation of events at the cottage hospital: the probability of other rubbish pits or artefact deposits on the section is mentioned in Chapter Four and, given the relatively high turnover of permanent residents at the hospital, it is likely that many of the more valuable or personal items of material culture would have travelled with their owners rather than be disposed of on site. Additionally, artefacts manufactured from less durable materials, such as fabrics or paper, are likely to be under-represented in the archaeological record, while other items, particularly those associated with medical or human waste, may have been incinerated or disposed of elsewhere immediately after use. However, as evident from the preceding chapter, those objects which have survived in the archaeological record are still capable of providing a wealth of information regarding the nature of health care provision in St Bathans.

The broad range of dates represented by artefacts from the cesspit is not unusual for assemblages of this type and may reflect two possibilities. One, that while the deposition of this material is likely the result of a single event which occurred at some point after 1916, the activities and events represented by the individual items recovered may have spanned a relatively long period of time, and two, that given the historical and archaeological context and the fact that all of the date ranges beginning in the 1860s and 1870s also extend to at least 1891 (and further), the ‘early’

artefacts found in the cottage hospital cesspit are likely to be closer to the latter, rather than the former, in age. It is suggested that both explanations are applicable to this assemblage, which is clearly associated with the occupation and operation of the hospital building from 1890 until the

1920s.

Life and Medicine at the Cottage Hospital One of the biggest strengths of historical archaeology is its ability to utilise both historical and archaeological data in the interpretation of a site, allowing for both a larger quantity of information and a greater variety in the kind of information available. It is evident, in the case of this thesis, that the historical record is able to provide details which are missing from the archaeological record and vice-versa. Documentary sources for the cottage hospital contained information which was not or could not be preserved in the archaeological record, such as accounts of illnesses and injuries, the specifics of the hospital’s management or details regarding the individual doctors and their practice. Likewise, the archaeology provides evidence for products, people and activities missing from historical accounts.

From an archaeological perspective, perhaps the most obvious disparity between the two sources lies in the almost total lack of evidence for domestic life at the cottage hospital offered by written accounts, in contrast to the large proportion of associated artefacts found in the archaeological record. For the most part, these artefacts comprise a modest, almost unexceptional, nineteenth century domestic assemblage, with inexpensive ceramic serving vessels, alcoholic and non- alcoholic beverage bottles and a handful of commonplace foodstuffs identified. Certain features of the cottage hospital are still underrepresented: the structural artefacts found reveal little in the way of new information about the building and, with the exception of lighting and possible wall/floor coverings, details of the interior furnishings are similarly absent from the surviving material culture. Household and personal items identified also disclose a limited amount of new information about the individuals to whom they belonged, but do provide some insight into the daily life of residence at the cottage hospital. In particular, artefacts such as the nail polish bottle, locket and face of a child’s doll add weight to the presence of the women and children who are only briefly, if at all, mentioned in historical accounts of the institution.

As well as acting as a physical remnant of the residential life at the cottage hospital, the domestic artefacts recovered also serve as an illustration of the issues inherent in applying functional analysis to a site with more than one functional context. The ambiguity involved in attempting to

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place artefacts within exclusive categories or contexts of use, such as ‘domestic’ or ‘medical’, highlighted both advantages and disadvantages in the application of this approach to artefact assemblage analysis. Although it created difficulties with the individual classification of items, by doing so it also highlighted the characteristic nature of this assemblage as a collection of artefacts associated with a cottage hospital, an institution that is by definition one in which the provision of medical care and domestic residence are inextricably entangled.

The most obvious example of this is in those artefacts which, in almost any other context would be considered typical of a domestic or household assemblage of this period, but which, in the case of the St Bathans Cottage Hospital, are imbued with an additional role as tools of medical provision. Objects such as the carbide motorcycle lamp and Gargoyle Mobiloil container would not normally be characterised as medical in any way, yet in St Bathans the use of automotive transport is described by Dr Bagley as ‘essential’ for medical practice in a country setting. Other contemporary accounts of the town indicate that in many cases the speed of the response to medical emergencies was a crucial factor in the survival of patients, signifying that a car or motorbike may have been as important a tool of medicine as a scalpel, syringe or other piece of medical equipment. Similarly, the various foodways artefacts identified could easily have been used to provide food and sustenance to patients as well as to the resident doctor and his family. Taking into account contemporary emphases on the therapeutic value of convalescent care in cottage hospitals (see Chapter 2), particularly the provision of good food and rest, these artefacts can also be viewed as instruments of medical practice in addition to being representations of domestic life. This contextual ambiguity is not restricted to so-called domestic artefacts: the classification of certain pharmaceutical items was also problematic when considered in their functional context. Products such as Barry’s Tricopherous, St Jacob’s Oil and Kruses Magnesia were all advertised primarily as health care remedies and, presumably, consumed as such, yet are also commonly represented in archaeological assemblages found in exclusively household or domestic contexts. Others, such as Kerol Disinfectant, claimed uses in both medical and non-medical contexts. In view of this, a question arises regarding whether such artefacts can be considered representative of the hospital aspect of the cottage hospital or are more a reflection of the personal habits and day to day health care practices of the resident doctor and his family.

One way to shed some light on this is to compare the St Bathans assemblage with archaeological material from larger hospitals, such as those excavated at Thames and Wellington. This provides

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an opportunity to ascertain if these issues are restricted to institutions with equal residential and medical purposes (like the cottage hospital) or are symptomatic of a broader ‘hospital archaeology’. It needs to be acknowledged that both the Thames and Wellington Hospital excavations differed from St Bathans in context, excavation strategy and analytical procedures (see Chapter 1), and therefore cannot be used for a full statistical comparison. Both hospitals were more sizeable institutions than St Bathans and have continued to be utilised through into the present day, resulting in increasingly larger archaeological footprints at each site. Excavations at the Thames site, for example, sampled material from residential and educational contexts as well as those relating directly to the original hospital. The Wellington excavation, while smaller and restricted to a small number of trenches, revealed an assemblage which is more securely associated with the operation of the hospital itself, although residential material was still found.

Table 32: MN of selected groups of glass and ceramic vessels from comparative hospital sites in New Zealand.

Category St Bathans Cottage Hospital Wellington Hospital Thames Hospital MN % MN % MN % medical 21 16.8 2 2.7 2 1.1 med/pharm 38 30.4 17 23.3 7 3.9 pharmaceutical 13 10.4 6 8.2 3 1.7 bedcare - - 8 11.0 8 4.4 other household 5 4.0 7 9.6 8 4.4 personal 1 0.8 - - 1 0.6 food storage 7 5.6 3 4.1 21 11.6 food preparation - - - - 3 1.7 food/bev service 28 22.4 15 20.6 98 54.1 beverage, non-alc 2 1.6 11 15.1 6 3.3 beverage, alcohol 10 8.0 4 5.5 24 13.3 total 66 54 172 Note: this comparison is restricted to those glass and ceramic vessels which could be assigned to the ten functional groups displayed. It also disregards those artefacts from the Thames excavation which were recovered from contexts unrelated to the original footprint of the hospital (see O'Keefe, 2007 and Phillips and Druskovich, 2009 for more detail).

Despite the differences in scope and procedure, some comparisons can still be drawn between the three assemblages. It is notable that in all cases a large proportion of so-called domestic artefacts were recovered alongside those objects which already had medical connotations (see Table 32). The latter included pharmaceutical products such as Lane’s Emulsion, Castor Oil and Davis’s Vegetable Pain Killer, all of which are patent and proprietary medicines commonly found in residential or household contexts, as well as a number of unmarked pharmaceutical bottles. Exclusively medical items were relatively underrepresented in both assemblages, with only two syringes recovered from Wellington and a dispensing glass and probable chloroform bottle found

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at the Thames site. Additionally, both excavations uncovered bed-care items which are not represented at St Bathans, including bedpans specifically manufactured for convalescent fracture patients (also known as slipper or fracture pans) in the Wellington assemblage (O'Keefe, 2007b, Phillips and Druskovich, 2009).

There are two major conclusions to be drawn from this comparison. First, despite the relatively small comparative sample, it seems that the high proportion of domestic artefacts identified within the St Bathans assemblage is not, as initially thought, a consequence of its association with a cottage hospital, but can also be observed in other, larger, health care institutions. Furthermore, as observed for St Bathans, the role such objects play in the provision of institutional health care is also noted in the context of Wellington Hospital by Mary O’Keefe, who states that the assemblage represents ‘the activities of people living and working in the hospital: people are administering medicine and medical procedures, but the patients are also being fed and having their other needs attended to’ (O'Keefe, 2007b, p. 27). That the proportions of domestic artefacts to explicitly medical items are greater in the Thames and Wellington assemblages than for the St Bathans material may be a result of excavation methods and context, but may also reflect the respective hospital sizes. In the larger institutions, the ratio of patients to medical staff would have been much greater than that of family and occasional patients to doctor at the cottage hospital, occasioning a greater need and use of foodways and other general care.

Secondly, the relative scarcity of explicitly medical items found in the Thames and Wellington excavations serves to illustrate the significance of the St Bathans assemblage, which contains more explicitly medical and pharmaceutical items than the other two assemblages combined. These artefacts represent a range of scientific and non-scientific medical procedures which encompass elements of the diagnostic process, the preparation and administering of treatments and various aspects of surgical procedures. In turn, when combined with the information recovered from historical sources, these objects provide a more comprehensive understanding of medical practice at the cottage hospital. For example, clinical methods of diagnosis, although relatively primitive, are represented in the archaeological record and also supported by primary accounts of the diagnostic process found in historical sources. The use of thermometry, basic microscopy and the techniques of palpation and percussion suggest a certain degree of scientific investigation, which is in turn indicative of wider developments within clinical medical practice at this time (discussed further below). At the same time, contemporary accounts suggest that methods of diagnosis were

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limited by a lack of proper laboratory facilities at the cottage hospital, although the presence of a pipette, stirring rod and test tubes counteract this to a certain extent. While it seems more likely that the latter would have been used in the preparation of medical treatments administered at the hospital, supported by the numerous unmarked pharmaceutical bottles also found, it is also possible that they were used in the diagnostic process to prepare microscope slides or other necessary equipment.

Sources for the kinds of treatments administered and dispensed are patchy, both archaeologically and historically, but do suggest the presence of relatively advanced methods of medical practice. The syringes and ampoules found in the archaeological assemblage indicate the hypodermic application of clinical drugs, known from historical sources to have included compounds such as eucaine, atropine, morphine and chloroform, all of which were used as either anaesthetics or pain relief. The use of chloroform and eucaine as anaesthetics is well documented in contemporary accounts of surgical operations at the hospital which, although only represented by a single artefact in the archaeological record, appear to have been a major part of medical provision at the institution, particularly in the context of emergency response to severe illness or injury. While clearly restricted by the limitations of the St Bathans facilities, evidenced by the referral of certain surgical cases to nearby Naseby, doctors at the cottage hospital were capable of relatively complex surgical procedures for the time, including abdominal surgeries and operations which used local, rather than general, anaesthetic.

Most of the procedures and treatments represented in the archaeological record fit with surviving records of the various illnesses and injuries which occurred in St Bathans, with only a couple of exceptions. The treatment of gastric complaints, for example, is reflected in the probable enema tube recovered and almost all of the pharmaceutical products identified were, at the time, targeted towards illnesses and complaints common in historical accounts of health concerns for the area, with emphasis on remedies for rheumatism and/or aches and pains, stomach complaints and pulmonary or respiratory illnesses. Although it is unlikely that these products cured ill health as successfully as their advertisements claimed, most of them contained ingredients which had some medicinal properties and are likely to have been effective to some extent. The exceptions to this, of course, are products like Barry’s Tricopherous, which would have been unable to produce the cures it claimed to effect, and Kerol which, although medically targeted towards the prevention of

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polio, was a general disinfectant rather than remedy for specific complaints. As such it is just as likely to have been used in a household context as a medical one.

The presence of patent and proprietary medicines such as Tricopherous within the assemblage is particularly interesting, given the semi-institutional context and indications that medicine at the cottage hospital was otherwise relatively scientific in nature. It is possible that products such as Barry’s Tricopherous were used in context of the resident household as a form of personal medicinal or cosmetic care, but even this seems less than likely given that it was still the household of a doctor. If it was considered ineffectual in the professional context of the hospital, it seems illogical that it would then be used in the household, given that medical knowledge in both contexts is derived from the same person. It follows that the product may either have been used in both contexts or in neither: since it is represented in the assemblage, it is unlikely that is was not used at all. One possible explanation is that it was considered to have some merit as either a medicinal product or in its cosmetic capacity as a hair restorative or beautifier, although the fact that a largely alcoholic recipe had been published as early as 1893 would suggest otherwise. Alternatively, it may have been used for its highly alcoholic content rather than its advertised purpose, as seems most likely. Although Tricopherous is the most extreme example, it is not the only patent or proprietary medicine represented in the cottage hospital assemblage: despite the partially medicinal qualities of products like St Jacob’s Oil and Kruses Magnesia, they are still over the counter medicines more commonly found in household contexts, where they were indicative of individual or personal self-medication rather than the provision of institutional health care.

Finally, it must be noted that the above discussion only covers in-patient medical treatments and procedures administered at the site of the cottage hospital and, as such, is only a fraction of the total medical care provided through the institution. It is clear from the historical record that the resident doctor and medical facilities of the hospital were used to cater for a much wider district, which extended beyond the boundaries of the St Bathans settlement itself. The provision of outpatient care, whether in the form of consultation, external convalescent care or response to medical emergency, appears to have comprised an aspect of the cottage hospital’s function which was at least as important to the local community as the on-site medical facility of the building itself. Over half of the recorded instances of medical attendance by the resident St Bathans doctor take place outside its doors and, although it is evident that the local community valued and maintained the physical resources of the ward room and surgery, it is also clear that the cottage

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hospital functioned as a vehicle for the provision of medical care and advantages of a resident doctor within the wider district. This was an institution which did not exist in isolation but was part of a much larger landscape of medical provision, a point which only becomes more evident as it is considered within its broader social and professional contexts.

The Cottage Hospital and the Community It is clear that, at a local level, the cottage hospital was an important and valued resource for the surrounding community, although the relationship between the two is somewhat contradictory in nature. There was an evident need, even desperation, for professional medical facilities reflected in the contemporary concerns regarding the dangers of living and working in the St Bathans area and the deaths which had resulted from their lack of a resident medical practitioner. The determination shown by the community in their sometimes fruitless search for a local doctor only reinforces this impression. At the same time, however, historical records indicate that individual self-medication and the application of traditional treatments were a familiar form of health care in the town, to the extent that one account claims that people didn’t visit the doctor all that much, preferring instead to treat themselves. While the veracity of this is contradicted by the frequent reports of the doctors services being utilised, other sources indicate that the use of traditional remedies and self-medication in the town remained common, as did the utilisation of unofficial medical practitioners, such as William Pyle.

Rather than view this situation as the juxtaposition of two distinct approaches to medical care, it is suggested that the cottage hospital, although representative of official medical practice and an emerging public health care provision, should not be seen as separate from the self-care mentality which characterised the use of alternative forms of medicine. Instead, it can be viewed as the material manifestation of a collective, community form of self-care in the same way that patent and proprietary medicine bottles are the physical remnants of that mentality on an individual scale. It is clear from the historical record that, despite the limited involvement of the Central Otago Hospital Board and state government, most of the financial and social responsibility for the cottage hospital was borne by the St Bathans Medical Aid Club and, to a lesser extent, the Cambrians branch of the Oddfellows Lodge. Both of these organisations were formed and run by local residents in response to the numerous health concerns faced by the community, each with the stated objective of securing a medical practitioner for the district. The Medical Aid Club, in particular, not only drove the initial establishment of the cottage hospital, including the

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construction of the building and collection of the requisite funds, but also undertook to find and choose a resident practitioner. The one instance in which multiple applications are reported for the post of cottage hospital doctor it was the Medical Aid Club, rather than the Hospital Board, who selected the successful applicant, indicating that they held a degree of qualitative, as well as financial, control. Even after the establishment of the Oddfellows Lodge branch in Cambrians, most of the management of the cottage hospital seems to have rested with the Club. This is not to say that they were solely responsible: public meetings were held to decide certain matters and large scale additions like the construction of the ward room were undertaken through community wide fundraising in collaboration with the Oddfellows and local residents. Additionally, the resident doctor, Medical Aid Club and Oddfellows Lodge were all affiliated with the Central Otago Hospital Board, although that affiliation appears to have existed largely for the purposes of the government subsidy and semblance of legitimacy provided by the latter: by all accounts, they exerted very little authority over the day to day affairs of the cottage hospitals operation.

As is discussed in Chapter Two, this kind of collective self-care through the mechanism of community-formed friendly societies and medical aid organisations is situated within wider social traditions and attitudes to health care provision which derive from earlier approaches to the treatment of disease. However, in the case of St Bathans, it is also suggested that this mentality had some foundation in the particularly mining oriented history and culture of the town. This was a settlement which was heavily steeped in the traditions of gold mining, going back to its earliest foundations in the chaos of the Central Otago gold rush and the ‘medical anarchy’ and self-reliant attitudes to medical provision which accompanied it. Such traditions can only have augmented the already pervasive notion of self-care in communities like St Bathans, where the organisation of the Medical Aid Club provided an element of continuity from the early years of the gold rush through to the establishment of the cottage hospital at the end of the nineteenth century.

The Wider Context Perhaps the most evident observation to be drawn from this study is that, whether temporally or spatially, the cottage hospital cannot be viewed in isolation: at all levels of its operation it was clearly engaged with a wider social and professional network which was itself situated within a shifting temporal framework. Equipment, objects and products used at the hospital were sourced from both near and far; the medicine applied there was influenced by developments at both a national and international level; the doctors who resided there brought training and qualifications

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from the United Kingdom and elsewhere in New Zealand and maintained professional connections with local and non-local practitioners; the cottage hospital itself was established within a changing regional and national structure of health care organisation and reflective of international developments in medical and social ideology. As such, it stands as an example of the cogency of using contextual approaches, such as Orser’s notion of ‘glocalisation’, in the study of archaeological sites and assemblages, particularly those which deal with the archaeology of the modern world. When viewed from a multi-scalar perspective it is possible to see not only how the cottage hospital was influenced by and connected to the developments, ideologies and occurrences of its broader contexts but also how those influences were adapted to the specific situation of this particular site.

It has already been mentioned that, on a local scale, the institution of the cottage hospital catered for a district which extended well beyond the boundaries of the St Bathans Township. What is also evident from historical accounts is that this district was part a much wider landscape of medical provision which, at its minimum, encompassed the neighbouring practices of Naseby/Mt Ida, Blacks/Ophir and Waipiata. The documentary record indicates that the boundaries for each of these districts shifted according to the availability of medical practitioners in each area: there are numerous reports of the Naseby doctor catering for the St Bathans district, for example, or of the St Bathans doctor acting as locum tenens when one of the neighbouring practitioners was on leave. Additionally, references to various doctors assisting each other in surgical operations and consulting their colleagues for medical advice supports the idea that medical practitioners in Maniototo formed a kind of professional ‘network’ of interaction. This concept of a ‘medical landscape’ or network of practicing doctors can be extended further throughout the Otago region, particularly to Dunedin, which is known to have had direct connections to St Bathans as well as to neighbouring medical districts. At least half of the doctors who resided at the cottage hospital were trained in Dunedin at the Otago Medical School, the presence of which, in combination with the pioneering medical practices undertaken at the Dunedin Hospital, established the reputation of the city as a center for medical innovation and knowledge in New Zealand. That a professional discourse existed between individuals at those institutions (Dr Colquhoun, for example) and medical practitioners in the wider Otago region is not particularly surprising, but does reinforce the notion that even smaller facilities like the St Bathans cottage hospital were not isolated from the medical developments occurring in other parts of the country.

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The connection of the cottage hospital to its wider context is also evident in the financial and legislative framework through which it was established and managed, a framework which was in turn situated within the growth and development of a burgeoning New Zealand public health care system. The St Bathans cottage hospital was just one of a number of health care institutions established throughout the Otago region in the late nineteenth century, at a time when New Zealand medicine was shifting away from the decentralised and individualistic, almost opportunistic, health care provision of the mid-nineteenth century towards the later emergence of the state welfare system. This shift is, in hindsight, evident at both a local and national level in the simultaneous influence of individual and collective self-care, friendly societies, subscription contributions, regional governance, an increasingly regulated and structured medical profession and the rising state involvement state in the provision of health care, all of which are embodied in the management and operation of the St Bathans cottage hospital. It is also indicative of a wider transformation in the socio-political structure of New Zealand, moving away from the colonial frontier towards a recognisably modern society, ‘characterised by towns and cities, bureaucracy, specialisation and organisation’ (Olssen, 1996, p. 254).

Beyond the national scale, the New Zealand health care system and medical profession were strongly influenced by international ideas, particularly those derived from developments in Britain. Other scholars (Dow, 1991) have discussed the ways in which those influences were adapted to a New Zealand context at a state level (see Chapter Two), but it is clear that the adaptation of international influences to a local context is also evident in the institution of the cottage hospital itself and the medical practices and procedures carried out under its roof. The St Bathans facility shares a number of similarities with the original English model of a cottage hospital, but also differs in the application of that model to a rural New Zealand context. As was the case in St Bathans, cottage hospitals in Britain were largely established in response to a lack of health care services in areas distant from larger health care institutions. Additionally, despite some regional variation, it is clear that, at its heart, the English cottage hospital movement was based on the concept of a small facility staffed by a general practitioner, with the capacity for convalescent care and rudimentary surgical procedures, all of which is encompassed in the St Bathans facility. Yet, many of the cottage hospitals established in England are described as two-storey buildings with the capacity, in later years, for up to fifty patients, an aspect in which St Bathans is markedly different, perhaps due to variables of population and location. Early cottage hospitals in Britain

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also seem to have functioned as a communal, shared, facility for multiple doctors within a designated area, a role which is not evident in the case of St Bathans, where the cottage hospital operated as the base of operations for a single doctor within a single district. From a management perspective, both the English model and its New Zealand derivative were managed through a combination of subscriptions and patient contributions, although the St Bathans cottage hospital differed in regard to the fact that patients were charged for individual treatment costs, even if they were members of the Medical Aid Club or Oddfellows Lodge. This deviation from the British system, which required only that patients contribute to their board, not their treatment, is another example of Derek Dow’s assertion that the New Zealand health care system at this time was not characterised by the same degree of voluntarism as its British counterpart, although still clearly influenced by it (see Chapter Two).

In terms of the actual medicine in practice at the cottage hospital, the procedures and treatments used not only indicate the connection of the individual resident doctors to the wider sphere of international medical developments but also the speed with which those ideas reached and were applied to a rural New Zealand context. Most of the surgical operations known to have been undertaken at the St Bathans cottage hospital were innovations of the last two decades of the nineteenth century, some of which (such as abdominal surgeries) were not common until the 1890s. Similarly, scientific and clinical diagnostic processes were not widespread until around the same period: while the discoveries of people like Joseph Lister and Robert Koch were widely known, they were not universally accepted by the medical profession and could take a relatively long time to become part of common practice. With this in mind, the use of eucaine at the cottage hospital only two years after it was first synthesised (1904) is particularly interesting and suggests that the hospital not only kept up to date with innovations in international medicine but also employed a fairly progressive approach to their application. There are a number of potential explanations for this attitude, including the close connection of the cottage hospital to medical practice and education in Dunedin (which was in turn closely connected to Edinburgh and Glasgow) and the on-going education and affiliation of St Bathans doctors with international organisations and institutions.

At the same time, the presence of patent and proprietary medicines in the archaeological assemblage, themselves symptomatic of the ‘glocalised’ nature of late nineteenth century health care, is arguably an indication that the cottage hospital was characterised by the retention of older

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attitudes to medicine as much as the implementation of new approaches. In this, again, it reflected contemporary approaches to medical practice at the broadest scale, which were exemplified by a continuous negotiation between the tenacity of the Victorian ideal of self-care and the rise of scientific medicine.

Conclusion The archaeological material recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital has, in combination with information extracted from the historical record, provided the basis for an exploration of the nature of health care provision in a New Zealand mining settlement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Artefacts identified within the assemblage relate to both the medical and domestic functions of an institution which was situated within a much wider medical landscape and social context. Analysis of the site in relation to its contextual framework demonstrates that the cottage hospital did not exist in professional isolation, but embodied a confluence of different ideas, developments and social attitudes towards the provision of medical care during this period, ranging from the application of scientific and non-scientific forms of treatment to individual and collective self-care and the changing structure of health care provision at a regional, national and international level. From the smallest scale of interpretation to the broadest contextual framework this is a site which exemplifies the globalised world and era in which it existed, as well as the characteristics of the local landscape and community in which it was established.

As such, the historical archaeology of the St Bathans cottage hospital provides a valuable contribution to the modern understanding of health care provision during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in New Zealand and the wider world, particularly in regard to the historically neglected institution of the cottage hospital. It also illustrates the strength of using historical archaeology in combination with a global perspective to interpret complex aspects of recent human history in a way which is both holistic in scope and cognisant of the individual characteristics of people and places in the past. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was a period characterised by huge changes in the practice and understanding of medicine but also by a vast amount of variability in the adoption of those changes across the globe. It is only through the holistic investigation of individual sites such as the St Bathans cottage hospital that this variability can be properly understood, allowing for both a more comprehensive illustration of health care practices in the past and greater insight into the ways in which those practices have

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informed the development of the diverse systems of health care provision existing throughout the world today.

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APPENDIX 1

Appendix 1.1 The following table details all known accidents and injuries recorded for the St Bathans district from 1866 until 1921, compiled from The Mt Ida Chronicle, The Otago Daily Times, The Otago Witness and the records of the Naseby Hospital (1896-1898).

R = recovered, PR = partial recovery, F = fatal, U = unknown fate. NH = from Naseby Hospital records of St Bathans patients.

Year Circumstance Injury 1866 Mining accident Crushed by falling earth while working claim(F) 1867 Mining accident Buried by falling earth while working claim (F) 1868 Mining accident Crushed by falling earth while working in tail race(U) 1870 Mining accident Leg broken by falling earth (R) 1872 Domestic accident Knife cut to wrist, close to bone and severing small arteries (R) 1875 Temperature Man frozen to death from exposure while drunk (F) 1876 Mining accident Unknown injury in coal pit (F) Suicide Drank bottle of brass cleaner (F) 1877 Unknown Man drowned in Manuherikia (F) 1879 Conflict Woman shot in arm with shot gun (R) by husband, who then shot self (F) 1880 Mining accident Leg broken in two places by falling earth (R) Mining accident Crushed by falling earth (F) Horse accident Unknown severe injuries after thrown from horse (R) Horse & cart accident Severe cut to head (R) Horse & cart accident Internal injuries after thrown out of dray (R) Butchery accident Thumb cut off by sausage machine (R) Horse accident Dislocated wrist after falling from horse while attempting jump (R) Fire Seven year old girl accidentally set on fire (F), mother severely burned (R) 1881 Mining accident Bones in foot broken by falling earth (R) 1882 Mining accident Contused wound to back caused by fall while driving threshing machine (F) 1883 Horse & cart accident Two year old girl run over by buggy (F), another girl unconscious (R) 1885 Horse accident Fractured skull after thrown when horse slipped on ice (F) 1886 Agricultural Injured fingers with chaff cutter (R) (NH) 1889 Horse accident Man unconscious and seriously injured after horses bolted into brick stables (F) 1891 Horse accident Boy kicked in head by horse (R) 1892 Mining accident Man drowned in dam, supposed to have fallen from staging (F) 1893 Horse accident Head injury after fall from horse (F) Horse accident Head injury and blood loss after falling from horse and hitting head on springcart wheel (R) 1894 Horse & cart accident Six year old girl drowned after trap capsized (F) Horse accident Broken ribs after fall from horse (R) Explosive Boy burned playing with flask filled with gunpowder and bucket of live ashes (R) Mining accident Crushed by falling earth (F) Horse accident Unknown injuries after fall from horse (F) 1895 Bathing Man drowned in dam while bathing (F) Unknown Man drowned in tail race (F) 1896 Horse & cart accident Serious bruising and lack of consciousness after thrown from buggy (R) Horse & cart accident Broken ribs after dragged from seat and run over by cart (R) Fire Man’s remains found inside burnt house (F) Suicide Man cut his throat (F) 1897 Horse accident Head injury after thrown from horse (R) Walking Dislocated and fractured ankle from slipping on ice (R) Horse & cart accident Arm run over by dray when man slipped on ice (R) Fire Severe burn ‘of second and third order’ to arm, side and back (F) (NH) Horse accident Unspecified injury to face after fall from horse (R) (NH)

Year Circumstance Injury Unknown Fracture and dislocation of right leg (R) (NH) 1898 Domestic accident Child with amputated finger after shut in door (R) Domestic accident Three year old boy and baby burned playing with caustic soda (R) Horse accident Broken arm after fall from horse (R) Unknown Broken leg from fall (R) Horse accident Bruised and flesh torn to bone on fingers after dragged by horse (R) Horse & cart accident Doctor bruised and scratched after thrown from trap (R) Mining accident Severe injuries to leg and foot after falling into moving dredge (R) Mining accident ‘Disabled’ after falling 35ft in claim (R) Agricultural Deep laceration to neck/jawbone made by teeth of harrow (R) Mining accident Broken knee when trying to rescue hat from tail race (R) Unknown Simple fracture of left tibia fibula (R) (NH) 1899 Horse accident Concussion after thrown from horse while racing (R) Mining accident Injured arm after plank slipped on dredge (R) Mining accident Fractured leg Domestic accident Broken arm after young girl fell out of sleigh onto frozen ground (R) Unknown Man found unconscious on side of road (U) Domestic accident Injured back after man fell from loft to pavement (R) 1900 Railway accident Compound fracture in leg from fall of rock (R) Mining accident Fractured knee working under face of claim (R) Horse accident Severe head injuries after thrown from horse (R) Horse & cart accident Minor injuries after thrown from trap (R) Mining accident Skull fractured by tunnel cave in (F) Horse & cart accident Man semi-unconscious after thrown from cart (R) Railway accident Fractured foot after ton block of clay rolled over foot (R) 1901 Unknown Broken leg (R) 1903 Railway accident Broken leg (R) Mining accident Fractured legs, one compound, broken by fall of clay, resulting in amputation (F) Horse & cart accident Dislocated shoulder and broken ribs after thrown from trap (R) 1904 Fire Severe burns from burning nightdress (F) Horse & cart accident Head wounds and concussion after thrown from gig and dragged by reins (R) Sporting accident Dislocated hip from rugby tackle (R) Walking accident Fractured skull after falling over cliff in the dark (F) Horse & cart accident Broken thigh after run over by wheel of dray (R) Mining accident Broken ribs from 40ft fall after earth above gave way (R) 1907 Suicide Attempted suicide by taking ‘rough on rats’ (R) Railway accident Almost severed foot, after leg run over by train (U) 1910 Unknown Fractured leg from fall while bending iron peg (R) Horse & cart accident Internal injuries in three year old boy after near collision with motorcar threw trap down slope (R) 1914 Motorbike accident Fractured leg when motorbike slipped and fell on it (R) 1917 Car accident Dislocated jaw, bruises and scratches after car rolled (R) 1921 Shooting accident Wound to hand from rifle while rabbit shooting (R)

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Appendix 1.2 The following table details all known illnesses and instances of disease recorded for the St Bathans district from 1875 until 1921, according to chronological order and type of illness. These were compiled from The Mt Ida Chronicle, The Otago Daily Times, The Otago Witness, the records of the Naseby Hospital (1896-1898) and the Pyle Family Papers (n.d. Hocken Library Archives). Medical definitions of these diagnoses are provided in Appendix 1.3, below.

R = recovery, PR = partial recovery, F = fatal, U = unknown fate, NH = from Naseby Hospital records of St Bathans patients.

Year Type Details 1875 Respiratory Inflammation of the lungs (F) 1876 Gastric Typhoid fever (F) Unknown Two cases of unknown fever, one (F), one (R) 1882 Asphyxia Man found dead with face in shallow pool of water (F) 1885 Unknown Unknown ‘painful’ illness (F) 1886 Unknown Unknown illness in infant (F) Respiratory Capillary bronchitis (R) (NH) Skin Two cases of ringworm (R) (NH) Rheumatic Acute rheumatism (R) (NH) Nephrological Congestion of kidneys (R) NH) ? Cerebral meningitis (F) (NH) Addiction Alcoholism (R) (NH) Cardiac Dilated cardiomyopathy or cardiac dilatation (PR) (NH) Uterine Fibroid (PR) (NH) Uterine Dysmenorrhoea (PR) (NH) Cardiac/Respiratory Dilated cardiomyopathy and pneumonia (F) (NH) Respiratory Pleurisy with effusion (extra fluid) (R) (NH) Neural Congestion of brain (R) (NH) Rheumatic Incipient hip joint disease (U) (NH) Gastric Acute peritonitis perforation of intestine (F) (NH) Unknown Unknown ‘sudden’ illness (F) Cancer Uterine tumour (F) (NH) Respiratory Congestion of the lungs (F) 1888 Respiratory Croup developing into pneumonia in child, described as inflammation of the lungs (F) 1890 Respiratory Two cases of pneumonia (F) Ophthalmological Ptosis in four year old boy (PR) (NH) Gastric ‘Gastric irritation’ (R) (NH) ? ‘Cystic tumour labium minus’ (R) (NH) Vascular Varicose ulcer (PR) (NH) Neural Neuralgia (R) (NH) Dermatological and Scabies and chronic arthritis (U) (NH) rheumatic ? Hysteria (U) (NH) Nephrological Acute nephritis (U) (NH) Neurological Contusion of brain, illegible disorder (U) (NH) Respiratory Chronic pleurisy (U) (NH) Venereal Syphilitic ulceration of right leg in female (U) (NH) Dermatological Sebhorrhea capitis (R) (NH) ? Ulcer of cervix (U) (NH) Hematological Two cases of anaemia (U) (NH) Venereal Syphilis (condylomata on vulva) (U) (NH) Rheumatic Two cases of rheumatism (subacute) (U) (NH) ? Acute diarrhoea (U) (NH) Respiratory Pulmonary congestion (U) (NH)

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Year Type Details Respiratory Dry pleurisy (U) (NH) Venereal Syphilitic ulcer of right leg (U) (NH) Cardiac and Irregular heart with pulmonary congestion (U) (NH) respiratory Rheumatic Pain in hip joint of five years standing (U) (NH) ? Vaginismus? (U) (NH) Gastric Chronic dyspepsia (U) (NH) ? Retroflexion of uterus (U) (NH) ? Perineal abscess (U) (NH) 1891 Infectious Diphtheria epidemic, three (F), fourteen (R) Respiratory Croup in eight year old child (F), said to be prevalent in district 1892 Unknown Unknown illness which caused three fatalities in children (F) Respiratory Unknown respiratory illness contracted through cold in elderly man (F) Infectious Diphtheria outbreak Respiratory Inflammation of the lungs (F) 1893 Respiratory Sudden collapse of woman suffering from cold, described as ‘syncope [fainting] accelerated by inflammation of the lungs (F) Respiratory Mumps outbreak Infectious Diphtheria outbreak, at least two (F) Unknown Unknown illness (U) Unknown Unknown ‘sudden’ illness (F) 1897 Unknown Unknown ‘rare and dangerous’ disease (F) Infectious Influenza and colds Hematological Purpura haemorrhagica (F) (NH) Nephrological Nephrolithiasis (PR) (NH) ? and rheumatic Umbilical hernia and rheumatic arthritis (PR) (NH) Hematological Chlorosis (hypochromic anaemia) (R) (NH) Ophthalmological Corneal ulcer (R) (NH) ? Alcoholism (NH) Gastric Haematemesis from gastric ulcer (R) (NH) 1898 Gastric Obstruction of the bowels (R) Infectious Measles outbreak Unknown Unknown ‘short’ illness (F) Infectious Influenza in child (F) ? Alcoholism 1899 Infectious Measles outbreak Mental/addiction Alcoholism, committed to Seacliff. Unknown Unknown illness, at least two (F) Respiratory Bronchitis in elderly woman (F) Respiratory Inflammation of the lungs (U) Respiratory Pleurisy (R) Infectious Influenza and measles outbreaks Respiratory Pleurisy (R) Respiratory Whooping cough outbreak Unknown Unknown illness in elderly woman (F) 1900 Respiratory Colds and pleuritic illness 1901 Unknown Man found dead of ‘natural causes’ (F) Infectious Influenza outbreak Respiratory Two cases of tuberculosis (F) Cardiac Fatty degeneration of heart, accelerated by congestion of left lung (F) 1902 Respiratory Tuberculosis (F) Gastric Appendicitis (R) Paralytic stroke (F) 1903 Unknown Unknown internal complaint necessitating operation (F) Infectious Influenza, developing to meningitis (F) ? Cancer, accelerated by dropsy (F) 1904 ? Hernia, operated on (R)

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Year Type Details Infectious Influenza outbreak Unknown Unknown illness in elderly man (F) 1906 Cardiac Unknown heart disease (F) Unknown Unknown ‘brief’ illness (F) 1907 Cardiac Unknown heart trouble (F) Unknown Unknown illness necessitating operation (F) 1908 Infectious Influenza, with complications (F) Infectious Influenza (F) Cardiac ‘Valvular disease of the heart’ (F) Respiratory Pneumonia (F) 1909 Unknown ‘Paralysis’ (may have been stroke?) (F) Unknown Unknown illness (F) Inflammatory Rheumatic fever in seven year old boy (F) 1910 ? Vomiting and abdominal pains from impurities in water Respiratory Pleurisy (F) 1912 Respiratory Tuberculosis (U) Infectious Diphtheria outbreak Cardiac ‘Heart disease’ in boy (F) Unknown Unknown ‘lingering’ illness (F) 1914 Respiratory Pulmonary tuberculosis (phthisis) (U) 1917 Infectious Scarlet fever (U) Unknown Two cases of unknown illness (F) 1918 Gastric Typhoid fever (U) Infectious Scarlet fever (U) Infectious Influenza outbreak 1919 Infectious Scarlet fever outbreak Unknown Unknown ‘long’ illness (F) Infectious Influenza (U) 1920 Infectious Influenza outbreak

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Appendix 1.3 The following glossary of the types of illness and disease reported for St Bathans and their respective symptoms is drawn from the A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia (2011).

Disease/Ailment Description Symptoms Typhoid Bacterial disease caused by bacteria Salmonella typhi, Fever, abdominal pain, bloody stools, spread through contaminated food, drink and water. chills, delirium, rash, hallucinations, Also known as gastric fever. Can be fatal if left nosebleeds. untreated. Typhus Bacterial disease caused by bacteria Rickettsia typhi or Abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, dry Rickettsia prowazekii, spread by lice and fleas. Endemic cough, high fever, vomiting, joint and typhus also known as jail fever. Can be fatal if left muscle pain, chills, low blood pressure, untreated. headache. Diphtheria Acute infectious disease caused by bacteria Bluish skin colour, respiratory problems, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, spread through coup-like cough, drooling, fever, skin respiratory droplets and contaminated food/objects. lesions, sore throat. Commonly infects throat/mouth and skin, can be fatal. Scarlet fever Infectious disease caused by group A Streptococcus Abdominal pain, red rash, chills, fever, bacteria, spread by contact or respiratory droplets. headache, muscle aches, sore throat, Serious for children, also known as scarlatina. swollen red tongue, vomiting. Characterised by red rash. Meningitis Bacterial infection of the membranes covering brain and Fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, spinal cord, caused by various bacteria and viruses. Can photophobia, headache, agitation, cause brain damage or be fatal, even if treated. bulging fontanelles, rapid breathing, opisthotonos, decreased consciousness. Rheumatic Inflammatory disease which can develop after infection Abdominal pain, fever, shortness of Fever with Streptococcus bacteria, affecting heart, joints, skin breath, chest pain, heart problems, joint and brain. Can result in heart complications and death, pain and swelling, nosebleeds, skin especially in children. nodules, rash, Sydenham chorea. Croup Breathing difficulty and cough from swollen vocal ‘Seal-like’ barking cough, laboured chords caused by viral and bacterial infections and breathing, red epiglottis, bluish skin allergies. Common in children and infants. Historically colour. also caused by diphtheria bacteria and measles and could be fatal. Measles Contagious illness caused by paramyxovirus of genus Rash, fever, cough, muscle pain, Mobillivirus, spread through respiratory droplets. bloodshot eyes, sore throat, Koplik’s Complications include pneumonia, bronchitis and spots. encephalitis. Influenza Infection of nose, throat and lungs caused by variations Body aches, chills, dizziness, flushed of influenza virus, spread by respiratory droplets and face, headache, nausea and vomiting, dry contact. Complications include pneumonia, meningitis cough, breathing difficulty, sore throat. and encephalitis. Can be fatal. Pertussis Contagious respiratory infection caused by bacteria Cough with ‘whooping’ sound, fever, (Whooping Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis, spread diarrhea, runny nose, vomiting, choking Cough) by respiratory droplets. Historically common in in infants. children. Can be fatal, especially in infants. Mumps Contagious viral disease (epidemic parotitis), spread by Face pain, fever, headache, sore throat, respiratory droplets and direct contact. Common in swelling of parotic (saliva) glands, children, not usually fatal. swelling of temples or jaw, testicular pain in males. Pleurisy Inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest, often Chest pain, coughing, shortness of due to infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. breath, rapid breathing, bluish skin Can cause fluid to collect inside chest cavity. colour Pulmonary Contagious bacterial infection of lungs and other organs Cough, coughing blood, sweating, Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread by fatigue, fever, weight loss, breathing respiratory droplets. Historically referred to as difficulty, chest pain, wheezing, clubbing consumption or phthisis. Higher risk in elderly and of fingers/toes, swollen/tender lymph

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Disease/Ailment Description Symptoms infants. Can be fatal. nodes, fluid around lung Bronchitis Inflammation of air passages to lungs, usually caused by Chest discomfort, wet cough, fatigue, viral respiratory infection. Higher risk in elderly and fever, shortness of breath, wheezing, young. Can be fatal. bluish lip colour, swelling in legs and feet Bronchiolitis Inflammation and mucus buildup in smallest air passages Bluish skin colour, breathing difficulty, to lungs, usually due to viral infection. Commonly wheezy cough, fatigue, fever, tachypnea. affects children and infants. Historically also referred to as capillary bronchitis. Dropsy Accumulation of fluid in body, causing swelling (edema). Ringworm Fungal skin infection caused by various dermatophytes Itchy red raised scaly patches of skin, (parasitic fungi), spread through contact with infected usually with sharply defined edges, bald persons or items. Also referred to as tinea or variations patches, thick crumbly nails. thereof. Common in children. Rheumatism Historic term for medical ailments of the joint and Stiffness in joints, joint pain, lessening connective tissue, including but not restricted to range of motion, tissue pain. rheumatoid arthritis and non-articular rheumatism (tissue pain). Dilated Form of cardiomyopathy in which heart becomes Chest pain, cough, fatigue, weakness, cardiomyopathy weakened and enlarged. Most common in adult men. irregular or rapid pulse, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, swelling of feet. Fibroid Benign uterine tumour of varying sizes. Heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic cramping, period pain, longer periods, need to urinate more often. Dysmenorrhea Painful menstrual cramps. Dull throbbing in lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. Gastrointestinal Development of a hole in the stomach wall, small Abdominal pain, chills, fever, nausea, perforation intestine, large bowel or gall bladder, due to a range of vomiting. factors. Can cause peritonitis, the inflammation of the peritoneum or tissue lining the inner wall of the abdomen. Can cause death if untreated. Ptosis Also known as ‘drooping eyelid’ caused by weakness in Drooping of one or both eyelids, muscle, damage to nerves or looseness of skin in upper increased tearing, interference with eyelids. Can result from other illnesses and ailments. vision. Varicose ulcer Severe symptom of varicose veins, or veins with Pain in legs, visible, enlarged veins, abnormal collection of blood, usually in legs. Also swelling of ankles, known as stasis ulcer or venous ulcer. Neuralgia Nerve pain. Scabies Skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, easily spread by Itching, rash, sores on skin, pencil-mark direct and indirect contact. lines on skin. Nephritis Inflammation of nephrons in the kidneys, specifically Blood in urine, fever, decreased either the glomeruli or spaces between renal tubules. urination, nausea and vomiting, aches Caused by range of reactions, autoimmune disorders and and pains, rash, shortness of breath, infections. malaise. Syphilis Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria Skin lesions, rash, Treponema pallidum. Sebhorrhoeic Inflammatory skin condition of the scalp caused by Skin lesions, greasy oily skin, white capitis overproduction of sebum. Also known as cradle cap. flaking skin scales, dandruff, itching, mild redness, hair loss. Pulmonary Abnormal accumulation of fluid in air sacs of lungs. Also Coughing blood, difficulty breathing, edema known as pulmonary congestion or lung congestion. gurgling or wheezing sounds when Range of causes. breathing, shortness of breath, anxiety, decrease of consciousness, leg swelling, pale skin. Dyspepsia Indigestion. Range of causes. Abdominal pain, fullness, nausea. Retroversion of Condition in which the uterus is tilted backwards Rarely causes pain or discomfort. the uterus instead of forwards. Also known as retroflexion of the

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Disease/Ailment Description Symptoms uterus or a tilted uterus. Can result from pregnancy, uterine tumours or the weakening of ligaments during menopause. Perineal abscess Collection of pus around anus and/or rectum, caused by Swelling, throbbing pain, pain with blocked glands, infections or intestinal disorders. Also bowel movements, constipation, known as anorectal abscess or perianal abscess. discharge of pus, fatigue, fever, chills, swollen red nodule at edge of anus, hardened tissue. Purpura Purple coloured spots and patches occurring on skin, haemorrhagica organs and mucus membranes due to bleeding under the skin. Also common in horses. Nephrolithiasis Kidney stones or solid mass of crystals occurring in Back, stomach or groin pain, abnormal kidney or ureter. urine colour, bloody urine, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting. Umbilical Outward bulging protrusion of abdominal lining or Swelling over belly button. hernia abdominal organs through area around belly button. More common in infants but can occur in adults. Chlorosis Form of anaemia in which red blood cells contain (hypochromic reduced amounts of haemoglobin, making them paler anaemia) than usual. Known as chlorosis or green sickness due to green skin tinge sometimes present. Usually caused by iron deficiency. Corneal ulcer Erosion or open sore on outer layer of the cornea, in the Blurry vision, bloodshot eye, itching and eye. Commonly caused by infection. discharge, photophobia, watery eyes. Haematemesis Vomiting of blood, usually caused by upper gastrointestinal tract. Peptic ulcer Defect in lining of stomach or first part of small Abdominal pain, fullness, hunger, (gastric ulcer) intestine. Also known as gastric ulcer. nausea, bloody stools, chest pain, fatigue, vomiting, bloody vomiting, weight loss.

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Appendix 1.4 A transcription of the Naseby Hospital Records regarding patients residing in St Bathans from 1886-1898, accessed through the Naseby Museum Archives in 2010. R = recovered, D = died, ? = illegible. All costs are in pounds, shillings and pence.

Year Date Name Gender Age Occupation Illness/Injury Result Days in Hospital Cost 1886 22-Jan William Bell m 41 Constable Capillary Bronchitis r ? 5.0.0 13-Apr Ruth Ann Turner f 8 Minor Ringworm r ? ? 13-Apr Winnifred M…? f 2.5 Minor Ringworm r ? ? Turner 14-Jun William Bell m 41 Constable Capillary Bronchitis r 28 5 29-Jun Robert Runwick m 36 Butcher Acute Rheumatism r 17 16-Jul William Bell m 41 Constable Congestion of Kidneys r 38 6.5 10-Aug Joseph G. Wall m 17 Minor Injury of fingers from chaff cutter r 41 6-Oct Mrs Hanrahan f 45 Widow ....Tumour of Uterus 24 8-Jun Caroline Hanrahan f 13 Hotel Keeper's Daughter Cerebral Meningitis d 8 12s, 6d 6-Mar James Towers m 65 Baker Alcoholism r 6 1.5.0 11-Nov Elisabeth Dunsmuir f 46 Cardiac dilatation 21 2.1 + 1.5 30-Apr Ellen Hanrahan f 52 Fibroid of Womb 28 3-May Anne Mills f 27 Dysmmorrhoea 34 6.5 5-May Elisabeth Dunsmuir f 46 Cardiac dilatation and pneumonia d 16 3.15 11-Sep John O'Regan m 22 Pleurisy with effusion r 35 6.5 19-Oct Ellen Gelacher? f 18 Congestion of Brain r 9 Destitute 8-Nov James O'Regan m 8 Minor Incipient Hip Joint Disease 77 6.17.6 24-Dec Frances Sutherland f 24 Blacksmith's Wife Acute Peritonitis Perforation of Intestine d 4 1.5 1890 5-Feb Walter Pouley m 4 Ptosis 23 1.17.6 10-Feb Bridget O'Regan f 44 Gastric irritation r 7 1.5 5-Mar Rosanne Wheeler f 30 Cystic Tumour Labium Minus r 7 1.5 5-Mar Sarobann? Leader f 30 Varicose Ulcer 27 5 4-Apr Fredrick Plummer m 36 ? Neuralgia r 18 3.15 2-Oct William Deca?..k m 57 Butcher Scabies. Chronic Arthritis (right knee) 7 1.5 30-Nov Mary O'Dowd f 20? ? Hysteria 23 3.15 28-Dec Alice Jeff f 32 Home Lou...? Acute nephritis 5 9-Feb George Harbin m 16 G...? Contusion of brain ..C….S…? 13 25-Apr Rosanna McCanery? f 19 House maid Chronic Pleurisy 8 4-May Rosanna Noalan? f 28 Home...? Ulceration of right leg (syphilitic) 29 4-Sep Frederick Smith m 11 Home...? Sebhorrhoeic? Capitis 24

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6-Oct Letty Thurlow f 23 Home Lou...? Vulvar [?] Irritation. Ulcer of Cervix? 12 7-Nov Bessie McEarney f 17 House maid Anaemia 21 8-Nov Rosanna Wheeler f 35 Home Lutis? Syphilis (condylomata on vulva) 22 21-Nov E...? Wadman m 50 Gardner Rheumatism (subacute) 8 4-Dec John Strachan m 44 Shepherd Acute Diarhoea 5 1.5 31-Dec Alma Jones/Jane? f 15 House maid Pulmonary congestion 21 1.17.6 Slattery 18-Oct Elisabeth Jones f 22 House maid Subacute Rheumatism 4 1 26-Dec Marie Smith f 36 Home Duties? Dry pleurisy, …? 11 1.17.6 11-Jun Bridget O' Dowd f 16 ? Anaemia 31 5 12-Jun Rose McLean f 30 Cook Syphilitic Ulcer of right leg 64 7-Oct Herbert Smith m 11 Home...? Irregular heart with pulmonary congestion 16 14-Oct Richard U hubm? m 16 Butcher H...? Pain in hip joint of five years standing 21 5-Nov Annie M. Dillon f 19 Domestic Duties? Vaginismus 12 2.1 11-Dec Janet Cochrane f 60 Domestic Duties? Chronic Dyspepsia 14 2.1 14-Dec Elizabeth McPhu? f 25 Domestic Duties? Retroflexion of Uterus 19 3.2.6 26-Dec Henry Roberts m 46 Shearer Perinael abscess 28 1897 14-Jan Monica E. McPhu f 15? Domestic Duties? Severe burn of second and third order - d 2 left arm + side + back 27-Jan Michael Nolan m 43 ? Purpura Haemorrhagica d 17 3.15 27-Feb James Weddrispoon? m 60 Barber Nephrolithiasis 9 2.1 3-Apr John Thurlow m 55 Contractor Injury to face result of fall from horse r 8 1.5 26-May Margaret Webb f 47 Home...? Umbilical hernia also rheumatic arthritis 6 1.5 16-Jun Margaret Beckistaff? f 17 House maid Chlorosis r 14 20-Jul Robt C? Gea? m 54 ? Potts? Fracture and dislocation of right leg r 48 27-Jul Rose Hodgings f 20 Servant Corneal Ulcer (right ...?) r 7 1.5 16-Oct Patrick Malaghan m 27 ? Alcoholism 2 12-Nov G...? Gubbun? f 26 Servant Haematoemosis from Gastric Ulcer r 38 1898 25-Jan Patrick Malaghan m 27 ? Alcoholism c 3 1 27-Feb Willaim Rossiter? m 45 Watchmaker simple fracture of left tibia fibula r 55 25-Mar William Pauly m 10 Home...? ..tral insufficiency? 19 1.14.6

Appendix 1.5 See attached spread sheet at end of this document for full catalogue of newspaper sources used in this thesis, arranged in chronological order.

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APPENDIX 2

Appendix 2.1 The glass artefacts identified according to their colour and form.

Glass Colour Class Vessel shape MNV amber - medium ampule ampule 3 torpedo 2 bottle oval c/s 2 round c/s 2 unidentified bottle 1 test tube tube 1 amber - medium ampule torpedo 1 amber brown - dark bottle oval c/s pill vial 1 wide mouthed bovril bottle 1 amber brown - medium ampule torpedo 3 bottle crown top beer 1 round c/s 1 square sectioned panelled 1 unidentified bottle 1 vial square sectioned bevelled 1 aqua blue bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 1 aqua blue - light bottle oval c/s 1 rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical 1 rectangular pharmaceutical 8 unidentified unidentified 0 aqua blue - medium light bottle oval c/s 3 unidentified bottle 1 aqua green - light bottle ink bottle, squat, octagonal c/s 1 oval c/s 1 rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical 2 rectangular pharmaceutical 1 round c/s 3 square bevelled pharmaceutical 2 thin cylindrical 1 fragment unidentified bottle 0 stopper stoppper 1 window glass window pane 1 aqua green - medium bottle rectangular panelled (front and sides) 1 cobalt blue bottle round c/s 1 colourless bottle cylindrical vial 7 hexagonal 1 lozenge shaped pill 1 oval c/s 1 rectangular panelled on side 1 rectangular panelled ring on neck 2 rectangular pharmaceutical 3 rectangular pharmaceutical 2 rectangular vial, panelled with ring on neck 1 round c/s 3 square sectioned bevelled 1 square sectioned bevelled (schnapps) 1 unidentified bottle 0 wide mouth milk bottle 1

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Glass Colour Class Vessel shape MNV wide mouth squat round 1 dish dish 1 enema tube enema tube 1 fragment unidentified 0 jar jam jar 1 jar 1 large jar 1 lamp lamp 1 oil lamp 3 melted glass unidentified microscope slide microscope slide 1 stirring rod rod 1 stopper stopper syringe plunger 1 syringe tube 1 thermometer thermometer 1 tube tube 3 tube flat base cylinder 1 tumbler panelled water tumbler 1 unidentified unidentified 2 colourless (amethyst tinge) bottle rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical 1 rectangular pharmaceutical 1 round c/s 1 colourless (aqua green tinge) bottle ink bottle, squat, round c/s 1 oval c/s 1 rectangular pharmaceutical 2 colourless (straw tinge) bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 1 rectangular ring on neck 1 round c/s 2 torpedo 1 jar wide mouth jar 1 colourless (yellow green tinge) bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 1 cornflower blue - medium bottle round c/s 1 emerald aqua green - medium light bottle crown top beer 1 emerald green bottle round c/s 1 forest green - dark bottle beer 2 forest green - medium bottle ring seal wine/beer 1 ring seal wine/beer (small) 1 round c/s 1 grass green - medium bottle round c/s 1 unidentified bottle 1 grass green - medium light bottle ring seal wine/beer 1 grey green - medium bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 2 olive green - dark (black) bottle black beer 2 olive green - medium bottle round c/s 1 red - dark window glass window pane 1 sea green - light bottle rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical 1 sea green - medium bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 2 sky blue - light bottle rectangular pharmaceutical 1 yellow- medium lens lens 1 Total 134

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Appendix 2.2 Bottles embossed with marks on both the base and body of the vessel

Vessel shape Mark on Base Mark on Body MNV lozenge shaped pill 3324 ...RSCALL.... 1 oval c/s symbol of trident/7033 KRUSES PRIZE MEDAL 1 MAGNESIA Y C Co inside irregular hexagon JAMES REID/ CHEMIST/ 3 divided into three (see sketch) DUNEDIN round c/s MARTIN H SMITH/ CHEMISTS/ embossed panel on one half of body 1 NEW YORK square sectioned panelled octagonal polygon with W in center KEROL 1 thin cylindrical L & T ST JACOBS OIL 1 wide mouth milk bottle H III above base 1 wide mouthed bovril bottle H/I 2 oz/ BOVRIL/ LIMITED on both 1 rounded sides

Bottles embossed with marks on the base only

Vessel shape Mark on Base MNV black beer 15/B 1 oval c/s N/ L?.../ A... 1 oval c/s pill vial WELLCOME/ CHEMIWORKS around 100 in centre 1 rectangular panelled (front A 1 and sides) rectangular pharmaceutical 4 9 8 1 rectangular pharmaceutical ...2 PM & Co 1 partial, unidentified 1 round c/s KCB with C intertwined between K and B. Number 7745 underneath. 1 ...B &... 1 ...ET... 1 358 1 4 OZ 1 B W & Co LONDON 1 square sectioned panelled octagonal polygon with W in center 1

Bottles with marks embossed on the body only.

Vessel shape Mark on Body MNV crown top beer THIS REGIS[TERED].../ THE SO.../... ON NEW ZEALAND BR.../ ...CH A 1 DE... within frame. hexagonal C. M. B.../ THIS BO[TTLE].../ USED B...//REGd DESIG[N].../...8449 1 INDIA...ribbing on shoulder. oval c/s POISONOUS/ NOT TO BE TAKEN. Vertical ribbing on either side of 1 lettering, with shorter indent on right hand side rectangular pharmaceutical BARRY'S//TRICOPHEROUS/FOR THE SKIN/AND HAIR//NEW 1 YORK//DIRECTIONS IN THEPAMPHLET round c/s BR, large K 1 square bevelled pharmaceutical B. BAGLEY & SON/ CHEMISTS/ DUNEDIN on one panel 2 square sectioned bevelled R. CONN/ DRUGGIST/ DUNEDIN/ N. Z,/integrated RC in center/mortar 1 and pestle torpedo ...T. HOT...//NAT... 1 unidentified bottle ...AN... 1 DUNED[IN]... 1

171

Appendix 2.3 Characteristics of the ceramic assemblage recovered from the St Bathans cottage hospital cesspit, categorised by ware.

Ware Form Glaze Glaze Colour Decorative technique Decoration colour Pattern Backmarks MNV bone china eggcup Clear clear undecorated nil nil 1 unidentified clear clear undecorated nil nil 1 bowl clear clear overglaze decal red outlines/yellow, banding/unid: nil 1 green & pink washes of floral/landscape colour overtop of red outline. plate clear clear overglaze decal/lithographic pink/green/blue/yellow unidentified nil 1 floral/edgemoulded/relief on rim unidentified clear clear relief/slip decorated, orange brown unidentified nil 1 buff bodied teapot slip manganese undecorated nil nil 1 earthenware brown chinese unidentified none none moulded nil nil 1 porcelain coarse cylinder none none undecorated nil nil 1 earthenware unidentified dark brown banding Indecipherable 1 hard paste unidentified clear clear undecorated nil nil 1 porcelain refined red teapot slip manganese undecorated nil nil 1 earthenware brown stoneware bottle salt clear vertical grooves nil ? nil 1 salt warm medium undecorated nil nil 2 brown (metallic shine) ink bottle salt grey undecorated nil nil 1 manganese undecorated nil nil 1 brown unidentified unidentified slip black undecorated nil nil 1

172

Ware Form Glaze Glaze Colour Decorative technique Decoration colour Pattern Backmarks MNV whiteware cup clear clear gilt gold banding nil 2 undecorated nil nil 1 underglaze transfer print green undentified nil 1 underglaze transfer print dark-ish blue and white unidentified nil 1 jug clear clear relief moulded/double slip yellow/brown unidentified nil 1 plate clear clear edge moulded and scalloped nil ? nil 1 edgemoulded nil ? nil 1 edgemoulded nil nil 1 edgemoulded and relief nil ? ROYAL SEMI- 1 PORCELAIN, BURGESS & LEIGH, BURSLEM, ENGLAND edgemoulded/gilt/'hairline' gold gilt tea leaf F. WINKLE & 1 banding Co/LTD/ WHIELDON WARE/ ENGLAND undecorated nil nil 1 slip pale blue edgemoulded nil ? nil 1 saucer clear clear gilt gold banding/gilt tea nil 1 leaf overglaze decal pink/green/purple unid: floral nil 1 overglaze decal/lithographic light blue/ green with unid: floral PARAGON 1 black outline CHINA/ENGLAND underglaze transfer print medium dark blue/pink unidentified nil 1 and white (mostly blue) teapot clear clear undecorated nil nil 1 unidentified clear clear undecorated nil nil 3 underglaze ransfer print blue/white unidentified nil 1 (flow blue?) unidentified Light blue on underglaze painted green/black unidentified nil 1 inner edge Total 40

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Appendix 2.4 See attached spread sheet at the end of this document for full artefact catalogue, organised according to material classes.

References

BROOKS, A. 2005. An Archaeological Guide to British Ceramics in Australia 1788-1901, Sydney, Melbourne, The Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology, The La Trobe University Archaeology Program. HOFFMAN, R. E. A. 2009. Hematology: basic principles and practice, Philadelphia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. INC., A. D. A. M. 2011. A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]. Medline Plus. Available: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html 2012]. PROVAN, D. (ed.) 2003. ABC of Clinical Haematology, London: BMJ Books.

APPENDIX 1.5 Year Date Source Title Content Collection/Database 1864 11-Feb Otago Daily Warden's "There had been a good deal of excitement among the miners during the week, and a very decided rush has set towards the East to localities at or about the Manuherikia Times, Is. 671, p. Reports Valley. The first was to what is called the Dunstan Creek diggings. This name is rather a misnomer, for, although the diggings are not far from the Dunstan Creek, they are 5 actually a good way up a spur of Mount St. Bathan's. Some people call the spur the Mountain Rush. The diggings are about four miles distant from the old Dunstan Creek diggings, known also as Welshman's. I visited the spot on Saturday, having started away from Clyde on the previous evening with the intention of seeing the rushes. I found the place rather quiet; infact, I was assured by one party of miners that it was only a "tucker-shop" but against this statement I have to palce the admission that a rich patch had been struck a few days before, higher up the spur...While I was there, there were over a dozen business places; one being fitted up as a public house, and doing apparently a good trade; and another, a abakery, also in full work. There is an aspect of permanence about these diggings, the gold being widely distributed. I was told that I should find diggings for nearly four miles along the range. It is expected that a race, with a large supply of water, will be complete within a month. I should mention that the place is about 27 miles from the Camp and that there is a good dray road all the way, via Black's and Shiel's..." paperspast 1866 Feb-17 Otago Daily Untitled "A miner named William Parry met with his death on Thursday last by a quantity of earth falling upon him while engaged working the hose-pipe in his claim at the 'Four- Times, Is. 1292, mile' or 'Welshmsn's Gully.' This sad accident has cast a gloom over the entire community. It is greatly to be deplored that miners are so careless and apparently indifferent to p. 4 the danger attending such operations." paperspast 1866 Jun-23 Otago Witness, Upper "On Wednesday evening a meeting of the subscribers to the Dunstan District Hospital was held at Fitch's old store, Main street, for the purpose of electing a local committee Is. 760, p. 2 Manuherikia for St. Bathans and its vicinity. Mr J. W. Taylor occupied the chair, who, after explaining the objects of the meeting, called upon Mr Cope, the Secretary to the Hospital, to (From the Daily address the persons present. Mr Cope went at some length into the subject of Hospitals, and satisfactorily showed the advantages the Institution would derive from the introduction of local committees. The following gentlemen were then duly elected:- Messrs J. W. Taylor, M. Gaffney, S. Hanger, R. Murray, G. Clarke, G. H. Smith and Wm Correspondent Pyle with power to add to their number. The usual vote to the Chairman concluded the proceedings." ) paperspast 1866 Aug-02 Otago Daily Untitled The annual series of auction bazaars held in aid of the Dunstan District Hospital, promise to prove as successful as ever. The first of the series for 1866 held at St. Bathans, Times, Is. 1434, judgin from the tenor of the following note received by Mr Cope, the secretary to the hospital, must have been an unqualified success: - "On behalf of the Local Committee of p. 4 the Dusntan Hospital, St. Bathans, I herewith enclose you a draft on the Bank of New South Wales, for the sum of one hundred and five pounds seven shillings and sixpence, being the proceeds of an auction bazaar in aid of the funds of that institution, held at St Bathans, on Monday evening, 23rd July. I am desired by the Committee to return their sincere thanks to Messrs Taylor, Dr Donovan, Washer, and J. Gillies, for their services as auctioneers, on the occasion. Also to those ladies and gentlemen who contributed so liberally to the bazaar, and to the miners of St. Bathans for their hearty and generous co-operation." paperspast 1866 Aug-09 Otago Daily Page 1 [ADVERTISEMENT.] TO THE SECRETARY OF THE DUNSTAN HOSPITAL, CLYDE. SIR- On behalf of the Local Committee of the Dunstan Hospital, St. Bathans (Dunstan Times, Is. 1440, Advertisement Creek), I herewith enclose you a draft on the Bank of New South Wailes for the sum of one hundred and five pounds seven shillings ad six pence, being the proceeds of an p. 1 s Column 6 auction bazaar in aid of the funds of that Institution held at St. Bathans, on Monday evening, 23rd July. / I am desired by the Committee to return their sincere thanks to Messrs. Taylor, Dr. Donovan, Washer, and J. Gillies, for their services as auctioneers on the occasion; also to those ladies and gentlemen who contributed so liberally to the bazaar; and to the miners of St. Bathans, for their hearty and generous co-operation. I am, yours, &c., WILLIAM PYLE. Hon. Sec. and Treasurer. St. Bathans, July 30th, 1866. paperspast 1866 Oct-05 Otago Witness, News of the The St Bathans correspondent of the Dunstan Times says: - "Mining operations are now being pushed forward vigorously, the miners being evidently resolved to make good Is. 775, p. 11 Week the losses sustained by their involuntary illness during the severe frosts which prevailed last month. paperspast 1866 Oct-11 Otago Witness Dunstan "And now that the country is getting settled, and the cost of living cheapened, consequent upon so much land being brought into cultivation, every suceeding year will bring an improvement with it. The married miner settled in his comfortable homestead, with his well-cultivated kitchen garden, and who apparently has made Otago his home, is now no romance. It is from this class that the goldfields will derive the greatest benefit. The effects of the sudden exodus of the popultion will be less felt, for all cannot go; and as numerous domestic associations will be formed, the discovery of new goldfields at distant places, instead of imporverishing the locality from which the exodus took place, will be the means of bringing wealth into it. paperspast 1867 Aug-11 Grey River Argus, INTERPROVINC Sleighing introduced to St. Bathans, as mode of transport, I think. Volume IV, is. IAL NEWS 255, p. 3 paperspast 1867 Sep-27 North Otago The "Dunstan Times" of the 13th instant, says: - "On Friday last at St Bathans, a miner named Patrick Cummerford lost his life whilst working in his claim; it appears that a Times, Vol. IX, Is. considerable quantity of earth from the face of the claim, suddenly slipped and buried the poor fellow; after immense exertions on the part of his mates, the body was 245, p. 2 recovered. The remains+E15 were interred on Sunday last, a numerous concourse following. paperspast 1868 May-09 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS An exceedingly useful institution called the St. Bathans Medical Aid Society, has been established here; it consists of over 100 members, who contribute 3s each per month, Is. 858, p. 15 (From A which entitle them to receive medical attendance and medicine gratis, in case of sickness or accident. The medical officer is Dr. Wilson, late of Dunedin. When it is Correspondent considered that, from the dangerous natures of the workings here, the miners are constantly liable to accident, and that, heretofore, no medical aid could be obtained nearer than Clyde - a distance of forty miles - the value of a society such as this can hardly be over-rated. ) paperspast 1868 Jun-25 Otago Daily ST. BATHANS Mr P. Hanrahan's Cornwall Arms Hotel, was totally destroyed by fire about three weeks ago. So rapidly did the fire spread that the inmates were glad to escape with thier Times, Is. 2023, (From Our lives, and nothing could be saved. Fortunately, it occurred early in the evening, or the consequence would have been still more disastrous. The fire originated in a room p. 5 Own occupied by Dr Wilson. Mr Hanrahan's loss is estimated at 400 pounds, and of course he is uninsured. Correspondent ) paperspast 1868 Jul-22 Otago Daily ST. BATHANS A serious accident happened last week to a miner named John Halpin. He was at work in a tail race, when a quantity of earth fell on him. When taken out, he was found to be Times, Is. 2026, (From A severely crushed. Fortunately, no bones were broken. He is now slowly recovering. / I regret to state that the Medical Aid Society have not yet suceeded in engaging a medical p. 4 Correspondent officer in place of the late Dr. Wilson. At present the assistance of a doctor is not to be obtained nearer than Clyde - a distance of 40 miles. This is a state of things that should be remedied without delay. I believe the Society are prepared to receive overtures from any medical gentlemant desirous of establishing a practice in this part of the ) Goldfields. paperspast 1869 Jun-11 Mount Ida ST. BATHANS - "We are to have a medical man permanently residing here. Dr. Niven, from Clyde is going to cast in his lot with us. A subsciption is on foot to build him a suitable residence, Chronicle, Vol 1. June 5 (From and is being liberally responded to, I am happy to state." No. 19 our own correspondant) Hocken Collection. 1869 Jun-25 Mount Ida ST. BATHANS - "I was premature in stating that Dr. Niven had decided on taking up his residence among us. After a fund had been subscirbed, it was found that his demands were too Chronicle, Vol 1, June 19 (From extorbitant even for the generosity of the St. Bathans public, and so the negotiations were broken off. It is a great pity some other medico does not present himself; he would No. 21 our own find here an extensive field for practice, and every encouragement given." correspondent)

Hocken Collection. 1869 Jul-30 Mount Ida ST. BATHANS - "The seasons are inevitable. Just as we were about to flatter ourselves with the idea that our allowance of winter weather was drawing to an end Jack Frost steps in, asserts his Chronicle, July 25 (From authority, and now reigns supreme. During the week snow has fallen twice, and covers the ground to a depth of six inches. Sluicing operations have entirely ceased for the our own present and a general holiday proclaimed." correspondent) Hocken Collection. 1870 Jan-29 Tuapeka Times, THE TUAPEKA "The following comparative statement of the receipts and expenditure of the two principal goldfields hospitals will be interesting to many of our readers who value these really paperspast Vol. II, Is. 103, p. AND DUNSTAN deserving institutions. We take the figures quoted below from the Tuapeka Hospital M. S. report now lying before us, and the report of the Dunstan Hospital as it appears in 5 HOSPITALS: the "Dunstan Times" and the "Cromwell Argus," also lying before us:- Totals - - £ 1546 6 0 £1945 13 0 In the item opf "Salaries for Tuapeka two important things must be considered - 1st, the sum of £801 above noted includes 78 wages for a gardener for twelve months; and 2nd, domestic attendance is not given the doctor at Tuapeka, as is the COMPARATIVE case at the Dunstan. It will be observed that in the above quotations we avoid the incidental expenses, which we find are almost the same in both institutions. We also omit all STATEMENT expenses such as improvements, &c., and merely give those items which are absolutely necessary for the maintenace of the hospital. The great difference between these totals, especially in the case of the expenditure, naturally suggests the question, Is the number of patients treated in the Dunstan Hospital so very much larger than in that of Tuapeka as will account for these differences? Far from it. The reports before us show the following: - Admitted during the year, including the number in the Hospital on January 1st 1869: Tuapeka: 160, Dunstan: 116. This makes the case against the Dunstan Hospital apparently still worse. It is evident the Committee of Management of that instution condust their bustiness in a very luxuriant manner, or the Committee of the tuapeka Hospital act niggardly in the extreme. From the figures above quoted, we are inclined to think the Dunstan Hospital must be the most hospitable of the two. The medical comforts of that instution, as represented by the sum of 203 for wimes and 51 for drugs, against 172 paid by the Tuapeka Hospital for these two items, bear us out in this opinion. Why, in Tuapeka, the hospital receives nearly as much from the sale of pigs, that eat up the waste, as the Dunstan Hospital receives from paying patients. The Dunstan must either be a very poor place, or patients there who are in a position to pay make it a principle not to do so. The above statement proves to us very strongly that our local institution is under good management. Long may it bear as fabourable a comparison with any similar institution as it does with the Dunstan. RECIEPTS. Subscriptions - - TUAPEKA: 520 11 6. DUNSTAN 478 12 2. Paying Patients - - TUAPEKA: 186 1 6. DUNSTAN: 35 10 0. Sale of pigs - - TUAPEKA: 24 0 0. DUNSTAN: 0 0 0. Totals - - TUAPEKA: 730 13 0. DUNSTAN: 514 2 2.

1870 Dec-31 Otago Daily ACCIDENTS At St. Bathans a miner named John Hanly has had his leg broken by a fall of earth. paperspast Times, Is. 2778, p. 2 1871 Sep-12 Otago Witness, St. Bathans A series of events took place at St. Bathans on the 14th inst., which, as happening in one day ina small community, is somewhat remarkable.. There were a marriage, a birth, a paperspast Is. 1034, p. 11 death and a funeral, and they occurred in the order stated. Two of the events were quite unexpected. The deceased was the wife of Mr Claus Gerkins, maanger of the Public Channel, and was in the enjoyment of perfect health till within a few hours of her death. She had been engaged the preceding night in assisting at the sad preparations for the funeral of the child of Mr P. Hanrahan, of the Ballarat Hotel to take place on the morrow. Next day about ten o'clock, she was confined prematurely, and died in the afternoon, while the fuenral procession was proceeding to the cemetery. The deceased was an old resident of St Bathans and was much respected. The infant survived.

1871 Sep-30 Otago Witness, News of the Another accident from a fall of earth took place at Surface Hill, Mount Ida, on the 15th inst., to a miner named William Shaw, who was seriously injured. On the same day a paperspast Is. 1035, p. 14 Week similar accident took place at Main Gully, to a miner known as "Sydney Jack." His injuries, though severe are not so great as those of Shaw. The accidents from this cause that have taken place in Mount Ida district during the last six months or so, would show an ugly total. 1872 Feb-03 Press, Vol. XIX, Is. News of the From the certified copy of the Medical Register of New Zealand, for the year 1871, published in the Gazette, we observe that there are 207 medical practitioners in New paperspast 2733, p. 2 Day Zealand. 1872 Jul-20 Taranaki Herald, OTAGO A man has been found frozen to death near Hyde. The ice is several inches thick at St. Bathans. paperspast Vol. XX, Is. 2012, p. 4

1872 Oct-12 Otago Witness, Country News A rather serious accident happened to the wife of a miner a few days ago. She was cutting a slice of bread, when the knife (a rather sharp one) slipped and came in contact paperspast Is. 1089, p. 9 (From Our with her wrist, cutting it to the bone, and severing some of the small arteries. Fortunately Dr Niven, of Blacks, happened to be here on a visit, and was in immediate Own attendance. Correspondent s) 1874 Oct-27 The Bruce Tokomairiro, A telegraph Station is now opened at St Bathans. There are now 108 Telegraph Stations throughout the Colony, 29 of which are in the Province of Otago. paperspast Herald, Is. 644, p. Oct. 27. 1874 5 1874 Oct-31 Otago Witness, News of the "We are informed that the Telegraph station at St. Bathans, in the Province of otago, is now open. Mr Buny, formerly of the Dunedin Office, is in charge." paperspast Week 1874 Nov-28 New Zealand News of the The residents of St Bathans have held a meeting, with the view of establishing a Medical Club in the district, to secure medical aid for those who might meet with accidents, or paperspast Tablet, Vol. II, Is. Week be laid prostrate with sickness, without having to pay the exorbitant charges at present demanded, owing to there being no medical man resident in that place. Severy 83, p. 6 prominent local men took part in the discussion, and advocated the movement, among whom we noticed our old friend, Mr. Bunny. A committee was formed to carry out the proposed object. 1874 Dec-05 New Zealand News of the "Owing to the fact that there is no medical man located at St. Bathan's, the formation of the Medical Aid Club has been temporarily deferred. A committee, however, hoas paperspast Tablet, Vol II, Is. Week been appointed, as we understand there is a probablility of a branch of the Hibernian Society being opened in the district, as also of other benefit societies. By such an 84, p. 7 arrangement a sufficient sum would be guaranteed to a medical man, and thus the object sought by the club would be attained. With regard to the Hibernian Associated, we have been informed that eighteen months since a dispensation from the Executive Directory at Melbourne was obtained for the establishment of a lodge at St Bathan's, the preliminary expenses of which have been already defrayed, and as the late president of St. Joseph's Lodge, Dunedin, Mr. F. Bunny, is now a resident of the district, we have little doubt he will receive the necessary authority for opening the contemplated branch. 1875 Jun-19 Otago Witness, News of the Our St Bathans correspondent telegraphed on Saturday that two inquests has been held there during the past two days; one on a man found dead at Muddy Creek - verdict paperspast Is. 1229, p. 15 Week died from exposure to cold. 1875 Jun-26 Grey River Argus, Untitled A miner was found frozen to death at Muddy Creek, St. Bathan's, Otago, last week. He had while under the influence of liquor laid down to sleep and never awoke again. paperspast Vol XVI, Is. 2147, p. 2 1875 Sep-03 New Zealand Birth "Purton - On the 19th inst, at St. Bathan's, the wife of Mr. George Purton, of a son." paperspast Tablet, Vol. III, Is. 123, p. 10 1875 Oct-01 New Zealand Death. "Purton.-On the 23rd of September, at St. Bathans, of inflammation of the lungs, Mr. Edmund Purton, aged 37 years; deeply regretted by a large circle of friends." paperspast Tablet, Vol. III, Is. 126, p. 10 1876 Feb-16 Otago Daily Inquests, We are sorry to learn from our St Bathans correspondent that Thos. Jelly who was injured on Jone's coal pit, a Cambrian, on Tuesday, the 17th ult., died on the following paperspast Times, Is. 4366, Accidents and afternoon, about five o'clock, in great agony. He was unconscious during the last hour. Deceased who was 22 years of ago, arrived in the colony 18 months ago, and was much p. 2 Offences respected. A case of suicide, under somewhat strange circumstances, occurred on Thursday, the 20th ult. A man named Richard Sexton, who has been for some time past in the service of Mr Pavletich, of the Universal Hotel, was locked up for drunkenness on the Wednesday night and on the following morning was fined. The fine was paid, he was discharged, and went to the hotel. Shortly after he took some liquid that was in the bottle kept for cleaning brass work. Having drank the liquid, he said good-bye to one of the servants, went to his room, and speedily died. A doctor was soon in attendance, but too late. The remainder of the liquid and some matter thrown up by deceased had been given to Dr Black for analysis. At the inquest a verdict of "Committed suicide while temporarily insane" was returned.

1876 Apr-04 Otago Daily Untitled A meeting of the Central Board of Health was held yesterday. Present: His Honour the Superintendent (in the chair), Mr J. Davie, Mr H. S. Fish, and Dr Brown. Letters were paperspast Times Is. 4407, p. read from Mr De Latour and Mr Whitten, setting forth the necessity for a Local Board of Health being appointed at St Bathans. It was resolved that a Local Board of Health be 2 appointed at St. Bathans as suggested. 1876 Apr-06 Wanganui [PUBLISHED "We regret to learn from our exchanges that Mr Frederick Bunny, son of the Provincial Secretary, died the other day at St. Bathan's, Otago, where he was Postmaster and paperspast Herald, Vol. X, p. DAILY] Telegraphist. He leaves a young widow having only been married at Christmas. He was a universal favourite in all circles." 2 1876 Apr-08 North Otago MOUNT IDA. NASEBY, April 5. The good people of Naseby have been a little alarmed during the past week, in consequence of a stir having been made by those in high places, concerning paperspast Times, Vol. XXIV, (From Our the sanitary condition of the town. The "Chronicle" has several times attempted to draw attention to the state of the drainage, but ineffectually. Dr. Whitton, however, Is. 1244, p. 2 Own deemed it necessary to inform the public of the existing danger, and this, coupled with the fact of typhoid fever having broken out at St. Bathans, and scarlatina at Hyde, has succeeded in awakening Nasebyites to the probability of such a catastrophe in their town. Dr Whitton, and the Inspector of Nuisances, have made an official inspection of the Correspondent town, and it seems probably that the uneasiness created will be allowed to have done its work, but having brought this about. If the matter is allowed to rest there, there is a .) very great probability of the new Hospital Fever Ward being at last utilised. It almost seems a pity that Dr Whitton's and Mr De Lautour's action in the matter of the institution of Local Boards of Health, was confined to St. Bathans, and not extended to Naseby also. / The first case of contagious fever that has occurred in the district (since Naseby at anyrate was a town) has appeared at St. Bathans. The unfortunate victim was Mr. F. G. Bunny, telegraphist and postmaster. Mr Bunny was at first attacked by some less vital disease from which he partly recovered, but while in a state of convalescence he had a relapse and the oucome was that typhoid fever set in. Dr Whitton, from Naseby, attended the unfortunate young gent, but his efforts were unavailing, for, on Saturday, his patient died. 1876 Jun-14 Otago Daily "SIR - Some very exaggerated and damaging reports have obtained currency respecting the treatment of patients in the fever ward of the Mount Ida District Hospital, and have paperspast Times, Is. 4463, even found their way into the columns of our local paper. / These reports are likely to be copied into other papers , and thus obtain a circulation much wider than that of the p. 3 journal in which they first apeared, and thus do great injury to the credit of a valuable charitable institution. / We therefore respectfully request that you will afford us space in your columns for a brief statement of the actual facts upon which the superstructure of misstatements has been raised./ We are especially induced to take this step because a whole week must elapse before any correction of the errors can appear in the paper in which they have been promulgated, and great injury to the credit of the institution may be done in the interval if those statements are allowed to remain so long unchallenged. / A detached building has lately been erected alongside the Hospital as a fever ward. This building is of concrete, and contains three apartments. No case of fever occurred until Tuesday, May 39th, when a man named McMasters was brough in from ST. Bathans. At the time, there was fortunately only one patient in the institution, and that one convalescent. It was not, therefore, though necessary to engage an addition attendant for the fever ward. / On the Friday following another fever patient (W. H. Wilkes) was brough in) also from St. Bathans. without notice, and late in the evening. It was necessary to place him in the same room with the other fever patient, as that room was the only one in which there was a fire ready. / The next day Wilkes was moved into another room which was properly warmed, the first patient being left in the room he had all along occupied, and in which he died the same evening. / It is imputed to the management of the Hospital that the patients were treated with "barbaity." that the patient McMasters was"strapped down as a precaution," that the other patient was in dread of him, and that the two were "left to get through the night as best they could," also that McMasters was allowed to die "without spiritual consolation," and that finally his body was "carted away as carrion' and buried without religious ceremony. / In reply to thes echarges we have simply to state that the two paitents were visited by the surgeon at 11 p.m when he ordered sleeping potions for both; that these potions were administered by the wardsman at about half past 12 ans that a second dose was given McMasters at halfl past 5am. Thus the men were only left for five hours and during those five hours were sure to be quiet as they had received opiate medicines. There was no "strapping down," but a flannel band was passed over McMasters's bed to keep the clothes on him. This is a common practice to guard against a patient catching cold and it is this which is distorted into teh cruelty of "strapping down". As to the patient being allowed to die without spiritual consolation, it was not known to what religious denomination he belonged, and no clergyman had been in the Hospital during the week he was there. Both surgeon and wardsman were present when hespeired and had he asked for any clergyman his wishes would have been attended to...

1876 Jun-28 Otago Daily Advertisement WANTED, a qualified Medical Man, to reside at St Bathans and practise in that district and neighbourhood. A subsidy guaranteed. Residence available at easy rent. For paperspast Times, Is. 4480, s particulars, apply (stating qualifications) to the undersigned, on or before JULY 1st 1876. G. Preston, 15ju St. Bathans. p. 1 1876 Aug-26 Otago Witness, News of the "The Central Board of Health for Otago has appointed Messrs Samuel Hanger, Geo. Preston, and Geo. Putron, of St. Bathans, to be the Local Board of Health for the district of paperspast Is. 1291, p. 15 Week St. Bathans." 1877 Sep-07 New Zealand THE St. Bathans, August 30. Mentions Dr. Allan of St. Bathans, gives print of speech. States educated at British University, doesn't specify which. Also Catholic. paperspast Tablet, Vol. V, Is. PROPOSED 227, p. 7 EDUCATION BILL 1877 Sep-15 Otago Witness, Special John M. Ryan, a miner of St. Bathans was drowned in the Manuherikia, near Blacks, on Friday night. The body has not been found yet. The horse which he was riding got to paperspast Is. 1346, p. 15 Telegrams the land alive and safe. 1877 Oct-06 Otago Witness, Births. "On the 26th September, at Oamaru, the wife of Edmund Gibson, Waitangi, Canterbury, of a daughter.. On the 3rd October, at St. Bathans, the wife of Mr. George Purton of a paperspast Is. 1349, p. 13 daughter." 1878 Aug-02 New Zealand ST. BATHANS Mention of Dr. Allan in association with aid for school. paperspast Tablet, Vol. VI, Is. 274, p. 11 1879 Jan-17 Otago Daily "A dreadful suicide and attempted murder occurred on the 8th instant, between Ophir and Blacks No. 1, while Mrs Waldreon was riding on horseback in company with a paperspast Times friend, who was driving a reaping-machine. The road at this particular spot is one of the lonliest places in teh district, with great towering rocks all round. Suddenly a man, supposed to have been her husband, rose from his evident ambush and presented a shot gun at her. At this time she was a little behind her friend, and called out "Don't shoot me, Waldreon," and immediately bend her head down behind the horse's neck in order to save her face and chest. He immediately fired, and the contents of the gun lodged principally in her right arm, lacerating the arm to a frightful extent. The horse she was riding bolted in consequence of a partion of the shot lodging in its shoulder. The horse drawing the machine also bolted. When her friend heard the report, he looked round and saw her fall. He also saw Waldreon carefully and rapidly reloading the gun. He immediately lifted the injured woman up, and carried her to a Mr Love's residence. She was very weak at this time, and bleeding copiously. A search party went out on the following morning in order to arrest Waldreon, and they found his dead body lying behind the rock. From all appearances he had shot himself. Mrse Waldreon is now lying at the Commercial Hotel, St. Bathans, under the care of the local surgeon, who believes it will be possible to save the arm. Her husband had been absent for the last two years, and had not having contributed anything towards the support of his family during that time. Great sympathy is expressed for poor Mrs. Waldreon. She has resided in this district for the last 14 years, and is noted for her industry.

1879 Apr-26 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS April 22nd, Dr C. J. Allen, who has been a medical practitioner in Cambrians, St. Bathans, and neighbourhood for some time, will leave the district in may. His fresh location paperspast Is. 1431, p. 19 (From Our is Teviot, where he resided three years ago. Consequently a vacancy now exists here for a medical man. Own Correspondent .) 1879 Apr-26 Otago Daily Advertisement TO MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS. APPLICATIONS will be received for a duly-qualified MEDICAL PRACTITIONER. For full particulars, apply to the undersigned. W. S. paperspast Times, Is. 5362, s MACINTOSH, Hon. Sec. St. Bathans Medical Aid Association. 24ap. p. 1 1879 May-10 Tuapeka Times, ROXBURGH Roxburgh and district have secured Dr C. J. Allan, of St. Bathans, as their medical practitioner. The Doctor takes up his residence in this place about the 15th inst. paperspast Vol. XII, Is. 526, p. 3 1879 May-10 Otago Daily Advertisement WANTED./ TO MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS. APPLICATIONS will be received for a duly-qualified MEDICAL PRACTITIONER. For full particulars apply to the paperspast Times, Is. 5374, s undersigned. W. S. MACINTOSH. Hon. Sec. St. Bathans Medical Aid Association. 24ap. p. 1 1879 Jul-04 New Zealand MEETING AT Dr. Allen - late of St. Bathans,- and Mr. David Cormack briefly addressed the meeting on the Education wuesiton and after a short discussion it was decided to send a paperspast Tablet, Vol. VII, ROXBURGH deputation to the aggregate meeting; and at the request of those present, Mr. David Cormack kindly placed his services at their disposal. Is. 324, p. 11

1879 Sep-25 Otago Daily Wanted [ad for medical practitioner at Blacks. Advertising bonus of 200 pounds for first year. Applications to Secretary of Medical Committee, Blacks.] paperspast Times, Is. 5492, p. 1 1879 Nov-08 Otago Witness, Cambrians "A Hospital benefit entertainment will shortly take place at St. Bathans." paperspast Is. 1460, p. 13 1880 Jan-10 Otago Witness, NEW ZEALAND Messrs. S. Hanger, Geo. Prescott, and J. Eagle have been appointed a local Board of Health for the district of St. Bathans. paperspast Is. 1469, p. 14 GAZETTE

1880 Mar-06 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS I observe that the people of Blacks have now got a medical man residing among them. Since the late Dr Allan left St. Bathan's we have not been able to obtain a doctor in this paperspast Is. 1477, p. 13 (From Our district, the nearest being at Naseby.; now as Blacks is very little over half the distance from here, it might suit the doctor residing there to visit this place, especially if he Own occasionally visits the various parts of his district, as he could, on the day he went to Drybread, come here by the short track - eight miles - and return by the White Horse Hotel, thus embracin a large extent of country in his journey, and which, no doubt, would pay him as well as any other part of his district. By these visits we should get Correspondent acquainted, and in urgent cases we could telegraph to St. Bathans. I am not aware if there is any Medical Association in Blacks; if there is, perhaps residents here might join, .) and subscribe an amount sufficient to cover the expense of these visits, so that the doctor would be at no pecuniary loss should his services not be required on any of his visits. The publication of these remarks may be the means of drawing attention to the matter. 1880 May-22 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS Frequent accidents. "IN the Blue Mountain Company's claim, at Tinkers, a fall of earth came in, by which a young man named Smith lost his life, and another, named paperspast Is. 1488, p. 13 (From Our Treewick, had one leg broken in two places. This is the second fatal accident that has occurred in that claim within a short time, besides minor ones; so that the Blue Duck, as Own it is locally termed, is now about as notorious for danger to life and limb as it is for large returns. One of the Tinkers residents also got trhown from his horse between Tinkers and Blacks and severly hurt. Also a young man driving a team for Mr. J. D. Feraud got thrown out of the vehicle and severly cut about the head; both, however, have Correspondent recovered. Coming closer home, on the 12th ins. Michael Haley, employed as carter by Mr. J. M. Jones, of this place, while on the return journey from St. Bathans, was thrown .) out of his dray. he was picked up in an almost insensible condition by some waggoners and brough on here. As his injuries were internally, some doubt was entertained as to the ultimate result; but Dr. Sluman's assistatnce being obtained on the following day, he is now recovering quickly from the effects of the accident. Dr Sluman happened to to be in St. Bathans on that day, as he had been telegraphed for to attend John McConnochie, a young man in the employment of Messrs Keenan and Morgan, butchers, who had cut off the thumb of his right hand with a sausage machine. A little boy, son of Mr. John Thurlow, of Vinegar Hill, got his wrist discolated on Saturday last. It seems that the little fellow, with an elder brother, was on horseback, and attempting to jump a tail race the horse failed to reach the opposite bank properly, the result being a "spill," when the younger was hurt as above stated.

1880 Aug-28 Otago Witness, Provincial A little girl named Fahey, aged seven years, met her death by fire at St. Bathans last week. Some children had set fire to a quantity of grass, and the child's clothes coming in paperspast Is. 1502, p. 21 News In Brief contact with the flames were soon in a blaze. Her mother, who was attracted by her screams, was severely burnt about her shoulders and legs while extinguishing the flames.

1880 Sep-01 Press, Vol. XXXIV, News of the BURNT TO DEATH. - A fatal case of burning is reported by the "Chronicle" at St. Bathans last week, the victim being a daughter of Mr Michael Fahey, aged seven years. It paperspast Is. 4706, p. 2 Day appears that on the 15th instant the little girl was out playing with other children, about 2 p.m., near an abandoned hut, in which was some grass. The hut was only some fifty yards away from her father's house. One of the children set fire to the grass, and the flames caught the clothes of the little girl. She immediately ran towards home, and her screams attracter her mother, who hastened to meet her. In extinguishing the flames Mrs Fahey was severely injured. The child was considerable burnt about the shoulders and legs, and at midnight she died. 1880 Oct. 9 Otago Witness, Births. "On the 26th September, at St. Bathans, the wife of Mr A. Hill, of a son." paperspast Is. 1508, p. 17 1881 Apr-23 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS The "Medical Aid Club" are also going to lose the services of Dr Whitton, [who, I understand, is going to Fiji. / While on matters medical, I might suggest the desirability of paperspast Is. 1537, p. 13 (From Our having a public vaccinator for the district. A good few children have not been inoculated yet, and should small pox pay us an unfriendly visit I am afraid he would reap a Own bountiful harvest. Correspondent ) 1881 Apr-27 Tuapeka Times, Local and "DR WILKINS, F.R.C.S., arrived in Lawrence on Monday evening, and may be consulted at Mr Craig's Commercial Hotel, till Friday at noon. Patients who placce themselves paperspast Vol. XIV, Is. 731, General in Dr Wilkins' hands may rely upon the most skilful treatment. He has performed some remarkable cures in the sugical branches that he specially deals with. His experience p. 2 Intelligence has been very extensive, and during his visits to Europe he made himself acquainted with themost recent scientific discoveries, bearing upon the treatment of the eye, ear and throat. The doctor may be consulted between the hours of 9 a.m. and 10 p.m...WE regret to state that the medical officers of the Tuapeka Hospital found it absolutely necessary on Saturday to amputate the young girl Labes' arm that was crushed in a chaff cutter."

1881 May-14 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS I mentioned in my last that we were about to lose the services of Dr Whitton. It has since transpired that he had no more intention of leaving than (to use his own words) " he paperspast Is. 1540, p. 18 (From Our has of going to the moon." The chances of doing the latter are very remote, as all the people are, in all probability, dead there. I beg most humbly to apologise to the worthy Own doctor for reporting what was not true; but when one sees an advertisement in a local paper to the effect that a worthy M.D. is going to Fiji, one is inclined to believe it. Independently of this, it has put the secretary of the Medical Aid Club to some trouble; as in collecting subscriptions outstanding, he drew the attention of the subscirbers to Correspondent the advertisement, and for this purpose visisted each subscriber personally. It is surprising the numbers of "non-liables" that one meets with when the subscriptions become ) due. Evidently there has been a screw loose somewhere, or the financial machinery of this association would have run more smoothlu. One subscriber in particular, although a party to the agreement with the Club, "volleyed and thundered" about obtaining money under false pretences, interspersed with a few Billingsgate adjectives. The collector, however, did not take much notice of it, merely remarking that he had to do the duty devolving upon him as collector.

1881 Jun-11 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Owing to the great trouble that the Committee of the Medical Aid Club have had to contend against in getting their subscriptions, it has been resolved, with much regret, to paperspast Is. 1544, p. 18 (From Our terminate the engagement of Dr Whitton, so far as the Committee is concerned. This step is to be regretted, as this gentleman is skilful in his profession, and his charges are Own exceptionally moderate. Correspondent ) 1882 Jul-01 Otago Witness, CAMBRIAN June 26th. After a few days' threatening weather rain has commenced falling here on the evening of the 19th and continued steadily until the following afternoon - that is, for paperspast Is. 1597, p. 13 (FROM OUR about 20 hours - causing a flood i nthe creeks and rivers, which for a short time were almost as high as during the "big flood" of 1878. The creeks here were at their highest OWN about 1 p.m. on the 20th. Cobb and Co's coach, due here about midday, had great difficulty in crosing the Dunstan Creek between here and St. Bathan. On the other side of St. Bathans the Muddy Creek was described as being in a fearful state, every trace of road and tail-races being obliterated by the enormous quantity of sludge and tailings so CORRESPONDE suddenly carried down by the great rush of water. The ford in the Manuherikia River was also for a short time impassable, and at its greatest height the water was over the NT) floor of the Allan Bridge. As may be expected, considerable damage has been done to roads andwater races, though not so great as was at first reported. Mr. John Ewing, of St. Bathans, had a very narrow escape in fording the Dunstan Creek after dark on the night of the flood, being I understand washed out of the saddle, but managing to cling to his horse, safely reached terra firma. Forunately no serious accidents have occurred. / Mr. John Griffiths, of this place, had a very narrow escape about a fortnight ago. Being engaged along with another outting in a tail-race to some ground recently discovered near Vinegar Hill, a fall of earth suddenly came down, in endeavouring to escape which he was caught by noth feet by the falling mass and prostrated in the tail-race, in which at the time there were about seven or eight heads of water. His mate at the time was about 20 yards lower down the tail-race, and, seeing the fall, thought that Griffiths was buried under it. Running up to the place as gast as the water would permit him, he found that Griffiths, by hard struggling had kept his head above water, and had also managed to extricate his right foot. With his mate's assistance his left foot was got out, but it was found to be badly bruised and some of the small bones broken. His right foot was uninjured. On the following day Griffiths was taken to Blacks, where Dr. Hyde attended to the injured foot, which is now progressing favourably. 1882 Jul-08 Otago Witness, CAMBRIAN A remarkably sudden death occurred at St. Bathans about a week ago. A man named Richard Doyle, who has resided in this district about two years, was employed on the paperspast Is. 1598, p. 14 (FROM OUR road near Surface Hill repariing some damage caused by the late flood. A couple of acquaintances passing along that way had a friendly chat with him, during which he sat OWN down on a wheel-barrow and smoked his pipe. The next passengers that came along - only a few minutes afterwards found him lying dead, with his face in a shallow pool of water, from which he had evidently been drinking. A post-mortem examination by Dr. Hyde showed the immediate cause of death to have been asphyxia. A verdict in CORRESPONDE accordance with the above was returned at the inquest. NT) 1882 Aug-11 Otago Daily The St. Bathans correspondent of the Dunstan Times reports that a sad accident occurred near that place on Wednesday, the 12th July, to a man named Donald Glass. He was paperspast Times, Is. 6395, driving a threshing machine across the Manuherikia River about 5 p.m. when he fell and received a contused wound on his back. The accident was witnessed by several p. 1 persons, and he was immediately taken to St Bathans, but died before reaching there. Deceased was supposed to be intoxicated at the time. 1883 Oct-22 Otago Daily Mr Rowlatt, solicitor, of Naseby, had an unpleasant experience on Thrusday last. We learn from the local Chronicle that as he was driving a buggy and pair near St. Bathans paperspast Times, Is. 6766, the horses bolted and though he guided them for a considerable distance, the buggy eventually upset where the road crosses the bridge. Miss Rowlatt, his daughter, who was p. 2 with him, was unconscious for a time from the effect of a bruise on the temple; but Mr Rowlatt escaped with little injury. A little girl, two years old, daughter of Mr Hugh Brown, of St. Bathans, was unfortunately run over by the buggy, and received such injuries that little hope is entertained of her recovery.

1885 Aug-01 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS ACCIDENT.- During the frosty weather which prevailed during last week, a sad and unfortunately fatal accident happened to Mr James Callaghan, of St. Bathans. The paperspast Is. 1758, P. 13 (From Our deceased was proceeding from that place to Ida Valley to visit a friend, and when abreast of Vinegar Flat, his horse slipped and fell, throwing deceased violently on the Own ground, whereby he suffered a serious fracture of the skull. He was accompanied at the time by Mr. P. Flannery. The accident was observed by some men in the employment of Mr. H. Beattie, of this palcce, who immediately caused work to be stopped and used every endeavour to have the unfortunate man conveyed to St. bathans to his friend. Dr. Correspondent Hyde, of Ophir, was immediately telegraphed for, as also the Rev. Father Sheehan, as the deceased belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. Dr Whitton, of Naseby, was .) afterwards wired for, although from the first the case was considered hopeless. From the time of the accident the deceased never recovered consciousness and breathed his last on the following day. 1885 Sep-05 Otago Witness, Deaths Brown: - On the 30th August, at St. Bathans, Otago, after a painful illness, Louisa, beloved wife of Hugh Brown; aged 47 years. paperspast Is. 1763, p. 17 1886 Jan-12 Grey River Argus, Attempted "An attempt was made to burn down the store of William Page, St. Bathans, by placing inflammable material under the building. " paperspast Volume XXXII, Is. Arson 5392, p. 2

1886 Mar-12 Star, Is. 5565, p. Deaths Pyle, - March 4, at St Bathans, Otago, William Graham, dearly beloved son of William and Margaret M. Pyle; aged fourteen months. Deeply regretted. paperspast 2 1886 Mar-12 Otago Witness, Local and Mr George Purton, brother of the Rev. Father Purton, of St. Patrick's Church, South Dunedin, died very suddenly at St. Bathans on Saturday 13th after a few hours illness. Mr paperspast Is. 1792, p.1 General Purton leaves a widow and young family. 1886 Sep-24 Otago Witness, MANIOTOTO R. I. P. Death has claimed more victims. The week before last Mrs Hanrahan, wife of Mr P. Hanrahan, one of the oldest and most respected residents of St. Bathans, was paperspast Is. 1818, p. 16 COUNTY carried off after a very short illness, much regretted. Last week the youngest son of Mr Matthew Thomas, mine manager, Rough Ridge, succumbed toa short attack of congestion of the lungs, and sickness still lingers in many families. After so many sharp reminders as we have had during the past few months, one is apt to begin to reflect seriously on the uncertainty of human life. But, after all - Come he slow, or come he fast, 'Tis but death who comes at last. / MEDICAL AID. - The above stern facts have suggested to the people of Blackstone the necessity of forming a Medical Aid Club, and a public meeting is to beheld in the schoolhouse there on Saturday evening to consider the matter, and I hope something practical will result. 1887 Jul-15 Otago Witness, MANIOTOTO SANITARY. - As usual at this time of year the doctor is in great request. What with pulmonary and neuralgic disorders, and additions to the population, our local medico has paperspast Is. 1860, p. 17 COUNTY his hands full. Another member of the profession, Dr. Bentley, has commenced practice at Ophir, so that the strain on Dr. Whitton will to some extent be removed.

1887 Aug-26 Otago Witness, Public Notices A Duly Qualified Medical Man REQUIRED for ST BATHANS< BLACKSTONE, and CAMBRIANS DISTRICT. Annual Subsidy of 200 pounds guaranteed. APPLICATIONS, paperspast Is. 1866, p. 36 with testimonials, will be received until 31st AUGUST 1887. For further particulars apply to T. Buckley, Secretary to Committee, St. Bathans.

1887 Sep-09 Otago Witness, LOCAL AND At a meeting of the Pharmacy Board of New Zealand, held in Christchurch on Friday, ten Otago chemists sent in protests objecting to Mr Pyle, St. Bathans, Otago, being paperspast Is. 1868, p. 10 GENERAL registered as a pharmaceutical chemsit, the objectors stating that they considered he could not claim it under section 19, clause 1, of the act, and urged the board to delay issuing the certificate, and give the matter rigid investigation. it was decided that Mr Pyle be requested to forward declarations on the printed forms supplied by the board, and that further consideration of the matter be deferred till next meeting. 1887 Oct-11 Otago Daily MR EVANS TO THE EDITOR/ SIR, - Mr Evans, replying through your columns to my letter, states that I have occupied a great deal of space i n personal abuse. It is perfectly true that I paperspast Times, Is. 7999 AND THE have effectually exposed the tactics pursued by Mr Evan writing under a nom de plume, but I have done so in language the most temperate, the use of offensive terms being PHARMACY the characteristic peculiarity of his effusions. Such expressions as "seller of pills," "patent medicines," "sugar and tea," "unqualified chemist set loose on an unsuspecting public," "overweening conceit," and "huckster" all dance through his letters in a perfect maze of metaphorical confusion. Nor is vilification the worst feature of his letters: it is mild and ACT harmless when compared with the glaring miststatements with which his letters fairly bristle. So far from "it's being well known that Mr Pyle has not been in the habit of dispensing medicines," the reverse is the truth; but it would take a column to expose all the miststatements of fact that occurr in his letters. Mr Evans thinks it would be interesting to know who the doctor is that would prefer an unqualified chemist to a registered one; so do I. The distinction here sought to be drawn does not, in point of fact, exist. Of course I am as qualified a chemist as Mr Evans, the difference being that at the time the doctor made the observation Mr Evans had obtained his certificate and I (merely through inadvertence) had not. Let me now salve his troubled conscience by informing him that the Pharmacy Board has in its wisdom, and after fullest investigation into his objections, granted me that to which i have for so many years been entitled - my certificate. And now a few words as to the point at issue. The point at issue was whether a chemist like myself, who is also a general merchant, should be denied his certificate as a pharmaceutical chemist because he extends his knowledge and experience into other lnes; and we will test the question by the position that Mr Evans now occupies. It will not be denied that Mr Evans, "registered pharmaceutical chemist, No. 101," is also a vendor of toys, pipes, tobacco, cheap jewellery, cheap literature and such other articles as usually compose the stock in trade of a huckster; neithe will it be denied that more than one half of his stock consists of articles in no sense forming part of a chemist's stock int trade. Would it, then, be just to cancel certificate No. 101, because Mr Evans tries to make an honest livelihood by vending the abovenamed articles? Surely not. And by parity of reasoning it would have been a great injustice to have refused my, who am in a much more extensive way of business than Mr Evans, the certificate to which the Legislature says I am entitled, merely because I am engaged in other avocations. I am &., /WILLIAM PYLE, Pharmaceutical Chemist./St. Bathans, October 7. 1888 Aug-10 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS AUGUST 4. - Mr W. McConnochie, J. P., recently sustained a great bereavement by the death of his eldest son, of imflammation of the lungs. Deceased was a fine, promising paperspast Is. 1916, P. 17 little fellow, and had just begun to go to school. He showed signs of illness on the Thursday of the week preceeding his death and was put to bed, but nothing serious was then apprehended. The disease was at first croup, but gradually developed into pneumonia. It was thought a few days before his death that the crisis had been passed, and that he was in a fair way for recovery. During the whole illness Dr. Money was unremitting in his attention, and all that skill and ccare could do was done. The funeral, which took place on July 22, was one of the most largely attended that has ever taken place in the district. The remains were borned shoulder high by 12 little boys apropriately dressed with badges of mourning. Much sympathy is felt for Mr and Mrs McConnochie in their loss. 1888 Sep-28 Otago Witness, LAND BOARD ST. BATHANS. - The Warden reporting on the petition of residents at St. Bathans who asked that none of the basin at St. Bathans be disposed of on account of it auriferous Paperspast Is. 1922, p. 21 nature, stated that his opinion on the matter was unchanged. - An application was made in connection with this by Mr. R. B. Martin on behalf of Dr. Money for sections 2 and 3, block 1, St. Bathans.- It was agreed to offer the unsold sections in the township. 1888 Nov-12 Otago Daily Advertisement A duly-qualified medical man required for the St Bathans and Cambrian District. Annual Subsidy of 200 pounds guaranteed. For further particulars apply to G. H. Brent, Paperspast Times, Is. 8374, s Secretary, St. Bathans Medical Aid Committee, St. Bathans. p. 3 1889 May-18 Evening Post, Accidents and "Dunedin, 17th May. The horses of a hawker named Gloag bolted from a hill above the town of St. Bathans, and dashed into and demolished one side of the stables of Mr. Paperspast Volume XXXVII, Fatalities. Hanrahan. One of the horses was killed at once. Gloag was seriously injured, and is still unconscious. THIS DAY. David Gloag, a hawker, was killed at St. Bathan's by his Is. 117, p. 2 horses bolting and dashing into some brick stables in the township." 1890 Jan-16 Mt Ida Chronicle "New Zealand is now free from scab, and in all probability the whole of the colony will have a clean certificate a few weeks hence." Hocken Collection.

1890 Jan-16 Mt Ida Chronicle THE NASEBY "The annual meeting of the contributors the this institution was held at Naseby on Thursday evening, Jan 9th, the attendence numbering about 20. Mr Walter Inder occupied Hocken Collection. HOSPITAL the chair./MINUTES. The secretary (Mr. Wm. Jacob) read the minutes of the last annual meeting, which on the motion of Nr. Guffie, seconded by Mr. E. Hall, were confirmed./FINANCE The treasurer's report showed that the receipts for the year amounted to £919 17s 9d which with the balance from last year of 274 pounds 0s 11d, brought the total up to 1193 pounds 18s 8d. The expenditure amounted to 810 pounds 6s 9d, leaving a credit balance for this year of 383 pounds 11s 11d, made up as follows:- Balance at band, Dec. 31st, 197 pounds 9s 8d (less 16 poounds 8s value of unpresented cheque): on fixed deposit, 200 pounds; cash in hand 2 pounds 19s 3d. The chairman said the balance sheet must be considered very satisfactory. There was one thing he would like to call attention to, and that was the fact that the hospital not accorded that support by the outside districts which it was only reasonable to expect should be given; and he though steps should be taken to rouse more interest in the institution than was at present evinced by residents in the surrounding districts. / Mr. Newman moved, and Mr. Petersen seconded:- That the report, as read, by received. - Carried unanimously. / DOCTORS REPORT. Dr. Whitton's annual report, which was received, was as under:- "The number of in-patients treated during the year was 74, out-patients 4. The districts from which the patients came are as follows:- Kyeburn, 10; Naseby, 20; Gimmerburn, 7; stations, 6; Sowburn, 6; St. Bathans, 10; Rough Ridge, 3; Blackstone Hill, 2; Eweburn, 2; Hamilton, 1; While Sow Valley, 1; Hyde, 1; Nenthorn, 5; Serpentine, 1; German Hill, 1. The humber of destitute patients treated during the year was 11 & paying patients numbered 63. The amount of cash received from pateints during the year was 147 pounds 4s 6d; and there is a sum of 66 pounds, 2s 6d owing by patients treated during the year, most of which should be recoverable. - The improvements effected during the year are as follows:- Erection of scullery off the kitchen, with concrete floor and kitchen sink, the water being laid on; six hospital beds with wire mattressed attached, all wooden beds being now disused; whitewashing and distempering of men's ward and fever ward; papering bathroom, corridor and matron's room; also papering and repairing mortuary. Two ornamented screens were made for the hospital; and the painty, ki/tchen dresser and a number of chairs were painted by patients. Several pictures were presented to the men's ward by various people. An ornamental lattice work for the growth of a creeping plant was erected on the verandah. - In conclusion, I may remark that the vegetable and flower gardens are kept in excellent order by the wardsman."/ The chairman remarked that with reference to the statement contained in the report regarding the manner in which the garden was kept , he could testify to its correctness, and credit was certainly due to the wardsman. The building and grounds were never in better order, and it was admitted on all hands that the local hsopital was one of the best managed and most capable conducted of similar institutions up-country. /ELECTION OF TRUSTEES. Mr. Inder being one of the retiring trustees vacated the chair, and Mr. McCarthy presided during the remainder of the meeting. Messrs. Inder, Hall and Eccles having been in office for an equal term, and only two turstees having to be elected, the two former retired in favour of Mr. Eccles; and the election of trustees in place of Messrs Hall and INder was then proceeded with. Messrs. Inder, McCarthy and Hall were nominated, and on a ballot being taken the voting was found to be as follows; - Mr. Inder, 14; Mr. Hall, 9; Mr. McCarthy, 9. The chairman gave his casting vote in favour of Mr. Hall, and declared Messrs. Inder and Hall duly elected.

1890 Apr-17 Mt Ida Chronicle NASEBY, Typhoid fever is prevalent in Duneidn, and is thought to be due to the milk supply." Hocken Collection. THURSDAY, APRIL 17, 1890

1890 May-01 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & "LA GRIPPE" has now got a good hold in the district, and a large number of people are down with it. We have not heard of any cases of a serious character. Hocken Collection. GENERAL 1890 May-08 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & "A notification in the 'Gazette' states that Messrs. Willaim Guffie, William Burnett and Samual Inder have been appointed by His Excellency the Governor to represent the Hocken Collection. GENERAL Maniototo County Council on the Central Otago Hospital Board." 1890 May-15 Otago Witness, OPHIR A RESIDENT DOCTOR. - I understand that at last we are about to have a doctor resident in this town. Since Dr Hyde left Ophir, some twelve months since, to take up the Paperspast Is. 1892, p. 18 Clyde Practice, we have been without one, and have had to depend upon the services of the doctor at Clyde when any person was ill. A gentleman who resides in Australia is at present negotiating with the Blacks Medical Committee, and it is to be hoped that arrangements will be completed with the least possible delay. The practice, though the district is extensive, being variously estimated at between 500 and 600 pounds per year with a good house. 1890 May-29 Mt Ida Chronicle THE CENTRAL "The Statutory annual meeting of the above Board was held in the Vincent County Ofices, Clyde, on Wednesday, 21st inst. / Present - Messrs. W. Fraser (Chairman), W. Hocken Collection. OTAGO Burnett, S. Tarton, J. Pitches, A. A. Oliver and Rev. J. Lothian./ The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed./ The correspondence was read and laid on the HOSPITAL table./ A statement showing the amounts required from the Board for the year 1890 91 by the separate institutions within its limits, viz. Naseby, Cromwell and Clyde Hospitals, the rateable values ofthe propery within the various contributing bodies and the amounts to be levied on each, as follows), was laid on the table:- (See handwritten BOARD notes 4/07) / Mr. Burnett presented the following petition: - "To the Chairman and Members of the Central Otago Hospital Board. "The petition of the undersigned humbly sheweth that great necessity exists for the establishment of a branch hospital in the St. Bathans riding of the Maniototo County. Our reasons are the great distance now existing to the nearest hospital - an average distance of 30 miles - a distance which in the knowledge of your petitioners has caused the loss of several valuable lives. The establishment of such an institution in our midst would secure to us the services of a resident medical man. The lenght of our winter and the bad state of the roads for fully four months of the yearmakes it almost impossible to remove patients to either the Mt. Ida or Dunstan Hospitals. We being large contributors to the county revenue, out of which the levy is made for the support of your honorable board, feel ourselves justified in approaching your board with this prayer." - (Then follow some 400 signatures.) / Mr. Burnett, in presenting the petition, said he did so in good faith, being fully at one with the petitioners as to the necessity of the establishement of a hospital (a cottage or branch hospital) in a central position between the Naseby and Dunstan Hospitals. The signatures were those of adults - bona fide residents - and he thought the prayer of their petition should receive every consideration at the hands of the board. / The Reverend J. Lothian, while inclined to favour the idea, thought there was scarce enough before the board to warrant it in coming to any conclusions. He would suggest that a committe be appointed to ascertain what was expected from the board, and to report at a furture meeting, such committee to consist of the Chairman, Mr. Burnett and Mr. Turton. The Chairman said the present board was virtually moribund, as there was little doubt that the Bill of the last session regulating charitable aid would be introduced again the coming session, and from what he knew the Government were inclined to force it through. Such being the case, it would be worse than foolish to do anything the new board under the new Act would not agree to. The prayer of the petition was merely for a branch or cottage hospital similar to that lately established at Gore. He perfectly knew what that meant - that the petitioners would not be satisfied until they had a full fledged institution. It was not to be thought that he had anything against the petitioners, but he was averse to doing anything definite during the unsettled state of the law. He would be in favour of subsidising the subscriptions raised toward payment of the salary of a resident surgeon. The petitioners should ascertain more definitely what was wanted. /Mr. Burnett perfectly coincided with the Chairman in his views, thinking them very fair, as with a subsidy from the board the residents would be able to build a residence for a surgeon in some central locality. / Mr. Turton asked if it would not be better to fix on the subsidy the board was willing to give./ The Rev. J. Lothian urged the appointment of a committee, which in the end was agreed to, such committee to meet at Ophir, and to report to this board at the future meeting."

1890 Jul-03 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS "MEDICAL: - At a meeting of the Central Otago Hospital Board held at Clyde a few weeks ago, a numerously signed petition from St. Bathans and surrounding district was Hocken Collection. (From Our presented by W. Burnett, Esq., representative, praying that an annual grant be allocated to the district to enable its inhabitants to secure a resident doctor. The petition was Own received favourably, and I learn that a grant of 100 pounds per annum has since been conceded by the Board. To this grant it is anticipated 150 pounds can be added annually by local subsciption. It is confidently hoped, therefore, that ere long the locality will be supplied with what has hitherto been to many a much-felt want. With a guarantee of Correspondent 250 pounds a year, besides a fairly populous district for practice, it may be reasonably assumed that the services of a well-qualified gentleman will be readily obtainable. The ) district includes Becks, Cambrians, Blackstone Hill and St. Bathans. The latter is the most central."

1890 Jul-05 Mt Ida Chronicle BLACKS (From MEDICAL. - There is some talk of getting a cottage hospital in this district; in fact some go so far as to advocate two - one at St. Bathans, the other at Ophir. I think, however, Hocken Collection. Our Own if we get one, we should be contented. This district has been without a medical man for the last nine months, and although we advertised all over Australia and New Zealand Correspondent we were not successful until quite recently, and then were nearly came to grief through the action of a member of the medical committee. An application was received from a Dr. Ward, from Newcastle (N. S. W.), and this comitteeman, in his anxiety to get a first class man, persuaded the committee to allow him to find out about the gentleman ) named through a friend of his in Melbourne. The committee, being susceptible to soft soap, consented, and the upshot was that the committeeman reported that his friend wrote him to the effect that there was no such person as Dr. Ward living at Newcastle. This news so took the Secretary (Mr. Chapple) aback that he told the meeting that there was something wrong somewhere, as he had been in communication with Dr. Ward for the last three months. The committeeman objected to this, as it reflected on his friend. The Secretary did not care for friend or foe, but at once resigned his appointment, and immediately communicated with the Inspector of Police at Newcastle. The answer he received was that Dr. Ward had been resident there for the last two years, that he was medical man to the United Friendly Societies there, and was considered a very clever man in his profession, and was very steady and energetic. I trust for the benefit of the district he will prove to be entitled to the high opinion given him. At present when a doctor is required we have to send to Clyde, which is expensive - 15 pounds, 15s. 1890 Jul-10 Mt Ida Chronicle THE CENTRAL "A special meeting of the above Board was held in the Council Chambers, Clyde, on Wednesday, 2nd inst. Present - Messrs. Fraser (Chairman), Oliver, Lothian, Pitches, Hocken Collection. OTAGO Burnett and Guffie. The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and confirmed, /The Chairman explained that the members of the Board were called together for HOSPITAL the purpose of taking into further consideration the prayer of the petitioners as laid before the Board on May 21st last, and also to hear the report of the Committee that was then appoiinted to enquire into the matter. During his remarks the Chairman stated that he, with Messrs. Burnett and Lothian, met at Blacks at the appointed time, and made BOARD themselves thoroughly acquainted with the object sought for by the petitioners. The committee were satisfied that the establishment of a cottage hospital at Becks would not suit the residents of Ida Valley, while Matakanui was indifferent where the building should be. Blacks and St. Bathans waived their objections and agreed to have the hospital at Becks. What was really desired was that assistance should be given by the Board to a resident surgeon at St. Bathans ; but if anything was done cottage hospitals would have to be erected at St. Bathans and Blacks, but before he went into the subject re the manner in which the money should be raised, he would wait until Mr. Burnett had explained to the meeting the reasons which actuated the petitioners asking for assistance. / Mr. Burnett thanked the Chairman for the manner in which he had laid the subject before those members who were absent at the last meeting of the Board, and read the petition (which has already been published in these columns) with 400 names attached. In his remarks Mr. Burnett thought it was useless for him to reiterate the statements he had made at the meeting in May with respect to the prayer of the petition, but mentioned that the whole of the petitioners were wage earners, and contributed largely to the revenue of the colony. It was absurd to put forth the theory that these small institutions would in any way interefere with the full-established hospitals. All they wanted was assistance from the Board to get money from the Government to have this cottage hospital erected. He was perfectly satisfied that when the subject was thoroughly gone into the prayer of the petitioners would be granted. / [A telegram was read here from the Mayor of Naseby to the effect that that body protested against any additional hospitals being fully established at an average disetance of 10 or 15 miles.] / Mr. Lothian though that in justice to the people the Board were bound to consider the petition favourably. He was of [the] opinion that there was power to grant a subsidy to a medical fund, and quoted section 30 of the Act in support of his contention. / The chairman confessed that when the petition first came before them he could not see his way clear to esablish a fourth hospital; but he was now satisfied that a cottage hospital could be established that would be available in cases of emergency and where patients could be treated for the time being. Whatever might be done in this matter the result would not in any way interfere with the existence of the present institutions. The medical man would be under the control of the Board. To meet the money difficulty the subscribers had only to raise sufficient money and hand it over to the Board, who would then be entitled to a subsidy of 24s in the pound from the Government. The Chairman referred to the very small amount of subsciptions from St. Bathans to the Naseby Hospital; also that the average from Blacks to the Dunstan Hospital for the past four years was only L38. He concluded his remarks by asking the members to go onto the matter thoroughly, and not arrive at any hasty decision. / Mr. Pitches explained that the feeling in his district was that the Board were only asked to assist the residents in having a ward erected for cases of emergency; and stated that the reason of the subsciptions to the Dunstan Hospital from his district being so small was that they had to maintain a medical man of their own. / Mr. Guffie was of the opinion that before they decided on the establishement of these cottage hospitals the Board should wait until they saw that the present Parialment was going to with the Charitable Aid Act that was now before them. It would be folly to erect these buildings in the present state of the Act, which, if repealed, would undo all that had been done and thus leave the people in a worse plight than they were in before their prayer was granted. He hoped the Board would let the petition lie on the table, it may only be for three months, when, no doubt, they would have some tangible point to start from. / Mr. Oliver was sure the prayer of the petitioners was a needy one. / Mr. Lothian moved: - "Provided that the petitioners of the districts of St. Bathans and Ophir make provision for the erection of cottage hospitals, and contribute to this Board the sum of 80 pounds per annum for each hospital, the Board will undertake the manage of same, provided the cost thereof to the Board does not exceed 160 pounds per annum for each hospital." Mr. Burnett seconded the motion, which on being put was declared carried, Mr. Guffie dissenting, giving as his reason for so doing that there 1890 Jul-10 Mt Ida Chronicle CORRESPONDE TO THE EDITOR. SIR, - "Your own" at St. Bathans under the heading of "Medical" in the last issue of THE CHRONICLE does not give a very clear account of the subject. He Hocken Collection. NCE, A speaks of a numerously signed petition from St. Bathans and surrouding district, but towards the end of the paragraph he narrows in the district the residents of which signed DOCTOR FOR that petition more than half, and ends, Bostonian-like, "St. Bathans is the hub of the district, if not of the universe." More than half the names to the petition were got the other side of Becks, but he quietly ignores the residents of Matakanui, Ophir and the vicinity as being unworthy of notice. / I would ask 'your own' to take St. Bathans as the ST. BATHANS. centre and take a circle of 12 miles around it, then draw a line past Hill's Creek to Idaburn, and another line down through Cambrian to Becks. The groudn between these two lines will give nearly a quarter of the circle, and includes nearly all the population that a doctor living at St. Bathans could reckon on. The other three quarters take in the Dusntan range, Mt. St. Bathans, and the Home Hills - not much need for a doctor on them! / But let him leave his hub, and plant his centre peg at Becks, and go around with his 12-mile tape-linem and he will find he had made an improvement which gives a chance for success to teh undertaking, and supplies a much larger distrcit with the much felt want. Considering the experience the inhabitants of the district have had with regard to St. Bathans doctors, I question if we could get Hills' Creek to join us until we had proved ourselve smore capable than we have in the past. - I am, etc., S. McC.

1890 Jul-17 Mt Ida Chronicle CORRESPONDE TO THE EDITOR. SIR- "S. McC." in hisl etter of last issue, headed "A doctor for St. Bathans," is evidently not aware that Matakanui and Blacks have appointed a doctor for Hocken Collection. NCE, "YOUR their own district, and "S. McC." being unconscious of this has been led much astray. He state I quietly ignore these important places. My reason is obvious. I agree with him OWN" IN that Becks holds a central position had the district represented by the petitioners not been divided through the action of the residents at Blacks, but as this has been done I still maintain that, taking Becks, Cambrians, St. Bathans and Hill's Creek as the remaining hospital district, St. Bathans is the most central. "S. McC." should not suppose that, REPLY because I make it such, it requires to be the "hub of the universe" or even located as a pivot at all. St. Bathans is the most central because the most populous, and also the most suitable, for a doctor's residence has already been established. - I am, etc. "YOUR OWN", St. Bathans July 14. 1890 Jul-26 Supplement to A sad and painful death occurred at the residence of Mr. McConnochie, St. Bathans, on Wednesday morning, 23rd inst. Miss Louisa McLean, a young and beautiful girl, aged Hocken Collection. the Mt Ida 20 years, a native or Orepuki, was on a visit, and she had only arrived a few days from Matakanui when she contracted that dreaded disease pneumonia, and although Chronicle medically attended by a most skiful physician (Dr. Whitton) she succumbed on the ninth day, surrounded by loving friends and relatives. Her remains were taken to Matakanui. 1890 Aug-07 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL AND We much regret having to record the death of Mr. James Quinn, of Gimmerburn, who was admitted to the Naseby Hospital on Friday last suffering from inflammation of the Hocken Collection. GENERAL lungs, and died the following morning. Mr. Quinn was for many years a regular contributor to this journal, and his humorous productions were much appreciated by our readers. 1890 Aug-09 Supplement to Mr. A. McLean, a brother to the young lady whose death at St. Bathans we recorded two or three weeks ago, died at Matakanui last Wednesday from the same complaint as Hocken Collection. the Mt Ida that which proved fatal to his sister - pneumonia. The deceased, who was quite a young man, was universally respected, and will be greatly missed in the distrcit. he was an Chronicle excellent musician, and his services were always cheerfully and readily given at any entertainment at which he was asked to assist. He was also an ardent footballer and since the formation of the Matakanui Club has been one of its most enthusiastic members. 1890 Sep-13 Mt Ida Chronicle MEDICAL Dr. Ward of Ophir, intends visiting St. Bathans on THURSDAY, the 18th September, and on alternate Thursdays if circumstances warrant, when he may be consulted from Hocken Collection. NOTICE about midday to 3 p.m. 1890 Sep-13 Supplement to An accident occurred to Drs. Whitton and Jeffreys on Thursday, which fortunately did not prove serious. The gentlemen named were driving from Dr. Whitton's, and on Hocken Collection. the Mt Ida getting outside the gate facing the cemertery hill the horses bolted and the occupants of the trap were thrown out, escaping, however, with a few bruises. The horses galloped Chronicle up the road, being stopped at length by Mrs Ginsberg. 1890 Sep-13 Supplement to Note that Dr. James Whitton decided to leave Naseby for Oamaru. Hocken Collection. the Mt Ida Chronicle 1890 Sep-18 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS ST. BATHANS MEDICAL AID CLUB. A special meeting of this body, convened by Mr. G. H. Brent, Secretary to the Committeee, took place on Saturday evening, the 18th Hocken Collection. (From Our inst. To consider a communication from the Charitable Aid Board having reference to the establishing of a cottage hospital in the district. There was a very fair attendance and Own Mr. Wm. Burnett occupied the chair. As a member of the Board and representative for the St. Bathans hospital district, he explained fully the object for which the meeting was convened, and eemd it wise that immediate steps be taken to secure the services of a resident doctor for the district. From information received from teh Board, he was Correspondent enabled to state that that body had considered the petition presented to it, and had liberally decided to subsidise to the extent of 1 pound and 1-5th for every 1 pound raised in ) the district for medical purposes: the subsidy on the latter not to exceed 96 pounds per annum. This grant would make a total of 176 pounds per annum toward the support of a doctor in our midst. / The establishing of a cottage hospital is a matter of vital importance to this district, the journey to Naseby or Clyde being much too tedious to the invalid. Lamentable instances could be cited of the results attending such, and casualties will no doubt again occurr, where immediate medical aid is required. Not infrequently in the past cases have proved fatal through the delay that must necessarily arise where the patient has to undertake the journey or await the arrival of a doctor. / The thanks of the meeting were accorded to M. Burnett for his work on behalf of the club. / A collection was then appinted to canvass subscriptions and membership fees were fixed at 1 pound for the married and 10s for single men. / The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to the chair.

1890 Sep-23 Otago Daily Advertisement APPLICATIONS, with testimonials, will be received by the Undersigned up to SATURDAY, 18th October 1890, for a Medical PRACTITIONER for St. Bathans District. A Paperspast Times, Is. 8917, s subsidy of 150 pounds per annum guaranteed, with outside practice. W. BLAXALL, Hon. Secretary, St Bathans Cottage Hospital Committee. p. 3 1890 Nov-01 Mt Ida Chronicle DENTAL MR. FRANK ARMSTRONG, Surgeon Dentist, Dunedin, with MR T. J. COLLINS (fifteen months Dental Hospital, London) and late assitant to Mr. Ibbeston, F. R. C. S., West Hocken Collection. NOTICE End of London), will make the First of a Series of Quarterly Visits, calling at Naseby on MONDAY, 10th November, and staying for a few days, after which they will proceed to St. Bathans. 1890 Dec-11 Mt Ida Chronicle A CARD Dr. Maclachlan may be consulted daily at his residence, St. Bathans. Arrangements will be made shortly for visitng Cambrians and Blackstone Hill. Hocken Collection.

1890 Dec-11 Mt Ida Chronicle MEDICAL Dr. Macachlan has been appointed medical practitioner for this district. He is resident in St. Bathans. Hocken Collection.

1891 Mar-14 Mt Ida Chronicle A CARD Dr. Maclachlan may be consulted daily at his residence, St. Bathans. Arrangements will be made shortly for visitng Cambrians and Blackstone Hill. / Dr. Maclachlan will visit Hocken Collection. at the Post Office, Rough Ridge, on Friday 20th March at one p.m., and thereafter every alternate Friday. 1891 Apr-23 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & Our St. Bathans correspondent writes as follows under date April 20:- In our district two deaths have occurred from diptheria, and the local schools were closed for over a Hocken Collection. GENERAL fortnight. No fresh cases are reported. A lad named Arthur Powell, in the employ of Mr. S. Hanger, blacksmith at Becks, whilst shoing a horse on Thursday last, was kicked by it, and received injuries which necessitated his removal to St. Bathans, where he now lies in a precarious condition. Dr. Maclachlan, of St. Bathans is attending him. 1891 May-07 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & Our St. Bathans correspondent writes:- It is with extreme regret I have to chronicle another death from diptheria - that of Miss Kate Halpin, a daughter of Mr. John Halpin, of Hocken Collection. GENERAL St. Bathans. Dr. Maclachlan, who was in attendance, resorted finally to tracheotomy, but without avail, death supervening shortly afterwards. Miss Halpin had reached the age of 19y years, and was universally respected. The funeral took place on Sunday at 4 o'clock, and was largely attended. The Rev. Rather Sheehan conducted an impressive service. Much sympathy is expressed for the sorrowing relatives. 1891 May-07 Mt Ida Chronicle THE OTAGO The statutory meeting of the above board was held in the Vincent County Council Chambers, Clyde, on Thursday, the 30th inst. At 2 p.m. / Present - Messrs. W. Fraser Hocken Collection. CENTRAL (chairman), Burnett, Ewing, Oliver, Turton and J. Pitches. / The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. / Correspondence from and to Dr. Maclachlan, St. HOSPITAL Bathans, in reference to the side or branch hospital at St. bathans, and the payment of the board's contribution to same (amounting to 80 pounds a year), also in reference to the Blacks branch hospital, were read and received. It was explained by the secretary that the little misunderstanding on the part of Dr. Maclachlan on the mode of payment BOARD had been explained. With regard to the Blacks branch hospital, it was explained that on account of no moneys being received from the district no subsidy accordingly could be paid and thus virtually that branch ceased to exist....[skipped]... 1891 May-07 Otago Witness, Up Central "But what I wanted to tell you, Sir, when I started to write this letter, was no so much about the people's prosperity or business, as of their kindness of heart, and to do that I Paperspast Vol. 1851, Is. Otago - A can scarcely express inw ords what I feel. As I said at the start of this letter, it was through an accident, which happened to my boy which caused me to make the journey. My 1941, p. 11 Word of son got a kick on the head by a horse at a place called Becks, 10 or 12 miles from St. Bathans, from which the doctor had to be brought. He ordered the boy'd removal to St. Bathans for treatment. Here a small cottage had been fitted up in a temporary way, and called a cottage hospital. The boy was brought into this place in a sinking condition. Thanks: To the Indeed, I am told that if he had had to be taken a few miles further he would certainly have died; and what I want to do is to thank all those who so kindly assisted by Editor procuring hot water bottles, &c., and helping in every way they could to put some life into the boy. Now, Sir, from this period until the doctor declared the boy out of danger - nine days after - more real kindness could not possible have been shown by anyone had the boy been some near and dear friend - instead of an entire stranger. I would like to name and especially thank Mr and Mrs Eagle, who are kindly keeping the boy until he is able to travel down: Mrs Hanger, Mr and Mrs W. Hanger, Mr Sutherland, Mrs Twomey, and last, but not least, Dr. Maclachlan, for his kindess and constant attention. I hope the doctor will get the side hospital he wants, and that fitted up in a proper manner. Thanking you in anticipation, I am, &c., JOSEPH POWELL. Maori Hill, May 4.

1891 May-14 Otago Witness, Local and The St. Bathans correspondent of the Mt Ida Chronicle reports the death from diptheria of Miss Kate Halpin, a young lady of 19. Dr Maclachlan resorted finally to Paperspast Is. 1942, p. 17 General tracheotomy, but without avail. 1891 May-21 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS May 13th. MEDICAL AID COMMITTEE. A meeting of the above committee was held on Saturday evening, 9th inst. There were present - Messrs. W. Burnett (chairman), S. Hocken Collection. (From Our Turner, H. Excell, W. Wiliams, J. Eagle, W. Watson, Dr. Maclachlan and W. Blaxwell (Secretary). The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. The Own chairman stated that the object of the meeting was to discuss a letter received from the clerk of the Central Otago Hospital and Charitable Aid Board, demanding the sum of 16 pounds or thereabouts, money due by the St. Bathans committee in advance up to the 30th Sept. 1891, such sum to be paid on or before 12th inst. as per agreement entered Correspondent into between this committee and the board regarding the salary of Dr. Maclachlan. [The district guarantees to the Medical Aid Fund 80 pounds per annum, and to this amount ) the board attaches a Goverment subsidy of one pound and one fifth per 1 poiund or 96 pounds per annum.] / Mr. Eagle asked Dr. Maclachlan for an explanation re the misunderstanding that had arisen between him and the board. / Dr. Maclachlan stated the board had forwarded to him, for his signature, conditions of contract regarding his salary. He had signed this contract entitling him to monthly payments at the rate of 160 ounds per annum. From the 15th January to 1st March, he had received payments amounting to 19 pounds 5s 6d,. and he had been under the impression the board had made a slight error in the amount. Hence the misunderstanding mentioned in teh last report of the board's meeting. / Mr. Turner thought this was a matter between the doctor and the board's treasurer, and it had nothing to do with the question at issue, but there was an apparent discepancy in the agreement sighned by Dr. Maclachlan. The salary was advertised at 150 pounds, and under the contract the doctor was in receipt of 160 pounds per annum. The difference (10 pounds) was to be allocated to meet incidental expenses connected with the cottage hospital. / Dr. Maclachland replied that, according to the agreement signed by him, he had to provide everything necessary for the hospital and had to meet even the rent of the building, out of his salary. / The irregularity in the salary was then not further discussed. The chaiman thought, however, the agreement should have been sent by the Board to the committee. The reply to a question, the secretary intimated that the first six months' instalment of 40 pounds had been forwarded to the Board. This amount, he said, covered the committee's guarantee up to the 12th July, 1891. Mr. Turner was of opinion the board had made its demand in accordance with the terms of agreement, by which, in the event of the committee failing to comply with the conditions for succeeding half-year, the board would have funds available to terminate the doctor's engagement in three months. / This view was upheld by the meeting. The chairman, however, thought the board might have used more courteous language in its request. / Mr. Excell then moved and Mr. Watson seconded:- "That, in orderto meet all liability up to 30th Sept. current, the secretary be authorised to forward cheque for the amount demanded by the Board." - Carried. / On Mr. Eagle's suggestion, the chairman agreed to write to the board reminding them of their promise to hand over to the committee of St. Bathans district at any time any moneys due out of the 4s in the pound government subsidy. It was also resolved, on the motion of Mr. Excell, seconded by Mr. Eagle: - "That the secretary be empowered to write to the board asking it to forward the sum of 11 pounds 4s, being nine months subsidy, or 4s in the pund, on the sum subscribed up to 30th Sept." - Carried. / A vote of thanks to the chair terminated the meeting. 1891 Jun-04 Otago Witness, MINESTERIAL St. Bathans, May 29. "Mr Turner inquired whether it was the intention of the Government to continue charitable aid for hospital purposes. By law assistance to local hospitals Paperspast Is. 1945, p. 16 VISIT TO THE ceased in October next. If so, they would be in an awkward position in St. Bathans, as they had just established a cottage hospital, built a house, and secured a doctor at OTAGO considerable expense; and he asked whether the Government intended to continue the subsidy. The Minister for Works said he would hold out no hope of the House next session tackling the question of charitable aid; but a continuing act might be passed." CENTRAL (FROM OUE SPECIAL REPORTER.) 1891 Jun-18 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS THE DIPTHERIA SCARE: There were in all 17 cases of diptheria in our district, but only three proved fatal. A scare was produced through the spread of the disease, and our Hocken Collection. (From Our local business firms suffered considerably through slackness of trade. No fresh cases are reported, however, and the last patient has been at his usual occupation for some Own weeks. I give these facts publicity as an assurance to travellers and other visiting the township that there is now absolutely no danger of infection, either in St. Bathans or in any township near it. Correspondent ) 1891 Jun-18 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS LOCAL BOARD OF HEALTH. A Board of Health for St. Bathans has been gazetted. It's members are Messrs. John Eagle, Thos. Wilkinson, William Hanger, and Albert Hill. Hocken Collection. (From Our Own Correspondent ) 1891 Oct-01 Otago Witness, LOCAL & "Dr Nedwill, of Christchurch, who had just returned from London, has given his impressions of the hospitals to a representative of the Lyttleton Times. He says: - "I found that Paperspast Is. 1962, p 17 GENERAL there was a great advance in the treatment of diseases and new methods. Many things you read of are difficult to follow, unless you actually see them done. I found in the hospitals a great deal of what one could not help recognising as excellent work. At the same time I must say that saw some which did not consider to be very much, if at all, better than we have in the colonies. There is a great deal of heroic treatment in the London hospitals - treatment which one would not dare to risk here. Such work can be done in the hospitals, but not in private practice. It is somewhat in the nature of an experiment, and all advance in treatment is the result of experiment. With regard to children's hospitals, I found that there was undoubtedly a very great deal of the highest class of work done there; in fact, in the treatment of children I found that there had been a very much greater advance than I expected to find. Another thing that struck me very forcibly was the great improvement in nursing. Most of the nurses are well educated women; indeed, the majority of them are ladies. One also finds number of women who have served their time in a hospital and afterwards go out as private nurses. there are quite a number of private nursing homes to which doctors can send their private patients, with every confidence that these patients will be well looked after by trained nurses. A good many of these are run by doctors, but others are carried on entirely by the nurses themselves."

1891 Oct-15 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & We have only now received the following from a correspondent at St. Bathans dated Sept. 29th: - I regret to state that one of Mr. Patrick Garty's children, named Annie, aged Hocken Collection. GENERAL eight years, died very suddenly on 21st inst. After an illness of 12 hours, a victim to croup. The funeral procession was the longest that has been seen here for some time, the coffin being carried to the cemetery by 24 of the school children dressed in white, which was a very impressive sight. The rev. Father Sheehan officiated. General sumpathy is felt for the bereaved parents. Croup is very prevalent here. 1891 Oct-15 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & OUR St. Bathans correspondent writes as follows: - A public meeting was held here on Saturday evening last to consider the position of the affairs connected with the St. Hocken Collection. GENERAL Bathans Cottage Hospital. There was a very large attendance, Mr. W. Burnett (convener) occuped the chair, and explained that a feeling existed amongst shareholders that the amount likely to be raised from subscriptions would not in future be adequate to enable this hospital district to command particiaption in the funds of the Charitable Aid Board. It was the general opinion that a resident doctor was a necessity, and, after considerable discussion as to the best means to be adopted to retain one, it was unanimously resolved to canvas the district again for subscibers, the canvasser to bring up his report at another similar meeting to be held in St. Bathans on 17th inst. I may mention that in his professional capacity Dr. Maclachlan was very highly spoken of at the meeting by a large number of those present.

1891 Oct-22 Mt Ida Chronicle ST. BATHANS THE COTTAGE HOSPITAL. An adjourned meeting of those interested in the affairs of the St. Bathans Cottage Hospital took place here on Saturday evening last. There was Hocken Collection. (From Our but a small attendance of the public, owing to a counter attraction in the shape of a scenic entertainment by Messrs. Evans and Co. Mr. Burnett again acuupied the chair, and Own stated the object of the meeting was chiefly to receive the canvasser's report. This report was extremely satisfactory, and little doubt now exists that a sufficient sum will be raised by subscription to meet the claims of the Central Board for another twelve months. / The printed scale of charges was amended, and it was decided to issue a ticket to Correspondent each subscriber entitling him to the priveleges contained in the new scale. It may be mentioned that in future non-subscribers will in every instance be charged a higher fee ) for medical attendance than that mentioned on the amended seale. A temporary agreement has been made with a local dispenser, under which the charge for medicines has been limited to 2s. 6d per bottle. 1892 Jan-08 Mt Ida Chronicle INFLUENZA It will have been noticed by all readers of the newspapers that the epidemic, commonly known as influenza, is raging with direful effects in Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne Hocken Collection. and that many deaths have already occurred, There can therefore be no doubt that we shall have this scourge amongst ourselves within a very short time, and as all persons in every station of life are liable to be attacked, it would be wise on the part of everyone to take all necessary precautions in preventing themselves catching this most troublesome complaint. The authorities in England and on the Continent some time since issued instructions that preventative remedies were to be given daily to the military and the police and it was reported that this had very good effect./ Now we all know that prevention is better than cure, and to this end the proprietor of MOTHER MARY JOSEPH AUBERT'S REMEDIES has every confidence in recommending the public to try "Karana" in small doses every morning, to be followed by "Marapa" during the day....[turns into testimonial] 1892 Jan-28 Mt Ida Chronicle NASEBY The annual meeting of contributors to the Naseby Hospital was held at the Town Hall on Thursday evening, January 14th. There were about 20 present and Mr. R. F. Indor Hocken Collection. HOSPITAL was voted to the chair. /MINUTES/ The minutes of the last annual meeting were read, and adopted on the motion of Mr Guffie, seconded by Mr. Hall. [Financial records here if necessary]. [No mention of patients from St Bathans this time, total admitted = 57, total treated 66], 8 died. 1892 Apr-14 Otago Witness, BLACKSTONE SICKNESS.- Although the weather is good, there is a lot of sickness, chiefly among children. Much sympathy is felt for Mr and Mrs Dakers, of Surface Hill, who lost two of Paperspast Is. 1990 , p. 20 their little ones within a fortnight of each other, and Mr and Mrs Burnett of Hawkdun station, whose little son died last week. / PHONOGRAPH.- Mr Kelly has been and gone with his phonograph, the wonders of which he illustrated to the folk in St. Bathans. Dr. McLachlan gave a recitation, and Mr Melton sand a song, which were both duly repeated by the instrument. 1892 Apr-14 Mt Ida Chronicle CORRESPONDE TO THE EDITOR. SIR, - I observe in your issue of the 9th inst. A paragraph apprearing in your local columns treating on diptheria. Let me mention this letter is not written Hocken Collection. NCE/ out of any hostility to the writer of the paragraph, for Mr and Mrs Barret have my entire sympathy in their bereavement.. But the gentleman has fallen into an error when DIPTHERIA allowed to diverge from the point to illustrate how many other fall in to the same error. I read in a Home journal recently of two gentlemen (who shall be designated as C and D) sitting in their club room in London. their conversation turned on professions. C said he believed there were more doctors in London than any other profession. D ridiculed AND ITS the idea as being erroneous. C maintained that he was right in his opinion. Finally, a wager was made, the onus being left on C to substantiate his statement. A few days after TREATMENT the wager was laid C entered the club room with his head wrapped up in woollen cloth, and semed to be suffering excruciating pain in the member of his body. It did not take long until all the eyes in the room were fixed on C, wondering what on earth was the matter with his head. D was the first to ask him, and gave advice as to what should be done. C produced his notebook, and made an entry therein. A few weeks after the above event they were again sitting in the club room. C reminded D of the wager and desired it to be settled. D sought for the proof. The note book ws produced, with D's name heading a host of other all giving advice to C as to what should be done to cure his head. D had a hearty laugh over the affair, confessing he had lost the bet. St. Bathans does not differ from London only in one respect - viz. there are more doctors than all the other professions put together and Dr. Maclacklan must have a very disagreeable time of it among them all. To come back to diptheria, Mr. Burnett seems to emphasisse the words "spraying the throat." Swabbing the throat was the mode of treatment for diptheria some time back, but not with a camel's hair paint brush; a feather is the proper thing. The doctor whom Mr Burnett quotes says you "must be very careful how you work about the throat., taking great care not to break the skin, as this only paves the way for a further spreading of the fungus." A brush down the throat of a child is almost a sure way of breaking the skin in the mouth or throat. Great improvements have been made of late in the way of instruments for the use of the faculty. I will instance the dentist and the surgeon. The implements used in those two departments differ greatly from what were used some twenty years back. Why should science or the physician not improve in the way of administering physic? The syringe should be an improvement on the swabbing with a 'camel's-hair paint-brush.' I have been a close observer of our resident doctor in his cases of diptheria (and they have been numerous) and I must admit that, when called in at the first appearance of the disease, he has at all times made a cure of his patient, but where the disease has been allowed to develop for days before he has been consulted death has intervened and taken away his patients. The authroity quoted by Mr Burnett says: "Immediately a symptom of diptheria shows itself lose no time in calling in the doctor, as the first hours give him an opportunity of mastering it." The same authority says that the disease is not infections, that is has bever been known to be carried from one person to another, but that is is known to be highly contagious. He goes on to say that dirt and filth is a hot-bed for the disease but that the cleanly has often to suffer through the filthiness of the neighbour. In conclusion I will give a little advice in my turn. Let the heads of houses look after the sanitary surroundings, and the board of health should certainly see to the prevention of any nuisance throughout their entire district. - I am, etc., LAYMAN./ St. Bathans, April 11.

1892 Apr-21 Mt Ida Chronicle MANY of the colds which people are said to catch commence at the feet. To keep these extremities warm, therefore, is to effect an insurance against the interminable list of Hocken Collection. disorders which spring out of a 'slight cold'. First, never be tightly shod; boots and shoes when they fit closely prevent hte free ciruclation of the blood. the second rule is, never sit in damp shoes. It is often imagined that unless they be positively wet it is not necessary to change while the feet are at rest. this is a fallacy, for when the least dampness is absorbed in the sole, in its evaporation it extracts the heat from the foot, and thus perspiration is dangerously checked. Any person may prove this by trying the experiment of neglecting the rule, and his feet will feel cold and damp after a few minutes, although on taking off the shoe and examining it, it will appear to be quite dry. 1892 May-12 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & OUR St. Bathans correspondent writes: - "It is with regret I record the rather sudden death of another old resident of this district, Mr. Thomas Gallagher, who on Wednesday Hocken Collection. GENERAL last, 4th inst., passed away, after an illness of only about a week's duration, contracted through a cold. the deceased gentlement for many years had been engaged in mind pursuits, and was widely known and highly respected. The funeral, which took place on Friday, was one of the largest seen here for a long time. The remains were conveyed to the Roman Catholic cmeetery, where the Rev. Father Sheehan conducted the funeral service." - An occasional correspondent writes with reference to the deceased:- "Mr Gallagher's death has caused a gap in our small community which will not be easily filled, as he possessed a genial disposition and straightforward manner, and was always ready to assist in various ways every deserving cause. the deceased arrived in the colony 27 years ago. he was a native of the paris of Clunie, Country Clare, Ireland. All that the medical skill of Dr. McLachlan could do was of no avail, and Mr. Gallagher succumbed after a short illness. the funeral cortege, despite the incelement weather, was the largest that ever entered the Catholic cemetery " 1892 Jul-07 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & DR JEFFREYS is gazetted public vaccinator for the district of Naseby. Hocken Collection. GENERAL 1892 Jul-31 Mt Ida Chronicle LOCAL & The following is the report of the Inspector of Hospitals on the Naseby Hospital: - "This year has shown a great falling off in this institution in the number of paitents and a Hocken Collection. GENERAL great incease in the daily cost per head, which has risen from 10s, 7d to 16s, 2d. My experience leads me to believe that in such a place as Naseby, this indicates a weakening of confidence in the institution. How far this may be owing to suspicions which have found current regarding the sobriety of the nursing staff, or how far it indicates want of confidence in the doctor, the trustees, I have no doubt, will soon ascertain. The would be a great pity if, for any preventible reason, there should be any falling off in the position which this hospital has maintained for so many years. So far, as my actual observations went I could find nothing to account for the change." I may be stated that since Dr. McGregor's inspection a change has been made in the nursing staff of the institution. 1892 Aug-05 Star, Is. 7353, p. Found "DUNEDIN, August 5. Samuel Turner, aged fifty, Manager of the Scandinavian water-race at St Bathans, was found drowned in the dam. It is supposed that he fell off the paperspast 3 Drowned staging. He leaves a widow and six children." 1892 Sep-08 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "SEPTEMBER 5.- The cottage hospital at St. Bathans is about to lose its medical attendant, Dr Maclachlan, who has received and accepted an appointment of medical Paperspast Is. 2011, p. 21 practitioner to the town of Huntly, in the North Island. Many of the doctor's friends and subscribers to the hospital regret the loss that the place is about to sustain. However, as the change will better the position of the doctor, his friends wish him and his amiable wife and daughter every joy in their new place of abode. When Dr Maclachlan took charge of the hospital here many of the townspeople saw the encessity of building a suitable dwelling house for a resident doctor, and a company was formed with a capital of 250 pounds and nice six roomed cottage was built. A dividend of 7 1/2 per cent. was declared and paid to the shareholders on the 31st ult. Rumour has it that when Dr Maclachlan resigns his charge here Dr Ward, of Ophir, will run the district, but the inhabitants here declare they will have nothing short of a doctor residing in St. Bathans."

1892 Sep-15 Otago Witness, Local and We regret to learn from a correspondent that diptheria has again broken out in the St. Bathans district. Paperspast Is. 2012, p. 19 General 1892 Nov-17 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "MEDICAL,.- Owing to Dr Maclachlan taking his departure for the North Island, the doors of the Cottage Hospital have been closed to all emergencies. I was going to say the Paperspast Is. 2021, p. 21 people in their wisdom and generosity were the cause of closing the institution, but I would have to find other words to give expression to their action. Where the absurdity of thing comes is in what follows. Fifty pounds a year is promised the resident surgeon at Ophir to visit here once a fortnight, whereas another L#) would have kept the hospital open and settled a physician in the place...SANITARY.-The local Board of Health, seeing the necessity of looking after the public health in the absence of a doctor, arrived at the conclusion (not before pressure was brought to bear on them) that the main sewage drain skirting the back of the town should be cleaned out. Having arrived at this determination, water and labour were secured, the drain getting a thorough scouring out. The board caused placards to be posted in different parts of the town invoking cleanliness. With diptheria breaking out so frequently, and typhoid too near to be pleasant, the work undertaken by the board has not been done a day too soon, and should meet with the commendation of all concerned " 1892 Dec-08 Otago Witness, DEATHS Dakers. - On the 29th November at St Bathans (of inflammation of the lungs), David Dakers, beloved husband of Elizabeth Dakers. Deeply regretted. Paperspast Is. 2024, p. 25 1892 Dec-15 Otago Witness, ST BATHANS OBITUARY. A sad affair took place in connection with this work. Mr D. Dakers, an old and respected servant of the companys, contracted a cold and had to be brought home Paperspast Is. 2025, p. 20 in a dray on the 18th ult. Medical advice was obtained from Ophir on the 21st, when it was found that he was suffering from inflammation of the lungs. Mr Dakers lingered on until the 5th inst., when death relieved him from further pain...This death is another striking instance of the necessity of a resident doctor. The deceased was a man with a strong robust constitution, and had medical advice been obtained on the 18th this sad ending might have been averted. 1893 Apr-27 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS ACCIDENTS.- A somewhat serious and painful accident happened on the 21st to an old resident and as fine a speciment of humanity as it is possible to clap an eye on. Mr. Paperspast Is. 2044, p. 22 Thoman McLevy, who by what I can learn was on his way from his house to his farm astride one of his working horses, had been noticed to pass his neighbour's house about two hours before he was found sitting on the ground to all appearance in a semi-conscious state, with a large deep cut on his head. He has been moving about from the time of the accident until he was found, as the blood about the locality showed. When spoken to and asked if he would take a little spirits and water he replied "Yes," but on being offered the drink he made no effort to take it. It was then realised that things were much worse than was at first supposed. Dr. Ward was sent for, and on his arrival on exmining the head held out no hopes of recovery. He is still in an unconscious state. 1893 Jun-29 Otago Witness, Casualties "The inspector of police has been informed that a single young woman named Catherine McComb aged 23 years, died suddenly at St. Bathans on Saturday evening shortly Paperspast Is. 1851, p. 17 after finishing her tea. She had lately been suffering from a cold and pain in the chest, but had no medical attention. The deceased was the sister of John McComb, the manager of the Scandinavian water race...Our St. Bathans correspondant telegraphs: - "A very sudden death occurred on Saturday at St. Bathans. Miss Catherine McCombie (sister of Mr John McCombie), over here on a visit and living with Mrs Turner, had partaken of a hearly tea and had been playing with the children, when she suddenly fell down in the passage and died in a few minutes. On the melancholy news becoming known it gave the inhabitants quite a shock. She had only been here a few weeks and was quite a favourite, always being ready to lend a helping hand to any good cause. She was a native of Tuapeka, aged 22. Mr W. McCommochie, deputy-coroner, held an inquest and the following jury were in attendance: - Messrs R. Clarke (foreman), John Thurlow, A McPherson, P. Fitzpatrick, M. Nolan, R. Renwick. Dr John Ward gave the result of a post mortem examination, and a verdict was returned in accordance with the medical evidence, that deceased died from sybcope, accelerated by inflammation of the lungs."

1893 Jun-29 Otago Witnes, Is. ST. BATHANS ACCIDENTS.- An accident happened at Hill's creek to the miller at Ida Valley. It appears that he had been to Hill's creek on the 21st on horse back, and that his horse slipped Paperspast 1851, p. 22 and came down, the rider's head coming in contact with the wheel of a springcart. He received a severe cut on the head, theblood flowing from the wound to a serious extent. On being taken into the hotel and getting the wound dressed, the sufferer was under the impression that the wound should be sewn, and no one present being capable of performing such an operation he started for St. Bathans on horseback, a piece of foolhardiness that nearly cost him his life. he fainted on the road, and if Mr Renwick had not been on the road with his springcart, to attend to him and drive him to St Bathans, a different take would have had to be told. However, he did reach the townn and speedily came under the hands of Mr Pyle, who stitched up the wound; and not a bit too soon, as he ahd lost an enormous quantity of blood and again fainted through sheer weakness. I am pleased to say that he left St Bathans two days afterwards for home. 1894 Aug-23 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS MEDICAL.- The next thing that is wanted here is a resident doctor. At present when people take ill they have to go 20 ir 25 miles to see a doctor, and that is of course far too Paperspast Is. 2113, p. 23 far for sick people to travel. There are a few cases of sickness here at present, but I believe none are of a serious nature. Fortunately we have in Mr Pyle a good chemist, but in serious cases, Dr. Ward has to be brought a distance of 20 miles. 1894 Sep-06 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS HEALTH NOTE. - Mumps is attacking young and old throughout the district, and the older one seems to be the severer the attach. Diptheria has again made its appearance Paperspast Is. 2115, p. 22 within an unpleasant closeness to our town, Mr Thomas Meer's family being attacked with a very virulent form of the complaint, which has carried off two of his children, while others are suffering from the same trouble. I am pleased to state, however, that the remainder of the family are all undergoing recovery. There is a good opening in this district for an experienced midwife and nurse and could a doctor be induced to settle in our midst he also might make a good thing of it. / ACCIDENT.- Our respected clergyman, Rev. Mr. Gelie, met with an accident on the 24th ult. On his way to Ophir to preside over a social gathering there, his horse shied at a piece of paper that was being swept along the road by the wind. The rev. gentleman was thrown on to the road with some force. He was under the impression that some of his ribs were broken, the seat of pain being caused by a bruise, which the doctor carefully bandaged. I am pleased to state that the rev. gentleman is progressing favourably under the treatment.

1894 Sep-17 Star, Is. 5057, p. Accidents and DUNEDIN, Sept. 17. Julia Gallagher, aged six, was drowned in Muddy Creek, near St Bathans, this morning, through the capsize of a trap. Paperspast 3 Fatalities.

1894 Oct-04 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS TELEPHONIC CONNECTION.- The necessity of the doctor's residence at Naseby being connected with the telephone has recently been very forcibly brought before the Paperspast Is. 2119, p. 22 community here. Our magistrate and warden, Mr. S. M. Dalgleish, being on circuit to Ophir, took suddenly ill on the road, his illness preventing him from going beyond St. Bathans. Early in the night the friends of Mr. Dalgleish became alarmed at the unfavourable symptoms of his illness, and were consequently anxious to get advice from Dr. Church at Naseby. The postmaster here brought the telegraph wire into requisition, but no exchange could be obtained from the Naseby office. This caused some anxiety for a time. How easily such an occurrence could be avoided by connecting the doctor's house with the wire that hangs over his building. The whole district of Maniototo would be benefited by such a connection. The P. P. Committee should also see to this matter without further delay.

1894 Oct-04 Otago Witnes, Is. ST. BATHANS EXPLOSION OF GUNPOWDER. - A flask containing gunpowder is a harmless thing in itself, but put the flask into the hands of two little boys rising four and five years of age Paperspast 2119, p. 22 and some danger is attached to it, and should a bucket containing live ashes be in close proximity to the boys then the flask becomes exceedingly dangerous, and this turned out to be the case one day last week. Mr McLeivie's boys, aged as above, became possessed of this dangerous explosive, and knowing nothing of the danger or the contents of the flask, quietly slipped it into the live ashes. An explosion and "blow up" followed. The explosion could be heard at a considerable distance, and it brought the mother of the children and neighbours to the spot, to find the eldest of the boys in a sad looking plight, his coat burning on his back and minus hair, eyebrows and eyelashes. I am pleased to bring this startling incident to a close by adding that the boy is now out of danger, and is to be seen playing on the street with his head bound up in swathings.

1894 Oct-24 North Otago Dunedin. "October 23. Hector Stewart, manager of the St. Bathans Company's claim, was killed yesterday by a fall of earth. He was 2 years of age. Paperspast Times, Vol. XXXVII, Is. 8111, p. 2 1894 Oct-26 Otago Daily THE FATAL printed. Paperspast Times, Is. 10190, ACCIDENT AT p. 2 SURFACE HILL 1894 Oct-30 Otago Daily SOCIAL AND Long. Accident at Surface Hill, and fall from horse of Mr. Geillie. Dr Ward wired from Ophir, but patient died before he arrived. Paperspast Times, Is. 10193, GENERAL p. 2 1895 Feb-12 Wanganui Dunedin. "Edward Haurahan, aged 17, was drowned yesterday while bathing in the Enterprise dam, near St. Bathans." Paperspast Herald, Vol. XXIX, Is. 8470, p. 2

1895 Sep-07 Wanganui Found "DUNEDIN, September 6. Peter Tiernan, a miner, 57 years of age was found drowned in a tail race in front of his house, St. Bathan's, Invercargill. Paperspast Chronicle, Vol. Drowned XXXVIII, Is. 12122, p. 2 1895 1896 Jan-09 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS DECEMBER 30.- An accident which might have been attended with serious consequences took place here on Christmas Night. It appears that Mrs Wall, with her family of Paperspast Is. 2184, p. 23 two daughters and a son, were spending their Christmas with Mrs Burnett, of Hawkdun station. Leaving the station for St. Bathans between 9 and 10 pm, all went well until they came to descend the steep hill that towers high and close to the township. When well down the hill the driver of the vehicle found that the bolt that connects the shaft to the trap had in some way become disconnected. There being no brake on the buggy, Master Wall could see no way out of the difficulty, but one - namely, to give the horse the whip and keep him ahead of the vehicle. The hill was descended at a rapid rate. When getting towards the bottom a deep and dangerous culvert had to be crossed and a steep grade ascended before entering the town. The buggy, as has been said, was going at a rapid rate, and in ascending the grade the bolt that connected the other shaft to the trap broke, and the buggy suddenly stopping, shot Miss Wall out on the road with great force. Help being at hand, the young lady was carried home in an unconscious state. On making inquiries on the following day I was pleased to learn that the sufferer had become semi-conscious. She is still unable to bear her own weight upon her feet, and is suffering from some severe knocks about the body and limbs. The system has also received a great shock. Dr Church has examined the sufferer, and recommends quietness and care, and expresses the opinion that time and nature may restore the young lady to health. The other occupants of the vehicle got of[f] with a great scare.

1896 Mar-06 Mt Ida Chronicle ACCIDENT TO While returning from the county council meeting on Thursday afternoon, Mr John Ewing, St Bathans, met with a painful accident at Hills Creek which may lay him aside for Hocken Collection. MR EWING some weeks. He was driving with reins tightly clasped in hand and feet stowed under the seat so that just at the mometnw hen something behind the dog cart attracted his attention he was quite unprepared to resist a violent jerk caused by the horses stumbling. He found himself suddenly dragged from his seat and thrown face downwards in front of the wheel, which passed over his back. Mr Murray who was with him at the time quicly assisted him to the hotel and Dr Church was telegraphed for. On arrival the doctor found that in addition to a severe shaking his patient had got a couple of ribs broken. Dr Church informs us that Mr Ewing has been in great pain, but there is every prospect of his doing well. Might we suggest to the good folks at Hills Creek concerned that it would be kinder to stop the doctor as he passes their doors instead of allowing him to find out on arrival at St Bathans, that his patient is in Hills Creek. 1896 Mar-19 New Zealand Untitled We announce with much regret the death of Mr. George Purton which occurred at St. Bathans, after a few hour's illness on Saturday last the 13th inst. In Mr. Purton the Paperspast Tablet, Vol. XIII, Colony loses a most respectable and useful settler who was ever formost in promoting any undertaking for the public interest in the district where he resided. The Catholic Is. 47, p. 15 community loses a faithful and energetic member, always ready to assist in all good works, and who especially proved a more efficient aid in the cause of Catholic education. The sadness attendant on Mr. Purton's death has been much increased by the comparative suddenness with which it took place, his illness commencing only on the Friday afternoon preceding. Mr. Purton, who leaves a widow and a young family to deplore his loss, was a brother of the Rev. Father Purton, O.S.B. of St. Patrick's South Dunedin. RIP 1896 Apr-08 North Otago DUNEDIN April 6. The house of C. Gerkins, near St. Bathans, was destroyed by fire on Firday night. On search being made next day his remains were found among the debris, burned Paperspast Times, Vol. beyong recognition. So far as is known he was the only occupant of the house. As he was a careful, sober man, the outbreak is at present a mystery. XXXVI, Is. 8440, p. 2 1896 Apr-10 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIAN [more about fire which killed Mr Gerkins] Hocken Collection. 1896 Jul-14 Taranaki Herald, Suicide "Dunedin, July 13. John Eustace, a rabbiter, aged 30, suicided by cutting his throat at St. Bathans." Paperspast Volume XLV, Is. 10665, p. 2

1896 Mar-12 Otago Witness, Casualties "Mr John Ewing, while returning to St. Bathans after attending the Maniototo County Council, was dragged from his seat in his buggy by the horse stumbling while Mr Paperspast Is. 2193, p. 21 Ewing's attention was attracted by something behind the dogcard. The wheel of the dogcart passed over his back, and Dr Church, on examining him, found that, in addition to a severe shaking, two ribs had been broken. Mr Ewing, though suffering much pain, is so far progressing satisfactorily." 1896 Sep-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own DEATH. It is with regret I record the death of Mrs O'Regan, of this town. After a very brief illness she passed away last Saturday at her sister's home, Kokonga. Hocken Collection. Correspondent s, St Bathans

1897 Feb-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own I regret having to state that Mr Michael Nolan, of the Ballarat Hotel, St. Bathans, is seriously ill, and is at present in the Naseby Hospital under the care of Dr Church.// Mr. M. Hocken Collection. Correspondent Nolan who was brought to the hospial a few days ago, lies still in a critical condition. The disease from which he is suffering is both rare in its occurrence and somehwat s, St Bathans dangerous in its nature. All that medical skill and unremitting kindness can suggest are being done for him. Dr Colquhoun of Dunedin arrived on Wednesday for consultation with Dr Church and we understand confirmed in every respect both his diagnosis and the course of treatment prescribed. Dr Colquhoun returned to Dunedin on Thursday evening. 1897 Feb-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own It is with extreme regret that I record the death of an old and highly respected resident of St Bathans, Mr Michael Nolan, who passed away on Saturday last after a Hocken Collection. Correspondent comparatively brief illness, at the early age of 45. s, St Bathans

1897 Feb-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Untitled A mild form of influenza has been lately prevalent both at Naseby and St Bathans. Hocken Collection.

1897 Apr-09 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and On Saturday evening last, Mr John Thurlow, of St Bathans, who left Naseby in the evening between 7 and 8 p.m. was thrown from his horse, when about opposite the flour Hocken Collection. General mill and stuneed. He was picked up and conveyed to the hospital, where is was found that he ahd sustained a severe cut in the forehead and another of the lip, besides several smaller ones. 1897 May-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Blacks Since my last notice was sent we have lost Dr Ward, who has gone to Mohikinui. So far, I have heard of nothing being done to secure a successor to him. Hocken Collection.

1897 Jul-29 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES Our St. Bathans correspondent writes that Mr Robert Clark, an old and highly respected resident of St. Bathans, met with a painful accident on the afternoon of the 19th inst. Paperspast Is. 2265, p. 19 Mr Clark is an enthusiast at curling and had been on the ice having a friendly game on the above date. On his way home from the curling dam his foot slipped and dislocated the ankle. The friends who were near him at the time reduced the dislocation. Mr Clark afterwards walked a short distance, when the ankle again slipped out. He was then carried into the township, Mr Pyle doing what he could for the sufferer, the impression being that some of the small bones were broken. Mr Clark was, early on the following day, conveyed to the Naseby Hospital. 1897 Jul-09 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and dr ward returns Hocken Collection. general 1897 Jul-23 Mt Ida Chronicle ODDFELLOWS CAMBRIAN, ST. BATHANS & SURROUNDING DISTRICTS. Some short time ago a stir was made to try if possible to form a lodge in the district and with that object in view Hocken Collection. LODGES two meetings have been held in Victoria Hall, Cambrian… At the first meeting Mr G. A. Franci took the chair and along with Messrs H. Excell (St Bathans) and K. Payne, addressed those present upon Oddfellowship, pointing out the benefits and advantages of such a society in our midst. Each of these gentlymen has been an Oddfellow himself, and thus knowing the benefits derived apart from medical attendance and monetary assistance, they advised every young man to become an Oddfellow at once. By joining while young it is very much lighter on the purse in every way, and besides that it may be the means of bettering many, if not every one concerned, both morally and intelelctually, for as one fo the speakers said, it is a good secondary education. Of course, the main object of the formation of a lodge in the district is to throw out some inducement for some medical man to settle here amongst us, and if that is not possible, to subsidise the nearest one to visit us regularly. On this ground I am sure the lodge ought to recieve a good deal of support...While on the subject I may mention that two medical men have noted the stir in the district, and one has promised to visit us regularly for a very moderate sum, while the other would be willing to settle among us.

1897 Jul-30 Mt Ida Chronicle ACCIDENTS After a pleasant game on the curling pond at St. Bathans, on the 19th inst., Mr R. A. Clark, farmer in that district, when returning to the township had the misfortune when at Hocken Collection. a steep part of the track to slip and injure his leg so severely that it was found necessary the next day to convey him to Naseby Hospital. Examination there by Dr Church showed that in addition to a sprained ankle he had sustained just above the ankle, a fracture of the small bone of the leg. 1897 Aug-05 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "August 2.- In connection with the late accident to Mr Clark at St. Bathans, in a previous letter fears were experienced that Mr Clark was not only suffering from dislocation of Paperspast Is. 2266, p. 25 the ankle, but that some of the small bones were broken in the locality of the dislocation. This turned out to be too true, for when the case came under the skilful examination of Dr Church at Naseby is was found that the small bone of the leg was broken. A couple of days after the accident to Mr Clark an employee was returning from Naseby with a team of horses and dray conveying flour to this place. Mr Ambler, the driver, was but a short distance from Naseby when a nasty and painful accident happened to him going down an incline. The brake of the dray being defective, it slipped. Amber made an attempt to adjust it, but he slipped on the ice, the wheel passing over his arm. He managed to secure the horses until help came to hand, when he was conveyed to the hospital, where master and man are now progressing favourably."

1897 Sep-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Cambrians [opening of M. U. I. O. O. F. incld. St Bathans people] Hocken Collection.

1897 Sep-21 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own MEDICAL ATTENDANCE for our own district, including Hills Creek, St. Bathans, Cambrian, Becks, Ophir and Matakanui is being brought before the public just now. The Hocken Collection. Correspondent district is a very wide one and cannot support two doctors, but may support one fairly well if stationed centrally. Up to the present, both St Bathans and Ophir - a opposite s ends of the country - have always stood out to have the doctor stationed in their own townships respectively, with the result that we have never had a doctor thoroughly settled in the district. Seeing that the telephone is laid on to Becks now, the doctor is within easy reach of everyone in case of a call during the night. A public meeting was held in Cambrian on Saturday 18th, when Mr W. Williams was in the chair. The following resolutions were brough forward: 1) that the doctor be stationed at Becks as being the most central position, 2) that a deputation consisting of Messrs. D. Hughes, J. Beattie and W. Appleby wait on the public meeting to be held at St Bathans on Saturday 25th inst, to bring forward the views of this part of the district, and also to discuss on behalf of the residents here any question that may arise, 3) that the secretary be instructed to communicate with Ophie, Matakanui and Becks with a view to having public meetings held in these palces so that some resultions may be laid before the coming meeting in St Bathans and also to ask that depuatations be appointed to wait on that meeting. By all the abovementioned places clubbing together a doctor could be guaranteed a good sum. it does not do in a case like this for any oneplace to be selfish over th amtter and want everything for itself. Some people seem to think that Becks is rather a lonely place for a doctor to reside but that is all a mistake. With a lage district like this a doctor would have no chance to be lonely as he would, no doubt, have a certain day to visit each place regularly and find plenty to do. Nowadays, beggards cannot be choosers. if a man gets a good salary and see a chance of making money he will settle in any decent place. I am sure there are a good many who would be very glad to get the offer and it is a wonder that some medical man has not long since settled at Becks for if he had done so he would most certainly have commanded the whole district and made a good living independent of any guarantee. I hope that all parts of the district willl now set aside any selfish spirit in the matter so that we may get a doctor immediately and a good one at that. Before closing I may say that independent of the public a doctor will get the support of the Oddfellows if he is a suitable man. 1897 Sep-23 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS "MEDICAL ATTENDANCE.- A fairly attended public meeting was held on Saturday last to try and see what is to be done to secure medical attendance for the district. Paperspast Is. 2273, p. 25 Between public subscription and the contributions from the Oddfellows a very fair amount could be guaranteed for a good man. At the meeting held in the Victoria Hall on Saturday, Mr Williams in the chair, the following resolutions were proposed and carried: (1) "that the doctor reside at Becks, seeing it is the most central." (2) "That a deputation consisting of Messrs O. Highes, J. Beattie, and W. B. Appleby wait on the public meeting to be held at St. Bathans on Saturday, 25th inst., to bring forward the views of this meeting and also to discuss on behalf of the residents, any question that may arise." (3) 1897 Oct-08 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIANS MEDICAL ATTENDANCE for the district is not likely to meet with much support after all, at any rate from all appearances. Meetings were held in St Bathans and Cambrians, Hocken Collection. and the people of Lauder (Becks), Ophir and Matakanui were also requested to do so. The people of Ophir, Matakanui and Becks do not seem to wish to do anything to encourage a man to stop in the district. They have Dr Ward settled among them and as long as he likes to remain there at no expense to them , so far as a guarantee is concerned, he may. There was a very good meeting at Cambrian, and those present were in favour of having a doctor stationed centrally but were against one being put in St. Bathans. The St. Bathans meeting was very poorly attended - more than half of those who rolled up being people from Cambrian, Vinegar Flat and Vinegar Hill. The following resolutions were passed at the meeting 1) That steps be taken to canvas the district to find what support will be afforded to a local doctor, the district to embrace St Bathans, Cambrian, Hills Creek, Lauder and Matakanui. 2) The residence of such doctor to be at Cambrian or st Bathans. 3) That be minimum subscription be 2 pounds a member per annum. 4) that Mr Williams cavass the district; remuneration 2 pounds 5) that this mmeing be adjourned to Thursday October 7th. Wm. Burnett, Esq, in the chair. One would have thought that with the support of an Oddfellows Lodge, which means a considerable sum towards a doctor's guarantee, more interest would have been taken in an attempt to secure a doctor for the whole district. I am afraid that there are two or three different causes at work to defeat all attempts to obtain a doctor here. There seems to be a feeling among some - who ought to know better too - that the members of the Oddfellows Lodge would gain much greater advantages than the public if a doctor were settled here; however that is a sad mistake for any one to make. The youngest members even pay double as much in contributions as any subscriber to the doctor's guarantee fund, and a majority of the members are single young men who would not otherwise subscribe towards a doctor. Of course, Oddfellows do reap benefits which the public do not, but they are not medical benefits, and these same benefits are open to any of those who desire them if they care to come forward and become Oddfellows and pay their contributions to entitle them to receive the same. As most people know, people now-a-days do not get things for nothing - neither do Oddfellows.

1897 Oct-14 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS OCTOBER 8.- We are having quite an epidemic of sickness at present, several members of each family in the place being laid up with influenza or bad colds. The explanation Paperspast Vol. 14, Is. 2276, for so much illness at this time of the year is, I think, found in the fact that we had such and extremely mild winter, with little or no heavy frost. The frosts were not p. 26 sufficiently severe to destroy the disease germs, and hence the large numbers and great activity of these organisms with the first approach of spring. St. Bathans and surrounding places have also a lot of sickness just now. 1897 Oct-14 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS OCTOBER 8.- MEDICAL SUPPLY.-Nothing definite has yet been arranged re medical attendance for the district, want of combination standing very much in the way. It is Paperspast Vol. 14, Is. 2276, quite likely, though that in a very short time some decided arrangement will be made. The local Oddfellows, who are now betwen 40 and 50 strong, will certainly have a big p. 26 say in the matter. They have in the meantime made arrangements with Dr Church of Naseby, for fortnightly visits. 1898 Jan-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital One hundred and two of the in-door pateints were medical cases, the remaining 78 being surgical cases. There were 51 operations performed and chloroform was administered Hocken Collection. Report 49 times. On one occasion I called Doctor Colquhoun of Dunedin in consultation, twice Dr Brown was present at operations and Dr A Stenhouse, house surgeon of the Dunedin Hospital, assisted me in a few operations while on a visit to Naseby. 1898 Jan-21 Mt Ida Chronicle NASEBY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE. Mr Ginsberg raised the quesiton whether in view of the very large extent of the district served by Dr Church, and of the large increase of medical Hocken Collection. HOSPITAL, work during the last few years, the time had not arrived when the services of a second doctor should be obtained....He instanced a case in his own family in which the services Annual of the doctor were urgently required by owing to the latter having ben called to Cambrian, and to the telegraph office being closed, though a messenger was dispatched, his services were not available until nearly 12 o'clock the following day, fortunately in time. he was of opinion that the distance the doctor might travel should be limited to 7 or Meeting of 10 miles, or that a second doctor should be obtained for the district...As a matter of fact Dr Church and others were endeavouring to get a medical man settled in the St Subscribers Bathans district and they hoped presently to succeed...He might say that Dr Church was anxious for the settlement of a doctor in the St Bathans part of the district.

1898 Jan-22 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and A very painful accident happened on Wednesday week to Norah, the second daughter of Mr King, Bank of New South Wales, St. Bathans. It was the little one's 6th birthday Hocken Collection. General and she had on the occasion a number of young friends at an afternoon party, when in the course of their play a door closed on her fingers, cutting off the point of the third finger of the left hand. Mr Pyle did all that was possible in the circumstances. The child was subsequently brought to Naseby. Dr Church has found it necessary to amputate nearly the whole finger. 1898 Jan-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo [Follow up about getting second doctor for district, Mr Ginsberg leading the charge.] …Mr Franci pointed out that the doctor was trying to make arrangements for the Hocken Collection. Medical settlement of a doctor at St. Bathans. Mr Herdman moved as an amendment - That in the opinion of this meeting the time has not arrived when a second doctor is necessary Service for Naseby...He might point out that before this meeting was mentioned Dr Church had been in correspondence with the surgeon of the Dunedin Hospital with a view to his being settled in St. Bathans district, and if this arrangement was not successful then he had suggested that St Bathans should advertise.

1898 Feb-04 Mt Ida Chronicle ACCIDENTS A very serious mishap occurred on Monday last to the three year old son of Mrs coulson (daughter of Mr J. Thurlow, St. Bathans). In the absence of its mother the child gained Hocken Collection. access to a quantity of caustic soda, and, thinking it an admirable plaything, began operations with the results that he was burned very seriously indeed over a considerable area about the back of the body and the hands. The baby was also slightly burned but has recovered. The boy and his mother were driven to Naseby by her brother and the little patient is now in the care of Dr Church. 1898 Feb-04 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own ACCIDENT. Yesterday afternoon the eldest son of Mr Patrick Garty, of Surface Hill, met with an unfortunate accident. He was out riding and the saddle girth giving way he Hocken Collection. Correspondent was thrown heavily to the ground, the result of the fall being that his left arm was broken above the wrist. He was attended to by Mr Pyle and afterwards taken to the Naseby s, St Bathans Hospital.

1898 Mar-04 Mt Ida Chronicle Blacks The Blacks Medical Association is endeavouring by the offer of a guarantee of 150 pounds per annum to secure the services of a medical man for that part of the district. Hocken Collection.

1898 Mar-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and We understand that Dr Stenhouse will, in all probability, arrive in the St Bathans district early this month. Hocken Collection. General 1898 Mar-17 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS ACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES.- Mr P. Garty's son fell from a horse recently when jumping over one of the many water races in the vicinity of Surface Hill and had his arm Paperspast Is. 2298, p. 30 broken. The splints were removed from the injured limb on Saturday, and the lad, by what is to be learned, is progressing favourably. - Mr. Rossiter, a watchmaker, who pays periodical visits to this place, had the misfortune 1898 Mar-17 Otago Witness, Naseby. "March 14.- William Rossiter, a watchmaker, Albertown, had the misfortune to break his leg just above the ankle by falling down at St. Bathans on February 26. He now lies Paperspast Is. 2298, p. 30 in the Naseby Hospital, where he is progressing favourably under the care of Dr Church. 1898 Mar-25 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own MEDICAL. Dr Stenhouse has arrived amongst us, and we wish him every success. He had not definitely arranged as to what portion of the district he will make his house. Hocken Collection. Correspondent s, St Bathans

1898 Apr-01 Mt Ida Chronicle Cambrian MEDICAL. At last we have arranged with a doctor to settle in our district. By we, I mean the lodge. They have secured the services of Dr A. Stenhouse, for some time (two Hocken Collection. years or thereabout's) surgeon of Dunedin Hospital, and from all accounts a very suitable gentleman. It is to be hoped that since he is here the public will try and keep him here, for it a very great want satisfied. 1898 Apr-07 Mt Ida Chronicle dr ward leaving blacks. Hocken Collection. 1898 Apr-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Cambrian THE ODDFELLOWS LODGE is very quiet just now - calmly and patiently waiting for the arrival of Dr Stenhouse. When he comes things are likely to be busy, as so many are Hocken Collection. anxious to join the society now that they begin to see the benefits to be derived. A good many, I hear, do not care to sign their names to any medical aid list, until the doctor is really here. There is no doubt the funds will be forthcoing, and the 100 pounds, which it is dersired to raise, will be collected quite easily, for there are better times in store for the district as whole. 1898 Apr-29 Mt Ida Chronicle Cambrian ODDFELLOWSHIP. The usual fortnightly meeting of the Loyal United Brothers was held in the Lodge rooms, Victoria Hal, on Wednesday 20th. The attendance was very Hocken Collection. good, seeing there was no speical business on and the night was so dark. Two new members were proposed and, the ballot proving favourable, were duly initiated into Oddfellowship. The honorary members was Dr Stenhouse who has accepted the position of medical officer to the Lodge. The taost of the newly initiated brethren was then proposed with musical honours. After a few words on medical attendance for the district by Bros Armour and Excell, Bro. Stenhouse , in a few words, thanked the brethren generally for the kindness and consideration they had shown to him. / A BAD ACCIDENT happened to Mr R. Swinney, an old and respected resident of the district and member of our Lodge. On SUnday afternoon, accompanied by his eldest son, a boy of some six years, he went to catch his mare out on the run. It is avery queit animal, but the foal running with it makes it very fidgety. Having secured her, he put a piece of rope round her neck as he had no bridle with him, and started for home. Soon after the other horses of the mob came running up behind and startled the mare, and, before he could get his hand out of the rope, he was dragged to the ground and over rocks and tussocks until the rope came off hishand. The rope, so I believe, has torn the flesh of the fingers (two small ones) of the right hand terribly, leaving only the bare bone. Besides the injury to his hand, he is terribly bruised on the body, no doubt being kicked by the mare when she felt him dragging at her heels. It will be some itme before he will be himself again. There is very much to be thankful for, for it is a wonder he escaped with his life. I am sure on and all will sumpathise with his young wife and family. Dr Stenhouse, who was telegraphed for, had just left Becks were he had been attending another case. He was, however, met at the foot of "Gully" and came up at once. After examining Mr Swinney, he left to return again on Monday morning, when he found it necessary to take away part of the bone of the two smaller fingers of the right hand. Apr. 23 1898. 1898 May-12 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Dr Stenhouse on annual committee for householders or school. Paperspast Is. 2306, p. 35 1898 May-12 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS MEDICAL - Dr Stenhouse, late surgeon to the Dunedin Hospital, has given up his practice in that institution and decided to cast in his lot with St. Bathans and surrounding Paperspast Is. 2306 neighbourhood. Past experience should lead people to see the necessity of doing what they can to keep a medical man in the locality. This question has become more urgent of late owing to Dr Church, of Naseby, being unable to come nearer to us than Wedderburn, through pressure of work in his own district. All who desire to join the St. Bathans Medical Aid Club will be welcomed. It will be a step in the right direction to keep the doctor near and secure medical advice at a greatly reduced rate to what we have been accustomed to pay. / ACCIDENT. - Dr Stenhouse, when on his way to visit a patient at Cambrians, was pitched out of his trap over an embankment 5ft deep, opposite the courthouse, among broken bottles and other rubbish. The doctor miraculously escaped being hurt. The horse, finding that it had a free head, bolted down the road, but was caught about amile from the scene of the accident. The doctor proceeded on his mission, suffering from a scratched face and a severe shaking. A dog rushing at the horse's head wa sthe cause of the accident. It pleases me to state that the doctor is going about none the worse for the pitch-out of the trap.

1898 May-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own MEDICAL. Dr Stenhouse, a gentleman who is likely to become very popular, has settled permanently in the district. At present he has a very wide field - Hills Creek to Ophir Hocken Collection. Correspondent and Matakanui, but the cottage hospital is located in St Bathans. The doctor has under his wing an Oddfellows Lodge and the support of the Central Otago Hospitals Board s, St Bathans which contributes or subsidises one and on-fifth pounds money for every pound raised by subscription. To be a subscriber is of course a decided advantage and all should aim at becoming one. 1898 Jun-24 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own MEDICAL. Dr Stenhouse has a wide district, but is attending to its wants admirably. Last Friday on his return in the evening from Matakanui he found he had to revert on the Hocken Collection. Correspondent same road post haste to Blacks, but must first visit a St Bathans patient about half a mile off, so he drove there leaving his horse on his arrival without anyone in charge The s, St Bathans horse became restive and leaving the road bolted with the trap down a precipitous hillside. In its mad flight the trap overturned and was much damaged. The horse was found at the foot of the gully with its neck broken. The only solace is to be found in the fact that the doctor, who fortunately did not accompany them, is alive and well and was able promptly to secure another relay for his night journey into Blacks. 1898 Jun-24 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago We are glad to note that the board has renewed the agreement for the establishment of a cottage hospital at St Bathans, under the charge of Dr Stenhouse. Mr Burnett handed Hocken Collection. Hospitals in over 40 pounds as a half-years subscription. Board 1898 Jul-29 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Last week an alarming caseo f illness set in on a young man named Edward Kenny, second son of Mr P. Kenny. By what is to be learned the young man had been out on the Hocken Collection. (From an hills all the day (Thrusday the 21st) picking up rabbits that had been poisoned on a previous occasion. On his wa home in the evening, the atmosphere being extremely cold, Occasional he dismounted, but being attacked with cramp he could not walk and had to remond the horse and ride home, still feeling ill but tinking the illness might be worked off. This however coud not be accomplished. Then the doctor was looked for, but it being Dr Stenhouse's periodical day for visiting Ophir and Matakanui his attendance could not be Correspondent obtained until late on the following evening. From the time of the dcotrs arrival from Ophir close attention was devoted to the patient and finally, a diagnosis of the trouble ) was made, and the conclusion was arrived at that an operation would be necessary to save the life of Master Kenny. Calling in the aid of Dr Church (Naseby), the operation was successfully carried out in the cottage hospital under the skilful hands of two local doctors mentioned. Both doctors are Otago men and went through their studies in the Dunedin University - more honour to their abilities. The operation was a dangerous and protracted one, and its gravity was increased by the difficulty experienced in locating, but finally through the skill of the operators relief was obtained. The operation can only be looked upon as another laurel to science. It pleases me to state that the patient had a good night of it after the operaiton and another peaceful night last night. To-day nourisihing food was provided with good results. At noon to-day the patient was progressing favourably July 27th 1898 Aug-25 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "August 15.- Since the domiciling of Dr Stenhouse in St. Bathans he seems to have been kept busy. His district is widespread with a prospect of being remunerative. Since Paperspast Vol. 25, Is. 2321, settling in our midst the doctor has had several severe cases of illness, but Master Edward Kenny's illness reached the climax. Obstruction of the bowels had to be dealt with, p. 30 and this necessitated an aperation. Dr Church, Naseby, came to Dr Stenhouse's aid. young Kenny was removed from his father's house to the cottage hospital, where the operation was successfully carried out under the skilful hands of the two doctors mentioned. Your contemporary the Mount Ida Chronicle says "Both doctors are Otago men, and went through their studies in the Otago University - more honour to their abilites." The Medical Aid Committee, seeing the need of an operating ward for the doctor, convened a meeting of another body connected with medical aid, and known as the Ground and Building Committee. When the requirements of the doctor were put before the last-named body, which comprises Messrs Burnett, Eagle, McConnochie, Thurlow and Wilkinson, the doctor described the size of building requisite for a ward. After a discussion it was finally settled that an operating ward should be created convenient to the doctor's surgery, the size to be 21ft x 14ft, the walls to be sun-dried bricks, our local carpenter, Mr Wilkinson, being instructed to proceed with the building expeditiously.

1898 Sep-02 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans (By Mr Kenny who underwent a grave operatioin at the hands of Drs Stenhouse and Church, is now rapidly recovering…Measles, which is no respector of persons, is attacking old Hocken Collection. Special Wire) and young.

Sep-16 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIAN DR STENHOUSE has again shown that he is the right man for the district, and the quickness with which he was down to attend the injured man [slipped into moving dredge, Hocken Collection. severe injuries to foot and lower leg] is another feather in his cap. One might say he almost beat the telegraph, for he was down here before, long before, they were able to get the patient up in a cart to the hotel. 1898 Oct-06 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Health Note - Most of the people here, old and young, have suffered from severe colds, accompanied in many instances with measles, adults suffering keenly from the Paperspast Is. 2327, p. 34 epidemic. A patriarch in a large institution here was laid low for a week with this illness, but has recovered. The after effects, however, have caused a slight deformity through the casting of the eyebrows. The teachers in the public school have both been absent from their duties through the trouble, but are again at work, and apparently none the worse from the attack. / Accidents.- Master D. Wheeler, who got disabled through falling from a height of 35ft in Mr Ewing's Vinegar Flat claim, is still under the doctor's care. Master W. Thurlow, a scion of the Vulcan, met with a painful accident on Saturday. When unloading from his dray a set of harrows, one of the set turned on him, the sharp point of one the teeth entering his neck. Dr Stenhouse attended to the sufferer, and stitched up the wound, and it is with pleasure that I can say that the patient is now out of pain and danger. Oct-07 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Mr Walter Thurlow, of this town, met with a nasty accident on Saturday last. He was removing a set of harrows from a spring cart when it titled, and he was dragged to the Hocken Collection. Notes (By Our ground by the harrows, one of the tines penetrating beneath the jawbone and causing laceration to considerable depth. Dr Stenhouse promptly attended him, and he is rapidly Own recovering...A new hospital ward is about to be built by a local contractor. Correspondent ) Oct-14 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIAN SICKNESS is going its rounds in the form of measles and colds and the school attendance is consequently suffering very much on that account….THE ODDFELLOWS…With Hocken Collection. the exception of that due to sickness, there have been little sickness among the members…The lodge secured the services of a very efficient doctor when they selected Dr Stenhouse and I am sure it is to a certain extent on this account that the lodge has gone and will continue to go ahead. Oct-29 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Patrick O'Hara, an old resident of St. bathans, has met with a painful accident. While on his way home in a gale his hat blew off, falling into a tail race six feet deep. Mr Hocken Collection. Notes (By Our O'Hara, owing to injuries to one of his legs, has for many years walked with a stick, but rather foolishly attempted a rescue of the hat, with the result that the already injured Own leg was broken above the knee joint. Being a man of strong physique his ultimate recovery is expected. The additions to the cottage hospital are now under construction. Correspondent ) Nov-18 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIAN SICKNESS is still very prevalent in the district and our doctor is kept racing from one end of the country to the other. DEATH has claimed one more victim in the person of Hocken Collection. Mrs King, wife of Mr A. H. Vernon King, manager of the Bank of New South Wales. After a short illness and in spite of all that medical attendance could do, she passed away on the 10th... M. U. I. O. O. F...They have experienced very little sickness so far, and their funds are rapidly increasing. Seeing the fine weather is coming on, those who intend to join should take advantage of the doctor's visits in these parts and get examined, thereby saving a lot of bother when they come to join, as the doctor cannot always be present, especially when so much sickness continues in the district. Dec-23 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. It is with sorrow that I record the death of thebrightest pupil of the school - Janet Eagle - who to-day succumbed to a relapse from an attack of influenza Hocken Collection. Correspondent contracted about four weeks ago. s, St Bathans

1898 Dec-29 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Obituary. - It is with sorrow I record the death of the brightest pupil of the school - Janet Eagle, who no the 20th inst. Succumbed to a relapse from an attack of influenza Paperspast Is. 2339, p. 25 contracted about four weeks ago. Her death has caused quite a gloom amongst the young people, who loved her quite dearly for her kind and gentle spirit. Janet was only a little over 12 years of age, yet, clever little girl, she had passed all the school standards, and was a great favourite among her schoolmates and the teachers of both public and Sabbath schools. Great sympathy is felt for the bereaved parents throughout the whole district. The funeral took place on the 23rd, and was largely attended, over 100 childrenmarching in procession. The remains were borne to the grave by the elder boys and girls. The training and discipline of the boys and girls were a marked feature in the procession, which redounds a great credit to the lady (Mrs. McConnochie) who trained them. At the grave a most impressive ceremony was conducted by the Rev. Mr. Gellie, M.A. / Another bereavement. - [Loss of Mrs King. No mention of what she died from]

1898 Dec-29 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Cottage Hospital.- A new ward has been added to the institution, and will shortly be in a state to receive extreme cases of illness brought on by accident or nature. The new Paperspast Is. 2339, p. 25 wing will prove itself to be a valuable adjunct to the building. As the doors of the hospital can only be kept open by the people putting their hands in their pockets, it is to be hoped that the inhabitants of St. Bathans and neighbourhood will continue to subscribe with the liberality that has hiterto marked their generosity towards suffering humanity. Dr Stenhouse is taking a much needed holiday and, from what I can learn, joined the benedicts last Wednesday. I wish him joy in his new sphere of life. Dr Gibson, who has charge of the hospital and district during Dr Stenhouse's absence, is winning golden opinions here, and no doubt will in time be a great acquisition to some district that may require a medical man. 1899 Jan-05 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. About annual race meeting on Boxing Day: "Rather a damper was, in the early part of the day, cast over the meeting by an accident attended with very serious results, which Paperspast Is. 2340, p. 31 occurred during the first race. During that event Dunven unfortunately fell, and threw J. Johnston, the lad riding, with such violence that the poor chap sustained a very serious concussion of the brain. He still ies in a critical condition at the St. Bathans hospital. Fortunately, there was in that race only a small field, or assuredly an accident on a more disastrous scale must have occurred. The club showed its sympathy with the sufferer by donating 3gs, and a subsciption list being handed round, showed in a very few minutes a considerable sum. As for the horse, its injuries were so serious that it was found necessary to destroy it."

1899 Jan-12 Otago Witness, MARRIAGES STENHOUSE-McLEOD. - On the 20th December 1898, at the residence of the bride's father, but the Rev. W. White, M.A., Andrew Stenhouse, M.A., M.B., Ch.B, of St. Paperspast Is. 2341, p. 29 Bathans, to Margaret Simpson, second daughter of N. McLeod, Esq., Invercargill. 1899 Jan-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Annual Of the 189 cases under treatment, 87 were surgical, the remaining 102 were medical. There were 46 administrations of chloroform. I am indebted to Dr Stenhouse, of St Hocken Collection. Meeting of Bathans, for valuable assistance rendered during a few operations at the hospital, all the others were undertaken with the help of Mr and Mrs King and Miss Guffie. Hospital Subscribers 1899 Feb-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own ACCIDENT. Arthur Thurlow, a young man, resident in St Bathans, while engaged on the Cambrian dredge, which is being taken to pieces for transit elsewhere, had his left Hocken Collection. Correspondent arm badly bruised on Saturday last by a falling plank which slipped from its fastenings. Fortunately for him it narrowly missed his head or the injuries might have been fatal. s, St Bathans

1899 Mar-16 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.- Dr Stenhouse is kept very busy. We no sooner get rid of one epidemic than other is on us. Measles in a malignant form is our present trouble. It is with pleasure Paperspast Vol. 16, Is. 2351, I have to chronicle the opening of the new ward of the cottage hospital. The furnishing of the ward has in the meantime been provided for by the Hospital Committee. The p. 24 public will hear more of this matter in a couple of months hence, as it has been decided to draw on the purse of the people about that date by a dramatic enteratinment." 1899 Apr-06 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "That a concert and dramatic entertainment will be given on the 24th of May, the proceeds to go towards furnishing the cottage hospital." Paperspast Is. 2354, p. 29 1899 Apr-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. I regret to record the death of the infant son of Constable Kennedy, which took place on Sunday evening last. Hocken Collection. Correspondent s, St Bathans 1899 May-04 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS Insanity.- A middle-aged man known here as Jack Stevens (hailing from Wales) was brought before Messrs Burnett and McConnochie, J. P.'s, on a charge of being of unsound Paperspast Is. 2358, p 30 mind. The poor fellow was remanded to Dunedin for medical inspection. From what is to be learned this is the third attack of the malady, brought on each time by the excessive use of alcohol. He is now an inmate of the Seacliff Asylum, and may be added as another link to the devil's chain to be cared for at the expense of the State.

1899 May-04 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Entertainment.- It has been definitely decided to give an entertainment of a high-class order on the 24th of May, the proceeds to be devoted to the cottage hospital. When it Paperspast Is. 2358, p 30 is made known that the management is in the hands of Messrs Francis, Keddel, and E. Morgan, and under the patronage of the local Lodge of Oddfellows, its success will be looked upon as assured. The object is a worthy one, and the enterainment should be a well patronised. Those who have inspected the hospital since the opening of its doors for the afflicted are loud in their praise of the little institution. 1899 May-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own CONCERT. A grand concert in aid of the St Bathans cottage hospital is announced and no doubt in the hands of our townsman, Mr George Francis, as secretary, will be Hocken Collection. Correspondent worthy of patronage; not only for the talent introduced, but for the support of a deserving institution. I hope that this concert, which takes place on the Queen's Birthday, will s, St Bathans show that we have in and around St Bathans a generous and sympathetic public and I shall be happy to report in this direction at some later date.

1899 Jun-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own ENTERTAINMENT. The weather on Wednesday evening last was cold and damp, yet the hall was fairly well filled, and the result financially was ample to meet a certain Hocken Collection. Correspondent debt in connection with the new addition to the cottage hospital. The first part of the programme submitted consisted of vocal and instrumental....Wm. Burnett, Esq., was in s, St Bathans the chair and made a few remarks suitable to the occasion, dwelling especially upon his reminiscences of olden times, when medical aid was no nearer than Naseby or Clyde, and very trying scenes often resulted in the conveyance of invalids to the hospitals at those places. He pointed out that it was the bounded duty of all local residents to regard our present cottage hospital as a boon, and help it along whenever opportunity offered.... The entertainment was under the auspices of the M. U. I. O. O. F. body combined with the Medical Aid Club. 1899 Jun-09 Mt Ida Chronicle CAMBRIAN Sickness has been going the rounds of the district and giving our local medical man a tremendous amount of riding about. Death too has claimed a few victims of late. Robert Hocken Collection. Sheppard of Matakanui, Alexander McDonald of Blacks and others. I hear Dr Stenhouse himself has also been laid up, no doubt owing to the continual travelling about and want of rest. 1899 Jun-16 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans The managers of the above institution met on Saturday evening to square up the accounts of the Queen's birthday concert. The treasurer submitted a report and balance sheet Hocken Collection. Cottage and on the motion of the chairman, the report was received and the balance sheet adopted. The clear profit of the concert amounted to 14 pounds 1s 10d. The treasurer also Hospital passed in a cheque of 4 pounds 4s recievved from Mr A. Armour, Blackstone Hill Station, the above 4 pounds 4s being the proceeds of a concert at the station for the benefit of the hospital. The cheque was recieved and a unaminous vote of thanks passed to Mr Armour. The treasurer also exhibited a very handsome cushion presented by Mrs G Martin of Hills Creek. Due acknowledgement was made of the gift and a vote of thanks to that effect was minuted by the baord. Votes of thanks were likewise minuted to Mr George Francis for the able and efficient way in whic he had worked to make the concert the success it was and to the ladies and gentlemen who kindly gave their services to make the entertainment the social success it turned out to be. Mention was made in the report of the very lineral support that was given to the entertainment committee in the way of advertisement and the printing of tickets by the Mt Ida Chronicle. Again this kindness was acknowledged by the chair and a unaminous vote of thanks minuted to the proprietor of the Mr. Ida Chorncile. But for the extreme inclemency of the weather on the 24t ult, many more would have been the concert to swell the proceeds to a much higher figure than appears in this report.

1899 Jun-30 Mt Ida Chronicle C. O. Hospitals GENERAL. A letter from the St Bathans Medical Fund Committee asking that Dr Stenhouse's salary be increased from 160 pounds to 200 pounds per annnum was read, and Hocken Collection. Board approved conditionally that the committee subscribe the sum of 100 pounds in advance. The clerk was instructed to have the necessary alteration in the agreement with the board and the doctor attended to.

1899 Jul-13 Otago Witness, MINING Of individual miners not much can be said, but their returns are scant. One of the latter had the misfortune lately to have his lef fractured and is now under Dr Stenhouse's Paperspast Is. 2367, p. 30 care. 1899 Jul-13 Otago Witness, MINING "Amusements.- The late concert for the benefit of the Cottage Hispital was not so successful, financially, as it should have been; the weather being against people leaving Paperspast Is. 2367, p. 30 home; but the funds were supplemented by a concert at Blackstone Hill station, supervised by Mr Armour, the proceeds being £4 10s 1899 Aug-03 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.- The severe weather is telling on the elderly folk. Mrs Phillips, a professional nurse over 70 years of age, caught a cold while out attending to her duties. Dr Paperspast Is. 2370, p. 29 Stenhouse attended her throughout her illness, and advised her removal to the Cottage Hospital, but this kindness on the doctor's part was declined by the patient, who passed peacefully away on the morning of the 21st.-Mr. A. Dunsmuir, sen., one of our best curlers, who took an active part at the Naseby bonspiel, is, I have heard, now lying in the Cottage Hospital, dangerously ill from inflammation of the lungs.-Another respected townsman (Mr Gibson Gilmour) is being attended to by the doctor. He is suffering from a sever attack of pleurisy, his illness commencing yesterday morning. At 8.30 p.m. I am pleased to write that the patient is a littler easier. Mr Gilmour is widely known in our commercial circle as head salesman for Mr M'Connochie.-Mr M'Devitt (Blackstone Hill) was found on the road yesterday afternoon a short distance from this town in a semi- unconscious state, from what cause I have not heard.-Constable Kennedy's little daughter met with an accident yesterday whilst sliding, slipping over and fracturing her arm above the elbow " 1899 Aug-04 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. I regret having to record the death about a fortnight ago of an aged lady named Mrs Phillips, who resided in St Bathans for many years and was widely known in Hocken Collection. Correspondent the district. She unfortunately caught a cold during the severe weather, which ended in bronchitis, and this trouble at the lady's advanced age proved overwhelming. Her s, St Bathans daughter Mrs Preake of Matakanui gave her every attention, and kind friends surrounded her death bed. The deceased lady had outlived the allotted span. HEALTH. Several well known St Bathanites are laid up at present but it is the earnest wish of "Your own" that they may soon be restored to their wonted health. ACCIDENT. An accident which might have been more serious, happened early this week to the youngest daughter of Constable Kennedy by which the poor little girl had her right arm broken just above the elbow joint. The appears that hwilst "Sleighing" with others on a slope near her home she was precipitated with others from a sleigh to the hard frozen ground. No blame is attached to anyone for the unfortunate occurrence, and I am happy to state that the little girl is progressing under Dr Stenhouse's care as fabourably as possibly could be.

1899 Aug-24 Otago Witness, Cambrians Accident. - What might have been a serious accident occurred to an old man named George Halligan. While in Mr J. Beattie's loft he fell down on the stone pavement and Paperspast Is. 2373, p. 29 hurt his back, but fortunately not so severely as to require medical aid. 1899 Nov-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr and Mrs Church left Naseby for Dunedin on Wednesday for a holiday extending over two months. Dr Matthews of Clinton, has kindly undertaken at some inconvenience Hocken Collection. General to manage his practice for the first portion of the furlough. He arrived in Naseby on Tuesday afternoon. Dr Stenhouse of St Bathans also arrived earlier the same day to relieve Dr Church for the time of professional duties. 1899 Nov-16 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.- Influenza is very prevalent in St. Bathans and neighbourhood, nearly every family suffering from the disease. It is hard on the elderly folk, but the young ones Paperspast Is. 2384, p. 36 seem to get over it, and are to all appearances none the worse off. Many are, however, taking measles with the former complaint, which gives to materfamilias an anxious and wearisome period of nursing. Our local doctor is kept exceedingly busy. So far there has been no fatality with the complicated sickness."

1899 Nov-16 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Cottage Hospital.- The half-yearly meeting of this insitution was held last Wednesday in the doctor's residence, the following members of the Medical Aid committee being Paperspast Is. 2384, p. 36 in attendance:- Messrs. Burnett (Chair), Eagle, and Wilkinson. Dr Stenhouse was also present at the meeting. The balance sheet and report were laid on the table, and on the motion of the chairman they were adopted. Sums amounting in the aggregate to £30 were passed for payment, and a small balance was carried forward to the ensuing half year. The new wardroom was inspected by the committee, and expressions of admiration were called forth from the visiting body at the neat, clean, and comfortable appearance of the wardroon. During the winter one patient, suffering from pulmonary trouble for about four weeks, occupied the room. The patient was cured and discharged, gratefully expressing good wishes towards the staff and the little insitution." 1899 Nov-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Owing to the prevalence of measles and influenza at St Bathans the school has been closed this week. Many adults are down with influenza. There are many in Naseby and Hocken Collection. General over the plain also affected. 1899 Nov-23 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "November 20.-The weather is extremely sultry here, having a baneful effect on the majority of the community. Influenza and measles are the trouble in every other house in Paperspast Is. 2385, p. 34 the neighbourhood. A young man named J. Cochrane was brought in from the ranges last Friday in a precarious state, and is now under Dr Stenhouse's care in the cottage hospital, pleurisy being the trouble." 1900 Jan-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own A species of whooping cough is prevalent here, and the school attendance is exceptionally low in consequence, not one half the number enrolled being present since the schol Hocken Collection. Correspondent re-opened on the 9th inst. s, St Bathans

1900 Feb-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own GENERAL. The general health is at a low ebb. There are many martyrs to whooping cough of a severe character and school attendance is very low indeed. Hocken Collection. Correspondent s, St Bathans

1900 May-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. It is with sincere regret that I have occasion to record the death of Mrs hanger, relict of the late Mr Samuel Spencer Hanger. The deceased lady passed away on Hocken Collection. Correspondent Monday last, at the residence of her son, Mr William Hanger, where for a long time she had been in an enfeebled state of health. / HOSPITAL CONCERT. The St. Bathans s, St Bathans cottage hospital trustees will hold their annual concert on the 24th (Queen's Birthday), when it is anticipated the public will do its best to make the affair a success. 1900 Jun-01 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own HOSPITAL CONCERT. A concert in aid of the funds of the local Cottage Hospital took place in Sexton's Hall on the 24th Queens Birthday, and s … well supported. The… Hocken Collection. Correspondent was short or certainly the hall would have been crowded, the ….a laudable one and the …arranged by the secretary, Mr Francis, being composed of the best talent avaiable. s, St Bathans ....piano duelt and acquitted herself very creditably. The other performers, one and all, added much to the enjoyment of the evening. W. Burnett, Esq., occupied the chair and gave an interesting address befitting the occasion and was loudly applauded in his remarks upon the reign of our gracious Queen. A ... gave three hearty cheers for the .... by Major General Baden ...the performers at the concert shared ... 1900 Jun-14 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Hospital Concert.- An entertainment of an exceptionally high standard was given in aid of the above institution on the evening of the Queen's Birthday, when a number of Paperspast Is. 2414, p. 37 residents and other contributed their time and talent to make the concert a musical success. Mr Wm. Burnett presided over the gathering, and opened the entertainment with a very appropriate address, being frequently applauded whilst speaking on the merits of the Cottage Hosptal. He then called on the various performers to fulfil the parts allotted to them on the programme. The overture was contributed by Misses M. and E. Renwick; Miss Morrison san "Scots wha hae'; Mr C. Fahey, a comic song; Miss J. Renwick, "Sons of the colonies"; Mr R. H. Brown (Naseby), "Time will steal away the roses"; Mrs Law (Naseby), "True till death"; a recitation by Miss M'Eanney and a song by Dr Stenhouse concluded the first part of the programme. Miss Morrison contributed the overture of the second part, being followed by Mr Armour, song, "Union Jack"; song, Mrs Law, duet, Mrs W. H. Brown and Miss Morrison; "You better stay at home, lad," Mr Francis; comic song, Mr Fahey; "The carnival," Miss Morrison; "Sons of the sea," Mr R. H. Brown; "Daddy," Miss J. Renwick; "Longshore Billy," Dr Stenhouse; "Soldiers of the Queen, Miss Morrison. The concert was brought to a close by singing "God save the Queen." I shall make no attempt to give individual praise, but will take the comany collectively and say they were the best local performers that ever stood up behind the footlights to a St. Bathans audience. Mr G. Francis is worthy of special notice, and deserves a kind word for his usccessful endeavours in bringing together such talented performers as those mentioned. The St. Bathans Brass Band was in attendance, and contributed towards making the evening an enjoyable one. The members of the band gratuitously give their services on such occasions, a circumstance that should not be overlooked by the public when the band is in straits." 1900 Jun-15 Mt Ida Chronicle HOSPITALS' CENTRAL OTAGO. ANNUAL MEETING. …Dr Stenhouse's report on the St Bathans Cottage Hospital was read and approved. A return showing the position of the St Bathans Hocken Collection. CHARITABLE Medical Club with the Board was tabled. AID BOARD

1900 Jun-29 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own A branch of St John's Ambulance Association has been formed here. Dr Stenhouse is lecturer and Mr R. Cowan secretary. The first lecture takes place on Tuesday next. Hocken Collection. Correspondent s, St Bathans

1900 Jul-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own AMBULANCE. At the adjourned meeting held at Thurlow's rooms on Tuesday 25th June there were present - Messrs Cowan, Brown, M. Hanrahan, R. Thurlow, Francis, Hocken Collection. Correspondent Sumpter, Waterston, Eagle, Dr Stenhouse. Dr Stenhouse was voted to the chair. / The Chairman then requested the convenor, Mr Francis, to state the object of the meeting. / s, St Bathans Mr Francis read an extract from the Daily Times dealing with the benefits of ambulance work under the supervisio of St John's Society and stated that the object of the meeting was to try to form a branch of the association in St. Bathans. He then read correspondence from the secretary of the chief branch and sumitted about twenty names of gentlemen who were willing to form a class. Proposed by Mr. Cowan, seconded by Mr Eagle and carried. - That a branch of St John's Ambulance Association be formed in St Bathans. Mr Cowan was elected secretary, and Mr Waterston treasurer. Proposed by Mr G. Francis and seconded by Mr Waterston - That their worthy chairman, Dr Stenhouse, be asked to conduct the lectures. - Carried. Dr Stenhouse then expressed his willingness to conduct same. Resolved - That the first lecture be given on Tuesday 3rd inst., at 7.30. The secretary was instructed to write to the school committee and ask for permission to use one of the rooms for the class. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the chairman, one to Dr Stenhouse for offering his services to conduct a class, and one to Mr Thurlow for the use of his room for the meeting. A most successful meeting of the members of the class was held on Tuesday evening (yesterday), when Dr Stenhouse delivered his first lecture, and illustrated bandaging, knot tying, carrying &c. On dit, a ladies class will also be established here.

1900 Aug-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own CASUALTIES. A young man named Cruickshank was admitted to the cottage hospital on Tuesday suffering from a compound fracture in the leg, sustained by a rall of rock Hocken Collection. Correspondent while he was working near the Poolburn railway cutting. / Mr Samuel Morgan, while working under a face in his claim, two miles from cambrian, sustained a nasty fracture of s, St Bathans the knee joint on Thursday last. He was conveyed home on a door by two friends. He had a narrow escape.

1900 Sep-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Last Friday evening a young man named Thomas McCarthy, of Maruimato, while returing from a dance at Hills Creek, was thrown from his horse and sustained severe Hocken Collection. injuries to his head. He as taken to the hospital at St Bathans, where he was attended to by Dr Stenhouse. 1900 Sep-19 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.- Many residents, old and young, are suffering from severe colds and pleuritic illness, giving our local medico a busy time of it in the extensive area that he holds Paperspast Is. 2427, p. 38 practice over. That practice has been augmented, too, by patients being brought in from the Otago Central railway to the Cottage Hospital, two patients being inmates of this institution, the result of an accident. One, Mr Robert Cruikshanks, is suffering from a severe fracture of the leg, the other, Mr Thomas McCarthy, from severe bruises about the head. The latter left the hospital yesterday; the former who has been an inmate for six weeks, is doing well, but will be unable to leave the institution for a few weeks to come." 1900 Sep-21 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own GENERAL. The contingent ambulance class meets Dr Macknight for practical examination at Hills Creek on Saturday afternoon. The written part was taken at St Bathans on Hocken Collection. Correspondent Tuesday last. Mr E. V. Hunt, was supervisor. s, St Bathans

1900 Sep-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own What might have been a very seirous accident happened near the town on Sunday last. The Messrs Hughes were returning in a trap from viewing the St. Bathans Mounted Hocken Collection. Correspondent Rifles range lately erected, when on turning a sharp angle near the main bridge over the St Bathans Channel Company's tail-race, thehorse shied and the trap was upset, both s, St Bathans occupants being tilted out on the road, but escaping unhurt. The horse then, with the upset vehicle, bolted, carrying itself and the vehicle over the embankment of the channel, finally rolling in. The body of the trap was smashed to splinters, while the horse escaped most marvellously with a contused knee. The beight of the drop is fuly 20ft. The county council outght to be approached with the object of having a barrier erected at this point to prevent future mishaps. ... Dr Macknight kindly made known to the St Bathans candidates examined by him on the 22nd inst. fr the first class certificates of St JOhn's Ambulances Association the result of that examination. The following were succesfful: - B. Sumpter, R. Cowan, Richard Thurlow, John Henry Mee. Dr Stenhouse, St. Bathatns, kindly acted as lecturer during the winter months.

1900 Oct-03 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS About retirement of Mr. Burnett (Hospital Board) from active life in St. Bathans. Mentions Dr. Stenhouse. Paperspast Is. 2429, p. 33 1900 Oct-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby A St Bathans correspondent writes: - A sad fatal accident happened to one of Cambrian's oldest identities, Mr William Williams. At the inquest held on Saturday, 20th inst., Hocken Collection. before the acting coroner, Mr Wm. McConnochie, Esq., J. P., evidence showed that the deceased left his home on the morning of the Thursday the 18th inst., in good health to go to his work - gold mining. Not coming home at the usual time for dinner, his family became anxious about him and his son John went to the claim to look for him and found that the mouth of the tunnel in which deceased worked had caved in. He got the help of his brother William, Messrs Gay and Collings, and in a short time they got him out. Dr Stenhouse, for whom they wired, came as soon as he possibly could, and found him dead - most probably from a fracture at the base of the skull. Death would be instantaneous. 1900 Oct-31 Otago Witness, CAMBRIANS October 26.-The inquest on the body of the late Mr. William Williams was held on the 20th inst. Before Mr William McConnochie, coroner. The only evidence taken was Paperspast Is. 2433, p. 38 that of deceased's two sons, John and William, who first saw their father buried under the fall of earth, and that of Dr. Stenhouse, medical practitioner. The verdict of the jury was to the effect that the deceased came by his death by a fall of earth while mining for gold. his moral remains were interred in the St. Bathans cemetery on Sunday 21st, and the cortege was followed by a large number of people, the general opinion being that it was the largest funeral ever witnessed in this part of the district. Deceased had occupied the position of either president of vice-president of the St. Bathans branch off the Mining Association continuously since its inception until the branch died a natural death... 1900 Nov-14 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Accidents.- Mr H. Mee met with an accident last Saturday week. Mr Mee had farm produce to dispose of at St. Bathans, and when driving in his springcart a short distance Paperspast Is. 2435, p. 33 above the post office, in some unaccountable way the horse suddenly swerved, capsizing the cart, breaking the shaft and framework, and throwing Mr Mee on the road. On the post master running to his assistance he found him in a semi-unconscious state, but speedily rallying it was found that he was not seriously hurt. He was conveyed to his home, and has been confined to his bed for a few days, but is now again out of doors and following his usual occupation.- A man named James White was received into the Cottage Hospital last week suffering from a bruised foot. Last Tuesday, while working on the Otago Central railway, a block of clay over a ton weight rolled over on his foot, and when he was driven into St. Bathans Dr Stenhouse found two small bones of the foot to be fractured. Mr White is a married man, a resident of Ophir, and has a family of 10 depending on him for support.-Another inmate of the hospital is Mr Robert Cruikshank, a native of Dunedin, who met with an accident in the same locality. His misfortune was to sustain a severe compound fracture of the leg. It is 14 weeks since the poor fellow was conveyed to the institution, and he is still prohibited from putting his foot to the ground. // A Boon.-The doctor's dwelling house has been connected by telephone, and those residing out of St. Bathans and nearer to some other telephone station will find the connection to be beneficial, especially in the night time."

1900 Dec-21 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own THE AMBULANCE CLASS. The St. John's Ambulance branch met on Saturday evening last for the purpose of presenting first award certificates to those who were examined Hocken Collection. Correspondent at the end of the term. The following passed creditably under Dr. A. Stenhouse and Dr Macknight and were awarded with the St John's Ambulance certificate. Messur D. s, St Bathans Sumpter, R. Cowan, J. Mee, Rich. Thurlow, At the meeting Mr W. H. Brown occupied the chair.

1901 Jan-18 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own SUDDEN DEATH. A death of the above description took place here last Thursday. Mr David Sutherland who had been settled in St Bathans for nearly forty years, following Hocken Collection. Correspondent mining pursuits for th period mentioned. By what was to be learned, the deceased had been visiting a near neighbour and having partaken of the friendly cup of tea at 5 p.m. s, St Bathans left for this own home. About fifteen minutes after leaving his neighbours house, his dead bdoy was observed by a boy who immediately gave the alarm. An inquiry was held and conclusions come to that death had come from natural causes. 1901 Mar-05 Wanganui BRITISH On annual meeting of NZ Branch... "An invitation was received from the Otago Section to meet at Dunedin for the next annual conference, which was unanimously accepted. Paperspast Chronicle, p. 3 MEDICAL Dr. Colquhoun, of Dunedin, was on the motion of Dr. Stenhouse (St. Bathan's), seconded by Dr. Morton Anderson (Christchurch), unanimously elected president of the next ASSOCIATION Conference."

1901 Apr-17 Otago Witness, PERSONAL Dr. Stenhouse (Blacks), Dr. Robertson (Tapanui) and Dr Fitzgerald (Kaitangata) have been appointed public vaccinators under the Public Health Act passed last session. Paperspast Is. 2456, p. 17 ITEMS 1901 Apr-24 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. Accident.- On Friday last an unfortunate fellow creature was driven in from the Otago Central railway, the trouble being a badly-broken leg. From what I could learn, his Paperspast Is. 2458, p. 30 name is Archibald McLean?M'Lean?, and he hails from Dunedin. He was driven to the Cottage Hospital, but, for some unaccountable cause, he was refused the hospitality that such a case deserved, Dr Stenhouse being away in some other part of his extensive district. On the doctor's return he quickly hied to the Vulcan Hotel, where the sufferer had been taken in, and reduced the fracture. The patient expressed a wish to be forwarded to Dunedin, and his wish was gratified, the doctor seeing the sufferer carefully placed in the mail coach the following morning en route for the city." 1901 Apr-24 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Well merited remarks were passed by the speaker on the very obliging way that Mr Holt had carried out his duty as postmaster. The speaker expressed wonder as to when Paperspast Is. 2458, p. 30 such meetings were going to end. Looking back on the number of send-offs that had been given suring the past 18 months, he could not help feeling that it was becoming serious, and was threatening the depopulation of our little town....The speaker desired those present not to take too gloomy a view of the many departures that were taking place. He felt confident that a reaction would set in, when St. Bathans would be again thickly populated, and would become one of the many flourishing towns of Central Otago." 1901 Apr-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Tuberculosis is gazetted an infectious disease within the meaning of "The Public Health Act, 1890". The regulations under the act are very stringent, and provide that the local Hocken Collection. General authority shall take immediate steps for the isolation of any person suffering from a dangerous infectious disease, and forplacing persons who have come in contact with the patient under observation for a suitable period: also to see that the patient and those who have come in contact with him are provided iwth proper medical aid. How for the omission of the word "dangerous" from the Gazette notice declaring tuberculosis an infectios disease will affect the application of the regulations to this special complaint we do not know, but probably the Chief Health Officer will issue instructions before long. 1901 May-24 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Mr Thomas MacKenzie, M. H. R., has been appointed representative on the Otago Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards for the County of Maniototo and the Borough of Naseby Hocken Collection. General 1901 Jun-28 Mt Ida Chronicle HOSPITALS … Dr Stenhouse's quarterly report of the St Bathans Cottage Hospital was laid on the table. Hocken Collection. BOARD 1901 Aug-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Influenza has been epidemic in the district lately. Hocken Collection.

1901 Aug-30 Mt Ida Chronicle The Waipiata District Medical Aid Club are inviting applications for a duly qualified medical practitioner. The club guarantee a bonus of 200 pounds per annum. Hocken Collection.

1901 Sep-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. It is with deep regret I have occasion to record the death of Miss Elizabeth Josephine Waterston, who passed away at the residnece of her brother, Mr William Hocken Collection. Correspondent Waterston, on Friday last….The service was most impressive and many expressions of sympathy were to be heard from those around on behalf of the sorrowing relatives s, St Bathans whohave lived a few years for the benefit of thier health in this mountainous district and who during their career here have gained the high esteem of all around. The young lady was cut off by that fell disease consumption while still young, being only 17 years of age. 1901 Oct-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Influenza has been very prevalent lately, a large number of persons in all parts of the district having had an attack. Hocken Collection. General 1901 Oct-18 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. Again it is my unpleasant duty to chronicle another death in our town - that of Mr William Waterston, who passed away yesterday morning at his residence, Hocken Collection. Correspondent Surface Hill. He had lived for about five years amongst us and was highly respected by all classes. HIs death was not unexpected, he being a victim to consumption. Mr s, St Bathans Waterston was a brother of the little girl whose death I recorded a few weeks ago.

1901 Oct-23 Otago Witness, OBITUARY Quite a gloom was spread over the community of St Bathans last Tuesday when it became known that Mr William Waterston had passed away at 9 o'clock that morning. Paperspast Is. 2484, p. 21 Deceased's health had been precarious for the past three or four years and was the source of some uneasiness to his friends. 1902 Feb-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby. Dr Church has gone to Dunedin for a few days. Dr Stenhouse of St Bathans will attend to his practice during his absence. Hocken Collection. 1902 Mar-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Inquest An inquest on the remains of Micahel Foohey was held in Caldwell's Railway Hotel, Rough Ridge, on Monday, before J. McEnnis, Esq., coroner and a jury of six. …Dr Hocken Collection. Stenhouse deposed that he made a post mortem examination of the remains and found the body in a state of post mortem rigidity, commencing to pass off, indicating that death had occurred about 48 hours previously. There were no signs of any unnatural cause of death. In his opinion the cause of death was that during the night previous to death deceased was attached by a congestion of the left lung, and that the heart being in a condition of fatty degeneration, thereupon suddenly ceased action. Fatty degeneration of the heart was the main cause of death. The jury returned a verdict to the effect that deceased died suddenly on the 1st March from fatty degeneration of the heart, accelerated by congestion of the left lung. 1902 Mar-26 Otago Witness, The late Mr. "Familiarly known as "Uncle," who died at St. Bathans on January 31, 1902. He was one of the earliest of the of the Otago Goldfields' pioneers, working at Gabriel's Gully and Is. 2505, p. 37 WM. Thurlow the Dunstan. For many years past he was managing partner of the Vulcan Hotel, St. Bathans, making many friends." Paperspast 1902 Mar-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Mr Coombs, dentist, visits St Bathans on the 3rd prox. , and Naseby on the 6th. General Hocken Collection. 1902 Jun-20 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago Dr Stenhouse's report of the St Bathans cottage hospital was read and laid on the table. A statement showing the position of the St Bathans Hospital account with the board was Hospitals laid on the table. It was resolved - that one quarter's sub. Of 25 pounds be not collected. Board Hocken Collection. 1902 Jul-23 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. Medical.--During the past four years this neighbourhood has been ably attended to from a medical point of view by Dr Stenhouse, whose unfailing attention to the sick and Paperspast Is. 2523, p. 35 disabled has been marked with success. In all seasons and at all hours he has never been known to flinch at the call to duty. Consequently when it became known last week that the doctor was about to sever his connection with the district it was a painful surprise to many. In severing his connection here he goes to take up the practice of the late Dr Smith at Balclutha. Arrangements were fixed up with the Central Hospital Board and the local Cottage Hospital Board to the effect that three months' notice had to be given by either side to terminate an agreement entered into by the board and Dr Stenhouse. This sudden departure of the doctor puts the onus on his shoulders of finding a substitute to fill his place to the satisfaction of the bodies mentioned. From what is to be learned satisfactory arrangements have been made with Dr Bett, who is highly spoken of in character and profession. Dr Bett will take up the practice so successfully carried out by Dr Stenhouse, or at all events will be locum tenens for the coming three months."

1902 Sep-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own On Wednesday evening a presentation was made to Dr Stenhouse by the residents of St Bathans and district prior to his departure for Balclutha, where he proposes carrying Hocken Collection. Correspondent on his practice. The presentation took the form of a handsone illuminated address. The hall was fairly well filled, and the chair was occupied by MrWalter Wilson, the s, St Bathans chairman of the Medical Aid Club. / Dr Stenhouse has been very attentive to his duties during his four and a half years' practice in this district and regret at his departure is widely felt. Several present at the meeting spoke in highly complimentary terms of his conscientious performance of duty over such a wide area. / I understand that applications are being invited by the Medical Aid Club for a suitable successor. September 10,1902. 1902 Sep-17 Otago Witness, THE COUNTRY. "September 11.- A pleasant hour was spent in McClintock's Hall, St. Bathans, to witness a presentation to be given to Dr Stenhouse, M. A., M. B., Ch. B., prior to his departure Paperspast Is. 2631, 17 ROUND ABOUT for Balclutha, the presentation taking the form of a very elegant and costly illuminated address. Mr W. M. Wilson, who presided, explained in a few appropriate remarks the September, p. 30 GEORGETOWN object of the meeting. Encomiums upon Dr Stenhouse were expressed by Messrs Eagle, Pule, Cowan, and Secton, each speaker extolling the guest as an able and sympathetic physician, a good and generous citizen, and a desirable neighbour to any community. The speeches, when summed up represented Dr Stenhouse to be socially and morally an . LAKE exemplary man. The Chairman, in presenting the testimonial, said that the inhabitants of St. Bathans and neighbourhood had concluded that Dr Stenhouse's departure from WANAKA. their midst should be marked by a tangible token of the esteem he had been held in by them during his term of residence of four and a-half years, and they asked his CAKE COUNTY. aceptance of the address as a reminder of the many pleasant days he had spent in St. Bathans. The recipient suitably replied, expressing regret at having to part from so many WAIMATUKU. dear friends who had so ably stood by him during his sojourn in St. Bathans. September 15.- A meeting was advertised to take place in McClintock's Hall last Saturday night, LUMSDEN. and at the appointed hour a good number of townspeople turned up, the object being to take prompt steps to secure a medical practitioner for St. Bathans. After discussion, it POMAHAKA was deemed to be best to take no further steps in the matter, waiting events that would crop up in response to advertisements appearing the Daily Times and the other DOWNS. periodicals. The meeting entered on the election of a Medical Aid Committee, the following members being duly elected - viz., Messrs W. M. Wilson, J. Eagle, N. Nicolson, J. Enright, A H. V. King, E. Gerkins, and W. Gay, the two latter representing Lauder and Cambrians respectively. WETHERSTONE S. CLYDEVALE. RATANUI. MILBURN. ST. BATHANS. WAIKOUAITI. DUMBACK.DU NTROON.ALBU RY (S.C.) ROXBURGH. 1902 Sep-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Correspondenc Sir,-Kindly allow me space in your columns to make a few comment supon the state of the streets and footpaths in the town of St. Bathans, and on the apparent apathy of the Hocken Collection. e/ St Bathans ratepayers as to the local distribution of the subsidy, provided for by their rates from year to year to the county council, for the proper maintenance of Mainstreet and its Streets branches. The town, built as it is on a hill slope, has special favilities for effective drainage and cleanliness, and at not much expense ( a necessity required), could be made one of the best kept towns in Central Otago instead of being, as it possibly is, the worst. Take Mainstreet for a sample of uncleanliness in the light of day, and in darkness a series of pitfalls, ready to rpove a fruitful source of accidents to strangers - yes.and even to those acquainted with the mire nad ruts. Commencing a few yards above the post office we find the main, and really the only recognised footpath begins. There is non of the other side of the street, possible owing to it narrowness for vehicle traffic. To mark this so called footpath from the street are flagstones turned up on their sharp edges and in some parts these project above the footpath several inches. in line with the flagstones is a drain ranging from six incles to two and a half feet in depth used to convey flushing water and floating debris from the twon reservoir. This is pitched (save the mark!) with huge boulders in some parts, while in others the surplus water finds its way across the street at the lowest points according to ireegularities in street formation. Down lower, this footpath has on both sides a drain, and in the at nearest the buildings decomposing matter lies in stagnant water reeking with disease germs. Now we shall view the road for horse and cattle traffic. This is certainly very narrow but that is no reason why it should be in the disgraceful state that it is. Some months ago,I am told,a grewat thunderstorm burst over the town and made in the surface formation many watercourses which ahve not yet undergone change except by waggon traffic. Strange that the residents have not apporiaced the council or the representatives for the riding before now tomake the streets and footpaths passable without dange.r Certainly the town is not a borough, yet the ocunty council receives a large proportion of rates from the peope, and a fair quota of these rates should be expendied in town improvements independent of adjacent roads and by roads in teh riding. reverting to the danger alone of travelling through the town, say on a moonless night, it is so inadequately lighted that one would be safer in a mining tunnel. As regards the by or branch streets, I notice in scanning a recent report of the least council meeting that one ratepayer of the St Bathans Riding applied to have one of these gravelled. This branch diverts from Main street to the gates of the Roman Cahtolic Chapel and the public school and is, I learn, in an almostimpassable condition for road traffic. The defence Department has gravelled about a chain of this, nut there are stil about three chains left ot be attended to, but not by the Defence Department. However, if only to give some little respectability to the appearances of the town and provide for the safety of foot passengers, Main street requires urgent attanetion. The open drain beside the footpath should be properly paved if not cemented, the kerbing should be rebuilt from beginning to end and the footpath now full of undulations should be gravelled. Excellent gravel cn be obtained from the lcaims situated iwthin a few yards of the street. the street itself requires considerable improvement; and if thes changes be made along with a few others, resting probably on the townspeople themselves, St. bathans, which at present through neglect on the part of somebody has fallen into a condition of disrepair, making it one of the most unsightly places would be transformed and not too soon, to one of the prettiest and cleanest towns of Central Otago. I am, &c PROGRESS Sept 10 1902.

1902 Sep-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Dr Stenhouse has been appointed public vaccinator for the Clutha District. Hocken Collection.

1902 Oct-03 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own Obituary. It is with deep regret I have occasion to record the death of Miss Helen Waterston, who passed away on Friday morning, a victim to that fell disease consumption. Hocken Collection. Correspondent Only about twelve months ago her eldest brother and one of her sisters died of the complaint and much sympathy is expressed for those of the family who are now mourning s, St Bathans their loss. Miss Waterston was only 24 years of age. She was a young lady always ready, although frail, to assist in enteratinments and was an accomplished vocal strand pianiste. Her good work in church as organist and as a helper in the SUnday school were much appreciated, and her kind and gentle disposition made her a great favourite amongst the young. The funeral took place on Saturday last, theRev.Mr Gellie officiating at the grave. September 29th, 1902.

1902 Oct-08 Otago Witness, LOCAL & "Our ST. Bathans correspondent writes that a meeting was held there last Wednesday night (Mr W. M. Wilson presiding) for the purpose of selecting a medical attendant for Paperspast Is. 2534, p. 80 GENERAL the St. Bathans Cottage Hospital. There were in attendance the local Hospital Board, with a corresponding number of representatives from the Oddfellow's Lodge. Four applications were received for the position, and the applications and testimonials having been read y the board's secreatry, it was, after discussion, unaminously agreed that Dr Brugh be appointed (subject to the approval of the Central Hospital Board, Clyde) to fill the vacancy caused by Dr Stenhouse's resignation

1902 Oct-11 Bush Advocate, Interprovincial "MASTERTON, This day. Dr Brugh, assistant doctor at the hospital, is leaving for St. Bathans at the end of the month to start practice on his own account and to take an Paperspast Vol. XIV, Is. 167, News. appointment in the hospital at St. Bathans. His place in the local hospital will be filled by Dr W. Simmons. Influenza is very prevalent. p. 3

1902 Oct-22 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.- Many in our neighbourhood have been suffering for some time with severe colds. The trouble is epidemic, and cannot be easily got rid of, especially so by those Paperspast Is. 2536, p. 45 up in years. It gives a busy time to our medico, who, by the way, takes his departure from amongst us on the 25th, his time of engagement expiring on the date mentioned. The Cottage Hospital Board have been very fortunate in secruing a resident surgeon to the Hospital, who will be prepared to take the local practice over without any intermission between the outgoing and the incoming professional men." 1902 Oct-31 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr Church is away on a couple of weeks' leave of absence. Dr Bett, who recently relieved Mr Stenhouse at St Bathans, is acting as locum tenens. Hocken Collection. General 1902 Dec-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own MEDICAL. At the last meeting of Central Otago Hospitals' Board, the chairman, Mr Laidlaw, made a statement to the effect that he understood 75 per cent, of the icome raised Hocken Collection. Correspondent from the district at present supporting the doctor located at St. Bathans was raised in the Ida Valley and Matakanui sections. This is entirely erroneous. THe population f the s, St Bathans wide district is mainly centred in St. Bathans and its local surroundings, and by far the major portion of the subscriptions is raised in St Bathans and Cambrian. A cottage hospital has existed in St Bathans for several years, and has been a boon to the whole district It is very unfortunate that any efforts should be made in Blacks and Ida Valley portions to locate another doctor there, for the whole district, including St Bathans, although every extensive was successfully worked by Dr Stenhouse while here, and the public of the district already have had experience of the dual arrangement. / Where two doctors were established - one in Ophir, one in St. Bathans - the results proved most unsatisfactory to everybody, in fact most disastrous both to doctors and patients. The Medical Aid Club here is prepared to make concessions in charges, which should be suitable to the public of Ophir and Matakanui, but if the hospitals board see fit to subsidise and raise a cottage hospital at Ophir, the fat will be in the fire in both places; in fact, probably neither division of the old district will be financially able to retain the services of a good practitioner. My opinion is it would be the height of folly for the board to consider favourable the establishing of another cottage hospital in the district, as it would be ruinous to the interests of the whole district. The Maniototo members at the next meeting of the hospitals' board, should know, as also the other members of that body that the district is incapable of supporting two good medical men, for good men will not remain in a district to eke out only a bare subsistence.

1903 Jan-16 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby District Doctors Report - I wish to acknowledge the able assistance given by Dr Stenhouse, Dr Bett, Dr Brugh and Mr King during the performance of certain difficult and critical Hocken Collection. Hospital operations.

1903 Mar-27 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Last week Mr T. Keenan of St. Bathans was stricken with a paralytic stroke. His condition is considered dangerous. Hocken Collection. General 1903 Apr-03 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Dr Brugh has left St Bathans for six months. He will probably visit the old country. His locum tenens is Dr Lilly. Hocken Collection.

1903 Apr-08 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Fatal Accident.- An accident of a serious nature, resulting fatally, took place here last Monday to William Turner, a native of St. Bathans, an employee in the Scandinavian Paperspast Is. 2560, p. 31 Company. While sinking to deepen the elevating plant a mass of clay became detached overhead and, falling on Turner, fractured both legs above the knee - a simple fracture of one leg and compound fracture of the other, with a deep open wound. The sufferer was conveyed to the Cottage Hospital, prompt attendance being rendered by Dr Lilly, who strongly recommended instant removal to the District Hospital. Immediate steps were taken, and the sufferer was conveyed to Naseby in Mr Walter Thurlow's covered-in spring van. Turner had to undergo amputation of one leg, and death took place from the shock."

1903 Apr-10 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans OBITUARY. With intense regret I record the death of William Turner, of St. bathans, who, on Saturday evening last, succumbed to the frightful accident met with on the Hocken Collection. previous Monday while engaged with other employees of the Scandinavian Water Race Co., sinking an elevator shaft. A quantity of clay dislodged itself suddently from the embankment above and rolling down the face of the lcaim to a shelf above, bounded over and fell into the shaft breaking both legs of the unfortunate man above the knees, one fracture being compound comminuted. The poor young fellow was conveyed by Mr Neil Nicolson, the manager, and others to the surface, and taken to the local Cottage Hospital, where he was promptly attended by Dr Lilly, who decided owing to the dreadful nature of the accident to send him to the Naseby Hospital that evening. He was accordingly removed there with all care and promptitude in Mr Walter Thurloaw's spring van. / Dr Church did all that medical skill could accomplish for the unfortunate sufferer, but at last on Saturday morning found that it was absolutely necessary to have one of the legs amputated. The result and shock to the system was however too great, and the patient gradually sank and expired the same evening. / The body was conveyed today to St Bathans. Large numbers including his mother and other relatives of thedeceased forming a cortege to the R. C. Chapel. When the funeral bells were tolled, and a special service rad in the Chapel. The funeral burial will take place tomorrow. ... It appears that the claim manager had taken every precaution to ensure the safety of thsoe working in the shaft, and consequently it is considered by the authroities unnecessary to hold an inquiry 1903 Jun-24 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS June 22. - During the past fortnight we have experienced extreme cold, a thick fog prevailing most of the time - a fog that penetrates to the bone of young and old alike. The Paperspast Is. 2571, p. 31 old people are, of course, the greatest sufferers for sufficient bodily heat cannot be maintained by them when out of bed and away from the fire. A change came last Friday, with a strong northerl wind and a sloppy thaw, this being the state of affairs for a couple of days, when another change set in of frosty weather. All the mines in the basin were closed down last week. The curlers and skaters had a very enjoyable time, the ice being keen and smooth. Accident.- Mr. J. Ewing, when driving home on Saturday night from St. Bathans to Vinegar Hill, accompanied by Mrs Ewing, met with a nasty accident. In some unaccountably way the trap they were driving got over the feace of the old workings and threw the occupants out. From what I can learn, Mr. Ewing is suffering from fractured ribs and a dislocated shoulder, and Mrs Ewing from cuts and bruises about the head and body. Dr. Lilly was in attendance shortly after the accident, and under his skilful attention both sufferers are doing as well as could be expected under the circumstances 1903 Jun-26 Mt Ida Chronicle ACCIDENT TO By Our St Bathans Correspondent. An accident which might have been attended with very serious results happened to Mr and Mrs Ewing on their way home from St Bathans Hocken Collection. MR AND MRS to Vinegar Hill on Saturday evening last. The night was exceedingly dark, and the horse Mr Ewing was driving had not proceeded far when it suddenly became factions, EWING commenced kicking, and finally becoming unmanageable bolted and swerving off the road capsized the gig, Mr and Mrs Ewing being thrown with great force down an embankment seven or eight feet in height. Mrs Ewing escaped with only a few scatches but Mr Ewing sustained a dislocation of the right shoulder, a broken rib, besides a very severe shaking throughout the body. Dr Lilly was called, removed the dislocation and otherwise attended to Mr Ewing; and it is gratifying to add that Mr Ewing, who is still laid up in St Bathans, is progressing as favourable as can be expected. We earnestly hope he may have a speedy recovery. 1903 Jul-12 Mt Ida Chronicle THE On Saturday afternoon our St Bathans correspondent telegraphed: - "Snow 3 1/2 ft, still continuing". Hocken Collection. SNOWSTORM 1903 Jul-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own With deep regret I have occasion to record the death on Friday last of Mrs Thurlow, wife of Mr John Thurlow, of this town. The late Mrs Thurlow had been in indifferent Hocken Collection. Correspondent health for over twelve months but her illness was not until a few days before her death considered serious. In face, she had led a very active life all along and invariably s, St Bathans cheerful. But on Wednesday Dr Lillie discovered symptons of a serious nature and decided on calling Dr Church of Naseby, who speedily arrived; and it was decided to at once carry out an operation for some internal complaint in order, if possible, to save her life. But poor Mrs Thurlow never rallied, and lingering on till 3 am on Friday passed to her rest. Mrs Thurlow was nearly 65 years of age, and for nearly 38 years had been residing in this district....

1903 Jul-12 Otago Witness, DEATHS McClintock. - On the 20th July at St Bathans, the infant twin daugters of R. J. and A. McClintock. Paperspast Is. 2576, p. 43 1903 Aug-21 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans OBITUARY. With deep heartfelt regret I record the death on Saturday last of Master Alexander Eagle, second son of Mr John Eagle of this town. His age was a few months Hocken Collection. over eighteen years. About five weeks ago the unfortuante lad contracted a violent attack of influenza while pursuing his vocation at Ophir as assitant in the telegraph office. he gradually became weaker thou' able apparently to carry on his customary work in the office until Monday, the 3rd inst., when, on medical advice being obtained, it was deemed advisable to bring him home to his parents at St Bathans. Dr Lillie was called in on the lad's arrival here and discovered alarming symptoms of "meningitis" and on Wednesday Dr Church of Naseby was telegraphed for. The doctors in consultation in the evening held out no hopes of recovery and the poor lad slowly ank and passed away at 3 o'clock on the Saturday morning. Deep sympathy is expressed.... 1903 Sep-02 Otago Witness, ST. BATHANS OBITUARY. Young man died of influenza. Dr. Lillie attended, in addition to Dr. Church of Naseby. Paperspast Is. 2581, p. 31 1903 Sep-25 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr Church has been away on a short visit to Dunedin this week and returns today. Dr Lillie of St Bathans is acting as locum tenens. Hocken Collection. General 1903 Oct-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. Mr Samuel Morgan, one of the pioneers of the Central Otago goldfields, after a lingering illness, passed away at his residence, Cambrian, on Saturday last, at the Hocken Collection. Correspondent comparatively early age of 55 years. For over six months he had been confined to bed, a victim to cancer. Everything that medical skill could advise was done for the sufferer, s, St Bathans but he gradyally sank, his death being accelerated by dropsy. ...

1903 Nov-18 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "November 16.- The Medical Aid Club held its annual meeting in the beginning of the month. The meeting was sparsely attended, but the few who were present entered into Paperspast Is. 2592 the work with spirit. The minutes were read and confirmed, and the correspondence was carefully gone through. The balance sheet and report for the half year were adopted and passed as satisfactory. In the report it was shown that £12 had been expended on the further equipment of the hospital ward, most of the goods being imported direct from London to St. Bathans. A Board of Management to conduct the affairs of the club and cottage hospital was elected, as follows: -Messrs V. King, P. Sexton, N. Nicholson, J. Enright, W. Wilson, J. Eagle, W. Gay, E. Gerkens and M. Wade. The first six names represent St. Bathans, the last three Cambrians, Becks and Blackstone Hill respectively. In the correspondence Dr Brugh had written from London desiring an extension of leave, which was granted till the end of November. It was mooted at the meeting to give the doctor a public reception on his arrival to take up his old charge/....Accident.- A painful accident happened to Mrs Andrew Haig, sen. From what I could learn, Mrs Haig was on her way down from Vinegar Flat to the Lauder on a visit to her daughter, and in crossing one of the streams (which is exceedingly dangerous) between Vinegar Flat and Cambrians the old lady got jolted out of the water with some difficulty, through her inability to help her rescuers. Much sympathy is felt for the sufferer. I am pleased to state that she is recovering from the shock , and every hope is entertained of a complete recovery."

1904 Apr-08 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans (By An accident of a serious nature happened to Miss Flossie McConnochie, the second eldest daughter of Mr William McConnochie of this town. By what can be learned of the Hocken Collection. Our Own accident, it appears that at 4 a.m. Mr McConnochie was awakened from his sleep by a moan coming from the direction of Miss Flossie's bedroom. Taking a candle in his hand Correspondent he hastily went to the room and, on opening the door, to his horror, he found his daughter in a reclining position on the floor flames. It was the work of an instant to pull the blankets off the bed and smother the flames, and remove the burning nightdress and call the mother, and then a bee-line was made for Dr Brugh who was quickly in ) attendance, and found the burns ot be of a very serious nature. The young lady is lying quite prostrate from the shock and in a very precarious state. No information can be obtained as to how the accident occurred. April 4 1904. 1904 Apr-15 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans (By BAD DEATH. I regred exceedingly having occasion to state that Mr McConnochie's second eldest daughter Flossie, who was so severely burnt in her bedroom on Easter Hocken Collection. Our Own Monday morning, passed away about mid-day to-day. Deep sympathy goes out from all the district to Mr and Mrs McConnochie and family in their very sad bereavement. Correspondent April 14th 1904. ) 1904 Apr-20 Otago Witness, DEATHS McConnochie. On the 14th April, at her father's residence, St. Bathans, Florence Hilda McConnochie; aged 18 years and 4 months. Paperspast Is. 2614, p. 43 1904 May-04 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES. Our St. Bathans correspondent writes:- Patrick Toomey, widely known as a country contractor, meet with a nasty accident last Saturday when on his way home to St. Bathans Paperspast Is. 2616, p. 29 from the railway works at Laudor. Mr Toomey was found lying on the main road between Cambrians and Becks in an unconscious state. Master T. Mee? drove the sufferer to the St. Bathans Cottage Hospital, when on examination Dr Brugh found that he was suffering from an extensive scalp wound and concussion of the brain. It is surmised that Mr Toomey had been thrown from the gig he was driving, and held on to the reins, as blood could be traced on the road for 20 yards from where he was found. Dr Brugh has hopes of a complete recovery if no unforeseen trouble sets in." 1904 May-11 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Convalescent.- Mr Patrick Toomey, of whom mention was made in your last issue, has made a speedy recovery from the accident that befell him. Mr Toomey is now Paperspast Is. 2617, p. 31 convalescent, and was discharged from the Cottage Hospital last Thursday. With ordinary care he will now make a complete recovery." 1904 May-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own Mr Patrick Toomey, contractor, an old resident of this town, was driving home from work in a gig last Saturday week, and when between Becks nad Cambrian was thrown Hocken Collection. Correspondent out, his feet it is supposed becoming entangled in the reins. He wasdragged along the metal road on his head and left shoulder a considerable distance before being freed, and s, St Bathans the injuries sustained are serious. He received some severe scalp wounds and when found by passers-by was lying in an unconscious condition. Mr Mee conveyed him as speedily as possibly to the cottage hospital at St Bathans, where Dr Brugh attended to him. While in the hospital he received every care and attention and I take this opportunity on behalf of Mrs Toomey of expressing sincere thanks to the doctor for his great attention and kindness. The patient is now at his home, but is still under the doctor's care and it will probably be some time before he will be able to take up work again, as the skull is very badly injured in several places.

1904 Jun-15 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES. "An accident of a painful nature occurred on Saturday (writes our St. Bathans correspondent) to a footballer named Alex. Littlejohn, a native of Milton, and whose parents Paperspast Is. 2622, p. 31 reside there. Littlejohn, who is one of the Ophir team, came to St. Bathans on Saturday to play a return match against the local team. The ground being wet and slippery after the rain of the previous day, Littlejohn, in attempting to collar an opponent, slipped and fell, dislocating his leg at the hip joint. The sufferer was promptly conveyed to the Cottage Hospital, where the dislocation was speedily attended to by the house surgeon. The parents of the young man can keep their minds easy, as their son will be well cared for here under a humane doctor and kind nurse. Our St. Bathans correspondent writes:- "Mr J. Gray, a pioneer of the Otago goldfields, was admitted as an inmate of the Cottage Hospital last Friday. Dr Brugh, who had been attending him lately - the trouble being hernia or rupture, - ordered his removal to the institution mentioned for the purpose of putting him through an operation as the only means of alleviating his suffering. Dr McKnight (Naseby), with the house surgeon (Dr Brugh), performed a tedious but very successful operation without the use of chloroform, the patient remaining conscious throughout the whole operation, but suffering no pain. The operation is looked upon as a wonderful stride in surgery " 1904 Jun-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and As will be seen by our St Bathans correspondents an Ophir player named A. Littlejohn met with a serious accident in the Ophir St Natans match on Saturday. The ground was Hocken Collection. General wet and slippery and Littlejohm, in attempting to collar an opponent, slipped and fell, dislocating his leg at the hip joint. He was taken to the cottage hospital in St Bathans. Mr J. A. Gray, an old resident of St Bathans is also an inmate of the cottage hospital, where he was put through an operation with Drs Brugh and MacKnight for hernia or ruptuere. The operation was performed without the use of chloroform, injections of eucaine being used to deaden the nerves. It is not often that an operation of this kind is done without the aid of an anaesthetic, but when it can be successfully performed it saves the patient a good deal of inconvenience. Mr Gray's operation was very successful.

1904 Jun-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own …A Littlejohn, who near the close of the first spell met with the accident above mentioned was taken to the cottage hospital under the care of Dr Brugh, and is progressing Hocken Collection. Correspondent favouably towards recovery. EPIDEMIC. Influenza is prevalent, few escaping it, but it is very mild in most cases. Drs MacKnight and Brugh performed a succesful oepration s, St Bathans last week on an old resident named Joseph Gray, who has been in a weak state of health for some time.

1904 Jun-22 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. "Health Note.-There is nothing serious to report in respect to the community in St. Bathans or its neighbourhood. Old and young seem to be enjoying fair health, which means Paperspast Is. 2623, p. 35 slack times for our medico. The young man who had his leg dislocated at the football match between Ophir and St. Bathans left the Cottage Hospital last Saturday, his business necessitating his removal to Ophir. The other inmate of the hospital, who was operated on, is progressing favourably, but is still an inmate of the institution."

1904 Jun-28 Wanganui Accidents and DUNEDIN, June 27. Matthew Hunt, an old resident of St. Bathans, who sustained a fracture of the skull by a fall from the cliff near Ophir, died in Dunstand Hospital. He Paperspast Herald, Vol. Fatalities. leaves a family, who reside at Gore. XXXVIII, Is. 11292, p. 7 1904 Jun-28 Feilding Star, Accidents and Telegraph Press Association Copyright. DUNEDIN, June 27. Matthew Hunt, an old resident of St Bathans, who sustained a fracture of the skull by a fall from a cliff near Paperspast Volume XXV, Is. Fatalities. Ophir, died in the Dunedin Hospital. 316, p. 2 1904 Jun-28 Bush Advocate, Accidents and DUNEDIN, June 27. Matthew Hunt, an old resident of St. Bathans, who sustained a fracture of the skull by a fall from a cliff near Ophie, died in Dunedin Hospital. Paperspast Vol. XVI, Is. 351, Fatalities. P. 2

1904 Jul-01 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago ANNUAL MEETING. …A letter was received from Mr Eagle, secretary of the St Bathans Medical Club, asking that the agreement with Dr Brugh, surgeon of the St Bathans Hocken Collection. Hospital Board hospial, be altered from 200 pounds to 250 pounds per annum. - Request Granted.

1904 Jul-08 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own FATAL ACCIDENT. On Thursday night last, an accident which terminated fatally occurred to Mr Matthew Hunt, an old resident of this town, while on his way from Ophir Hocken Collection. Correspondent to the railway works. The unfortunate man, proceeding to him home in the darkness, fell over a rocky face, sustaining a skull fracture. he was not discovered till Saturday s, St Bathans morning, when it was deemed advisable to remove him at once to the Clyde Hospital. Mr Hunt, however, never rallied and died in the hospital that evening. The deceased was one of the identities of St Bathans and anticipated leaving the colony in a short space of time for Ireland, his native place. / ANOTHER DEATH. The death of another old resident of St Bathans took place on Sunday last in Alexandra.... 1904 Jul-28 New Zealand MR. MATTHEW A well known and highly respected resident of the St. Bathans district in the person of Mr Matthew Hunt (writes a correspondent) passed away on June 25 under somewhat Paperspast Tablet, Vol. HUNT, ST. sad circumstances. He was about 66 years of age, and was just making the necessary preparations in view of leaving New Zealand and spending his remaining days in County XXXII, Is. 30, p. BATHANS Sligo, Ireland, the land of his birth. As he was returning homewards, and on the way was occupied gathering some dry wood to kindle his fire, in the darkness he fell over a cliff. As soon as found he received the medical skill of Dr. McIlroy, Ophir, and received the last Sacraments from the Rev. Father O'Dea. He was then removed to the Clyde 15 HOspital, where he died in less than three hours. His burial took place in the Gore Cemetery. Three sons, all residents of Gore, are left to mourn their loss. The burial service at the graveside was read by the Rev. Father Hearn.- R.I.P. 1904 Sep-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Mr R. A. Clarke, of St Bathans, had the misfortune to meet with a broken thigh yesterday morning. He was in a dray loading wheat, when the horses started. He jumped out to Hocken Collection. General catch them and fell, the wheel passing over his leg. He was brought to the Naseby Hospital. 1904 Sep-02 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans OBITUARY. With deep regret I chronicle the death on Saturday last of an old and highly respected resident of Central Otago, Mr William Fisher, proprietory of the White Hocken Collection. Horse Hotel, Becks. Mr Fisher had several attacks of illness for some time past, yet his death came unexpectedly to many of his friends...He passed away in his home at Becks at the age of 78 years.... 1904 Sep-07 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES Mr. R. A. Clarke, of St. Bathans, had the misfortune to meet with a broken thigh on Thursday morning. He was in a dray loading wheat, when the horses started. He jumped Paperspast Is.2634, p. 30 out to catch them and fell, the wheel passing over his leg. He was brought to the Naseby Hospital - Mt. Ida Chronicle. 1904 Sep-21 Otago Witness, THE CASE OF "A. H. V. KING'S AFFIDAVIT...In the month of February, 1904, I left St. Bathans and went to Wellington, where I remained for about 10 days, and I came to Dunedin, where Paperspast Vol. 21, Is. 2636, THOMAS I have resided ever since. In the month of March, 1904, Dr Brugh, of St. Bathans, wired to me in Wellington informing me that the said Thomas Keenan desired me to return p. 28 KEENAN at once to St. Bathans to look after his affairs. I returned to St. Bathans and saw the said Thomas Keenan, who requested me to have him removed to Dunedin and to get the best doctors there to attend to him. It is true that the said Thomas Keenan was removed in a carrier's covered waggon, which was the best class of vehicle in the district that could be obtained for the purpose, and was specially fitted up with every forethought for the convenience and comfort of the said Thomas Keenan. This method of carriage was adopted at his own request, to secure privacy. When the railway was reached the said Thomas Keenan was removed to a special invalid's carriage, and brought to Dunedin in company with Dr Brugh, three attendants, and myself." NB// See rest of lengthy transcipt of trial over inheritance dispute, involving Thomas Keenan, a sick man from St. Bathans and Dunstan 1904 Sep-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own OBITUARY. One of the oldest residents of this town passed away on Wednesday last in the person of Mr John Halpin, who had reached the age of 72 years. He was one of Hocken Collection. Correspondent that hardy band of early Victorian diggers who landed in New Zealand in the sixties. Mr Halpin carried on mining inSt Bathans for very many years, but his health failed s, St Bathans through severe attacks of rheumatism, and for the past few years he was unabe to carry on active work as a miner. The funeral on Friday was largely attended and the service at the grave was conducted by the Rev. Father O'Dea. Mr Halpin's death, although sudden, was not unexpected. He leaves a large family of sons and daughters, all grown up. Sep 27th 1904. 1904 Oct-21 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and The annual meeting of the St Bathans Medical Aid Club takes place in McClintocks Hall, on 31st inst. At 8 p. m. Hocken Collection. General 1904 Oct-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own An accident which might have easily proved very serious occurred on Saturday last to Mr William Kenny, one of the employees in the Scandinavian Co's claim at Surface Hocken Collection. Correspondent Hill.. He was engaged with others laying scrub on a face of the claim near the elevator, when a large quantity of earth gave way above him, striking him so as to cause him to s, St Bathans lose his footing and descend about 40 feet, where fortunately he came in contact with some pipes which prevented a further descent of 20 feet into a large body of water. he was assisted promptly by Mr T. Webb jun, one of the workmen and released from his perilous position. On arrival at the hospital Dr Brugh found that he had several ribs broken and had recieved a severe shock. I understand he is now progressing as favourably as can be expected. Oct. 25th 1904.

1904 Nov-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own Dr Brugh has resigned his position in connection with the Medical Aid Club, which is a regrettable fact. The public should not be apathetic over the matter, but strenuously Hocken Collection. Correspondent support by becoming subscribers to the club, the establishment of a successor as resident doctor. When a patient has to call in a doctor from Naseby or Ophir, he might s, St Bathans discover that they cannot attend and then comes the trouble to mind and pocket. "A stitch in time save nine"

1905 Jan-25 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. Local.- A disappointment awaited the Medical Aid Committee on the 10th inst., inasmuch as no applications came in for the position of surgeon to the Cottage Hospital. The Paperspast Is. 2654 committee holds the opinion that the vacancy in the Invercargill Hospital had something to do with no applications coming in for ours. Sanatorium for Comsumptives. - It was rather a remarkable coincidence that when Sir Joseph Ward and Lord Plunket were at the same time discussing the merits of the Cambridge Sanatorium, Sir Joseph expressing regret at the inability of the institution to cope with the demands made upon it by the needy, the St. Bathans Medical Aid Committee should have taken up the same subject, and discussed the humane necessity of erecting a sanatorium in the neighbourhood of St. Bathans. Dr Brugh, in expressing his views on the matter, said there was no better health spot in New Zealand for such an institution than the locality were are living in. He (the doctor) was of opinion that a company could be found to build a sanatorium at a cost of something like £1200 for a beginning. He would be willing to put in £100, and a friend had also expressed his willingness to put a like amount into the venture. Others expressed their willingness to take up shares. The scheme was only informally discussed and nothing definite was arrived at. Possibly more may be heard of it after a public meeting has expressed opinions on the matter 1905 Apr-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Mt Ida Medical Aid Club - for whom? Naseby? Hocken Collection.

1905 Jun-09 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago Dr Brugh, St Bathans Cottage Hospital, forwarding his resignation, which had subsequently been withdrawn./ Strath-Taeri settlers wrote asking for particulars in regard to Hocken Collection. Hospitals and forming a cottage hospital. / Medical Club, St. Bathans, wrote forwarding quarterly contribution for doctor's slaary (28 pounds 8s 3d). This was just sufficient, with subsidy, to Charitable Aid pay the salary and left nothing for contingencies. The clerk asked for a ruling in the matter. The original agreement was that they should pay 31 pounds 5s quarterly in advance. The clerk was instructed to write and inform them that the full amount must be paid including all arrears owing. Board

1906 Jan-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Advertisement Wolfe's Aromatic Schiedam Schnapps. 'A lively medicine. Lassitude, weariness, indigestion, summer ailments, all put to flight - not by a nostrum, but by the finest and purest Hocken Collection. Beverage on the market." 1906 Apr-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr Brugh, of St Bathans, visited Naseby on Tuesday and assisted Dr MacKnight with an operation at the hospital. Hocken Collection. General 1906 Jun-03 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago Correspondence was read - From the St. Bathans Medical Club referring to the amount accrued to credit of club and requesting that the doctor's salary be paid out of the same. Hocken Collection. Hospitals From the Ophir Medical Club re Doctor's salary. … The treasurer's balance sheet was read and recieved. Mr Nicolson referring to the question of the doctors salary in Board connection with the St Bathans Cottage Hospital, said he would like to know the exact position. The St Bathans Medical Club had some 64 pounds accrued funds to their credit and they were dersirous of using part of this amount. In making its last quarterly payment to the board the club had forwarded some... short and had asked that that amount be taken out of the accrued funds. Mr ... (the boards's secretary) had replied that this could not be done. The chairman explained that the club could pay the whole of a quarter's salary out of this fund, but the board had a resolution prohibiting part payments. Mr Nicolson then moved - That the next quarterly subscription from the St Bathans Medical Club be taken by the Board from the accrued funds. Seconded by Mr Johnstone and carried.

1906 Jun-13 Otago Witness, St. Bathans. Health Note - There is no serious illness to report from the lcoality we live in. But with minor troubles our medico is kept well engaged. It is with deep regret that we learned Paperspast Is. 2726, p. 39 that Dr Brugh's resignation had been tendered to the Medical Club as surgeon to the Cottage Hospital. The doctor gives us his charge on August 31. This gives the Board of Management ample time to secure another medical man to fill the position of surgeon for the hospital and district but it is a sore trial to lose a professional friend who has practised in our midst for the past few years and gained the confidence of all whom he has attended professionally, and all who have associated with him as a citizen will feel grieved over his departure from our midst. 1906 Jul-04 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES An inquest was held at St Bathans on Friday last before Mr William McConnochie, J.P. And a jury of six, of whom Mr H. Excell was selected foreman, on the body of Paperspast Is. 2729, p. 58 Frederick Nicholls, who was found dead in his bed at Mr. Robert Clarke's farm, on the Downs, St. Bathans. The jury, without retiring, brought in a verdict that the deceased died from heart disease. Poor "Fred" was a well known man about St. Bathans and the district generally, where he had resided for the past 40 years. He has no known relatives in teh colony, but was connected with some well-known families in Devonshire, England. 1906 Aug-31 Stuff on separation of Central Otago Hospital Board into Vincent and Maniototo County boards. 1906 Sep-05 Otago Witness, Presentation to "On Thursday evening in Mr Sexton's Hall, St. Bathans, a large number of the residents of the district tendered a farewell banquet to Dr and Mrs Brugh, prior to their Paperspast Is. 2738, p. 87 Dr. Brugh departure. In the course of the evening Dr Brugh was the recipient of a very handsome illuminated address, which was presented to him on behalf of the district of St. Bathans, Hills Creek, Cambrians, and Becks. The chairman of the Cottage Hospital Board, Mr Neil Nicolson, made the presentation. The following is the wording of the address:- "To James Brugh, M. B., Ch. B., L.R.C.S., Edinburgh. Presented by the St. Bathans Cottage Hospital Board and his numerous friends throughout the wide district he has so successfully practised in during the past four years, and in which he has filled the important position of house surgeon to the Cottage Hospital for the period mentioned above.-Cottage Hospital Board: N. Nicolson (chairman), J. Eagle (hon. sec.), P. O'Regan, P. Sexton, W. Gay, M. Wade. Public: W. Pyle, W. M. Wilson, Rev. O. Blundell, W. M. Connochie, F. Eagle, etc." In making the presentation the chairman, Mr Nicholson, said it was with sincere regret that he and all others present had met that evening to bid farewell to one so popular as Dr Brugh, and all keenly deplored his resignation as medical practitioner for the district, for he could rest assured that he had given entire satisfaction. In Dr Brugh the public were losing a gentleman in every sense of the word - one who had shown throughout a truly charitable spirit thoroughly democratic in nature. As to Mrs Brugh, she was "the worthy wife of a worthy doctor." The chairman trusted that Dr Brugh would be long spared as an ornament to the profession and be loaded with honours. To both Dr and Mrs Brugh he would extend the good wishes of himself and the public. Many others present spoke regretting the departure of Dr and Mrs Brugh. Dr Brugh thanked all his numerous friends for the hearty manner in which the toast of "Our Guests" had been honoured. He also appreciated very highly the great kindness he had recieved at the hands of the public, and would treasure to handsome address presented to him. It was with prgound regret that he had to say good-bye to all. The Hospital Board had in Mr J. Eagle a live secretary and he trusted he would long continue in office. The Oddfellow's Lodge had shown kindly consideration towards him at all times. In concluding his reply Dr Brugh thanked all sincerely for the kind remarks respecting Mrs Brugh." 1906 Sep-05 Otago Witness, Southland Dr Todd, of Invercargill, has been appointed Surgeon to the Medical Club at St Bathans, Central Otago. Paperspast 1906 Sep-07 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans FAREWELL BANQUET AND PRESENTATION ADDRESS TO DR BRUGH. / On Thursday evening the 30th ult, a large number of well wishers assembled in Mr Sexton's Hocken Collection. new hall to bid farewell to Dr Brugh and Mrs Brugh, who are leaving he district. After the good things of the banquet, provided for on such a lavish scale by HOst Secton,had been done justice to, Mr Neil Nicolson, the chairman of the St Bathans Cottage Hospital Board, who presided at the function, addressed those present stating he and the community regretted the fact that the Doctor had decided upon making his departure. During the four years of professional work in this wide district of St Bathans, Cambrian, Becks and Blackstone HIll, Dr Brugh had gained for himself through his many good qualities professionally and socially, a very big estimation by the public and he would assure Dr Brugh that he carried away with him the best wishes for all of his success whereever he might be located. Mr Nicholson went on to say there was more in one's life to be considered than its professional side: there was the social aspect of a career and in Dr Brugh had been found a gentleman in teh true sense of the word - one ever ready to meet others in a truly charitable spirit and with a nature entirely democratic. As to Mrs Brugh she was "the worthy wife of a worthy doctor". He, the chairman, then presented Dr Brugh with a very fine illuniated address as a memento of the high esteem in which he was held by the public. The address read as follows:-// TO/ JAMES BRUGH/ H. B., C. H. B., L. R. C. S., Edin. / Presented by the St Bathans Cottage HOspital Board and his numeorus friends throughout the wide district he has so successfully practised in during the past four years, and in which he has filled the important position of House Surgeon to the Cottage Hospital for the period mentioned above. COTTAGE HOSPITAL BOARD. N. Nicolson (Chairman), J. Eagle (Hon. Sec), P. O'Regan, P. Sexton, W. Gay, M. Wade. PUBLIC. W. Pyle, W. M. Wilson, REv. O. Blundell, W. M'Mconnochie, Francil Eagle &c. Presented at St Bathans August 31st 1906. // Mr Nicolson continuing said that on behalf of all the district, he wished to convey to both Dr and Mrs Brugh the hope that they might long be spared and to Dr Brugh he would express the wish that in his further professional career he might be burdened with honors. The chairman finally proposed the toast of "Our Guests" which was responded to in the usual manner most heartily. Mr M'Carthy said he had found that the longer he knew the doctor the better he liked him, and his wish was "that his shadow might never grow less". MrJ. Eagle, secretary of the Hospital Board, said that he was correct in stating that regret at the doctor's departure was universal over the district and quoted as a proof of the marked professional ability of Dr Brugh the very small death rate during his tenure of office. Mr P. Sexton could not allow Dr Brugh to depart without stating that he knew of no more sociable gentleman in New Zealand, and if the doctor had an enemy at all he would remind him of the quotation "Woe be unto him whom all men speak well of." He wished Dr and Mrs Brugh every success. Mr T. H. Mee also spoke of Dr Brugh's great popularity in his district. Mr Wm. Pyle, making reference to Dr Brugh, said he personally had a very high opinion of the doctor as an able, ernest and kindly gentleman, full of geniality and possessing a keen appreciation of humour. he felt certain the dcotr carried away with him the sincere best wishes of the people of the district. Mr O'Regan, as member of the Cottage Hospital Board, wished to convey to Dr Brugh the board's high appreciation of him professionally, and his departure from the district in which the doctor had become so popular was to be deplored. Mr Cowan expressed apology for the unavoidable absence of Mr McConnochie and proceeding said he admired the doctor for his never failing and prompt attention to duty and his large sympathy. The speaker regretted Dr Brugh's departure from St Bathans. He had been an active member in the athletic circle and an entertaining and true sport in anything pertaining to the social well being of the place. Mr H. Excell said it was indeed a pleasure to meet the doctor on any occasion in life. he endorsed the appreciative remarks made by others present and wished Dr Brugh great prosperity. In reply, Dr Brugh, after thanking Mr Nicolson on behalf on himself and Mrs Brugh, for the kindly feelings he and others present given expression to, and for the presentation, said it was indeed with profound regret that he was about to leave the district, yet in Dr Todd he hoped the district would meet with a highly satisfactory successor. He was indebted to Mr. J. Eagle, the secretary of the Cottage Hospital Board, for he had helped to make his term of work all the more pleasant and he was pleased to find the Hospital Board so willingly supported by the public and by the local Oddfellows' Lodge, which he characterised as one of the best in N. Z. It had shown very large consideration, and was worked in a very satisfactory way by Mr E. Morgan, the secretary. He (Dr Brugh) had sincerely to thank the Chairman (Mr Nicolson) and all others for their many good wishes towards the 1906 Oct-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr William Todd has been gazetted public vaccinator for the Blacks and Blackstone Hill districts. Hocken Collection. General 1906 Nov-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Obituary (By Our St Bathans Correspondent). It is with extremely deep regret that I record the death of Mrs Fahey, who passed away last evening after a very brief illness…Everything Hocken Collection. possible was done by medical skill proved unavailing. Both Dr Todd and Dr Macknight attended her. This sudden and sad event has cast a gloom over the town....

1906 Issues between Nov 2 and Dec 21st missing. Lots of papers from 1906 missing sections. Issues after Dec 21st for 1906 until Jan 25 1907 also missing. 1907 Apr-24 Otago Witness, Personal Items Dr Bagley, who has been acting as locum tenens during Dr Hodges absence from Port Chalmers, has been appointed medical officer for the St. Bathans district, and proceeds to Paperspast Iss. 2771, p. 30 assume his new duties in a few days. 1907 Apr-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby. Dr Bagley has been appointed medical officer for the St Bathans district. Hocken Collection.

1907 Apr-26 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own With very deep regret I chronicle the death of Mr Robert Renwick of this town. Mr Renwick, who had been confined to his room for some months through heart trouble, Hocken Collection. Correspondent became seriously ill on Monday last, and passed away peacefully yesterday morning at his home in St Bathans, at the comparatively early age of 56 years. s, St Bathans

1907 May Mt Ida Chronicle Local and Dr Bagley, of St Bathans, paid Naseby a visit on Monday. Hocken Collection. General 1907 May-31 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own The concert held on Thursday last in aid of the local school funds was well patronised considering the very unpropitious weather….Dr Bagley kindly gave his services as Hocken Collection. Correspondent accompanist, and his efforts in his direction were much appreciated. s, St Bathans

1907 Jun-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby. The first meeting of the newly constituted Maniototo District Hospital Board was held in the County Hall, on Wednesday evening Mr Robt Johnstone, chairman of the county Hocken Collection. was unanimously elected chairman of the Board and Mr J. R. Kirk, Mayor of Naseby, was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr Cutten.

1907 Jun-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo The first meeting of the board was held on Wednesday, 5th June…Moved by Mr Kirk and seconded by Mr Nicolson- That as this board has control of St Bathans Cottage Hocken Collection. Hospital Board Hospital theVincent Hospital Board be requested to forward the original agreement with Drs Stenhouse, Brugh and Todd, or if the originals cannot be forwarded that copies be forwarded; also that a statement be supplied showing the balance to credit of such cottage hospital and that such balance be transmitted to this board - Carried.

1907 Jul-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby. Dr R. A. Bagley has been gazetted public vaccinator for Blackstone. Hocken Collection.

1907 Aug-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Obituary It is with regret that we have to record the death of mr R. A. Browne, county engineer. For several years past Mr Browne was in indifferent health and about a month ago took Hocken Collection. a serious turn for the worse. The doctor found an internat operation was necessary, although, we understand it was regarded in the nature of a folorn hope. It was performed on Monday morning. Dr Macknight being assisted by Dr Bagley, of St Bathans. The shock was too great, and the patient passed away at the hospital about 6 o'clock the following evening. 1907 Sep-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Mt Ida District The Mt Ida District Hospital Board met on Wednesday, 4th inst., in the Council Chambers, Naseby. Present - Messrs. R. Johnstone (chairman), N Nicolson, P. Kinney, C. Hocken Collection. Hospital Board Inder, and J. R. Kirk. Minutes of first meeting and special meeting were read and confirmed. Outward correspondence read and approved and inward received on the motion of Mr Nicolson, seconded by Mr Kinney. The agreement with Dr Bagley (St. Bathans) was read, approved and signed. On the motion of Mr Nicolson seconded by Mr Johnstone Mr. J. R. Kirk was appointed Solicitor to the Board. Sums amounting to 177 pound 10s 3d (including 100 pounds to Hospital Trustees and 62 pounds 10s to Dr Bagley) were passed for payment on the motion of Mr. Nicolson, seconded by Mr Inder. The board resolved that the clerks salary be 15 pounds per annum.

1907 Nov-04 Colonist, Vol. L, Alleged Dunedin, November 2. The police have received advice that a man named William Weller, attempted to commit suicide at St. Bathans (Central Otago) today, by taking rough Paperspast Is. 12081, p. 3 Attempted on rats. The man is expected to recover. " Suicide 1907 1908 Jan-17 Mt Ida Chronicle The Naseby … When Naseby -or the hogburn - was first rushed, it was not long before the necessity of provision for accidents was made apparent, in those days when all mining was done Hocken District by under cutting the foace of a claim with a pick and knocking down the earth with an iron bar accidents were frequent. The residents made provision for such cases by Hospital forming a Relief Committee. The committee supported its work by public subscriptions, and the patients were taken to a room in the Ancient Briton Hotel, owned by Mr and Mrs G Collect. BUt as the town assumed the character of a more permanent settlement this provision was found to be inadequate, and about the middle of the year 1871 a movement was started to establish a more suitable hospital. A vote of 250 poundwas granted by the Provincial Government, and from that modest beginning the instititution we now have has grown. The first committee meeting took place on Tuesday, September 13th 1871. The erection of the hospital was commenced with a good deal of enthusiasm and ever since there have not been wanting men who have carried on the work in the same spirit and we can say that the result has been a continual progress until for a good many years past there is no institution in the district in which the residents take more pride. Of course there have been times when porgress was not very marked owing to unwisdon in the selection of responsible officials but those periods were of short duration. It was under the prfoessional skill of our late surgeon Dr Church that the institution really began to make rapid strides along the path of progress, and the trustees, recognising that hey had a capable man, aided him by equipping the hospital with all necessary appliances. This good work has since been continued by Dr MacKnight and the later trustees until our boast that it is second to no country hospital in the Dominion. THe trustees for a good many years have tried, and succesfully tried to opt in for it the best surgical and nurses skill available, and to provide them with every facility for the proper carrying out of their work, with the result that the hospital has the confidence of the whole district. Of course we don't mean to say that there are no critics of some of the details but the results secured have been such that trustees and staff can well be proud of their work. 1908 Apr-16 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans With much regret I chronicle the death of a very old and respected resident, Mr Patrick O'Hara, who passed away peacefully at his home in St Bathans last Sunday morning at Hocken Collection. the ripe age of 75 years. Some months ago Mr O'Hara contracted a severe attack of influenza, which was unfortunately followed by a relapse, resulting in other complications.... 1908 1908 Jul-21 Evening Post, LOCAL AND "The recent State examination of nurses in New Zealand is noteworthy for the fact that amongst the successful candidates are two Maori girls, Miss Heni Whangapirita, of the Paperspast Volume LXXVI, Is. GENERAL East Coast, and Miss Akenehi Hei, of the Bay of Plenty, who are the first two memebers of their race to qualify for registration as trained nurses. They are, in fact, the first 18, p. 6 graduated of the Education and Health Departments' scheme for training Maori girls to become nurses, so that they may work amongst the native people. The first-named girl was trained at Wellington Hospital, and the other recieved her training in the Napier Hospital. It is hoped that arrangements will shortly be made to place each of them in charge of a cottage hospital in a Maori district." 1908 Aug-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Obituary (By It is with very sincere regret I chronicle the death of one of our most highly respected townsmen, Mr John Eagle. Mr Eagle had passed the allotted span, being 76 years of age. Hocken Collection. Our St Bathans Some months ago he was laid up through influenza, and although occasional hopeswere entertained of his recovery he gradually became weaker and on Saturday morning last Correspondent passed peacefully away. )

1908 Sep-25 Mt Ida Chronicle HOSPITAL … Naseby Hospital - number treated during the year [1907-1908] 136, out-patients 87, daily cost per head 8s, deducting patients payments 5s 5d, cost of administration 51 per Hocken Collection. REPORT cent. Cromwell Hospital treated 59, out-patients 56, daily cost 11s, deducting patient' payments 7s 11 3/4 d, cost of administration 65 per cent. Dunstan Hospital - Number treated during the year 52, out patients 38, daily cost per head 7s 2 1/4d, cost of administration 55.66 per cent. 1908 Oct-21 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES An inquest was held on the 12th inst. At St. Bathans, touching the death of Mrs Toomey, who died suddenly on the 11th inst. The inquiry was held at the courthouse, before Is. 2849, p. 23 Mr. W. McConnochie, J. P., and a jury of six. The verdict of the jury was in accordance with Dr Bagley's evidence - "That the deceased met with her death through valvular disease of the heart." The deceased was one of the early pioneers of St. Bathans, and had resided there for 43 years. She was 72 years of age. She was the wife of Patrick Toomey, a well-known man in the district. Paperspast 1908 Dec-24 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby An instance of the rapid travelling possible by means of a motor bicycle and of its utility, was given on Monnday by Mr T. Hewton. Leaving Naseby between 6 and 7 a. m. he visited St. Bathans, Cambrian, Becks, Matakanui and Clyde, doing business at each place and got back to Rough Ridge in time for tea. He then found that he could spend some little tme in amusement and still reach Naseby in good time, which he managed to do by 9 o'clock. In the course of his journey he must have travelled between 150 and 200 miles, at a cost of about 6s for naptha. Hocken Collection. 1908 Dec-31 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Nurse Bain resigned her position as probationer and the chairman arranged to appoint Miss Mary Eagle, St. Bathans, who has had about twelve months training in a private Trustees hospital in Christchurch to the position. Hocken Collection. 1909 Jan-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own With sincere regret I have to report the death from pneumonia of Mr Gordon Sutherland, one of the employees of Hawkdun Station, at the early age of 23. The late Mr Correspondent Sutherland passed away after a brief illness on Saturday morning last notwithstanding all the anxious care and comfort given him by the manager, Mr Walter Wilson and Mrs s. ST BATHANS Wilson. Hocken Collection. 1909 Feb-29 Mt Ida Chronicle Advertisement Painless Dental Company - at Ranfurly on Tuesday and Wednesday, Omakau on Wednesday afternoon - monthly visits. Apparently free consultation. Hocken Collection. 1909 Mar-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby We are informed that a case or two of scarlet fever having occurred in the district recently, the attendance at one of the schools has been seriously affected, as parents are inclined to think whenever any trifiling ailment occurs in a famly that it is scarlet fever and are afraid of infection. We don't suppose that anyone would be foolish enough to send children from an infected home to school. We may point out that those responsible are liable to a penalty for not reporting a case of scarlet fever; a doctor is also liable iif he fails to report one that comes under his notice. Hocken Collection. 1909 Apr-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Dr Macknight has decided to leave Naseby and has disposed of his practice to Dr Lillie. The appointments to the hospital and to the Oddfellows Lodge will, of course, be subject to the approval of the trustees and the lodge. Dr Macknight intends to leave in a few weeks. Dr Lillie is not a stranger in the district, having relieved Dr Brugh at St Bathans six years ago. Since then he went to London and after twelve months study obtained the degree of M.R.C.S. He has had a large experience. Hocken Collection. 1909 May-07 Mt Ida Chronicle Obituary On Wednesday a patient in the hospital named John Lynch died after a lengthy illness; aged 69. His remains have been taken to St Bathans for burial. Hocken Collection. 1909 May-07 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans. Obituary. On Friday the 30th, in the Naseby Hospital, ther epassed away a very old resident of St. Bathans, Mr John Thurlow. The late Mr Thurlow was apparently in good health until a fortnight ago, when he was seized with paralysis and was admitted to the hospital. He gradually grew worse owing to toher complications, and the end soon came...The remains were conveyed from Naseby to the family burial place in the St Bathans cemetery. Hocken Collection. 1909 May-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The monthly meeting of the Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board was held in the County Council Chambers, Naseby on Wednesday 5th inst….The treasurer stated that during the month 2 pounds have been received on account of maintenance of an outdoor patient and the usual quarterly sum from St Bathans residents... Hocken Collection. 1909 Jun-18 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Obituary. With sincere regret I have to record the death of another old identity of the district, Mr Caleb Dungey, of Cambrian. The late mr Dungey for the past two years had been in failing health, but the end was sudden. He was apparently hale and hearty when visiting St. Bathans a little over a week ago... The funeral which took place this afternoon, at St Bathans, was largely attended.. Hocken Collection. 1909 Jul-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Balance Sheet Receipts: St Bathans Hospital Contributions 113 13 0. Expenditure: Salary Doctor St Bathans Cottage Hospital … 250 0 0. Statement of assets and liabilties. Liabilities: St of the Bathans Cottage Hospital 17 6 11 Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board for the Year Ended 31st March 1909 Hocken Collection. 1909 Jul-02 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Dr Geo Byers of Waipiata has got into practice. He has had an experience at Home. It is the intention of the Waipiata Medical Club to apply to the Maniototo Hospital Board for a subsidy towards a cottage hospital. Hocken Collection. 1909 Aug-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Advertisement Dentistry. Visit by Mr C. J. Coombes St Bathans August 18th. Hocken Collection. 1909 Aug-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo …Outward correspondence was read and approved. Inward correspondence consisted a letter from the secretary St Bathans Medical Aid Club containing quarterly Hospital and contribution…Mr James Howell, reprsenting contributers from Waipiata and Patearoa, and surrounding district, waited on the board and asked for a subsidy of 24s in the Charitable Aid pound on contributions toward the erection of a cottage hospital at Waipiata. He also asked that the required equipment be porvided. What the subscribers wanted was that the hospital be placed on the same footing and treated in the same manner as at St. Bathans. He produced a list of subscribers numbering 162. He regretted that the clerk has Board not received the application, which had evidently miscarried. He hoped the board would consider the position when he stated its character. To obviate Mr Howell again attending the board agreeed to discuss the matter. Mr Howell would be satisfied if the board would give an assurance that their contribution of 24s would carry an equal subsidy. He would forgo insisting on the equipment of the hospital being provided by the board if it were considered outside the power of the board. Mr Howell was also of the opinion that the erection of the Waipiata hospital would be a feeder to the Naseby hospital; that the contributions from his district would be increased instead of diminished. At present he was aware that a number of patients were sent to Dunedin hospital where more than one doctor was obtainable. ... Moved by Messrs Smith and Kinney - That as no application was before the board, the discussion be deferred till next meeting. Hocken Collection. 1909 Sep-03 Mt Ida Chronicle Presbyterian Instrumental trio, Miss Wheeler, Dr Bagley, Mr. Noake… Church Social At St Bathans Hocken Collection. 1909 Oct-08 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The usual monthly meeting of the Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board was held in the County Council Chambers on Wednesday .. Kast. …An application for outdoor relief from St Bathans was read and when further information is obtained will be dealt with at next meeting, aid to commence (if application approved) from current meeting. Letters were read from the Inspector General and chaiman of the Maniototo Medical Aid Cub respecting the Waipiata Cottage Hospital. Resolved that consideration of the Waipiata Cottage Hopital correspondence be deferred until a definite reply is received from the Inspector General and the the clerk be authorised to call a special meeting of the board if deemed advisable before next monthly meeting. Hocken Collection. 1909 Oct-13 Otago Witness, CASUALTIES A serious accident occurred at Omakau on Wednesday, 6th inst. (says our Naseby correspondent) shortly after the arrival of the slow train from Dunedin - about 10pm. The Is. 2901, p. 29 engine was proceeding to the turntable, when a young man named John Eagle, about 20 years of age, a cadet, jumped on to the footboard of the engine, probably with the idea of assisting the men at their work. By some means Eagle slipped, with the result that the rear wheel of the engine and the wheels of the tender passed over his leg, almost severing his foot about the ankle. Dr Bagley (St. Bathans) was immediately sent for, and arrived in a very short time. he ordered the young man's removal to the Naseby Hospital, and engine and carriage running back to Ranfurly, where a trap was ready to drive the party to Naseby. Although no time was lost, it was nearly 3 a.m. before the hospital was reached. A sister of Eagle is a nurse in the hospital and his mother resides at St. Bathans. Paperspast 1909 Oct-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own Obituary. ON Sunday last,the 10th inst, there passed from our midst one of our oldest residents, Mr Joseph Gray, at the advanced age of 88 years. The late Mr Gray had been Correspondent for the past two years confined to his room and was quite unable to go about unassisted owing to chronic rheumatism and the infirmaties of old age. s. ST BATHANS Hocken Collection. 1909 Oct-22 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospitals and For a long time it has been recognised that the machinery for administering hospitals and charitable aid is unnecessarily cumbersome. In the bill now before the House an Charitable effort is made to simplify matters, and do away with the dual control which at present exists, the double function of maintaining hospitals and administering charitable aid Institutions Bill being undertaken by the one board, whichh the bill proposes to create. The method of representation is also to be changed. At present the contributory local authorities elect members of hospital and charitable aid boards, and the contributory local authorities and subscribers elect hospital trustees on a defined contributory basis. If the new bill becomes law the electors the contributory authorities will elect the represntatives to the board,elections takingplace at the same time as the elections of the said bodies. The number of members is fixed between eight and twenty (In hospitals with a large honorary medical staff one member of such staff may be appointed a member of the board). The effect of this will be to place the control of hospitals and charitable relief more directly in the hands of the people, but whether any special benefit willresult from boards being elected by the ratepayers themselves instead of by their representatives remains to be seen. We expect that in most country districts at any rate those who seek representation on local bodies will also seek, and obtain, representation on the hospital and charitable aid board. In the method of raising finances no alterations are proposed of any importance. IN only two respects does the suggested alterations of the law propose to curtail the power of boards (and therefore of the public). Section 34 provides that a board may appoint a secretary, a treasurer, medical and other officers, matrons, nurses, attendants, and servants, but the following section practically takes the power out of their hands in refard to the medical and nursing staff by providing that "No appointment of any medical officer (other than honorary medical officer), or of a master, manager,or matron in any institution shall be made until the Minister has given his written approval of the proposed appointment." This places hte power of appointment of these officials in the hands of the Minister, and as the Minister will be guided by the recommendations of the Inspector General, in the hands of the Inspector General. Probably very few occasions will be arise in which there will be friction of an appointment,but when they do arise, the board's hands can be completely tied by the Inspector General. As no provision is made for the Minister (or Inspector general ) to make an appointment,in the case of a dispute there woud be a deadlock, the institution being left without the officials over whom the dispute has arisen. This filching of power of the control of their own institutions from the hands of the people and placing the final deciision in the hands of officials is not in accord with the motto of the late Mr Seddon,"trust the people". Secondly, it will have the effect of weakening the control of the Board over its staff, which may not tend to the harmonious or capable management of an institution. In the matter of making by laws, too, boards have not altogether a fee hand,as every by-law has to have the written consent of the Minister,and at any time a by-law may be disallowed by the Governor by Order in Council. With these exceptions, the Bill will probably be deemed a judicious attempt to deal with a law that needed amendment. Hocken Collection. 1909 Nov-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Waipiata Cottage Hospital. Letters were read to and from the Inspector General respecting subsidy to proposed Cottage Hospital at Waipiata, in reply to to a telegram stating Hospital and that the contributors had already acquired and equipped the building, and had agreed to maintain it themselves, without it in any way being a prospective charge on the Charitable Aid board. The question was whether a subsidy would be paid towards the Doctor's salary. The reply from the Inspector General stated that he regretted he could not recommend a subsidy towards the salary of the doctor as suggested. The law does not allow such subsidies for specific purposes. After consideration of the matter, during which Mr Board M'Atamney took exception to the finding of the Inspector General, it was moved by Mr Nicolson and seconded by Mr M'Atamney - that the Board regrets that the Inspector General is averse to recommending the granting of a subsidy towards the Waipiata resident doctor's salary, but expresses the hope that in the Bill now before parliament some adequate provision will be made to meet by way of subsidy, similar applications for assistance in locating a resident doctor. That the board recommends the Waipiata contributors to apply for a subsidy to the Hon. the Minister on their contributions,and that under the existing act a subsidy should be granted. - Carried./ Outdoor patient. A resident of St Bathans forwarded an application for outdoor relief. Moved by Mr Smith and seconded by Mr M'Atamney - That he be granted 7s 6d per week for three months, commencing from 1st October last. - Carried. Hocken Collection. 1909 Dec-03 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Obituary. There passed away on Wednesday last a little lad seven years of age, Raymond Wilson Morgan, one of Mr Edward Morgan's family at Vinegar Hill.Ray contracted rheumatic fever, and after a brief illness, during which he suffered great pain, he rapidly succumbed. The keen sympathy of the public of the district in the family's sudden bereavement was amply evidenced by a large funeral cortege on Friday afternoon.... Hocken Collection. 1909 Dec-31 Mt Ida Chronicle Our Own Presentation to Dr Bagley. The executive of the St Bathans Medical Aid Committee, together with several other of its members, met in the Vulcan Hotel this evening to Correspondent present to Dr Bagley a testimonial appreciative of the highly satisfactory manner in which he had carried out hisprofessional work in the district, and to hand over to him a s. ST BATHANS bonus of 25 sovereigns. Walter Wilson, Esq., who was in the chair, in a few well chosen words made the presentation on behalf of the club. It was indeed a pleasure to him, he said, to be present to testify to the very valuable services the doctor had rendered the district for the past three years, and to his noted professional skill and unfailing attention. Throughout all parts of the wide district dependent on Dr Bagley for medical treatment, his popularity had spread, and the club hoped he might long remain with them. Dr Bagley said words failed him to express his gratitude to the club for the presentation just handed him and to the chairman for his kind remarks. The testimonial in reference to his work he would ever treasure. He would specially thank not only the existing committee, but other past committees, for the help they had so graciously rendered him in the control of the district. He was also pleased to say that it was not his intention to leave, and felt sure that the St Bathans Medical Aid CLub would in the near future be in even better financial prosperity than at present. Mr P. Sexton hoped that every year a like bonus would be forthcoming (Applause). Mr O'Regan emphasised the very high esteem in which Dr Bagley was held not only professionally but socially. Mr Frank Eagle, another member of committee, made reference to the great thoughtfulness and care bestowed upon the patients at all hours and to the doctors kindness as a neighbour. Mr Cowan expressed his great pleasure at being present to endorse all that had been said.The doctor had well merited the presentation from the club. Not only had there been professional skill, and patient endeavour displayed: Dr Bagley had been an acquisition socially also through his musical talent, and had been always ready to assist at any social gathering. The Chairman having called on all present to drink the health of Dr Bagley, this was done most heartily with musical honors. THe meeting then dispersed. December 27th 1909. Hocken Collection. 1910 Jan-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The death of Mr W. Ballard, of St Bathans, occurred on the 10th inst. Hocken Collection. 1910 Feb-04 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans …pianist Dr Bagley… Hocken Collection. 1910 Feb-25 Mt Ida Chronicle There has been a good deal of sickness in the district lately, which takes the form of vomiting and abdominal pains. It is attributed to the impurity of the water owing to the prolonged drought. Hocken Collection. 1910 Jun-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Mr L. P. Cabot, of Omakau, met with a severe accident last week in a very simple manner. Whilst he was bending an iron peg, it snapped unexpectedly, and caused him to fall back. He sustained a complete fracture of the right leg, while the other leg was badly bruised. Dr Bagley, who motored from St Bathans, set the injured limb, and Mr Cabot is now making excellent progress. Hocken Collection. 1910 Jun-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Miss Bagley, who is a Government inspector under the charitable aid branch of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, visited the district this week. Hocken Collection. 1910 Jun-24 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Obituary: With regret I record the death on Monday last of Mrs McKay, wife of My Patrick McKay, of Wedderburn. Mrs McKay was a daugher of the late Mr Halpin of St Bathans, and was well known here and highly respected. She entered married life only last year, but a few months ago contracted pleurisy, and all that medical skill could devise proved unavailing. The funeral, which took place afternoon, was largely attended, relations and friends coming from far and near. Hocken Collection. 1910 Aug-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Charitable Aid Receipts: St Bathans Cottage Hospital Receipts. Contributions St Bathans residents for year ending 31st March 1911 .. 113 pounds, 13 s, 0 pence. Subsidy at 24s Hospital and in pounds..136 pounds 7 shillings 0 pence, total 250 pounds. Expenditure. Dr Salary for year ending 31st March 1911. 250 pounds total. Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1910 Sep-16 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans On Sunday evening last a trap accident occureed on the main road, St Bathans, whereby a little boy about three years old, the son of Mr William Wade, of Blackstone Hill, met with internal injuries of a serious nature. Mr Wade, with his wife and the two younger children, was driving home through St Bathans, when the Rev Mr Burgess in his motor car was proceeding from here to Becks. When about fifty yearsoff the trap he signalled to Mr Wade to keep to the right so that the car might pass nearest the embankment. Mr Wade attempted this, but the horse immediately began to back across the road in front of the care, the result being that the horse, trap and occupants were thrown down the declevity. Mr and Mrs Wade and the little girl marvellously escaped with a few slight bruises, but the little boy was less fortunate. The shafts and other portions of the trap were smashed, while the hind legs of the borse were badly cut. Mr Brebner, relieving postmaster, when informed of the accident, speedily rang up Dr Bagley, who was at Becks, and the doctor with his usual prompititude was in attendance in little over half an hour. Hocken Collection. 1910 Sep-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Wedderburn Influenza prevalent, especially among adults. Hocken Collection. 1910 Oct-31 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Maternity ward at Naseby Hospital working. Hocken Collection. 1910 Oct-28 Mt Ida Chronicle Balance Sheet Receipts: St Bathans Residents - 113, 12, 11. Expenditure: Salaries - Dr Bagley 250, 0, 0. Examined and found correct except that subsidy has been claimed and paid on of the contributions amounting to 113 12s 11d, donated for the specific purpose of a cottage hospital, and being thus conditional were not subsidisable, R. J. Collins, C and A General. Maniototo STATEMENT OF ASSESTS AND LIABILITIES.Assets: Bank Balance 423 18 3. LIabilities: ST Bathans Cottage Hospital Contributors 17 7 4 Hospital and Charitable Aid Board For the Year Ended 31st March 1910 Hocken Collection. 1911 Jan-27 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby We understand that Dr R. A. Bagley has sent in his resignation to the Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board. Hocken Collection. 1911 Feb-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Inward correspondence consisted, inter alia, of Dr R. Bagley's resignation… Moved by Mr Johnstone, and seconded by Mr Jones - That Dr Bagley's resignation be accepted Hospital and with regret; that with the view of arriving at an amicable arrangement, and to meet the views of the guarantors, and the members of the the Oddfellows, Mr Inder (chairman) Charitable Aid be requested to arrange a meeting at St. Bathans on an early date to consider the matter of initiative, whether by the Hospital Board or those interested, at the latter place. Board Hocken Collection. 1911 Apr-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Inward correspondence consisted of a letter from the St. Bathans Medical Club recommending the appointment of Dr Hugh Barr, M. B., Ch B. (Glasgow), D. P. H., London. Hospital and Recommendation approved. Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1911 Apr-28 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Valedictory. Dr Bagley on Friday evening last was tendered a farewell social and presented with a beautifully illuminated address, framed in oak and most artistically ornamented. The hall was well filled with people from all parts of the district in which the doctor has practised for the past four years. The address was presented by Mr Cowan, who referred to the distinct loss the district felt in the departure of the doctor, more especially so as the St. Bathans Medical Aid Committee had as yet been unale to find a successor. The doctor might rest assured that the good wishes of the residents were bestowed upon him. That matter of the address was as follows: - To R. A. Bagley, Esq., M. B., Ch. B., Dear Sir.- On the eve of your departure for England, the residents of St. Bathans and surrounding districts desire to convey to you our sincere appreciation of you valued services amongst us for the past four years as medical practitioner. We beg to testify to the promptitude you have invariably excercised in attendence upon any urgent cases even although the distance was great and the weather very severe. Not only would we recognise your professional skill and assiduity, but you have been ever ready to assist in any public movement, and by your musical ability have lent much charm as an entertainer in social affairs. And for you kindness in general we now tender you our hearty thanks, and wish you bon voyage, and a safe and speedy return to New Zealand. Signed on behalf of the residents, W. M. Wilson, Chairman Medical Aid Club; P. McCarthy, Secretary and Treasurer. St Bathans, 21st April 1911. Mr McCarthy explained to the audience the steps that had been taken by the committee to get another doctor, and he hoped that at least a locum tenens would be forthcoming early. He, on behalf of the committee, regretted Dr Bagley's resignation. Mr Sexton, in a few well chosen words, referred felicitously to the doctor as a social entertainer. He had placed the acid upon the doctor and found him fairly solid. Dr Bagley, on rising to reply, was greeted with cheers. He was extremely delighted with the address, and would treasure it as long as he lived. During his four years work in the district the keynote had been 'enjoyment'/ He was leaving a district in which he had learnt much. One acquisition above all others was motoring. He looked upon this as an absolutely necessary equipment for a country doctor now-a-days. He wished from the bottom of his heart, and and all a fond farewell. Dancing and song followed until a early hour. The doctor leaves for Dunedin today. April 24th. Hocken Collection. 1911 May-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Mr Nicolson introduced a deputation from St. Bathans consisting of Messrs McCarthy, Morgan and O'Regan. Mr McCarthy, in a few well considered remarks, urged the Hospital and increase of the subsidy on the guarantee to say from 250 pounds to 400 pounds. Messrs Morgan and O'Regan followed on the same lines. After thanking the board for its Charitable Aid patient hearing the deputation withdrew. After some discussion in ventilating the matter, it was moved by Mr Nicolson and seconded by Mr Jones - That this board having heard the statements of the deputation, agrees to recommend the increase of the subsidy to enable a guarantee of say from 250 pounds up to 350 or 400 pounds per annum for a Board resident medical man: that the St Bathans contributors call for applications for the position. Hocken Collection. 1911 Jun-16 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Received.- The Secretary, Medical Aid Club, St. Bathans, wrote notifying the board that Dr Bagley had been reappointed resident medical officer, at an increased salary Hospital and (inclusive of subsidy) of 400 pounds per annum. The board, having no objection, approved of the appointment. Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1911 Jun-30 Mt Ida Chronicle Balance Sheet Receipts: St Bathans Cottage Hospital Subscriptions… 113 13 0 Government Subsidy at 20s 9d in pounds on 22 pounds 11 shillings 10 pence 23 8 10 Do at 24 shillings in of the pound on 56 pounds 16 shilling 68 3 9 Expenditure: St Bathans Cottage Hospital 250 0 0 Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board for the Year ended 31st March 1911 Hocken Collection. 1911 Aug-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo The inward correspondence consisted of … Dr Bagley's engagement… Hospital and Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1912 Jan-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo …from Dr Bagley, St. Bathans, that a case of tuberculosis and two of diphtheria had occurred in the district. The chairman pointed out that the case of tuberculosis was at Hospital and Matakanui, in Vincent County, and outside the Maniototo Hospital district. The usual precautionary and isolation steps were ordered to be taken.... [on sanitation] I have the Charitable Aid honor to report as follows on teh sanitation in the Maniotot Hospital Board's District:- General inspections have been made in October and november in the following places: Naseby, Ranfurly, St. Bathans, Waipiata, Cambrian and Becks. In all cases particular inspection was made of hotels, butchers, bakers', fruiterers' and milk vendors' premises, Board also schools, stables, rubbish and nightsoil depots, and yards and outbuildings of all business premises and dwellings....St Bathans. A careful inspection was made of all the business premises and dwellings in the town, and in four instances minor nuisances were found, and in these cases the occupiers were given till the following day to effect the necessary improvements, and on reinspection the work was found to have been satisfactorily carried out. The bakehouse and butcher's premises were found clean and satisfactory. The milk suppliers were also insepcted and found clean, as also the utensils. The reservoir was also inspected the race leading to it. The reservoir does not look very clean, and in the race on the county road was found a dead fowl, a number of rabbitskins and a heap of dirty rags. While in Naseby I saw the County Engineer on this matter and h agreed to instruct the St Bathans dayman to attend to it, and also to see if a few more pipes could be laid at this spot, as some resident evidently fancies this spot for a rubbish depot. There is also a quantity of ashes and refuse dumped over the bank of the sludge channel along the main street. I think the County Council should appoint a suitable site for a rubbish depot at St. Bathans, and erect notice boards warning residents against depositing refuse anywhere else. Hocken Collection. 1912 Feb-09 Mt Ida Chronicle Presentation at Overture: Dr Bagley (piano) Blackstone Hill Hocken Collection. 1912 Feb-16 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Inward correspondence consisted, inter alia, of a letter from the secretary of the St. Bathans Medical Aid Club forwarding names of contributors and amounts Hospital and Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1912 Mar-08 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Owing to the prevalence of diptheria in St Bathans the local school has been closed indefinitely. No fewer than six cases have already been reported by Dr Bagley to the Chief Health Officer. Hocken Collection. 1912 Mar-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo The Sanitary Inspector reported on several cases of diphtheria at St. Bathans. The usual notices of isolation and disinfection had been forwarded. Hospital and Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1912 Mar-22 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Note that introduction of maternity ward at Naseby occurred during time C. Inder chairman. Hocken Collection. 1912 May-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Advertisement John Lusk, surgeon and dentist. Hocken Collection. 1912 May-24 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans (By I regret to report the death, on Tuesday last, of Albert Edward Morgan, third son of our esteemed townman, Mr Edward Morgan. With him and his, I feel sure, the public Our Own sympathise much in their sudden bereavement. The deceased had been until lately a pupil of the local school but, owing to increasing indisposition, the boy was removed to Correspondent Dunedin for medical treatment. All efforts, hoever, to restore him to health were unavailing and on Saturday, the 11th inst. he was brought home by his parents. The end was sudden, as he passed away on Tuesday at midday, the trouble being complications arising from heart disease. The funeral which took place on Thursday last, was largely ) attended. The school children, many carrying wreaths, followed the hearse in procession and numerous other wreaths from the public were placed on the grave as tributes of sympathy. The Rev. Mr Knight officiated at the graveside, where the facourite hymn, "The Sweet By and bye" was impressively sung. May 20th, 1912. Hocken Collection. 1912 Sep-20 Mt Ida Chronicle Balance Sheet St Bathans Cottage Hospital Contributions (in receipts) 164 pounds 18 shillings 3pence; Salary Doctor St Bathans Hospital 362 pounds 10 shillings (in expenditure). of the Government subsidy on subscriptions 303 pounds 10 shillings 3 pence (not sure if this is just for St Bathans or for other subscriptions). Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board for the Year Ended 31st March, 1912 Hocken Collection. 1912 Dec-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Friday, We understand that Dr Bagley, St. Bathans, contemplates leaving the district. He has forwarded his resignation to the Hospital Board, which takes effect in February. December 6, 1912 Hocken Collection. 1912 Dec-20 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans (By Obituary: On Saturday, the 30th ult, Mr Patrick Fitzpatrick, one of the oldest residents of St Bathans , passed away after a lingering illness of some months duration. He came Our Own to St. Bathans over 40 years ago, and as a miner carried on work until incapacitated a few years ago... An electric plant is being installed by this company (Scandinavian ater Correspondent Race Co., Ltd) in its workings at St Bathans. There will be two lights of very considerable power placed on the claim, and these will be in operation probably during the week. This company has lately opened out a lot of new ground with good results, and st Bathans as a minind field bids fair to hold its own with most sluicing centres of Otago. Dec. ) 17th 1912. Hocken Collection. 1913 Jan-24 Mt Ida Chronicle Friday, We understand that Dr Griffen, Riversdale, has been appointed resident doctor at St Bathans. December 24, 1913 Hocken Collection. 1913 Jan-24 Poverty Bay University Mention of Dr Griffen. Herald, Vol. Examinations XXXX, Is 12964, p. 3 Paperspast 1913 Feb-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Received: Telegrams respecting the vacancy of resident doctor at St Bathans were read and approved. Hospital and Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1913 Mar-07 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans Early last month Dr R. A. Bagley left the district after a practice of five years. His successor is Dr Griffen. Notes Hocken Collection. 1913 Aug-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Inward correspondence consisted of a number of circulars , respecting the smallpox epidemic, from the Inspector-general; appointment of Drs Lillie, Bagley and Byres as Hospital and public vaccinators for the Maniototo Hospital Distrcit; that 100 tubes of vaccine had been forarded; that public vaccinators should be careful with regard to teh sterilizing of Charitable Aid needles used in vaccination after each operation. ... The board considered the costs of 9 pounds for a burial at St Bathans. as excassive. It was agreed to pay the amount but that only 5 pounds in similar cases would be allowed. Letters read respecting a patient from St Bathans. The Board agreed to pay maintenance expenses in dunedin Hospital, but Board declined any responsibility for maintenance in Palmerston Sanatorium. Hocken Collection. 1913 Aug-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Hamiltons I notice Dr Byres is making a start to erect a convalescent home on top of the Fortifications, which is a very good place for such an institution. There is a spendid view from it and it is on a fine sunny aspect, also it is above the fog of the plain and snow does not remain on the site. It is the first place is goes off. It is about a mile below Hamiltons, right alongside Hamilton-Waipiata road, and the nearest resident is about a mile away from it. I do not think there is a place in New Zealand more suitable for a place of the kind than the site chosen by Dr Byres. I believe he intends to have it built before Christmas. Hocken Collection. 1914 Jan-23 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Mr A. Inder's many friends throughout the district will be pleased to learn that he is progressing favourably. The accident happened through his motor bicycle slipping while crossing Station Creek bridge when en route for St. Bathans. In the fall the weight of the machine was thrown on the left leg between the ankle and the knee and caused a fracture. By the time Mr Inder had picked up his bicycle and removed his boot a sheep drover arrived on the scene and went to Hawkdun Station for assistance. Mr Wilson drove the patient to St Bathans where Dr Griffen's serives were obtained. He was then brought in to the hospital at Naseby. Hocken Collection. 1914 Mar-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The district is to have a resident dentist, mr H. J. Donelly, surgeon and mechanical dentist, having settled in Ranfurly. It is Mr Donelly's intention to pay periodical visits to the surrounding centres, particulars of which will be found in his advertisement elsewhere. He has had a good deal of experience in the practice of his profession, having been settled in Mosgiel for three years before cming up here, so that he does no come as a novice or one who has only gained his credentials. he served his training with Mr A. E. Smith, of Invercargill. e wish Mr Donnelly a long and successful career in the district. Hocken Collection. 1914 Mar-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo The inward comprised comprised correspondence … from Dr Riley, medical superintendent, respecting a case of phthsis at St Bathans HOSPITAL AND CHARITABLE AID BOARD Hocken Collection. 1914 Jun-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Balance Sheet Receipts: St Bathans Cottage Hospital 113 13 pounds and shillings, Expenditure: St. Bathans Cottage Hospital 250 pound of the Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board for the Year Ended 31st March, 1914 Hocken Collection. 1914 Sep-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo … District Health Insector K. Cameron wrote that all medical practitioners had been notified to report to the Department all cases of chicken pox until further notice. The HOSPITAL AND Acting Insector general considered the notification of the disease still necessary in view of the type of small pox which existed recently in New Zealand and of the prevalence CHARITABLE of the same in New South Wales now. ... Dr Byers notified two cases of chicken poz at Tiroiti. Notice of usual precautions to be given. AID BOARD Hocken Collection. 1914 Sep-25 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Influenza of a specially malignant form is at present prevalent in the district. A number of residents have been laid up for two or three days with it. Hocken Collection. 1914 Sep-25 Mt Ida Chronicle Central Otago The Following extracts from the annual report to Parliament on hospitals and charitable aid show that the work done by the local hospital compares very favourably with that Hospitals done in other centres: - Cromwell. Patients treated, 65. There were three patients in the hospital -- all males. Some cases have been admitted to the maternity ward, but that the time of my visit it was empty. An operating theatre, which is much needed here is about to be erected on the north side. The gardens and grounds here, were in excellent order. The staff consists of the matron, two maids and a gardener. The grounds produce all the fruit, vegetables and milk needed. The institution has now an excellent water supply. Dunstan. Patients treated. 38. Visited on 30th Hanuary, 1914. There were six patients in the institution - three males and three females. The whole place was in excellent order, and very different from what it was on the occasion of my last visit. Maniototo. Patients treated, 125. Not visisted. The number of acute medical and surgical cases no received at this hospital is so small that it is principally used as a maternity hospital, and the Board has decided to use it as a training school for midwifery nuses. Arrow. Patients treated, 64. Visited 30th January 1914. There were four patients in the hospital. The insitution was in excellent order, the wards being very clean. Wakatipu. Patients treated, 46. Visited on 29th hanuary, 1914. There were three inmates I drew the attention of the Board to the unsatisfactory state of this hospital, and the members signified their intention to act on the recommendations of the department. Hocken Collection. 1915 Hocken Collection. 1915 Feb-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Friday, …Dr Byres, medical attendant, reported that a case of scarlet fever is being treated at Gimmerburn. The clerk was instructed to write to the occupier of the house notifying February 5, that the usual precautionary measures be taken. 1915 Hocken Collection. 1915 Sep-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Advertisement Mr John Lusk, surgeon and dentist, mostgiel - dentist by appointment to the Loyal Naseby Lodge and Medical Aid Club. Every Description of Dental Work Carefully Performed.' Hocken Collection. 1915 Nov-05 Mt Ida Chronicle no title Mr W. M Wilson of Hawkdun, had an unpleasant accident in the early hours of ednesday morning, which resulted in serious damage to his motor car. He and Dr Griffin had brought Constable Young, of St Bathans, into the hospital late on Tuesday night, and were returning home between 2.30 and 3 in the morning, when they ran into a mobof six or seven horses whichw ere on the road at Hills Creek. The horses were frightened by the car and running across the road into a wire fence they turned back again and one ran into the car. Mr Wilson pulled up very quickly and the occupants got off without a scratch, having a miraculous escape, but the radiator of the car, lamps and splashboard were broken, while the brakes were stripped with the sudden herk. Fortunately they were proceeding at a slow pace or worse would have happened. Probably more will be heard of the matter. This is an illustration of the danger to motor traffic by straying cattle, especially at night. As the motor traffic is so large wandering cattle will always be a source of danger. Hocken Collection. 1915 Nov-12 Mt Ida Chronicle no title The friends of Constable Young, of St Bathans, will be pleased to learn that the was able to return home yesterday, after about a weeks stay in the hospital. Hocken Collection. 1915 Dec-03 Mt Ida Chronicle Maniototo Receipts: St Bathans Cottage Hospital 113 13 pounds and shillings, Expenditure: Salary Doctor St. Bathans Cottage Hospital 250 pound Hospital and Charitable Aid Board Hocken Collection. 1916 Jan-05 Mt Ida Chronicle The late Mr Harry Excell, of St Bathans, was one of the oldest residents of that district…He took an active interest in the welfare of St. Bathans, was one of those who established there an Oddfellows Lodge, and did much to increase its membership. Hocken Collection. 1916 Mar-05 Mt Ida Chronicle accouchement Advertisement: An experienced Nurse is open to receive engagements in the town or country. Correspondence to be addressed Maternity, care of Chronicle Office. s Hocken Collection. 1916 Jul-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board The late Mr Harry Excell, of St Bathans, was one of the oldest residents of that district…He took an active interest in the welfare of St. Bathans, was one of those who established there an Oddfellows Lodge, and did much to increase its membership. Hocken Collection. 1916 Aug-25 Mt Ida Chronicle Mr Samuel John Evans, manufacturing chemist, of Dunedin, died on Saturday. Mr Evans for a good many years carried on business in baseby, and left here in order to seek a larger field for his energies and a greater populations for some of his patent remedies. He was a very energetic and pushing business and made a success of his business. He arrived in Dunedin with his parents over 50 years ago, and was apprenticed to the late Mr. B. Bagley, a chemist in George St. Hocken Collection. 1916 Dec-22 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board An agreement between Dr Griffen, of St Bathans, and the Board was read, signed and agreed to. Hocken Collection. 1917 Jan-05 Mt Ida Chronicle On the afternoon of New Years Day Mr G. Butting and two of his children had the misofortune to meet with a motor car accident while en route from Palmerston to Naseby. While in the neighbourhood of the Shag River, the car skidded inloose gravel and a rut and then turned right over. One of the occupants, Miss Esther Botting, was thrown clear for about 12ft and escaped with very trifling scratches. Her sister Mildred was not so fortunate, her jaw being dislocated. Mr Botting was severely bruised and shaken. The two latter were pinned under the car until the first named came to their assistance and helped to release them. Fortunately Dr Griffen travelling the same route came along after a while and took the two young ladies on to Naseby Hospital where the injuring of the patient were attended to. She is now progressing favourably. Hocken Collection. 1917 Mar-23 Mt Ida Chronicle St Bathans Dr Griffen listed as member. Athletics Club Hocken Collection. 1917 Jun-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board - A letter from Dr Griffen, St Bathans, reporting that a case of scarlet fever was being treated at Ida Valley. The clerk to the Board stated that he had written the usual notice under the Public Health Act for the steps necessary to be taken to avoid infection. Hocken Collection. 1917 Jun-29 Mt Ida Chronicle MANIOTOTO St Bathans Cottage Hospital Contributions (in receipts) 113, 13 pounds; Salary Doctor St Bathans Hospital 250 pounds (in expenditure) HOSPITAL AND CHARITABLE AID BOARD [balance sheet]

Hocken Collection. 1917 Aug-10 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Cr Morgan, St. Bathans, appeared before the Board and stated that he was deputed by the Medical Aid Club and Oddfellows at St. Bathans to ask the assistance of the Board in the enddeavour to retain the services of Dr Griffen, who was called up by the military authorities. After discussion it was moved by Mr Kinney, and seconded by Mr Lowis - Understanding that Dr Griffin, resident medical practitioner in the St. Bathans and surrounding districts, has been called up, the Maniototo Hospital and Charitable Aid Board consider that in accepting the services of Dr Griffin, thus depriving the district of a resident doctor, will be a serious loss and hardship to the residents referred to. In the curcumstances this Board write to the military authorities respectfully requesting that the services of Dr Griffin be retained until a successor be appointed. - Motion agreed to. Hocken Collection. 1917 Aug-10 Mt Ida Chronicle The No. 1 military Appeal Board sat at Naseby yesterday afternoon. The St. Bathans Medical Club appealed on behalf of Dr Griffen. Dr Byres wrote to the Board undertaking to fulfil his duties. - The appeal was adjourned to allow the Board to communicate with Dr Valintine. Hocken Collection. 1917 Aug-31 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans. We understand that Dr Valintine, the Inspector-general of hospitals, etc. has recommended to the St. Bathans Medical Club to accept the proffered services of Dr Byres of Waipiata. Hocken Collection. 1917 Aug-31 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans. Quite a gloom was cast over this small community on Thursday, the 23rd, by the very sudden death of Miss Maggie Dillon, daughter of Mr and Mrs Stephen Dillon, very old and respected residents of this township. The deceased had only been ailing for a few days and no one suspected the end was so near. Hocken Collection. 1917 Sep-14 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans. The death of Redmond Dillion, aged five years, which occurred at the Naseby hospital, on Friday, the 7th September, cast quite a melancholy gloom over this small community. The little boy was a niversal favourite and beloved by alll. The large cortege which followed his remains to the Roman Catholic cemetery at St. Bathans on Sunday was a striking tribute of regret and sumpathy not only to his already over-afflicted parents but other sorrowing relatives. The rev. Father O'Cea condusted the funeral service in his usual impressive manner. Hocken Collection. 1917 Oct-19 Mt Ida Chronicle We understand that Dr Byres takes up the medical work of Dr Griffen of St. Bathans, who is about to proceed to the front. Hocken Collection. 1917 Nov-16 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Correspondence was read from Mr P. McCarthy, Secretary of St Bathans Medical Club, respecting the retirement of Dr Griffen, who has enlisted for the front, and Dr. Byres, who is suggested as his successor. - Received. Hocken Collection. 1918 Jan-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board "The treasurer acknowledged receipt of quaterly list of subscribers of St Bathans subscribers to Medical Aid Club."

Hocken Collection. 1918 Jan-18 Mt Ida Chronicle For many years this district has been immune from the outbreak of any infectious disease. Furing the week two cases have been reported - viz. One of scarlet fever at Cambrian and the other of typhoid fever at Wedderburn. It is to be hoped a liberal use if [of] disenfectant will confine the cases referred to to their place of origin. Hocken Collection. 1918 Jan-25 Mt Ida Chronicle The District Health Officer visited the district this week in connection with the two fever cases referred to in last issue. Hocken Collection. 1918 Feb-08 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Mr. P. McCarthy, secretary to the St Bathans Medical Club, wrote respecting the date of commencement of Dr. Byre's salary, the latter stating that his salary commenced from the 11th October, the date on which his services were accepted by the Committee of the Club. The secretary stated that Dr Griffen, the resident practitioner, did not leave the district until a month afterwards. he, the secretary, hoped the Board would be prepared to pay one month's salary to Dr Byres. / Moved by Mr Nicolson, and seconded by Mr Lowis - That the secretary to the Medical Club at St Bathans be requested to make arrangements with the subscribers in that district to raise the sum of 9 pounds 1s 10d, which this Board will recommend for subsidy at 24s in the pound. Should this proposal prove unsatisfactory, the clerk be requested to obtain the opinion or advice of the Hon. the Minister of Hospital sin the matter. - Carried. Hocken Collection. 1918 Mar-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board In the inward correspndence a letter was received from the secretary of the Buller Hospital and Charitable Aid Board forwading the follwing resolution which was unanimously carried at arecent meeting. - That the secretary write to the Minister of Hospitals suggesting that the time is now ripe for the nationalising of the medical profession in New Zealand, and this Board feels sure that public opinion will support him in any endeavour he puts forward to that end; also we feel sure that the nationalisation should not be in any way like the English inisurance scheme. Hocken Collection. 1918 Mar-15 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Moved by Mr Inder, and seconded by Mr Nicolson - That the members of St Bathans Medical Aid having complied with the resolution of the Board dated 6th February, and forwarded the sum of 9 pounds 1s 10d, the clerk forward same for Government subsidy, and on receipt of same the amount be paid over to Dr Byres. - Carried. Hocken Collection. 1918 Apr-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board [Mr. C. J Inder - occupied the position of chairman on the Hospital Board since it's creation. Re-elected. ] // Received. - The secretary of the St Bathans Medical Club wrote respecting list of subscribers and other matters in connection with the club. Hocken Collection. 1918 Jun-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Received.- The secretary of the St Bathans Medical Club forwarded a list of subscriptions. Hocken Collection. 1918 Nov-22 Mt Ida Chronicle Notice about influenza issued by Public Health Department, New Zealand, with list of precautions and warnings. Hocken Collection. 1918 Nov-29 Mt Ida Chronicle The Hospital Board has received an inhaler from the Health Department, and it will be ready for public use as soon as a room can be secrued and arrangements made. / The A. And P. Association are holding a meeting on Saturday afternoon to consider whether they should pospone the show owing to the influenza epidemic. / Owing to instructions from the Chief Health Officer, the meeting of the Maniototo County Council, arranged for next week, will not take place till further notice. Hocken Collection. 1918 Dec-06 Mt Ida Chronicle The influenza epidemic has not assumed a virulent form in the district, and although there are still several severe cases it seems to be dying out. Dr Griffen acted as locum tenens during Dr Lillie's indisposition. He left yesterday. An inhaling chamber has been open in naseby during the week, but it does not seem tobe a very popular institution. Hocken Collection. 1918 Dec-13 Mt Ida Chronicle With the passing of another week the influenza epidemic seems to have practicall died out in this district. No doubt the cold weather (although unreasonable) with occasional showers ahs acted as a powerful disinfectant. Maniototo escaped with as light a visitation of the scourge as any district in the Dominion. Nearly all the serious cases were 'imported'. Hocken Collection. 1919 Feb-14 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Dr. Griffen wrote tendering his resignation as medical officer of St Bathans cottage hospital, and thanking the Board for he goodwill always extended to him during his term of office. - Received., Hocken Collection. 1919 Mar-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Dr Griffen, L. R., C. P. E., etc., late of St. Bathans, has taken the degree of M. B., C. L. B., N. Z. Hocken Collection. 1919 Mar-21 Mt Ida Chronicle A case of scarlet fever in the St. Bathans district has recently been notified. Hocken Collection. 1919 Apr-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board The medical practitioner, St Bathans, reported three cases of scarlet fever in the district.- Received. Hocken Collection. 1919 Jun-04 Mt Ida Chronicle St. Bathans. Death of Miss Vera McConnochie, age of 35, after 'long illness'. No mention of doctor.

Hocken Collection. 1919 Aug-01 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby A case of influenza has been received into the hospital. The patient is from the St Bathans district. Hocken Collection. 1920 Jan-09 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The Hospital Committee meeting on Tuesday evening was not attended by a quorum. It was decided by those present (Messrs Parker and Hore) to recommend the accounts to the Board for payment, and to appoint Miss E. Paterson, Waipiata, a probationer. Hocken Collection. 1920 Jan-16 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Full report, no mention of St Bathans Hocken Collection. 1920 Jan-30 Mt Ida Chronicle New Painless For many years - in fact, ever since anaesthetics were brought into general use, one of the aims of surgical scientists has been the discovery of omse method of operating Surgery painlessly without rednering the patient unonscious by the inhalations of either ether or chloroform. According to the 'Sunday Times,' this disideratum is now an accomplished fact, a asystem based on the use of phenol having been successfully employed by the surgeons at the chief millitary hospital in Milan for some thousands of operations, among which were over 300 on the lungs, performed by Professor Bruschi of Como The proposed line of incision is marked with phenol (carbolic acid) by dipping a sterilised scalpel into this liquid, and using the back of the point of the scalpel as a marker. After the lapse of a few seconds, the scalpel is again dipped into athe phenol, and the tissues are cut with a slow and gentle up and down movement similar to that used in sawing. hat happens is that a film of phenol is folrmed ont he blade when it is immersed, and this anaesthetises the tissues, as they are cut. Frequent dippings are necessary to maintain te film, which is rubbed off by contact with the tissues or washed Hocken Collection. away by blood 1920 Feb-06 Mt Ida Chronicle DEPARTMENT Notice of closure for all schools, public and private as precaution in influenza outbreak. OF PUBLIC HEALTH, HOSPITALS AND CHARITABLE AID Hocken Collection. 1920 Feb-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Minutes of monthly meeting. Committee Hocken Collection. 1920 Feb-27 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby There are a good many cases of influenza in the district at present. Fortunately, the outbreak is not of a very severe type. Hocken Collection. 1920 Mar-05 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Minutes of monthly meeting. Committee Hocken Collection. 1920 Mar-19 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Minutes of meeting. No mention of St Bathans. "The inward correspondence in a great measure consisted of circulars containing instructions from the Public Health Department as to the nature of the precautionary measures to be taken in the event of a recrudescence of influenza together with the arrangements to be made for the equipment of a temporary hospital should it be required. Ialso stated that reparations were made for the supply of vaccine for the innoculation of persons desiring it." Hocken Collection. 1920 May-21 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The Hospital Board wants tenders for the purchase of property in St Bathans. - See Advt. // In the Estate of Frank Eagle, late of St Bathans - purchase of property in St Bathans, buildings on section 6, Block I, Town of St Bathans Hocken Collection. 1920 Jun-04 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Inspector De Roo, the district inspector of public health, has just concluded a tour of Central Otago. He found the present influenza epidemic more severe in the Cromwell and Alexandra end than down here, but all over the district the disease has generally taken a milk dorm - more in the mnature of a severe cold. He also investigated a suspected case of small pox in the Hills Creek district, but forunately it turned out to be a type of children's scab disease. Hocken Collection. 1920 Jun-11 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The Hospital Board accepted the tender of Mr Joseph McDevitt for the purchase of the porperty of the late Mr F. Eagle, St. Bathans, for the sum of 21 pounds. Hocken Collection. 1920 Aug-06 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Dr Lillie resigning: "Dr Lille added that the had arranged with Dr James Brugh to act as locum tenens during this three months notice and had arranged for a qualified man to Committee act during the short interval before Dr Brugh's arrival (Dr Lille leaves next Tuesday). Hocken Collection. 1920 Aug-13 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board Tender for St Bathans property (F. Eagle) withdrawn. Hocken Collection. 1920 Aug-27 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Dr Brugh is at present acting as medical superintendent of the hospital, and will continue to act in that capacity until a successor to Dr Lillie is appointed. Hocken Collection. 1920 Nov-12 Mt Ida Chronicle Hospital Board The Chairman stated that as this was the expiring meeting of the Board he would take the opportunity of thanking the members for the unvarying kindness and support given to him as chairman…[end of hospital board?] [ans - no, report in december issue] Hocken Collection. 1920 Dec-17 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby Up to the present there has been no appointment of a permanent medical officer for the district, but we understand a couple of inquiries about the practice have been received by the Board. The St. Bathans end of the district has been rather more fortunate in its efforts, Dr. Ross Collier having been appointed. Hocken Collection. 1921 Jul-08 Mt Ida Chronicle Naseby The second case was that of M. Webb, of St. Bathans. He was rabbit shooting on Thursday with a repeating rifle and wile loading the magazine something must have caught the trigger and the rigle went off, the bullet tearing the flesh on the inside of the centre fingers of the right hand. He was very fortuante to escape so lightly. Hocken Collection. APPENDIX 2.4 Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 1 1 colourless opalescence bottle frags 1 1 0 2.42 unidentified bottle unidentified unidentified SBCH 1 2 colourless (aqua green tinge) normal bottle bd 1 1 oval c/s yes unidentified SBCH 3 1 colourless opalescence bottle frags 1 3 0.51 unidentified bottle Nil unidentified SBCH 3 2 aqua blue - medium light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 1 3 1 58.61 unidentified bottle yes machine unidentified SBCH 4 1 aqua blue - light normal bottle cmpl 1 4 1 105.68 oval c/s 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval+T34 mould with cup bottom SBCH 4 2 colourless normal bottle cmpl 1 4 1 440.91 wide mouth milk bottle yes 2 piece foodways non-alcoholic ro dcc ro mould beverage? See with cup notes bottom SBCH 5 1 amber brown - medium normal bottle bd 1 5 1 15.29 unidentified bottle unidentified SBCH 5 2 olive green - medium normal bottle bd/bs 10 3 x (5), 3 x 1 156.92 round c/s unidentified ro kcm ro (16), 3 x (11), 1 x (1), 1 x (24), 1 x (23) SBCH 5 3 emerald forest green slightly bottle bd 1 5 1 55.61 round c/s unidentified opalescent SBCH 5 4 forest green - medium normal bottle bd 5 1 x (23), 2 x 1 round c/s unidentified (5) , 2 x (28) SBCH 5 5 forest green - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 16 11 x (5), 3 x 1 307.11 ring seal wine/beer (small) yes foodways alcoholic ro dft ro (1), 3 x (2) beverage

SBCH 5 6 colourless (aqua green tinge) slightly rust bottle f/s/sh/bd/bs 5 4 x (5), 1 x 1 102.55 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval (round stained (11) mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 5 7 colourless (straw tinge) slight bottle bd 10 8 x (5), 1 x 1 111.39 torpedo yes foodways non-alcoholic opalescence (1), 1 x (16) beverage

SBCH 5 8 colourless normal jar bd/bs 3 2 x (5), 1 x 1 64.54 jar foodways food storage ro ft ro (11),

SBCH 5 9 colourless opalescence fragment frags 2 5 3.8 unidentified unidentified (one fragment) SBCH 5 10 colourless (amethyst tinge) normal bottle cmpl 1 5 1 88.85 rectangular bevelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified dcc blake varient pharmaceutical mould 1 with cup bottom SBCH 5 11 amber brown - dark normal bottle cmpl 1 5 1 17.44 oval c/s pill vial yes 2 piece pharmaceutical contents ro dcc oval mould unknown with cup bottom SBCH 5 13 grass green - medium light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 7 5 x (5), 1 x 1 116.82 ring seal wine/beer foodways alcoholic (11), 1 x (1) beverage

SBCH 5 12 grass green - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 23 3 x (24), 20 1 940.36 round c/s yes unidentified ab kdo ro x (5) SBCH 5 14 colourless normal lamp r/bd 2 1 x (5), 1 x 1 5.32 lamp yes furnishing? lighting? (11) SBCH 11 1 red - dark normal window bd 28 14 x (11), 1 91.67 window pane structural window glass 12 x (5), 2 x (16) SBCH 11 2 grass green - medium normal bottle bd 1 11 1 4.76 unidentified bottle unidentified SBCH 11 3 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 16 9 x (11), 1 x 1 229.5 square sectioned bevelled yes pharmaceutical contents ab dft french square (12), 6 x unknown (13)

SBCH 11 4 colourless (yellow green tinge) normal bottle bd/bs 16 13 x (11), 2 1 98.87 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval (round x (13), 1 x mould corned blake) (24) with cup bottom SBCH 11 5 colourless (aqua green tinge) normal bottle bs 1 11 1 24.64 oval c/s yes 2 piece unidentified ro dft oval mould with cup bottom SBCH 11 6 colourless normal bottle bd 2 11 4.95 unidentified bottle yes unidentified SBCH 11 7 colourless opalescence fragment bd 1 11 3.29 unidentified unidentified Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

Site Bag No Sub-bag Seams Pontil Other Features Top profile Bore profile Finish method Other Features Neck form Shoulder form Body profile Body c-sect MG Marks MG seams marks SBCH 1 1 SBCH 1 2 st ov nil vb SBCH 3 1 SBCH 3 2 taper up bu machine st nil vn SBCH 4 1 hh nil square/cross mamelon flange square st pressed flanged Closed rectangle seam on neck, carrying on up from front tus cv st ov nil vbs embossed panel, horizontal closure under rim

SBCH 4 2 hh bare iron Embossed: H flat st tooled gto Seams don't seem to extend into finish tu ro st ro nil vbsn

SBCH 5 1 st nil SBCH 5 2 mamelon cv st ro turn-b

SBCH 5 3 cc cv ro nil

SBCH 5 4 st ro

SBCH 5 5 sand straight//flat st applied tooled tu cv st ro turn-b vn

SBCH 5 6 hh nil possible cross mark on base flange square bi tooled ground tus hz/ro st rt nil vbsn rounded

SBCH 5 7 cc cv ovoid ro nil vbsn

SBCH 5 8 hh nil heel slightly higher than base, st ro turn - b vbs which extends outwards, slightly rounded. SBCH 5 9

SBCH 5 10 hh nil none flange square st tooled ground Grooves on inner and outer surface of finish. Concentric st hz/ro st blake varient nil vbsn flat circles on top of finish. Air bubbles in glass. 1

SBCH 5 11 hh nil embossed: WELLCOME/ bead st applied one st hz st oval nil vbsn CHEMIWORKS around 100 in piece tooled centre

SBCH 5 13 straight/flat/trail st applied tooled turn marks on lip st cv st ro wrench-n nil

SBCH 5 12 nil nil none taper-up st applied tooled Regular pitted texture on finish glass. st ro st ro turn -n, turn - hn/vn b SBCH 5 14

SBCH 11 1

SBCH 11 2 SBCH 11 3 hh unidentified single line running vertically flange square st tooled ground st ro st sq nil vbs through embossed mark. Makers flared mark WTO, next line R or B, bottom line USA SBCH 11 4 hh unidentified faint circular mark on base st rt nil vb(sn)

SBCH 11 5 hh nil embossed: N/ L?.../ A...

SBCH 11 6 st vb SBCH 11 7 Bag Id Dimensions

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 1 1 32.05 (F) 24.44 SBCH 1 2 >60.14 (F) >36.16 (F) SBCH 3 1 20.37 (F) 17.21 (F) SBCH 3 2 >97.20 (F) 26.71 (F) 22.17 >97.20 20.29 13.82 SBCH 4 1 embossed: POISONOUS/ NOT TO BE TAKEN. Vertical ribbing on either side of lettering, with 143.55 53.21 5.46 27.19 22.8 11.21 5.38 34.22 shorter indent on right hand side

SBCH 4 2 embossed: III above base 191.02 77.42 10.5 53.23 47.14 35.52 7.57 77.42 77.42

SBCH 5 1 embossed: DUNED[IN]... 50.75 29.8 SBCH 5 2 c. 80 >32.26 c. 100

SBCH 5 3 105.73 46.17

SBCH 5 4 Verticle grain on neck fragment, label residue on neck

SBCH 5 5 air bubbles >276.79 60.86 14.46 >58.15 26.4 18.53 7.3 60.86

SBCH 5 6 Seams on neck fade below finish and turn anticlockwise at tip. Seams diagonal across shoulder. 131.99 52.91 5.28 25.8 24.36 13.02 4.75 52.91 29.65 Shoulder has slight convex curve to it, but still characterised at hz to be consistent. Embossed mark on one short side at base M in circle with 4 to the right.

SBCH 5 7 embossed: ...T. HOT...//NAT... 168.74 (F) 57.85 (F)

SBCH 5 8 72.89(F) 54.87(F) 4.4 56.18

SBCH 5 9 21.18 (F) 21.94

SBCH 5 10 Oval concentric ripple feature base of back panel. Unsure what. Relatively large airbubbles in 116.55 4.41 5.48 23.79 21.89 12.9 4.9 43.29 26.81 glass

SBCH 5 11 50.71 26.15 3.9 12.66 19.79 9.85 1.6 26.15 17.84

SBCH 5 13 Ripple effect/texture to body glass >130.4 (F) 78.67 (F) 13.62 66.01 28.51 18.99

SBCH 5 12 320 117.13 15.74 48.79 27.45 18.14 22 117.13 N/A

SBCH 5 14

SBCH 11 1

SBCH 11 2 embossed: ...AN... 27.37 (F) 29.65 SBCH 11 3 embossed:R. CONN/ DRUGGIST/ DUNEDIN/ N. Z,/integrated RC in center/mortar and pestle c. 188.1 58.44 6.66 33.95 33.89 16.79 6.07 58.44 58.84

SBCH 11 4 91.63 9.33 52.29 31.89

SBCH 11 5 25.28 (F) 10.08 38.53

SBCH 11 6 40.44 (F) 18.83 (F) SBCH 11 7 26.37 (F) 21.08 (F) Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 1 1 SBCH 1 2 Relatively thick glass. SBCH 3 1 SBCH 3 2 SBCH 4 1

SBCH 4 2 ID'd as milk bottle. Could instead be wide mouth pickle jar

SBCH 5 1 SBCH 5 2

SBCH 5 3 Heavily scratched fragment. Thick glass, c. 5.9mm

SBCH 5 4 Label residue on neck.

SBCH 5 5 probably dip mould

SBCH 5 6 See notes on seams for middle glass. Embossed makers mark - looked up in Toulouse, no luck. Smith mentions cup bottom in context of machine mould. Always the case? Would appear to have hand tooled finish. Possible to mistake machine made finish for tooled? SBCH 5 7 Need to look up Hamish Williams Thesis - for embossed marks, ID etc. No idea on manufacture type - look up manufacture of torpedo bottles?

SBCH 5 8 Unsure if fragments belong together. Seam on middle glass fragment not reflected on middle glass of base fragment.

SBCH 5 9

SBCH 5 10

SBCH 5 11 WELLCOME Pharmaceutica Company and Trust. Some information on the internet about the company. Could probably find more about the types of remedies and containers they produced. Look into it.

SBCH 5 13 Mould blown? No seams present on shoulder or body frags, but shoulder may be due to wrench marks having wiped seams off glass. Finish fairly crude

SBCH 5 12 Re=visit for shape. Like Black Beer, but not. Unsure what to call it other than freaking huge bottle. SBCH 5 14 embossed star. Thin, like acme lamps, no sign of that brand.

SBCH 11 1 Completely flat glass, c. 1.93mm

SBCH 11 2 SBCH 11 3 Unsure on shape/type of bottle shape - Panels arch at top, see sketch. Side seams fade on neck. Concentric circles visible on finish.

SBCH 11 4 Straw tinge to glass. Indicating presence of selenium/arsenic, and manufacture date of post 1910

SBCH 11 5 Vertical seam on side, joining with cup bottom. Extra seam on bottom, not in line with cup bottom mould seam.

SBCH 11 6 Likely belongs with another vessel - just don't know which. SBCH 11 7 Curved seam/mark on outer surface Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 11 8 aqua green - light normal bottle bd/bs 16 6 x (11), 4 x 1 334.19 round c/s 3 piece unidentified ab ft ro (5), 4 x dip (27), 2 x mould (24) SBCH 11 9 emerald aqua green - medium light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 12 4 x (11), 1 x 1 124.41 crown top beer yes machine foodways alcoholic (26) beverage SBCH 11 10 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 3 3 x (11) 1 29.09 lozenge shaped pill yes machine pharmaceutical unidentified ro dcc oval

SBCH 11 11 amber brown - dark normal bottle cmpl 1 11 1 103.77 wide mouthed bovril bottle yes machine foodways food storage? ro dcc handy

SBCH 11 12 colourless (aqua green tinge) normal bottle cmpl 1 11 1 151.19 rectangular pharmaceutical Yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 11 13 aqua green - light normal bottle cmpl 1 11 1 58.25 ink bottle, squat, octagonal Yes 2 piece personal stationary ab dft octagonal c/s mould polygon with cup bottom SBCH 11 14 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 2 11 1 23.29 cylindrical vial yes 2 piece Uncertain - pharm or ab dft ro mould personal with cup bottom SBCH 11 15 amber - medium normal ampule bd 1 11 1 0.73 ampule medical treatment SBCH 11 16 aqua green - light normal bottle f/n/sh 3 2 x (11), 1 x 1 round c/s yes unidentifi unidentified (28) ed SBCH 12 1 colourless normal tumbler r/bd 1 12 1 220.3 panelled water tumbler foodways food/beverage service SBCH 12 2 colourless (aqua green tinge) normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 3 3 x (12) 1 101.52 ink bottle, squat, round c/s yes two piece personal stationary ro dft ro mould with unidentifi ed bottom

SBCH 12 3 aqua green - light normal bottle cmpl 1 12 1 98.06 thin cylindrical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical patent/propriet ab ft ro mould ary with cup bottom SBCH 12 4 olive green - dark (black) normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 3 12 1 701.98 black beer yes 3 piece foodways alcoholic ab kdo ro dip beverage mould SBCH 12 5 colourless (straw tinge) normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 1 12 1 118.43 round c/s yes 3 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc ro dip mould SBCH 12 6 colourless residue microsco near cmpl (incl coverslip) 2 12 1 4.44 microscope slide medical diagnosis pe slide SBCH 13 1 aqua blue - medium light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 39 2 X (12), 3 1045.46 oval c/s yes 4 piece pharmaceutical contents ab dcc oval 25 x (13), mould unknown 11 X (5), 1 x with cup (4) bottom SBCH 13 2 colourless normal bottle bs 1 13 1 6.01 rectangular pharmaceutical yes pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round corned blake)

SBCH 13 3 colourless normal unidentifi bs 6 13 1 86.78 unidentified unidentified unidentified ab dcc ro ed SBCH 13 4 colourless normal bottle cmpl 1 13 1 52.78 cylindrical vial yes 2 piece Uncertain - pharm or ab dft ro mould personal with cup bottom SBCH 13 5 colourless normal tube bd 1 13 1 4.55 tube medical preparation SBCH 13 6 colourless normal stirring shaft 1 13 1 3.08 rod medical preparation rod? Thermom eter? SBCH 16 1 amber brown - medium normal bottle f/n/bd 11 2 x (27), 8 x 1 155.59 crown top beer yes machine foodways alcoholic (16) mould beverage SBCH 16 2 colourless normal bottle cmpl 1 16 1 23.04 rectangular vial, panelled with yes machine personal cosmetic ro dft oval (round ring on neck corned blake)

SBCH 16 3 sea green - medium normal bottle bd/bs 14 9 x (16), 5 x 2 186.2 rectangular pharmaceutical yes pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round (27) corned blake)

SBCH 16 4 colourless normal bottle bd 4 4 x (16) 1 105.67 round c/s yes unidentified unidentified Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

Site Bag No Sub-bag Seams Pontil Other Features Top profile Bore profile Finish method Other Features Neck form Shoulder form Body profile Body c-sect MG Marks MG seams marks SBCH 11 8 nil nil embossed mark: KCB with C ro st ro wrench-n vsn/hs intertwined between K and B. Number 7745 underneath. Small mamelon SBCH 11 9 crown bu machine Seams extend into lip. tu cv st ro nil vn/hn

SBCH 11 10 hh nil embossed: 3324 screw external bu machine cap attached st ro st/ro oval nil vbsn

SBCH 11 11 vh/tf/cb nil embossed: H/I thin/flat//indent st machine st ro st/ro handy nil vbsn

SBCH 11 12 hh nil ripple in glass on base. flange square st tooled gft Seams on neck fade at base of neck st hz st rt nil vbsn

SBCH 11 13 hh nil circular indent straight st ground flat Seams extend right to top, no lip or finish as such. st ro st octagonal nil vbsn polygon

SBCH 11 14 hh nil flange curved up st tooled flanged None st ro st ro nil vbsn

SBCH 11 15 SBCH 11 16 angle/flat bi applied one st ro ro wrench-n nil piece tooled SBCH 12 1 td ro nil nil

SBCH 12 2 hh? unidentified bead/ring on heel, vb seams fade flange square bi flanged lip uneven st ro st ro nil vb/hs at juncture of ring and body.

SBCH 12 3 hh nil Embossed mark: L & T flange square bi tooled gft Seams don't seem to extend into finish st ro st ro nil vbsn

SBCH 12 4 nil pimple/bare flat/v/skirt st applied tooled turn marks on lip cv ro td ro wrench-n hs/vsn iron pontil mark SBCH 12 5 nil nil embossed: 4 OZ flange square st flanged st ro st ro nil hs/vsn

SBCH 12 6

SBCH 13 1 cup bottom nil embossed: Y C Co inside irregular bead/v/angle bi applied one turn marks on lip tus ro st ov wrench-n vbsn/hs hexagon divided into three (see piece tooled sketch)

SBCH 13 2 cup bottom nil embossed: partial, unidentified

SBCH 13 3 nil

SBCH 13 4 hh nil flange square st tooled flanged None st ro st ro nil vbsn

SBCH 13 5 SBCH 13 6

SBCH 16 1 crown st machine tu cv st ro nil vbsnf

SBCH 16 2 cup bottom screw external, with bead st gr? rd, tu hz with tp st rt pitting vbs panels on two sides SBCH 16 3 nil Air bubbles st rt nil vb

SBCH 16 4 st ro nil vb Bag Id Dimensions

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 11 8 182.00 (F) 63.63 12.13 37.51 26.89 15.24 7.34 63.63 63.63

SBCH 11 9 Possibly seams on middle, but incomplete > 97.30 (F) >67.10 (F) 20.84 83.82 >25.78 (F) >17.88 (F)

SBCH 11 10 embossed: ...RSCALL.... 70.08 >47.51 (F) 23.06 20.2 4.27 18.92 19.47

SBCH 11 11 embossedd: 2 oz/ BOVRIL/ LIMITED on both rounded sides 77.52 61.02 8.49 33.38 35.34 24.97 8.19 35.17 25.94 (indent diameter) SBCH 11 12 131.78 54.31 5.04 23.49 27.14 12.87 11.45 52.2 31.56

SBCH 11 13 53.45 42.98 18.44 17.9 13.39 8.48 42.98

SBCH 11 14 76.4 23.49 3.41 19.94 18.23 10.06 21.71

SBCH 11 15 SBCH 11 16 >58.27 22.57 44.12 33.58 20.58

SBCH 12 1 Straight panels, c. 17.5 - 17 mm, with rounded tops, tapering down all around body of glass. >102.85 (F) 78.49 78.49 71.16

SBCH 12 2 same rounded bead/ring on shoulder as on heel, vb seams run through this. 76.57 61.01 5.29 24.74 26.66 15.71 5.49 60.45

SBCH 12 3 embossed: ST JACOBS OIL 145.11 38.41 5.75 24 23.65 14.26 nil 38.41

SBCH 12 4 309.09 84.74 25.01 95.39 28.83 21.28 21.06 74.9 74.9

SBCH 12 5 94.48 54.77 5.57 24.33 23.89 12.67 52.25

SBCH 12 6

SBCH 13 1 embossed: JAMES REID/ CHEMIST/ DUNEDIN 216.5 90.6 13.9 31.67 32.06 19.62 13.03 92.26 57.51

SBCH 13 2 10.43 (F) 35.61 (F) 5.72

SBCH 13 3 >44.22 (F) 71.97 8.08 71.97

SBCH 13 4 87.89 34.6 3.32 18.88 19.64 11.52 6.03 34.6

SBCH 13 5 SBCH 13 6

SBCH 16 1 embossed: THIS REGIS[TERED].../ THE SO.../... ON NEW ZEALAND BR.../ ...CH A DE... within >130 17 26.21 16.45 frame. SBCH 16 2 verticle ribbing on body, three sides. One panel indented 52.41 28.06 14.71 11.22 7.33 28.1 16.33

SBCH 16 3 air bubblues 67.76 (F) 70.65 8.74 70.65 44.12

SBCH 16 4 , 70.19(F) 60.96 Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 11 8 Some pieces questionable. Relocated top originally allocated to this bottle to 16G5. Need to research embossed mark.

SBCH 11 9

SBCH 11 10 Top dimensions taken with metal cap still on, hence lack of lip and bore dimensions. Base diameter difficult to get, given rounded base - took it as embossed/moulded bit. See sketch SBCH 11 11

SBCH 11 12

SBCH 11 13 Textured glass, kind of marbled/pitted, crude finish. See photograph.

SBCH 11 14 Similar in shape to 26G13. Perfume vial?

SBCH 11 15 SBCH 11 16

SBCH 12 1 Originally thought went with 13G3, but base too big to fit tapered down body of glass. Made up shape name. SBCH 12 2

SBCH 12 3 Some rust on glass.

SBCH 12 4

SBCH 12 5 identified as pharmaceutical by 4oz on base, suggesting it carried something needing to me measured. Could, alternatively, been food related.

SBCH 12 6

SBCH 13 1 Wrench/turn marks on neck, incl. concentric circles on applied finish. Unsure of date range. Uneven line in glass on top of rim of finish - sign of applied glass, or sign of tooling? Confused.

SBCH 13 2 Likely goes with one of the clear tops - can't tell which.

SBCH 13 3 Could be base of bottle, tumbler or jar. Can't tell which. Rust stained, relatively thick glass. Colourless glass, ro heel. SBCH 13 4

SBCH 13 5 86mm length, 8.9m diameter, hollow, broken at both ends. No base. SBCH 13 6 24.3mm length, c. 8. in diameter. Melted. Top of rod - may have been stirring rod.

SBCH 16 1 THIS REGIS(TERED), THE SOL-, -ON NEW ZEALAND BR-, -CH A DE-

SBCH 16 2 Nail polish bottle. Brush still inside, with some residue. Would have had screw cap - missing.

SBCH 16 3 Unsure about mould marks

SBCH 16 4 Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 16 5 aqua green - light opalescence bottle bd/bs 19 6 x (11), 5 X 1 196.66 round c/s yes machine unidentified ro kdo ro (one (5), 10 X fragment) (16)

SBCH 16 6 colourless normal bottle bd 2 2 x (16) 1 42.74 hexagonal yes unidentified

SBCH 16 7 colourless normal bottle bd/bs 6 2 x (5), 4 x 1 27.66 round c/s yes unidentified ab dcc ro (16) SBCH 16 8 colourless (straw tinge) normal jar r/bd 5 4 x (16), 1 x 1 122.4 wide mouth jar yes foodways food storage (11)

SBCH 18 1 amber - medium normal ampule bd/n 1 18 1 4.94 torpedo medical treatment SBCH 18 2 amber brown - medium normal ampule bd/n/head 1 18 1 4.95 torpedo medical treatment SBCH 18 3 amber brown - medium normal ampule bd/n 1 18 1 4.9 torpedo medical treatment SBCH 18 4 colourless normal tube bd 1 18 1 2.63 flat base cylinder medical preparation SBCH 18 5 colourless normal syringe near cmpl 1 18 1 37.83 syringe tube medical treatment SBCH 19 1 colourless normal syringe top/shaft 1 19 1 14.86 plunger medical treatment SBCH 20 1 colourless normal thermom near cmpl 1 20 1 3.95 thermometer medical diagnosis eter SBCH 21 1 colourless normal stopper cmpl 1 21 8.09 stopper Yes pharmaceutical ?

SBCH 21 2 aqua green - light normal stopper cmpl 1 21 14.41 stoppper Yes pharmaceutical ?

SBCH 21 3 amber brown - medium normal ampule bd 1 21 1 3.55 torpedo medical treatment SBCH 21 4 colourless normal tube? bs 1 21 1 0.16 unidentified medical preparation SBCH 21 5 colourless normal bottle bd/n 1 21 1 1.45 cylindrical vial unidentified

SBCH 21 6 colourless normal tube- bd 1 21 1 0.07 tube medical preparation pipette SBCH 22 1 amber - medium normal ampule bd/n 1 22 1 13.62 torpedo nil ? medical treatment SBCH 22 2 amber - medium normal ampule bd/n/head 1 22 1 4.44 torpedo nil ? medical treatment SBCH 22 3 amber - medium normal test tube shaft 1 22 1 1.61 tube nil ? medical preparation

SBCH 22 4 colourless discoloured tube bd/bs 1 22 1 0.75 tube medical preparation

SBCH 23 1 colourless (amethyst tinge) normal bottle bd 1 23 1 7.87 round c/s yes unidentified SBCH 24 1 amber - medium normal bottle f/n/sh 3 1 x (26), 1 x 1 round c/s nil unidentified (24) SBCH 24 2 amber - medium normal bottle bd/bs 9 24 1 round c/s yes unidentifi pharmaceutical ethical ab dft ro ed SBCH 24 3 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 6 4 x (24), 1 x 1 32.96 rectangular pharmaceutical yes pharmaceutical unidentified (1), 1 x (26)

SBCH 24 4 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 6 3 x (24), 1 x 1 51.01 wide mouth squat round yes 3 piece foodways storage ab ro (11), 1 x (1) dip mould SBCH 26 1 cobalt blue normal bottle sh/bd/bs 6 2 x 26, 1 x 1 141.5 round c/s yes unidentified ab ro (5), 1 x (11), 1 x (3), 1 x (23)

SBCH 26 2 amber - medium normal bottle bd 1 26 1 13.18 oval c/s yes unidentified unidentified SBCH 26 3 forest green - dark normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 8 7 x (26), 1 x 1 412.66 beer yes foodways alcoholic ro kcm ro (3) beverage

SBCH 26 4 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 13 26 1 104.4 rectangular panelled on side yes pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc blake varient 1

SBCH 26 5 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 12 5 X (26), 2 x 2 84.48 rectangular panelled ring on yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified (24), 1 x neck mould (27), 1 x (13), 3 x (28) SBCH 26 6 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 1 26 1 16.93 oval c/s yes 2 piece uncertain - foodways food storage? mould or pharmaceutical Condiment?

SBCH 26 7 colourless normal bottle bd 1 26 2.13 unidentified bottle yes unidentified unidentified SBCH 26 8 colourless normal fragment frag 17 26 ? 2.91 unidentified Nil unidentified unidentified Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

SBCH 16 6 cv (irregular) st hx nil nil

SBCH 16 7 hh nil embossed: ...ET... st ro nil

SBCH 16 8 bead st moulded st ro st ro nil hsvb

SBCH 18 1 SBCH 18 2 SBCH 18 3 SBCH 18 4 SBCH 18 5 SBCH 19 1 SBCH 20 1

SBCH 21 1 vertical seams

SBCH 21 2 horizontal seams on flat top

SBCH 21 3 SBCH 21 4 SBCH 21 5

SBCH 21 6

SBCH 22 1 SBCH 22 2 SBCH 22 3

SBCH 22 4

SBCH 23 1 ro SBCH 24 1 flange rounded st flanged turn marks tus cv ro turn-n

SBCH 24 2 hh nil embossed: MARTIN H SMITH/ st ro nil vb CHEMISTS/ NEW YORK SBCH 24 3 flange square st flanged st hz/ro st rt N/V vbsnf (diagonal on shoulder) SBCH 24 4 hh nil flange square st flanged Short verticle cracks in glass on bore side of finish, at cv ro st ro nil hs/vs bottom edge. Glass bulges slightly outwards on outer surface, just below finish. SBCH 26 1 hh cv st ro vbs

SBCH 26 2 st ov N/V vb SBCH 26 3 mamelon taper up/skirt st applied one tus ro st ro wrench-n vsn piece tooled

SBCH 26 4 cup bottom horizontal Indented rectangle, faint circular flange square st flanged Verticle cracks in finish st hz st rt turn-n vbsn line with mark on base ripples in circle surrounding SBCH 26 5 nil flange square bi flanged Distinctive seam/ridge under finish on outer surface, st hz st rt wrench-n vbsn showing application of additional glass.

SBCH 26 6 bead st pfoo Imperfections in glass on inner suface of finish st cv/hz st ov vbsn

SBCH 26 7 st N/A vb SBCH 26 8 N/A N/A Bag Id Dimensions

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 16 5 >142.51 (F) 70.94 11.86 37.87 26.83 15.19 >12.28 70.94

SBCH 16 6 embossed: C. M. B.../ THIS BO[TTLE].../ USED B...//REGd DESIG[N].../...8449 INDIA...ribbing 95.78 (F) 63.98 (F) on shoulder, c. 8mm in width, curving vertically. SBCH 16 7 48.35(F) 48.21(F) 7.69 (F)

SBCH 16 8 large bubble in body glass 94.96 (F) 77.35 (F) 5.14 19.11

SBCH 18 1 SBCH 18 2 SBCH 18 3 SBCH 18 4 SBCH 18 5 SBCH 19 1 SBCH 20 1

SBCH 21 1 23.5 23.03 (top), 6.4 9. 64 (stem)

SBCH 21 2 33.79 25.27 (top), 6.98 12.1 (stem)

SBCH 21 3 SBCH 21 4 SBCH 21 5

SBCH 21 6

SBCH 22 1 SBCH 22 2 SBCH 22 3

SBCH 22 4

SBCH 23 1 embossed: BR, large K 37.92 (F) 47.85 (F) SBCH 24 1 35.7 91.72 6.23 35 46.55 25

SBCH 24 2 embossed panel on one half of body 140.08 (RF) 71.67 12.46 71.81

SBCH 24 3 57.68 (F) 50.7 4.89 24.32 25.96 12.54

SBCH 24 4 68.35 (F) 49.21 4.27 - 5.98 18.71 38.02 27.5

SBCH 26 1 142.4 65

SBCH 26 2 air bubbles 56.21 50.55 SBCH 26 3 seam on neck reaches to base of lip. Base: 71.61, 91.25 22.91 49.24 27.79 19.51 61.72 91.55 Top: 64.40

SBCH 26 4 124 41.71 5.18 31.35 20.09 12.4 8.56 41.71 21.84

SBCH 26 5 Seams fade on neck, below finish. Ring on neck, c 1500 below lip. 4.59mm in height. 96.16 (F) 44.68 (F) 5.99 37.32 25.31 10.88

SBCH 26 6 seam extends to lip, then turned away. 33.28 39.23 (F) 4.87 19.05 27.87 17.75

SBCH 26 7 34.7 (F) 26.43 (F) SBCH 26 8 Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 16 5 Base incomplete - so kickup and diameter measurements not fully accurate. Opalescent piece of glass presumed to fit with other fragments - similar thickness, and colour. Some confusion over alocation of pieces between this and 11G8.

SBCH 16 6

SBCH 16 7 Very clear glass. Suggests later date of manufacture?

SBCH 16 8 Think machine made - due to uniformity of lip, but very rough glass, rough seam on (non- refitted) frag and large air bubble in glass. Although this could be because utilitarian vessel. SBCH 18 1 SBCH 18 2 SBCH 18 3 SBCH 18 4 SBCH 18 5 SBCH 19 1 SBCH 20 1

SBCH 21 1 Embossed lettering: E on underside of top

SBCH 21 2

SBCH 21 3 SBCH 21 4 Tiny base, probably of tube or v. Small vial. C. 15.5mm diameter SBCH 21 5 May belong with 26G13, although doesn't appear to fit with bases/tops, based on size.

SBCH 21 6 Pipette. 1.65 mm in diameter, 36.47mm in length, broken at both ends.

SBCH 22 1 SBCH 22 2 SBCH 22 3 61.2mm in lenght, 5. 47 mm in diameter, 7.42mm lip. Small open test tube uneven lip, torpedo/ro base. SBCH 22 4 Incomplete. 32.24,mm in length, 6.84 diameter, v. Uneven rounded base, pinches in at top of fragment before flaring again. SBCH 23 1 Amethyst tint indicating selenium? In glass mixture. See sketch for embossing. ' SBCH 24 1 6.23 mm max thickness

SBCH 24 2 Embossed panel frame probably carried paper label

SBCH 24 3 Two fragments fit together. Other frag, assumed to belong. Debatable.

SBCH 24 4 Possible that finish = applied, given bulge and cracks. See Coombes for picture of similar shaped bottle with druggist material in it.

SBCH 26 1 Thick glass, tapering from 8.9 mm at base to 3mm at shoulder.

SBCH 26 2 2.83 mm glass thickness. SBCH 26 3 Assumption: all fragments belong to same vessel, based on glass colour and thickness.

SBCH 26 4 Sides panelled. Good candidate for drawing

SBCH 26 5 Unsure if fragments all belong together - especially true of this bottle. Suspect top may belong to another vessel, but no way to prove/show definitively.

SBCH 26 6 Initially thought it belonged with 11G5. Same body CS and vertical body seam placement. 11G5 more green tinged. Shape same as 'essence' bottle from SHA website.

SBCH 26 7 SBCH 26 8 Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 26 9 aqua green - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 12 11 x (26), 1 1 253.28 oval c/s yes 2 piece pharmaceutical patent/propriet ab dft oval x (16) mould ary with cup bottom SBCH 26 10 sky blue - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 11 3 x (26), 2 x 1 127.57 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval (round (11), 1 X mould corned blake) (13), 1 x with cup (16), 2 x bottom (27), 1 x (3), 1 x (23)

SBCH 26 11 sea green - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 14 9 x (26), 2 x 1 136.52 rectangular bevelled yes pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft blake varient (24), 1 X pharmaceutical 1 (23), 1 X (27) SBCH 26 12 aqua blue - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 26 21 x (26), 3 1 160.69 rectangular bevelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc blake varient x (16), 1 x pharmaceutical mould 1 (11), 1 x with cup (12) bottom SBCH 26 13 colourless normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 24 9 x (26), 4 x 3 78.81 cylindrical vial yes 3 piece Uncertain - pharm or ab dcc ro (27), 4 x dip personal (11), 3 x mould (21), 1 x (16), 1 (3), 1 x (13, 1 x (24, 1 x (5), 3 x (19)

SBCH 26 14 aqua blue - light normal fragment frag 25 25 x (26) 0 14.56 unidentified unidentified

SBCH 26 15 colourless normal, lamp f/n/sh/bd/bs 104 42 x (26), 3 174.59 oil lamp yes furnishing? lighting? opalescent 20 x (5), 15 x (11), 2 x (24), 1 x (21)

SBCH 26 16 aqua blue - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 21 16 x (26), 5 6 466.54 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dcc oval (round x (27), 1 x mould corned blake) (1) with cup bottom SBCH 26 17 amber - medium normal ampule bd 2 26 1 0.62 ampule medical treatment SBCH 26 18 yellow- medium normal unidentifi cmpl 1 26 1 15.17 unidentified unidentified unidentified ed SBCH 26 19 amber - medium normal ampule bs 1 26 1 2.37 ampule medical treatment SBCH 26 20 colourless normal enema bd 5 2 x (26), 1 1 48.56 enema tube medical treatment tube x 18 SBCH 26 21 colourless normal bottle f/n/bd/bs 4 26 1 cylindrical vial yes dip Uncertain - pharm or ab dcc ro mould personal SBCH 27 1 cornflower blue - medium normal bottle f/n/bd/bs 11 6 x (27), 2 x 1 281.3 round c/s yes unidentifi unidentified unidentified ab dcc ro (11), 1 x ed (16), 1 x (5), 1 x (28)

SBCH 27 2 amber - medium melted bottle bd 1 27 1 5.12 unidentified bottle unidentified unidentified SBCH 27 3 amber - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 1 27 1 28.56 oval c/s yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified oval (erie) mould

SBCH 27 4 grey green - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 20 12 x (27), 5 2 321.54 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round x (9), 1 x mould corned blake) (16), 1 x with cup (11), 1 x (5) bottom

SBCH 27 5 colourless melted melted frag 1 27 4.78 unidentified unidentified unidentified glass SBCH 27 6 amber brown - medium normal bottle cmpl 1 27 1 278.04 square sectioned panelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical patent/propriet ro dft hopkins mould ary square with cup bottom SBCH 28 1 aqua green - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 11 28 2 square bevelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical contents ab dcc sq pharmaceutical mould unknown with cup bottom Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

Site Bag No Sub-bag Seams Pontil Other Features Top profile Bore profile Finish method Other Features Neck form Shoulder form Body profile Body c-sect MG Marks MG seams marks SBCH 26 9 hh nil embossed: symbol of trident/7033 flanged square st flanged small groove/cut in inner surface of lip tus cv st ov turn-n vbsn

SBCH 26 10 hh nil band bi tooled folded in cracks in glass on inner surface of finish st st rt nil vbsn

SBCH 26 11 hh nil st blake varient nil vb 1 (incomplete)

SBCH 26 12 hh unidentified bevelled panel in base flange curved up st tooled flanged none st hz/ro st blake varient nil vbsn 1

SBCH 26 13 nil concentric circles on one of bases flange square st One top - lip missing. Seams on all other three extend to st ro td ro nil hs/vsn lip, one extends into lip despite irregularity of shape/tooling.

SBCH 26 14

SBCH 26 15

SBCH 26 16 cup bottom nil embossed: 4 flange square st tooled flanged none st hz/ro tu rt nil vbsn

SBCH 26 17 SBCH 26 18

SBCH 26 19 SBCH 26 20

SBCH 26 21 nil unidentified flange rounded st flanged lip uneven st ro td ro nil hs/vs

SBCH 27 1 nil nil embossed: 358 taper up st applied tooled tus st ro

SBCH 27 2 SBCH 27 3 flange square st pfoi Finish also turned. Seams on neck turn anticlockwise, st hz st ov hs/vbs concentric circles on neck below finish.

SBCH 27 4 cup bottom nil Irregular octagonal panel/dft in flange square st flanged Vertical neck seams finish just before lip. Concentric st hz/ro st rt nil vbsn base. Slight ripples in glass in circles on rim, showing that finish turned. center of this.

SBCH 27 5

SBCH 27 6 hh nil embossed: octagonal polygon with straight/flat bi gft? st ro st sq turn-n vbsn W in center

SBCH 28 1 hh nil flange square st flanged seams fade on neck st hz st sq nil vbsn Bag Id Dimensions

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 26 9 embossed: KRUSES PRIZE MEDAL MAGNESIA 185.22 70.53 6.57 29.62 27.24 15.34 5.71 70.53 40.76

SBCH 26 10 121.07 (F) 63.83 3.67 29.75 27.25 15.05 7.33 63.83 26.11 (Incomplete)

SBCH 26 11 180.02 (F) 73.22 8.93 35.13 (F) 40.41 (F)

SBCH 26 12 Seams fade at base of neck. Small circular, very slight indentation at base of body on side panel. 153.3 58.54 3.66 25.64 25.5 13.23 10.13 58.54 34.39 Like pontil mark, but on body?

SBCH 26 13 97.35 29.58 2.86 - 4.82 10.16 - 17.97 17.42 - 9.1 - 10.68 2.3 - 7.03 21.9, 25.19 20.95

SBCH 26 14

SBCH 26 15 >74.60 (F) >78.43 (F) 7.5 76.24, 65.49, >78.43 (F) 67.14 57.75

SBCH 26 16 Vertical neck seam fades before finish. Air bubbles in glass of body. 134.81 54.78 5 28.04 26.81 13.45 9.05 51.35 31.77

SBCH 26 17 SBCH 26 18

SBCH 26 19 SBCH 26 20

SBCH 26 21 97.96 28.92 2.47 18.48 20.92 11.5 25.28

SBCH 27 1 111.76 14.78 36.12 25.26 17.34 17 102.84

SBCH 27 2 19.95 24.7 SBCH 27 3 Circular indent on body 61.82 46.06 5.82 22.63 28.3 18.43

SBCH 27 4 Few small air bubbles. Slight vertical grain to glass. 168.05 64.43 5.95 28.62 26.88 14.15 6.25 64.43 37.76

SBCH 27 5 >30.63 (F) >22.89 (F)

SBCH 27 6 embossed: "KEROL". Seams may extend into lip - blurred. 173.16 53.04 15.33 36.49 26.3 13.26 5.26 52.43 52.43

SBCH 28 1 embossed: B. BAGLEY & SON/ CHEMISTS/ DUNEDIN on one panel 170 50 5.61 30.32 26.82 14.23 48.18 Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 26 9 Ring on base 8.25 in width.

SBCH 26 10 Top may not belong with rest of vessel, (not an issue for MNI, but incase of dating. Top fairly crude, uneven/non-symmetrical, with visible lines/bulges from folding over of finish.

SBCH 26 11 similar shape as 26G12

SBCH 26 12 No proof that top belongs with this bottle. Could easily belong with other of the aqua blue/aqua green fragments. Pontil mark possible - concentric ripples - unidentified

SBCH 26 13 MNV for tops. Bases of varying sizes

SBCH 26 14

SBCH 26 15 Very thin colourless glass, some of which is amethyst tinged from sun. At least 3 different vessels, possibly four, with bobble ringed shaping around rim and open base (for setting on metal burner). See sketch for shape. Patterning on some pieces in very faint white. See sketch for pattern. Also lettering on four fragments, showing ACME trademark. Oval mark with TRADE MARK ACME LEAD FLINT inside and MADE IN THE U.S. OF AMERICA, No. 2 Halo. Turn marks on glass (concentric circles). Three fragments also show band of interlocked circles with two lines benearth andpattern of interlocked ovals (teardrop below that) SBCH 26 16 MNI taken from tops. Have 3 bases/bodies. Some variation in finish - some cruder than others.

SBCH 26 17 SBCH 26 18 60.34 diameter, 2.2 thickness, consistent glass, rough edges as if attached to something. Filter? SBCH 26 19 SBCH 26 20

SBCH 26 21

SBCH 27 1

SBCH 27 2 SBCH 27 3 Similar shape to Bovril bottle

SBCH 27 4 Two vessels, because two bases. Only one top. Possible that one of other tops, discoloured, belongs to other vessel.

SBCH 27 5 Imprint of coarse fabric on frag.

SBCH 27 6 Kerol Bottle. Disinfectant and all round remedy. Ads in Paperspast, incl. poem about Kerol. Earliest mention - 1909.

SBCH 28 1 Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 28 2 aqua green - light normal bottle cmpl 1 28 1 rectangular bevelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft blake varient pharmaceutical mould 1 with cup bottom SBCH 28 3 colourless rust tinged bottle cmpl 1 28 1 square sectioned bevelled yes 2 piece foodways alcoholic td dcc sq (schnapps) mould beverage with cup bottom SBCH 28 4 colourless (amethyst tinge) normal bottle cmpl 1 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical patent/propriet ro dft blake varient mould ary 1 with cup bottom SBCH 28 5 amber brown - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd 3 28 1 vial square sectioned bevelled yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified mould SBCH 28 6 amber brown - medium normal bottle bd/bs 8 28 1 round c/s pharmaceutical contents ab dft ro unknown

SBCH 28 7 aqua green - light normal window bd 49 28, 1 x 23 1 window pane structural window glass SBCH 28 8 aqua green - light normal bottle cmpl 1 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 28 9 aqua blue - light normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 3 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 28 10 colourless (straw tinge) normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 3 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 28 11 colourless normal bottle bd/bs 9 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round corned blake)

SBCH 28 12 colourless normal bottle f/bd/bs 10 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 28 13 aqua blue - light normal bottle f/bd/bs 3 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom SBCH 28 14 aqua green - medium normal bottle bd/bs 2 28 1 rectangular panelled (front pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round and sides) corned blake)

SBCH 28 15 aqua green - light rust tinged bottle bd/bs 4 28 1 rectangular bevelled pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft blake varient pharmaceutical 1 SBCH 28 16 colourless normal jar r/bd/bs 9 28 1 jam jar yes machine foodways food storage ab dft ro mould SBCH 28 17 colourless rust tinged bottle bd/bs 3 28 1 round c/s unidentified unidentified ab ft ro SBCH 28 18 olive green - dark (black) normal bottle bd/bs 3 28 1 black beer yes dip foodways alcoholic ro dcc ro mould beverage SBCH 28 19 forest green - medium normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 1 28 1 ring seal wine/beer foodways alcoholic beverage SBCH 28 20 forest green - dark normal bottle f/n/sh 3 28 1 beer yes foodways alcoholic beverage SBCH 28 21 colourless rust tinged jar cap/rim/sh/bd/bs 6 28 1 large jar yes machine foodways food storage ab dft ro mould SBCH 28 22 colourless (straw tinge) normal bottle f/n/sh/bd/bs 4 28 1 rectangular ring on neck yes uncertain - foodways food storage? ro dft oval (round or pharmaceutical Condiment? corned blake)

SBCH 28 23 colourless (straw tinge) rust tinged bottle sh/bd/bs 2 28 1 round c/s yes unidentified unidentified ro SBCH 28 24 colourless normal dish lid? 2 28 1 dish? foodways food service

SBCH 28 25 colourless normal bottle bs 1 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes two piece pharmaceutical unidentified ro dft oval (round mould corned blake) with cup bottom

SBCH 28 26 colourless normal fragment bd 5 28 0 unidentified unidentified unidentified

SBCH 28 27 colourless normal bottle bd 2 28 0 unidentified bottle yes unidentified SBCH 28 28 aqua green - light normal fragment bd 5 28 0 unidentified bottle unidentified Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

SBCH 28 3 hh unidentified taper up st tooled turn marks on lip st hz st sq nil vbsn

SBCH 28 4 hh unidentified taper up st tooled turn marks on lip tu ro st rt turn-n vbsn

SBCH 28 5 flange square st flanged finish uneven st hz st sq nil vbsn

SBCH 28 6 embossed: B W & Co LONDON st ro nil

SBCH 28 7

SBCH 28 8 hh nil embossed: 4 flange square st flanged lip uneven st hz st rt turn-n vbsn

SBCH 28 9 hh nil flange square st flanged lip uneven st hz st rt turn-n vbsn

SBCH 28 10 hh nil embossed: 4 flange square st flanged lip uneven st hz st rt nil vbsn

SBCH 28 11 hh nil embossed: 8 st rt nil

SBCH 28 12 hh nil embossed: 4 flange square st flanged st st rt nil vb

SBCH 28 13 hh nil flange square st flanged lip uneven st hz st rt turn-n

SBCH 28 14 embossed: A st rt nil

SBCH 28 15 st rt

SBCH 28 16 hh nil screw machine ro st ro

SBCH 28 17 st ro SBCH 28 18 mamelon embossed: 15/B st ro shingled nil

SBCH 28 19 straight/flat/trail st applied tooled turn marks on lip cc cv st ro wrench-n

SBCH 28 20 taper up/angle st applied tooled turn marks on lip tus ro st ro wrench-n

SBCH 28 21 hh four dots in circle in centre of base screw st machine metal cap still attached. ro vbsn

SBCH 28 22 flat/u/bead so applied tooled st hz st rt (rounded) vsn

SBCH 28 23 ro st ro vbs SBCH 28 24

SBCH 28 25 hh nil embossed: ...2 PM & Co

SBCH 28 26

SBCH 28 27 vb SBCH 28 28 Bag Id Dimensions

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 28 2 150 59.26 3.66 20 25 13.05 35

SBCH 28 3 seams fade on neck 185 75 22.56 18.73 25.77 17.95 71.72

SBCH 28 4 embossed: BARRY'S//TRICOPHEROUS/FOR THE SKIN/AND HAIR//NEW YORK//DIRECTIONS IN 159 54.5 21.87 50 18.73 11.57 29.35 THE PAMPHLET

SBCH 28 5 arcing rectangular panels on body (see sketch) >65 32.7 5.2 22.34 24.82 15.43

SBCH 28 6 98.62 70.2 70.5

SBCH 28 7

SBCH 28 8 132.57 53.56 4.7 27.19 24.38 15.1 31.74

SBCH 28 9 153 57.8 4.9 27.39 27.1 12.69 33.65

SBCH 28 10 132.42 53.13 5.04 26 25.74 15 31.61

SBCH 28 11 >52.01 39.64

SBCH 28 12 >40.5 25.94 (F)

SBCH 28 13 >100 >44 5 26.6 24.75 14.1 30.4

SBCH 28 14 >84.27 46.3 23.73

SBCH 28 15 >86.56 44.24 34.29

SBCH 28 16 114.76 64.05 16.82 54.82 62.53

SBCH 28 17 >55.65 55.57 53.71 SBCH 28 18 >116.43 77.88 77.88

SBCH 28 19 >164.68 86.3 20 c 84 31.15 17.92

SBCH 28 20 23.42 54.86 28.45 19.66

SBCH 28 21 embossed: ...RICK & .../ ...N.... In circle 98.56 18.39 70 60 98.56

SBCH 28 22 >124 80.95 24.82 42.29 24.12 15.7 36.03

SBCH 28 23 >56.06 39.3 SBCH 28 24

SBCH 28 25 >54.10 27.55

SBCH 28 26

SBCH 28 27 >74.55 SBCH 28 28 Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 28 2

SBCH 28 3

SBCH 28 4 hair raising lotion

SBCH 28 5

SBCH 28 6 Mark on base may be associated with Burrough, Wellcome & Co, London, manufacturer of pharmaceutical and medicines. Toulouse: BW & Co, references company in states. Assuming London designation negates them. SBCH 28 7

SBCH 28 8

SBCH 28 9 huge colour difference between fragments - one piece clear aqua blue light, another dirtier, darker aqua green ish.

SBCH 28 10

SBCH 28 11

SBCH 28 12

SBCH 28 13

SBCH 28 14

SBCH 28 15

SBCH 28 16

SBCH 28 17 SBCH 28 18

SBCH 28 19

SBCH 28 20 Similar to 26G3

SBCH 28 21

SBCH 28 22

SBCH 28 23 SBCH 28 24 raised half diamond shaped glass on inner surface, again in diamond shape. See photo.

SBCH 28 25

SBCH 28 26

SBCH 28 27 SBCH 28 28 Bag Id General Description Quantity Complete Vessel Functional Analysis

Site Bag No Sub-bag Glass Colour Gl condition Class Portion NISP Bag No.'s Min Weight Vessel shape Mould Mould Category Class Heel form Base profile Base c/s No marks Type SBCH 28 29 aqua blue normal bottle f/bd/bs 7 28 1 rectangular pharmaceutical yes 2 piece pharmaceutical unidentified ab dft oval (round cup corned blake) mould Bag Id Bottom Glass Top Glass Middle Glass

Site Bag No Sub-bag Other features Max height Max width Lip height Finish height Rim diam Bore diam Kickup height Base diam Base min width

SBCH 28 29 131.92 53.8 5.45 26.82 25.69 14 31.64 Bag Id

Site Bag No Sub-bag Notes

SBCH 28 29 Bag ID General Description Quantity Glass Marks Measurements Notes Colour Common Portion NISP MNI Weight Max Body Max body width Neck Min neck Head Name Length length length width length 22G1 amber - ampule body/neck 1 1 vertical lines 85.22 25.19 19.77 4.02 Lengthwise imperfections in glass - medium could be cracks. 22G2 amber - ampule body/neck/ 1 1 4.44 vertical lines, blob of 73.3 12.07 1.32 4.42 >6.83 medium dark head glass at base 22G3 amber - test tube complete 1 1 1.61 blob/uneven at base 61.48 61.45 5.89 Lip medium 22G4 colourless tube? base/body 1 1 vertical lines 32.36 6.84 pinches in at top end of fragment

19G1 colourless plunger near 1 1 could be 9 on top 84.91 8.28 20.48 - head diameter, 15.50 - complete second head diameter, 27.55 - distance between two. 26G20 colourless filter/tube tube/filter 3 1 scalloping lines on filter, 154.06 60.65 (filter), 13 two bends in tube. ribbed on inside of tube (tube)

18G5 colourless syringe body 1 1 nil 186.85 154.02 26.24 c.6 6.5 c. 19.7 glass slightly melted around rim at base. 18G1 amber - ampule body 1 1 nil 79.91 11.32 medium 13G6 colourless stirrer?ther head 1 1 melted curved over/thicker glass at top of mometer? fragment.

26G19 amber - ampule base/body 1 1 vertical lines - mould >23.85 medium mark? 20G1 colourless thermomet base/body 1 1 measurement marks 80.12 4.69 white tube inside. Outside: cross, 30 er SEC/ BURGOYNE & Co. Other side, starts at 95 (F), up in increments of 5, broken after 110. Arrow at 98.4. Pinched in at base, before flaring again, like neck/head of syringes/ampules.

18G3 amber - ampule base/body 1 1 vertical lines 75.88 75.88 12.41 slightly more yellow amber medium 13G5 colourless tube body 1 1 vertical line 86.8 7.84 residue. Likely from deposition 12G6 colourless microscope near 2 1 residue 69.77 25.54 slide complete 11G15 amber - ampule body 1 0 nil >18.37 medium 26G18 yellow - lens? complete 1 1 wear on rim 59.88 bent/curved (not rounded) medium (diam) 18G4 colourless tube body 1 1 vertical lines 36.42 36.42 15.55 flat base 26G17 amber - ampule body 2 0 medium 21G3 amber - ampule body 1 1 melted 62.9 medium 18G2 amber - ampule body/neck/ 1 1 vertical lines 94.61 71.98 11.87 2.82 5.08 19.05 medium head 21G6 amber - tube body 1 1 36.88 1.68 medium 21G4 colourless unidentifie base 1 1 9.83 flat base of something - ampule or d vial? Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Dimensions (mm) Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Length/Height Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No Weight (g) Notes

SBCH 1 M 1 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 66 5.28 (shank), 5.3 (shank), 8.6 1 1 5.72 Bent and half snapped/cut halfway down shank. 7.9 (head) (head) SBCH 3 M 1 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragments unidentified 70 (longest) 25.6 1.3 3 0 10.6 No distinguishing marks. Bent slightly. SBCH 5 M 8 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragments unidentified 1.3 9 0 47 Couple of fragments bent in middle. No distinguishing marks. SBCH 5 M 10 ferrous wire twisted Fragment structural wire 50.8 - 13 1.84 5 1 1.88 Wire twisted SBCH 5 M 6 ferrous container round c/s lid near complete multifunction container 46.23 2.2 1 1 14.56 Cap - tin? Thin, curves upward at edges creaing slight lip, c. 4mm in width around edge of cap. SBCH 5 M 12 ferrous fragmentary unidentified Fragment unidentified 19.48 13.9 2.28 1 0 1.56 Curved - probably part of tube/pipe or covering. SBCH 5 M 1 ferrous wire barbed wire Traditional twist? Fragments structural wire 17.9, 9.3 4 4 2 1 36.33 One half of wire twisted/barbed. Assuming second fragment belongs with first, no barbs on that piece.

SBCH 5 M 11 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragment unidentified 55 15.26 4.6 2 1 2.99 7 mm wide slightly raised and curved ridgelike thing through center. SBCH 5 M 4 ferrous fastener nail wire flathead Whole and structural fastener 48.1- 41.5 3.58 7 10 9 15.58 One less rusted than others - can see original, grey material. Varying sizes fragments SBCH 5 M 7 ferrous container round c/s lid Rim (Paint tin?) Fragment multifunction container 8.4 (rim), 16.5 50.4 12.2 1 1 11.28 Groove in top, approx 4mm from edge, approx 3-4mm deep, running around rim.On diameter diagram, est. 10.5 diameter (total height) for whole can/container. SBCH 5 M 2 ferrous fastener peg ? Whole structural fastener 80.6 12 (shaft), 19.9 13.2 (shaft), 20 1 1 62.64 No point, slight tapering down shank, not much tho. Rounded head, circular cross section (head) (head) SBCH 5 M 5 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Fragment structural fastener 36, 34, 38 6-7mm 6-7mm 3 3 8.74 Shanks, no distinguishable heads. No distinguishable marks. SBCH 5 M 3 ferrous fastener nail rosehead Whole structural fastener 79.35 7.78 (head), 8 (head), 4.6 1 1 5.31 Est. Square shank, tho rust makes it hard to tell. 3.9 (shank) (shank) SBCH 5 M 9 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragment unidentified 60.4 39 8.6 (whole), 2 1 1 20.33 Sheet bent in half (sheet) SBCH 5 M 13 ferrous fragmentary unidentified Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A 30 0 9 SBCH 6 M 1 copper fragments unidentified fragmented unidentified N/A N/A N/A 2 0 0.29 SBCH 8 M 1 copper/brass fastener join? complete structural fastener 57.2 20.6 (handle), 2.5 (handle) 2 1 48.79 Bottom of shaft encrusted with white sediment, as is copper wire ring. Shaft separated into two pieces, joined, 15 and 15 (indent of 18mm high respectively. Handle has hole through it, 9.7mm in diameter. Top disc (w. Handle) 4.12mm thick. shaft), 22 (widest shaft), 24 (copper wire ring) SBCH 10 M 1 ferrous pipe unidentified body fragment structural pipe 44.46 9.46 1.65 (metal, 1 1 4.1 Small hollow pipe. Rust v. Flaky - like bark. Possible had some kind of covering around it. Was filled with silty soil. SBCH 10 M 2 composite miscellaneous carbide lamp Carbide Lamp Fragments Transport automotive 47.8 (lge frag. 82.5 1.02 (metal 16 1 285.15 Two piece item - container filled with soft, white sediment (carbide). Sediment has tiny pebbles in it. Container is copper, SBCH 11 M 13 copper sheet fragments Fragment unidentified 17.5 32.5 1 1 1 1.56 SBCH 11 M 3 ferrous fastener nail wire Whole structural fastener 62.7 2.97 3.27 1 1 3.46 Unsure of 'wire nail' classification. Difficult to tell, with degree of deterioration. SBCH 11 M 10 ferrous sheet strip ? Fragment unidentified 35.98 17 3.8 1 1 3.2 Rectangular piece - looks as if part of longer strip of metal. Ribbed. Grooves running across width. SBCH 11 M 12 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Fragment structural fastener 30.44 4.6 4.6 1 1 1.08 Cylindrical fragment, tapers at end. Looks to be part of a nail, except for hole, c. 1mm in diameter, visible in center of SBCH 11 M 8 ferrous fragmentary unidentified unidentified Fragment unidentified 45 19.18 15.3 1 0 12.88 Unsure if sheet or bar. Possible that most of bar is rust, attached to thin fragment of sheet SBCH 11 M 2 unidentified miscellaneous unidentified unidentified Whole unidentified 63.88 53.35 (whole), 1.88, 7.73 (incl. 1 1 64.13 Brass? Oval, with 13mm lever/hinge bisecting the middle, lengthways, shutting flush with either side. Groove underneath, 18 36 (ridge in Ridge) extending c 5 5mm below Either side of lever/hinge 8 small holes approx 1 2mm in diameter Knob on end of SBCH 11 M 6 ferrous container round c/s lid unidentified Fragments multifunction container 10.2 (height of 4 1-1.5 4 1 18.55 (total) Looks like lid of container. Difficult to garner dimensions. Assuming that the four fragments are from the same item. Three SBCH 11 M 4 ferrous fastener nail unidentified N/A structural fastener 41.56, 48.16, 5.49 & 8.7 4.83, 4.84, 6.8, 8 7 17.08 (total) May need to redo measurements. Very rusty. Can't tell shaft type, head type, point type, or manufacture type. One bent 46.86, 42.47, (head), 5.28 & 4.94, 7.37, 2.53 slightly. One snapped during measurements. 43.25, 51.66 6.68 (head), (rust free 6.41 & 8.43 portion) & 6.77 (head), 4.41 & (rust) 8.58 (head), 6.98 & 8.6 (head), 2.65 (rust free) & 6.24 (rust) & 8.1 (head) SBCH 11 M 5 ferrous fastener nail clenched Fragment structural fastener 70 5.29, 4.7 5.3, 4.6 1 1 4.12 Can't distinguish head type or whether wire or cut. Looks to be tapered at point. SBCH 11 M 1 ferrous miscellaneous pot handle Fragment foodways preparation 197 (w.cord), 109.08 5.4, 9.82 1 1 29.34 Half circle of wire, bending forward at either end as if it was attached to something. One bend broken, other rust encrusted, 67.5 top to so can't see if there are holes for nails or screws. Bend is approx. 30 degrees. ground, if standing up) SBCH 11 M 7 composite fastener unidentified unidentified Fragment unidentified 29.48 12.07 Underneath 1 1 9.61 Heavily rusted, copper wire encircling 11. 4 mm from top of fragment. 4-5 strands of wire, whole band measuring 4mm in (base)15.49 rust, est. 4mm height, 13mm in diameter/width. Can see oval, possibly rectangular, cross section of fastener . Difficult to tell original (head) dimensions due to degree of rust. SBCH 11 M 9 copper/brass fastener join? complete structural fastener 53.36 (whole), 20.22 (lip of 2 1 39.32 Ring of copper wire around shaft - assuming it goes with item. 6 circular grooves on shaft, spaced c. 5mm apart. Circle/lip 34 (shaft), 18.5 head), 15.9 on top slightly concave, with hole for screw in middle. Approx. 5mm in diameter. C. 1mm gap between top circle and rest of (whole head), (head), 10.5 head. Small hole in side of head, c. 1mm in diameter, approx. 3.5mm from bottom of head. Two lips/wider circles have 2.6 (lip of (shaft) diagonal grooves on outer edges all the way around. Assuming copper, as deterioration is green. Shaft was filled with fine head), 12.4 silty soil, light in colour, unlike the rusty dark soil most of the (other) metal is covered in . (between lips) SBCH 11 M 11 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A 7 0 15.89 Larger pieces slightly curved. No distinguishing marks. SBCH 11 M 14 ferrous fastener wingnut Whole structural fastener 7.79(round), 16 26.15 (wing to 11.5 1 1 6.75 Fairly modern looking (wing) wing) (bulb/round), 3.56 (wing) SBCH 11 M 15 ferrous fastener nail wire solthead Whole structural fastener 62.76 4.39 (s), 5.51 N/A 5 5 19.08 Rounded CS, pointed end, thin. (h) SBCH 11 M 16 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 40.17 3.59 (s), 7.86 2 1 3.68 (h) Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Dimensions (mm) Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Length/Height Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No Weight (g) Notes

SBCH 11 M 17 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 50.63 4.39 (s), 6.99 1 1 3.18 Rounded CS, pointed end, tapering. (h) SBCH 11 M 18 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 39.07 4.56 (s), 5.28 1 1 1.66 Very orange rust - fine grained dirt. Unlike other nails.Small head, round CS, tapered point. (h) SBCH 11 M 19 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Fragments structural fastener 41 (largest <7 N/A 5 3 9.4 Range of fragments, from one large indistinguishable nail (whole) to broken halves (still indistinguishable). whole) SBCH 11 M 20 copper miscellaneous unidentified unidentified fragmented unidentified 37.54 13.54 1.44 1 1 2.04 Toothed. Stars 15mm from end, spaced 6.3mm apart at edge of strip, c. 3mm at curved tip of space, halfway into stip, c. 7mm from other edge. Second tooth is thicker at tip, c. 2-3mm. Curved slightly - bent/warped. SBCH 11 M 21 composite miscellaneous carbide lamp Carbide Lamp Fragments (rim Transport automotive N/A N/A 0.6 12 0 6.83 Go with object in 10M1. The three pieces with ribbing/grooves running in band around surgace are a definite match. 3 and flakes) other fragments - unsure if from same container - are pieces of rim, wi. Hollow tubing of metal running around edge, c. 3.8 - 4mm in diameter, c. 1mm thick (metal). Appears to be plated with something - copper alloy? Green in deterioration, showing reddish colour underneath, where plating flaked off. Other pieces curved. SBCH 11 M 22 ferrous fragmentary unidentified Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A 4 0 6.22 Unidentifiable SBCH 11 M 23 ferrous container round c/s Fragments multifunction container N/A N/A 5.6 (rim), 1.9 5 1 5.02 Looking like fairly wide container - curved rim fragment. Very orange in rust colour. Flat, flaky metal. (rim) (metal) SBCH 11 M 24 unidentified cutlery? join join for Fragment unidentified 37.5 15.12 (top), 0.16 (metal), 1 1 3.36 Potentially sleeve/join for knife - connecting blade to handle, or cane or umbrella. Very light. Wavy grooves running cutlery/cane 19.17 (base), 3.17 (rim at lengthways starting c. 9mm from top, finishing c. 3mm from base. Wavy grooves crossed with short horizontal lines (see 14.18 (inner base) book/photo), c. 1.5mm ub width. Had bent piece of wire/nail inside it. Also contains wood fill around inside of casing, c. 2.9 base) in thickness. SBCH 11 M 25 ferrous fastener nail flathead Shank structural fastener 57.9 4.42 4.42 1 1 3.97 No head. Round CS. No point, tapering at end. Bend at top, c. 9mm in length. SBCH 11 M 26 ferrous container round c/s unidentified Fragments multifunction container N/A N/A 2.56 (metal), 8 1 12.87 Unsure if all part of same container. 4 pieces showing parts of rim, one bent in 90 degree bend, like rounded corner of (rim) 10.7 (rim) container. Another piece c. 3mm groove running paralell to rim - i.e. to seal lid - paint tin? SBCH 12 M 1 ferrous miscellaneous candle holder Fragments Furnishing Lighting 211.15, 202 148.58 (top), 6.52 (lip), 4.37 2 1 153.79 Orange in colour on inside. Candle stub still in middle - black. Scalloping on bowl of holder. Overhanging lip all around bowl. (handle), 40.06 72.15 (ring on (lip of candle (candle bit) base), 49.83 bit) (smaller ring on base), 36.07 (handle), 48.31 & 24.23 (candle bit)

SBCH 12 M 2 copper fragments unidentified fragmented unidentified N/A N/A N/A 2 0 2.3 Green tinged metal encased in ferrous looking rust. SBCH 13 M 4 copper miscellaneous unidentified fragmented unidentified N/A 13.35 1.45 5 1 10.86 Strip of copper/brass. One piece has teeth, c. 5.5mm in height, c. mm apart, with curved arches. One piece bent - like corner, with indent 12mm long at other end. SBCH 13 M 2 ferrous miscellaneous oval ring Whole unidentified 71.56, 62.32 32.77, 28.8 5.78 3 3 49.8 Oval rings of metal. One smaller than the others. See 26.4. SBCH 13 M 1 ferrous sheet unidentified N/A Fragment unidentified 88.74 55 6.65 1 1 38.64 Folded. Hole in corner of one sheet. SBCH 13 M 3 ferrous container gargoyle mobiloil Gargoyle Lid Transport automotive 35.4 35.6 (lid), 63.06 5.56 (lid), 1.2 1 1 37.59 Looks like bottle cap or lid. Quite deep within rust. lid Mobiloil (with rust) (actual tin)

SBCH 13 M 5 ferrous fragmentary unidentified ? Fragment unidentified 34 11.58 7 1 0 3.83 Folded piece of metal as seen from CS. Highly rusted. SBCH 14 M 2 ferrous pipe join Join structural pipe 41.25 32.86 7 1 1 225.57 Heavy pipe joining. Cylindrical, three openings. Dappled pattern to rust SBCH 14 M 3 copper fastener washer complete structural fastener 2.59 27.5 x 31.08 3.45 1 1 1.27 Copper ring. Likely part of something else. SBCH 14 M 1 ferrous sheet unidentified Fragment unidentified 237 63.5 1.5 1 1 108.46 Bent. Possibly two holes in corners of one end. Part of hinge? SBCH 16 M 1 ferrous bar unidentified Length unidentified 152.95 14.9 x 15.3 3 1 1 79.77 Thin length of cynlidrical metal, looking hollow at one end, but impossible to tell at opposite end. Knob of rust halfway along. SBCH 16 M 2 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 42.25 5.5 (s), 8 (h) 1 1 3.38 Very rust encrusted. SBCH 16 M 3 ferrous wire wire Length structural wire 98.9 4.3 4.3 1 1 9.75 Slightly bent. Relatively thick. Slight possibility it's an extra long nail. Unlikely. SBCH 17 M 1 ferrous bar unidentified near complete unidentified 184.62,43.7(be 28.2 16.3, 20.61 1 1 432.2 Nearly 90 degree bend at one end. Bent metal is thicker than length. nd at end) (bend) SBCH 21 M 1 copper fastener washer complete structural fastener N/A 11 (whole), 4.5 1.19 1 1 6.44 Very green and small. (inner edge to inner edge)

SBCH 21 M 2 copper fastener washer fragmented structural fastener N/A 22 x 20.4 1.64 3 1 0.19 Very thin ring of metal. Very fragile - seems quite flexible. Include curved piece of white material - same thickness. Don't (whole), 2 think it's metal - maybe sealing ring. Only fragment. (actual metal ring width) SBCH 21 M 3 ferrous container round c/s Fragments (rim multifunction container N/A N/A 2.47 (metal), 6 4 1 9.57 Unsure if all belong together. One rim (3.8) - folded metal raised rim. Other simply base/top of can. and edge) (rim), 3.8 (other rim) SBCH 21 M 5 ferrous fragmentary unidentified Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A 3 0 0.51 SBCH 21 M 6 copper miscellaneous unidentified ? fragmented unidentified N/A N/A 0.32 1 1 0.24 Curved, very thin piece of metal - kind of in shape of fingernail. SBCH 21 M 7 copper foil fragments fragments ? fragmented unidentified N/A N/A N/A 3 1 0.07 SBCH 21 M 8 composite miscellaneous arsenic container arsenic container near complete multifunction container 55.11 28.88 9.65 1 1 6 Layers of metal? Interspersed with white/crusty sediemtn. Seems kind of papery on back, writing on front. Can't make out much of it, see lab book and photographs. Possibly something to do with Arsenic (from letters on top). SBCH 21 M 9 copper wire insulated wire Insulated Fragments Other insulated wire N/A N/A 2.92 141 1 53.65 Tangle of wire - one very curled piece, like spring. Rest twisted together. Insulation (rubber?) flaking off. (insulation), 0.93 (wire) SBCH 21 M 10 foil container foil seal fragment foodways storage N/A 33.6 (fragment 1.6 1 1 1.14 only)

SBCH 23 M 1 ferrous sheet unidentified ? fragments unidentified 55.74 23.28 2.87 1 1 6.27 Thin rectangular piece of flat metal, probably part of something longer Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Dimensions (mm) Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Length/Height Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No Weight (g) Notes

SBCH 24 M 4 copper jewellery locket ? fragmented personal adornment 29.45 26.89 0.64 1 1 1.45 Roughly circular in shape, though cut straight at base. Hinged at top and bottom, top hinge protruding forward c. 4mm, 4.5 mm in width - suggests swing. Design, like stencil, punched through center. Seven spokes of metal, creating seven elongated diamond shaped spaces 6.5 mm in length. Around the edge of this, placed at the end of each spoke are small holes, c 2mm in diameter. Evidence of second layer of copper at base of item. SBCH 24 M 1 ferrous container matchbox ? Fragments multifunction container 70.72 (length Unknown 1.75 9 2 26.26 MNI may need to be reviewed - have 5 corners ( i think), but one of those could be part of lid. Sides have groove running of box), 24.65 (fragments) lengthways (groove on inside, raised/rounded ridge on outside), 13.88 mm apart, 2mm in width, . Based on that, would (highest estimate height to be 26mm. Base has indent running around edges, 7mm wide, creating raised rectangle in center of base - fragment) height of indent minimal, c. 1mm. Sides extend down c. 2mm beyond base, lifting base off ground, on all sides.

SBCH 24 M 2 ferrous fastener nail unidentified Whole structural fastener 49.08 6.61 (shank), 6.3 (shank), 9.8 1 1 3.79 Pointed/tapered at end. Slightly curved. 10.15 (head) (head) SBCH 26 M 3 copper fastener washer? ? complete structural fastener 3.26 29.11 1.63 1 1 1.2 Slightly curved - can see two edges of metal sheet meeting on outer edge of ring. Round, not oval. SBCH 26 M 5 ferrous miscellaneous bracing rib? Whole unidentified 213.6 (outer), 18.81 (at 5.6 1 1 163.26 Additional Measurements: Width of bolt bit at end: 19.39. Curved. Height of curve: 39.36. Curved strip of iron with loops for 181.75 (inner) center of bolts at either end. Wouldn't bolt/attach flush to flat surface - bolt holes sit at roughly 90 degree angle to metal at either curve) end, 45 degree angle to flat surface it is sitting on. SBCH 26 M 4 ferrous miscellaneous oval ring Fragments unidentified Together: 35.6 6.6 2 1 16.9 Oval loop of metal in two pieces. Whole examples in other bags. Additional measurement: 18.6 from inner edge to inner 62.85 edge x 47.69 from inner edge to inner edge. SBCH 26 M 10 ferrous fragmentary unidentified ? Fragments unidentified 67.17 15.2 10.7 1 1 11.34 Bar shaped fragment. Heavily rusted. At either end, can see what looks like two pieces of folded/rolled metal on top of one another. Thin metal, approx. 4-5 layers/folds. Looks like liquorice. SBCH 26 M 1 ferrous miscellaneous horseshoe ? Whole Transport equestrian 139.59 143.44 (a),151 14.70 (a),7.75 2 2 367.282 (a), Additional Measurements. Width, inside edge to inside edge: 101.3 (b), 94.87 (a). Width of actual metal strip. Thickes t: (a),150.6 (b) (b) 356.66 (b) 26.05 (a), 26.69 (b). Thinnest: 12.08, 13.35. Toe clip on both, both left side, on one, 4 tack holes on left hand side.

SBCH 26 M 8 ferrous container round c/s ? Fragments multifunction container 62 (length), 39, 11.08 2.88 (thin part 2 1 Total: 19.31 Unsure if smaller fragment belongs with larger one. Both are curved, but don't appear to fit together. Suspect it is some 29.78 (height), of lid) kind of tin can. Wholly rusted. 27.28 (length), 22.36 SBCH 26 M 6 copper fastener rivet ? complete structural fastener 26.94 (total), 12.72 x 12.65 4.6 (shaft) 1 1 4.48 head (1.63), (head) shaft (25.31) SBCH 26 M 9 ferrous miscellaneous unidentified ? Fragments unidentified Point: 35.94 14.86 (base, 6.11 (point 2 1 4.42 Both indented fragments of rust. One pointed, triangular in shape. Looks to be thin metal pushed together to form point - point fragment) folded somehow. Unsure if other fragment belongs with it, but shows relatively straight edged indent. fragment) SBCH 26 M 2 copper pipe water pipe/hose Length structural pipe 126.86 27.33 7.65 (incl. 1 1 86.24 Encased in kind of rubber? Insulation, probably against freezing. Cut in middle, all the way around, showing what looks like Casing. washer/ring of some kind. Metal band encasing outer material - strings of copper wire 20.39mm in total width. Thickness of metal, not whole pipe SBCH 26 M 13 ferrous fragmentary unidentified unidentified Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A >25mm: 20, 0 Total: Mostly just rust. Larger fragments likely to have fallen off horseshoes. <25mm: 126.89 224 SBCH 26 M 7 ferrous wire fragments N/A Fragments structural wire N/A 4.3 N/A 11 0 Total: MNI difficult to tell - wire usually being part of something else. Varying degrees of rust. Very little to approx 5 mm extra 123.22 diameter. SBCH 26 M 12 copper wire unidentified N/A Fragments unidentified 56.8 1.53 1 1 8.33 Bent wire. Very pliable. Folded in half. SBCH 27 M 2 ferrous fastener peg complete unidentified 53.33 3.6 3.6 5 1 7.06 Looks to be curved at top, like peg, although rusted - difficult to tell. Possibly still hooked through another piece of metal - broke during analysis. Flat and slightly rounded. Very rusted. SBCH 27 M 3 ferrous wire fragments Fragment structural wire 74.8 4 4.18 1 1 4.59 Had id'd as nail, changed to wire. SBCH 27 M 1 ferrous miscellaneous gate hinge gate hinge Whole structural fitting 301 (length 108.6 (head, 17 (head), 3.8 1 1 320.55 rust flaking off quite easily. from hinge to (43.6 widest (rust free tip) part of shaft), shaft), 11.3 13.7 (tip) (hinge itself) SBCH 27 M 4 ferrous fragmentary unidentified N/A Fragments unidentified N/A N/A N/A 34 0 31.86 SBCH 27 M 5 foil container milk bottle top complete foodways storage 1 1 0.51 SBCH 28 M 1 ferrous medical dental pick complete Medical treatment 87.37 1 1 SBCH 28 M 2 ferrous miscellaneous unidentified unidentified incomplete unidentified 83.66 56.83 1 1 Flat piece of sheet metal with oval ring (other examples) attached . Unsure if rust is what's attaching it, or if attached pre rust. SBCH 28 M 3 ferrous container square/rect c/s side/cnr/base multifunction container <72.6 <37.94 6 2 varying sizes SBCH 28 M 4 ferrous container round c/s lid/rim multifunction container <70.63 <80 9 2 SBCH 28 M 5 ferrous fragmentary unidentified fragments fragments unidentified 40 0 SBCH 28 M 6 ferrous container round c/s lid lid multifunction container 37.43 37.43 7.19 1 1 SBCH 28 M 7 copper fastener hinge?brace? complete unidentified 45.6 16.3 1.09 1 1 SBCH 28 M 8 ferrous fastener washer complete structural fastener 29.79 3.37 1 1 Very rough (likely result of rust) SBCH 28 M 9 ferrous miscellaneous ring complete unidentified 31.48 6.93 2 1 SBCH 28 M 10 ferrous fastener nail unidentified head/shaft structural fastener 63.57 9 3 One clenched. SBCH 28 M 11 ferrous miscellaneous ring unidentified incomplete unidentified 78.21 5.05 1 1 Handle? SBCH 28 M 12 ferrous miscellaneous unidentified unidentified fragments unidentified 3 1 Metal folded into bars, heavily rusted. Same as 13M5 SBCH 28 M 13 ferrous wire fragments fragments structural wire 29 0 Varying sizes SBCH 28 M 14 ferrous fastener wire peg incomplete unidentified 2 2 wire twisted into pegs SBCH 28 M 15 copper wire unidentified complete unidentified 1 1 c. 5mm in diameter, pliable copper wire. SBCH 28 M 16 ferrous pipe unidentified fragment unidentified 11.37 1 1 hollow SBCH 28 M 17 ferrous sheet strip incomplete unidentified c. 338 22 1.64 1 1 Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Dimensions (mm) Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Length/Height Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No Weight (g) Notes

SBCH 28 M 18 ferrous miscellaneous door lock two bolt rim lock complete structural fitting 166.68 107.03 24.95 1 1 Reference from Priess 2000. Housing iron with tin (?) plating, including main, front, top, back and bottom plates with separate cover plate. Keyhole at base, slightly to right of middle. Diamond shaped openeing to left and above of this. Front plate on right of lock, suggesting door which would have opened outwards right to left. SBCH 28 M 19 ferrous container jug rim/body/hand foodways service 122.86 88.84 - 78.96 1.27 1 1 Mug/tankard, made of thin metal. Enamelled (?) on outer surface. Scratches on inner and outer surfaces, radiating upwards le/base from base. On outer surface, look slightly like might have been part of pattern to start with. Scratches on inner surface far more likely result of wear/deposition. SBCH 28 M 20 ferrous fastener nail unidentified shank structural fastener 1 1 clenched Bag Id General Description Decoration Vessel Form Functional Analysis Quantity Site Layer Area Bag Code Sub-bag Category Body Body Glaze type Glaze Ware Dec. Type Dec. colour Pattern Backmarks Notes VF class VF category VF type VF size Category Subcategory Portions Refitted NISP Origin Fragments No Type Colour Colour present Y/N SBCH 1 south 3 C 1 domestic ew-r off white clear? light blue whiteware underglaze green/black unidentified nil unidentifi unidentified Thickness: 3.32, foodways service body N 1 (3) on inner painted ed Frag length and surface width: 15 x 16

SBCH 1 south 3 C 2 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware underglaze blue/white unidentified nil unidentifi unidentified Thickness: 2.9, ? ? body N 1 (3) ransfer print ed Frag Height and (flow blue?) Width: 17 x 11, SBCH 2a west 5 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware gilt gold banding nil hollow- cup teacup Diameter (W): foodways service rim/body Y 6 (5) ware 83.78, Diameter /base (B): 37.5, Height: 71.01, Thickness (rim): 2.1, Thickness (body): 3.92, Width (footring): 3.6

SBCH 2a west 5 C 2 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone overglaze decal red banding/unid: nil banding hollow- bowl ricebowl? Diameter (W, foodways service rim/body Y 3 2 x (5), 1 x (1) china? outlines/yellow, floral/landscape on rim. ware Chart): 120, /base green & pink Diameter (B, washes of colour chart): c. 50, overtop of red Thickness (rim): outline. 2.45, Thickness (B): 3.5, Width (footring): 3.32, Height (W): 33.32, Height (footring): 4.4 SBCH 2a west 5 C 3 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil nil flatware unidentified unidentified N/A ? body N/A 4 (5) SBCH 2a east 6 C 1 Industrial ew-c off white nil nil coarse unidentified dark brown banding Possible: 14.57mm hollow- cylinder leclanche cell Diameter: 66.03, Other complete Y 2 (6) earthenwa Indeciphera wide ware Thickness: 4.23, re ble band Height: 142.36, round Width of ring at outer rim base: 7.11

SBCH 2a east 11 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware edgemoulded/gi gold gilt tea leaf F. Winkle & banding flatware plate dinnerplate Diameter: foodways service rim/marl Y 7 (11) lt/'hairline' Co Ltd. on 123.08, Marly: y/base banding Whieldon rim/shoul 33.43, Width Ware, der (base footring): England 3.44, Thickness (rim): 3.5, Height: 3.52, Thickness (B): 4.3

SBCH 2a east 11 C 2 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone overglaze pink/green/blue/y unidentified nil flatware plate bread and Medium. Height foodways service rim/marl Y 17 9 x (11), 5 x (27), 2 x (16), 1 X (23) china? decal/lithograph ellow butter plate (W): 15.11, y/base ic Height (Footring): floral/edgemoul 4.87, Diameter ded/relief on (W): 171.3, rim Diameter (B): 106.08, Thickness (Rim): 2.4, Thickness (B): 3, Thickness (Body): 3, Width (Footring): 7 34 SBCH 2a east 11 C 3 Domestic st grey salt? warm stoneware undecorated nil nil hollow- bottle Diameter (Chart): personal? stationary neck Y 2 (11) brown medium ware 60, Thickness: brown 4.18, Width (metallic (Fragment): 37. shine) 46 Bag Id General Description Decoration Vessel Form Functional Analysis Quantity Site Layer Area Bag Code Sub-bag Category Body Body Glaze type Glaze Ware Dec. Type Dec. colour Pattern Backmarks Notes VF class VF category VF type VF size Category Subcategory Portions Refitted NISP Origin Fragments No Type Colour Colour present Y/N SBCH 2a east 11 C 4 Domestic ew-r cream/off clear clear whiteware relief yellow/brown unidentified nil fern hollow- jug Diameter W, foodways service rim/body Y 15 2 x (13), 1 x (3), 1 x (5), 11 x (11) white moulded/doubl fronds ware chart): c. 100, /spout e slip around Height (Refitted rim and frag, not whole stems/col vessel): 124.13, umns Thickness (rim): down 5, Thickness length of (body): 3.3 body, two bands of colour around top of vessel

SBCH 2a east 11 C 5 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware underglaze dark-ish blue and unidentified nil on outer hollow- cup Diameter (Chart): foodways service base N 2 (11) transfer print white surface ware 90?, Thickness (body): 2, Width (footring): 4.2

SBCH 2a east 11 C 6 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware gilt gold banding nil outer hollow- cup Diameter (Chart): foodways service rim N 1 (11) surface ware 80, Thickness (rim): 2.3, Thickness (body): 2.4 SBCH 2a east 11 C 7 Domestic ew-r white slip pale blue whiteware edgemoulded nil ? nil flatware plate Thickness (rim): foodways service rim Y 2 (11) 2.44, Thickness (body): 4.42 Height and Width (frag): 27.4 x 21.3

SBCH 2a east 11 C 9 Domestic porc-h white nil black chinese moulded nil nil face unidentifi unidentified See weight personal? toy? ? N 1 (11) porcelain ed SBCH 2a east 11 C 10 Domestic ew-r white slip black refined red undecorated nil nil unidentifi unidentified Thickness: 4.76 ? ? body N 1 (11) earthenwa ed re

SBCH 2a east 11 C 8 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone china undecorated nil nil unidentifi unidentified Thickness: 2.20 foodways service body N 1 (11) ed SBCH 2a east 11 C 11 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware edgemoulded nil ? nil flatware plate Thickness (rim): foodways service rim N 2 (11) 2.7, Thickness (body): 3.6 SBCH 2a east 11 C 12 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- unidentified Thickness (rim): ? rim N 2 (11) ware 3, Thickness (body): 3, Diameter (chart): 90 SBCH 2a east 11 C 13 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil unidentifi unidentified N/A ? ? body N 4 (11) ed SBCH 2a east 11 C 14 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- unidentified Thickness (rim): ? rim N 1 (11) ware 3, Thickness (body): 3.5, Diameter (chart): 80 Bag Id General Description Decoration Vessel Form Functional Analysis Quantity Site Layer Area Bag Code Sub-bag Category Body Body Glaze type Glaze Ware Dec. Type Dec. colour Pattern Backmarks Notes VF class VF category VF type VF size Category Subcategory Portions Refitted NISP Origin Fragments No Type Colour Colour present Y/N SBCH 2b both 12 C 1 Domestic ew-r reddish slip manganese refined red undecorated nil nil hollow- teapot rockingham Medium. Height: foodways service rim/body Y 19 (12) brown brown earthenwa ware (brown betty) Diameter (W): /base/spo re 133, Diameter ut/handle (B): 79.54, Diameter (Top): 84.6, Thickness (Clay): 3.64, Thickness (Base): 5.85, Thickness (Base rim): 10.03, Thickness (Top rim): 10.77, Width (Handle): 18.87, Height (Spout): 97.2, Diameter (Spout): 16.57, Height (Handle): 95.14

SBCH 2b both 12 C 2 Domestic ew-r buff slip manganese buff undecorated nil nil hollow- teapot rockingham Small. Height: foodways service rim/body Y 10 2 x (5), 1 x (13), 6 X (12) brown bodied ware (brown betty) 108.81, Diameter /base/ha earthenwa (W): 121, ndle re Diameter (B): 64, Diameter (Top): 63.71, Thickness (body): 3.6, Thickness (base): 2.98, Width (rim/top): 10.78, Width (handle): 18.14, Height (Handle): 95.14

SBCH 2b both 13 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware edgemoulded nil ? ROYAL SEMI- flatware plate dinnerplate Diameter (W): foodways service complete Y 11 (13) and relief PORCELAIN, 225, Diameter BURGESS & (B): 69.8, Height: LEIGH, 20.66, Thickness: BURSLEM, 3.55, Centre ENGLAND (Shoulder to shoulder): 153.65

SBCH 2b both 13 C 2 Domestic st buff salt? grey stoneware undecorated nil nil hollow- ink bottle Height: 125.9, personal stationary complete N 1 (13) ware Diameter (B): 54.57, Diameter (Just under neck): 59.22, Diameter (Neck): 24.48, Diameter (Top of Neck): 33.61, Width (lip rim): 9.19. Raised concentric circles: 1.97 mm wide.

SBCH 1 south 16 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware overglaze light blue/ green unid: floral Paragon tulips flatware saucer Diameter (W): foodways service complete Y 12 (16) ext decal/lithograph with black outline China 138.9, Diameter ic England (B): 69.8, Height: 20.66, Thickness: 2.31, Diameter (Cup Indent): 46.84 Bag Id General Description Decoration Vessel Form Functional Analysis Quantity Site Layer Area Bag Code Sub-bag Category Body Body Glaze type Glaze Ware Dec. Type Dec. colour Pattern Backmarks Notes VF class VF category VF type VF size Category Subcategory Portions Refitted NISP Origin Fragments No Type Colour Colour present Y/N SBCH 1 south 16 C 2 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware gilt gold banding/gilt tea nil flatware saucer Diameter (W, foodways service rim/marl Y 4 (16) ext leaf Chart): c. 155, y/body/b Diameter (B, ase chart): c. 70, Thickness (rim): 2.6, Thickness (B): 2.7, Width (footring): 5.7, Height: 25, Deco Diameter: 20 SBCH 2a north 24 C 3 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware underglaze medium dark unidentified nil flatware saucer Diameter (Chart): foodways service rim N 1 (24) transfer print blue/pink and 140, Thickness white (mostly (rim):2.25, blue) Thickness (body): 4.6, Length (frag): 66.5

SBCH 1 south 16 C 3 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware edge moulded nil ? nil flatware plate Diameter (Chart): foodways service rim N 2 (16) ext and scalloped >160, Thickness (rim): 3, Thickness (body): 3.2 SBCH 1 south 16 C 4 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil flatware plate Thickness: 5.5 foodways service body N 1 (16) ext

SBCH 1 south 16 C 5 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil flatware plate dinnerplate Diameter (Chart, foodways service ? N 0 (16) ext footring): 110 , Thickness (B): 4.1

SBCH 3a 21 C 1 Unidentifi ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil unidentifi unidentified unidentified bodt N 1 21 ed ed SBCH 2a south 23 C 1 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone china undecorated nil nil unidentifi unidentified N/A unidentified unidentified body N 1 (23) quad ed SBCH 2a north 24 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware edgemoulded nil nil flatware plate dinnerplate Thickness (rim): foodways service rim/base Y 6 3 x (24), 2 x (1) 3, Thickness (body): 6, Width (footring): 3

SBCH 2a north 24 C 2 Domestic st buff ? clear? stoneware relief nil ? nil vertical hollow- bottle Diameter (Chart): ? ? body N 1 (24) lines ware 100, Height (of frag): 54, Thickness (body): 6.2, Width (of frag): 53

SBCH 2b both 13 C 3 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware overglaze decal pink/green/purple unid: floral nil flatware saucer Diameter (Chart): foodways service rim/base N 1 (13) 140, Thickness (rim): 2.59, Thickness (base): 2.73, Thickness (body): 3.8, Width (footring): 4.96

SBCH 2a north 24 C 5 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- teapot Thickness: 3.42, foodways service rim Y 2 (24) ware Diameter (Chart): , Height (rim): 5.44 Bag Id General Description Decoration Vessel Form Functional Analysis Quantity Site Layer Area Bag Code Sub-bag Category Body Body Glaze type Glaze Ware Dec. Type Dec. colour Pattern Backmarks Notes VF class VF category VF type VF size Category Subcategory Portions Refitted NISP Origin Fragments No Type Colour Colour present Y/N SBCH 2a north 24 C 4 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone china undecorated nil nil hollow- eggcup Height (W): 20.6, foodways service base N 1 (23) ware Diameter (B): 41.19, Diameter (Neck/Stem): 17.9, Height (B): 15, Thickness (rim base): 4.3, Width (rim base): 5.5

SBCH 3c both 26 C 1 Domestic st grey salt? warm stoneware undecorated nil nil hollow- bottle Diameter (Chart): foodways service neck/bod N 4 3 x (26), 1 x (23) brown medium ware c. 70, Thickness: y brown 5.28, Largest (metallic fragment: 55 x 52 shine)

SBCH 3c both 26 C 2 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware underglaze green undentified nil hollow- cup Diameter (W): 75, foodways service body/bas N 1 (26) transfer print ware Diameter (B): e 38.15, Height (of frag): 51.7, Thickness (body): 3, Thickness (B): 2.6, Width (footring)

SBCH 3c both 26 C 3 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- cup Diameter (Chart): foodways service rim/body Y 5 3 x(26), 2 x (28) ware 80, Thickness /base (rim): 2, Thickness (body): 2.28 SBCH 3c both 26 C 4 Industrial ew-c off white nil nil coarse undecorated nil nil hollow- cylinder leclanche cell Diameter (Chart): Other ? rim/body N 9 3 x(26), 6 x (28) earthenwa ware C. 70, Thickness /base re (rim): 3.52, Thickness (body): 3.84 SBCH 3c both 26 C 5 Domestic porc-s white clear clear bone relief/slip orange brown unidentified nil cobbled hollow- unidentified Height of Handle: foodways service handle N 1 (26) china? decorated, effect ware 71, Width of Handle: 12.76, Thickness (Handle): 9.06, Thickness (body): 3.8

SBCH 3c both 26 C 6 Domestic porc-h white clear clear hard paste undecorated nil nil hollow- unidentified Thickness: 0.94, unidentified unidentified body N 1 (26) porcelain ware Diameter (Chart): 25 SBCH 2a south 27 C 1 Domestic ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- unidentified Diamter (Chart): unidentified unidentified rim N 1 (27) ext ware 50, Thickness (body SBCH 3b 28 C 1 st grey salt manganese stoneware ? ? nil hollow- bottle ink bottle diameter (body): personal stationary finish/nec y 3 28 brown brown ware 67, thickness: k/shoulde 7.15, finish: r/body 19.75, rim diameter37.82, bore diameter:15.11, rim thickness: 6.78 SBCH 3b 28 C 2 ew-r white clear clear whiteware undecorated nil nil hollow- jar diameter: 68.23 foodways storage lid n 1 28 ware Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Additional Description Dimensions Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag assemb Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Descriptor 1 Descriptor 2 Descriptor 3 Length/Hei Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No ght SBCH 5 MC 1 #N/A fabric unidentified unidentified unidentified frag unidentified like 11MC2 decoration includes black band 2 0 SBCH 7 MC 1 2a fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified leather (?) with fabric attached. Separate multiple layers to leather (?) 7 1 fragment of fabric, woven cloth in center, covered in hair/brushed down coarse fabric of some kind SBCH 11 MC 1 2a fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified has rim. Otherwise unidentifiable. 1 1 SBCH 11 MC 2 2a fabric unidentified unidentified unidentified frag unidentified decorated, pattern unidentifiable, red, white, cross hatched on back side 5 1 yellow and black colours SBCH 11 MC 3 2a fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified 2 0 SBCH 11 MC 4 2a cork cork ? ? near unidentified thick cork with strings of copper wire around 40.79 21.32 1 1 complete center SBCH 11 MC 5 2a unidentified unidentified ? ? frag unidentified curved, thin red paint/glaze on one surface 4 1 SBCH 12 MC 3 2b cork cork frag multifunction 8.9 (H) 28.8 x28 1 1

SBCH 14 MC 1 3b fabric leather footwear? unidentified unidentified personal clothing curled rectangle of fabric with curved cut and thread holes (?) along side 95.28 91.9 (incl. 1.07 (f) 1 1 thin strip extending out with button hole at perpendicular to thin strip strip), 30 (nt end incl. strip) SBCH 15 MC 1 1 wood wooden Pipe Incomplete personal smoking No visible decoration/distinguishing marks. Of Fragment: Of Stem at Of Stem: 1 stem 12.84 one end: 2.69 12.13, Of Stem at other end: 12.21, of Stem Bore Hole: 7.4

SBCH 21 MC 2 3a fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified one frag multiple layers rolled up other frag curled coarse fabric 7 0 attached SBCH 21 MC 1 3a slate pencil slate pencil complete personal stationery 1 1 SBCH 21 MC 5 3a paper paper newspaper? frag personal leisure burnt writing still visible 34 1

SBCH 21 MC 6 3a paper paper newspaper? frag personal leisure burnt marks still visible ? 0 SBCH 22 MC 2 2a wood wooden Pipe Single Unit Incomplete personal smoking No visible decoration/distinguishing marks. No lip Polished Of Bowl: Of Bowl at Rim: 4.48, 2 1 Bowl, 40.30, Of rim: 27.9, Of Body of Bowl: shank/bowl Bowl to Bowl at 6.83 juncture and Shank: 26.4, Widest point: part of shank length of 29.68, Of incomplete shank (close shank: 11.64 to bowl): 15. 25, Of Shank (furthest from bowl): 13.72, stem bore diameter: 3.1,

SBCH 24 MC 1 2a clay clay pipe Incomplete personal smoking No visible decoration/distinguishing marks. White clay Of Fragment: Of Stem at 1 1 stem 17.2 one end: 8.53, Of Stem at other end: 7.09, Of Stem Bore Hole: 2.28

SBCH 24 MC 3 2a cork cork bottle cork near multifunction burnt fat cork 1 1 complete SBCH 24 MC 4 2a cork cork ? ? near unidentified 1 0 complete SBCH 24 MC 1 2a fabric wall or floor unidentified unidentified frag furnishing smooth black one side, textured brown (orig. thin folded over and 6 1 covering lighter) other over SBCH 24 MC 5 2a paper paper newspaper? frag personal leisure burnt writing still visible 7 1

SBCH 25 MC 2 3b fabric knitted wool? unidentified unidentified frag personal clothing attached to rusty metal different lines of stitch black (unsure if 1 0 this was original colour) SBCH 25 MC 3 3b fabric knitted wool? clothing unidentified frag personal clothing different lines of stitch black (unsure if this was original white sediment 1 1 colour) tangled with, also rust coloured dirt. Button found in folds

SBCH 25 MC 4 3b unidentified clothin button unid frag personal clothing oval raised ridge down center 1 1 SBCH 25 MC 5 3b composite fabric/copper fastener dome complete personal clothing heavily rusted/dirt encrusted punching hole through piece of fabric top half of dome 1 1 alloy SBCH 25 MC 1 3b fabric leather footwear shoe? heel/toe personal clothing curled frags cut frags 30 1 Bag Id Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Weight Notes

SBCH 5 MC 1 1.35 like 11MC2. SBCH 7 MC 1 16.96

SBCH 11 MC 1 8.82 SBCH 11 MC 2 6.49 Cardboard? Suggested that lining of suitcase? SBCH 11 MC 3 8.09 SBCH 11 MC 4 3.42

SBCH 11 MC 5 0.72 SBCH 12 MC 3 1.14 Twig sticking out of it. Unsure if sliced off larger cork SBCH 14 MC 1 17.57

SBCH 15 MC 1 Much wider fragment of stem, in comparison to 24O1, with much thinner clay and wider stem bore hole. Possible still material attached to inner surface. Very very burnt.

SBCH 21 MC 2 18.54 Possibly part of same artefact as 26MC1

SBCH 21 MC 1 2.08 SBCH 21 MC 5 1: n... (line/dots), 2:(picture) ...MING D? 3: FOR /PROFES 4: ilor 5:DONE SBCH 21 MC 6 1.38 marks all lines/borders SBCH 22 MC 2 Not Dutch. Striations on outer surface of bowl that may suggest polishing (Bradley 2004, 109). Burnt material black on outer surface, reddish brown on inner surface and very crumbly. Possibly some residue from pipe contents on inner surface. Potentially goes with 2101, due to similar degrees of fire damage, but impossible to know.

SBCH 24 MC 1 Unable to give MNI as separate vessel to 24O2, due to lack of diagnostic (bowl) fragment. Far different degree of condition - not burnt at all, still white in colour, with small amount of reddish brown on outer surface, probably result of dirt/rust. Harder than burnt fragment. Doesn't appear to be particularly polished.

SBCH 24 MC 3 2.17

SBCH 24 MC 4 1.07

SBCH 24 MC 1 8.7

SBCH 24 MC 5 Frag 1: ..ll street/...ing wit.../...y days/...t word/...d ?.../was ad.../...mber. Frag 2: 00/ MAR? Frag 3: SBCH 25 MC 2 14.04 may go with 25MC3

SBCH 25 MC 3 55.26 may go with 25MC2 and 25MC4

SBCH 25 MC 4 0.27 button? SBCH 25 MC 5 0.42

SBCH 25 MC 1 64.24 Rim of heel present, and part of toe, in addition to scraps. Bag Id General Description Functional Analysis Additional Description Dimensions Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag assemb Material Category Artefact class Artefact type Portion Category Class Descriptor 1 Descriptor 2 Descriptor 3 Length/Hei Width/Diam Thickness NISP Min No ght SBCH 26 MC 1 3b plastic? personal toothbrush toothbrush Incomplete personal hygiene Partially burnt Writing: MARK, and possible Filled with Of Fragment: Of Whole: Of whole: 3 1 Cemented? See lab book something, either 36 14.17 5.45, of outer natural part of material: material (if bone), 1.22 or unnatural (if clay)

SBCH 28 MC 1 3b unidentified complete unidentified two circular flats sandwiched together raised checkered surface on inner of non checkered 18.91, 17,81 5.17 2 1 one circle rustier. Could be wood as well? SBCH 28 MC 2 3b fabric leather strip unidentified frag unidentified strips of leather, one tied in knot 20 4 5 1 SBCH 28 MC 3 3b fabric leather footwear boot heel/spur? personal clothing boot heel, with extension at back with hole for leather two layers thick >95 60 2 1 screw SBCH 28 MC 4 3b fabric leather footwear shoe heel personal clothing child size, vertical attachment 43 2 1 SBCH 28 MC 5 3b fabric leather strip unidentified frag unidentified thin strips of fabric, slightly furry 11.6 4.8 3 1 SBCH 28 MC 6 3b fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified textured on back, as if adhesive of some kind 1 1

SBCH 28 MC 7 3b fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified no distinguishing marks 30 0 SBCH 28 MC 8 3b fabric leather unidentified unidentified frag unidentified two layers, one leather, one softer fabric 2 1 Bag Id Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Weight Notes

SBCH 26 MC 1 See lab book. Highly polished.

SBCH 28 MC 1 Button? Attachment of some kind? Possibly to clothing?

SBCH 28 MC 2 SBCH 28 MC 3

SBCH 28 MC 4 SBCH 28 MC 5 SBCH 28 MC 6

SBCH 28 MC 7 SBCH 28 MC 8 Bag Id General Description Taphonomy Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Assembl Taxon Element Side Portion Burnt Cut Gnawed Weathered NISP Min No Weight Notes SBCH 5 B 1 #N/A sheep Ulna left complete no no dog no 2 1 9.03 5 B 2 2a sheep humerus right shaft no chop no no 1 1 21.41 Chop near proximal end of shaft. 5 B 3 2a sheep humerus right proximal no no no no 1 1 6.48 5 B 4 2a sheep radius left distal + shaft no no no no 1 1 33.19 5 B 5 2a sheep carpal - nc right complete no no no no 1 1 4.74 5 B 6 2a Sheep tibia right proximal ep no no no no 1 1 4.21 5 B 7 2a sheep vertebra - C1 complete no no no no 1 1 12.44

5 B 8 2a sheep? vertebra arch no no no no 1 1 4.76 5 B 9 2a sheep cranium - right fragment no no no no 1 1 9.1 parietal 5 B 10 2a sheep cranium - left fragment no no no no 6 1 21.95 Includes 3 cheek teeth. maxilla 5 B 11 2a sheep teeth - cheek complete no no no no 2 2 12.24

5 B 12 2a sheep teeth - complete no no no no 3 3 2.71 incisors 5 B 13 2a sheep/pig rib ? fragment no no no no 6 4 11.4 5 B 14 2a cow vertebra arch no no no no 1 1 40.52 5 B 15 2a cow rib ? proximal no sawn no no 1 1 32.08 Sawn at shaft end 5 B 16 2a rabbit tibia right c** no no no no 1 1 2 5 B 17 2a rabbit tibia ? shaft no no no no 1 1 0.8 5 B 18 2a rabbit Humerus right distal + shaft no no no no 1 1 0.73 5 B 19 2a rabbit humerus left distal + shaft no no no no 1 1 1.24 5 B 20 2a rabbit tibia right proximal no no no no 1 1 0.25 5 B 21 2a rabbit femur right c** no no no no 1 1 2.14 5 B 22 2a rabbit ulna left proximal no no no no 1 1 0.54 5 B 23 2a rabbit pelvis right ischium + half a no no no no 1 1 1.31 5 B 24 2a rabbit mc/mt ? complete no no no no 7 7 1.92 5 B 25 2a chicken coracoid left distal no no no no 1 1 0.43 5 B 26 2a sheep/pig long bone ? fragment no no no no 2 1 3.36 5 B 27 2a large ? ? fragment no no no yes 3 2 23.24 mammal 5 B 28 2a bird/rabbit long bone ? fragment no no no no 1 1 0.18 5 B 29 2a mammal ?sp ? ? fragment no no no no 9 0 0.9 16 B 1 1 sheep pelvis right complete no no no no 1 1 26.44 16 B 2 1 sheep pelvis right ischium + a no no no no 2 2 23.41 16 B 3 1 sheep tibia right shaft no no no yes 1 1 20.56 16 B 4 1 sheep scapula right glenoid + half blade no no no yes 2 1 21.29 Root etching.

16 B 5 1 sheep scapula left glenoid no cut no yes 1 1 17.16 Root etching and cut on medial surface, below neck 16 B 6 1 sheep scapula right blade no chop no no 1 1 14.01 Chop at glenoid end of blade. i.e. Separating humerus. 16 B 7 1 sheep scapula ? blade fragment no no no no 1 1 6.26 16 B 8 1 sheep teeth - cheek ? complete no no no no 2 2 15.25

16 B 9 1 sheep tarsal - right complete no no no no 1 1 4.47 astragalus 16 B 10 1 sheep phalange ? complete no no no no 1 1 3.71 16 B 11 1 cow mc/mt ? distal ep no no no no 2 1 9.1 16 B 12 1 cow humerus right distal no no no no 1 1 136.54 16 B 13 1 sheep/pig rib ? shaft no no no no 4 2 6.05 16 B 14 1 cow/pig rib ? shaft no no no yes 2 2 15.22 16 B 15 1 sheep/pig long bone ? shaft no no no no 7 2 26.31 16 B 16 1 sheep/pig vertebra ? spinous process no no no no 2 2 3.35 16 B 17 1 sheep/pig vertebra ? arch no no no no 1 1 1.06 16 B 18 1 cow/pig vertebra ? fragment no no no no 1 1 4.75 16 B 19 1 sheep? cranium ? fragment no no no no 1 1 1.27 16 B 20 1 rabbit tibia left shaft no no no no 1 1 1.11 16 B 21 1 rabbit humerus left distal + shaft no no no no 1 1 0.73 16 B 22 1 chicken ulna left proximal no no no no 1 1 0.75 16 B 23 1 mammal ?sp ? ? fragment no no no no 8 0 1.98 11 B 1 2a sheep cranium most of no no no no 22 1 171.49 11 B 2 2a sheep tibia right distal + shaft no no dog no 2 2 106.96 Chewed at proximal end. 11 B 3 2a sheep tibia left distal + shaft no no dog no 2 2 108.81 Chewed at proximal end. 11 B 4 2a sheep tibia left distal + shaft no no no yes 1 1 24.32 11 B 5 2a sheep humerus right distal + shaft no chop no no 1 1 27.64 Two chop marks at proximal end of shaft.

11 B 6 2a sheep humerus right distal + shaft no no dog no 1 1 22.2 Chewed at both ends. 11 B 7 2a sheep humerus ? mid shaft no no no no 3 3 29.61 11 B 8 2a sheep pelvis left near complete no no no no 1 1 24.39 11 B 9 2a sheep scapula right blade no cut dog no 1 1 12.17 Cut on medial surface. Chewed at hoth ends. 11 B 10 2a sheep tarsal - left complete no no no no 1 1 5.98 astragalus 11 B 11 2a sheep tarsal - right complete no no no no 1 1 9.52 calcaneus 11 B 12 2a sheep/pig femur ? proximal ep no no no yes 1 1 2.1 11 B 13 #N/A rabbit pelvis right near complete no no no no 1 1 1.55 11 B 14 2a rabbit tibia ? shaft no no no no 1 1 1.51 11 B 15 2a rabbit femur right proximal no no no no 1 1 2.35 Bag Id General Description Taphonomy Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag Assembl Taxon Element Side Portion Burnt Cut Gnawed Weathered NISP Min No Weight Notes 11 B 16 2a rabbit Ulna right proximal no no no no 1 1 0.55 11 B 17 2a rabbit pelvis left ischium + half a no no no no 1 1 0.64 11 B 18 2a rabbit mandible right near complete no no no no 2 2 1.89 11 B 19 2a rabbit tibia right distal no no no no 1 1 0.8 11 B 20 2a rabbit femur left shaft no no no no 1 1 1.26 11 B 21 2a rabbit mc/mt ? complete no no no no 1 1 0.24 11 B 22 2a rabbit rib ? proximal + shaft no no no no 1 1 0.02 11 B 23 2a rabbit vertebra ? complete no no no no 2 2 1.29 11 B 24 2a cat cranium left maxilla no no no no 1 1 0.74 11 B 25 2a rabbit? long bone ? fragment no no no no 1 1 0.37 11 B 26 2a sheep/pig rib ? shaft no no no no 5 4 11.28 11 B 27 2a cow/pig rib ? proximal no no dog no 1 1 2.25 Chewed at shaft end. 11 B 28 2a mammal ?sp long bone ? fragment no no no no 1 1 3.87 Should be identifiable. 11 B 29 2a sheep/pig vertebra ? spinous process no no no no 1 1 1.02 11 B 30 2a mammal ?sp long bone ? fragment no no no no 6 0 8.66 11 B 31 2a mammal ?sp unidentified ? fragment no no no no 18 0 5.26 3 B 1 1 sheep humerus left distal + shaft no no no no 1 1 26.37 3 B 2 1 sheep scapula ? blade fragment no no no no 1 1 8.57 3 B 3 1 sheep vertebra ? centrum fragment no no no no 1 1 7.19 3 B 4 1 cow/pig rib ? shaft no cut no no 1 1 1.79 Cut through shaft. 3 B 5 1 rabbit pelvis left ischium no no no no 1 1 0.41 3 B 6 1 mammal ?sp ? ? fragment no no no no 9 0 4.52 27 B 1 2a sheep pelvis left near complete no no no no 2 1 23.14 27 B 2 2a sheep Humerus left distal no no dog? yes 1 1 4.83 27 B 3 2a rabbit tibia left shaft no no no yes 1 1 1.75 Split. 27 B 4 2a rabbit mandible left near complete no no no no 1 1 1.8 1 B 1 1 sheep femur left distal no no no no 1 1 23.85 1 B 2 1 sheep/pig vertebra ? fragment no no no no 1 1 1.74 1 B 3 1 rabbit femur left proximal* no no dog no 1 1 0.83 Puncture at proximal end. 1 B 4 1 mammal ?sp ? ? fragment no no no no 1 1 0.52 Bag Id General Description Quantity Site Bag No Code Sub-bag assembl Taxon Element Portion NISP Min No Weight SBCH 13 S 1 #N/A oyster body fragments 5 0 0.22 SBCH 5 S 1 2a oyster valve/body intact side + frag 3 1 30.11 SBCH 11 S 1 2a oyster body fragments 2 0 6.94 SBCH 16 S 1 1 oyster valve/body near intact 1 1 2.72 SBCH 1 S 1 1 oyster valve fragments 1 1 4.35 SBCH 24 S 1 2a oyster valve/body fragments 3 1 9.1