Qu™B Al-Din Al-Shirazi Iii 15
STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 15
QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI (D. 710/1311) AS A TEACHER: AN ANALYSIS OF HIS IJAZAT (STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III)1
BY
REZA POURJAVADY & SABINE SCHMIDTKE
Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi, who had reached the peak of his scholarly career at the turn of the 8th/14th century, was in close contact with most of the leading scholars of his time throughout his life, be it as teachers, colleagues, associates or students. In the introduction to his commentary on Ibn Sina’s (d. 428/1037) Qanun, he included some details about his childhood and early education, particularly in the field of medicine.2 In his Durrat al-taj, he relates that he was initiated into Sufism by his father, Δiyaˆ al-Din Mas¨ud b. al-MuÒliÌ al-Kaziruni, who invested him with the “habit of benediction” (khirqat al-tabarruk) at the age of ten, and that he received the “habit of aspiration” (khirqat al-irada) at the age of thirty from MuÌyi al-Din AÌmad b. ¨Ali b. Abi l-Ma¨ali.3 During
1 This article is part of a series of studies devoted to Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi. “Studies on Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi I” was published in Journal Asiatique 292 (2004), pp. 309-328 (“Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s (d. 710/1311) Durrat al-taj and Its Sources”); “Studies on Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi II” was published in Studia Iranica 36 (2007), pp. 279-301 (“The Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 710/1311) Codex (MS Mar¨ashi 12868)“). – We take the opportunity to thank Omar Hamdan and Wilferd Madelung for helpful suggestions with regard to the edition of the ijazas presented in this paper and Vera Moreen for reading the article and offering stylistic suggestions. 2 The text is included in Sayyid MuÌammad Mishkat’s introduction to his edition of the fatiÌa and jumla 1-3, 5 of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s Durrat al-taj (Tehran 1317-20/ 1938-41), pp. kha-zayn n. 2. For a summary of the autobiographical segments of the intro- duction, see A.Z. Iskandar, A Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, London 1967, pp. 43-47. 3 See below, Appendix [9]; see also below, ijaza number 5. He also reports in his Durrat al-taj to have been invested by the habit through Najib al-Din ¨Ali b. Buzgush al-Shirazi (d. 678/1279-80), although the autobiographical quality of this statement is most uncertain. See below, Appendix [6] and n. 36.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 doi:10.2143/JA.297.1.2045781 16 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE his later scholarly career4, Qu†b al-Din spent extended periods in the various centres of learning of his time. Following the construction of the observatory at Maragha in 657/1259, he moved there in 658/1260 for at least a decade to study astronomy and philosophy with NaÒir al-Din al-™usi (d. 672/1274) and to work as an astronomer and a scribe, together with other prominent contemporary astronomers, mathemati- cians and philosophers. It was in Maragha that he made the acquaintance of Muˆayyad al-Din al-¨Ur∂i (d. 664/1265-66), with whom he studied astronomy and geometry, and of Najm al-Din al-Katibi (d. 675/1277), who also taught him philosophy5 and whom he later accompanied to Juwayn. Between 665/1266 and 667/1268, Qu†b al-Din seems to have accompanied NaÒir al-Din al-™usi on a trip to Khurasan and Quhistan and may have around that time also sojourned in Baghdad, where he possibly met his older contemporary ¨Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammuna (d. 683/1284), whose philosophical writings had a major impact on him6. It must have been during this time that Qu†b al-Din made the acquaintance of ÒaÌib al-diwan Shams al-Din al-Juwayni (executed 683/ 1284), whose patronage he subsequently enjoyed and to whom he dedi- cated two works7. By 673/1274, shortly before ∑adr al-Din al-Qunawi’s death in the same year, Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi arrived in Konya, where he studied Ibn al-Athir’s (d. 606/1210) Jami¨ al-uÒul with ∑adr al-Din.8
4 For the main stages of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s biography, see John Walbridge, The Science of Mystical Lights: Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi and the Illuminationist Tradition in Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, Mass. 1992, pp. 7-24; MuÌammad Taqi Mir, SharÌ-i Ìal u athar-i ¨Allama-yi Qu†b al-Din MaÌmud b. Mas¨ud al-Shirazi, Shiraz [1975], pp. 1-17. 5 Qu†b al-Din’s activities during his time in Maragha are mentioned by Ibn al-Fuwa†i, Majma¨ al-Adab fi mu¨jam al-alqab 1-6, ed. MuÌammad al-KaÂim, Tehran 1416/1995-96, vol. 3, pp. 440-441 no. 2927. 6 See our A Jewish Philosopher of Baghdad. ¨Izz al-Dawla Ibn Kammuna (d. 683/ 1284) and his writings, Leiden 2006, pp. 29f. 7 Namely his Nihayat al-idrak fi dirayat al-aflak and his SharÌ al-mukhtaÒar; see Walbridge, The Science of Mystical Lights, pp. 16, 181-182 no. 14, 189 no. 41. 8 See Qu†b al-Din’s inscription on the title page of Volume Two of Jami¨ al-uÒul (MS Feyzullah 300, f. 1a), copied in his hand; see also Hellmut Ritter, “Autographs in Turkish Libraries,” Oriens 6 (1953), pp. 71, 77-78, Plate XIII (containing a reproduction and edi- tion of the inscription), and our “The Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi Codex,” p. 282. Cf. also Nur al-Din ¨Abd al-RaÌman Jami, NafaÌat al-uns min Ìa∂rat al-quds, ed. MaÌmud ¨Abidi, Tehran 1370[/1991], p. 554; Jalal al-Din al-Suyu†i, Bughyat al-wu¨at fi †abaqat al-lughawiyyin wa-l-nuÌat, ed. MuÌammad Abu l-Fa∂l Ibrahim, [Cairo] 1384/1965, vol. 2, p. 282 no. 1983.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 17
Sometime during the 670s/1270s, Qu†b al-Din was appointed chief judge of Malatya and Sivas in Anatolia, where he stayed throughout the 680s/ 1280s, while at the same time entertaining close relations with the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz. From 690/1290 onwards, Qu†b al-Din spent the last two decades of his life (except possibly for some trips to Gilan) in Tabriz, where he enjoyed the patronage of the court and later on be- longed to the circle of the (since 697/1298) vizier Rashid al-Din Fa∂l Al- lah (d. 718/1318), although relations between the two were often tense. Throughout his scholarly career, Qu†b al-Din was in close contact with numerous scholars, colleagues as well as students, yet it is not al- ways clear who among them had in fact formally studied with him. Among the scholars who were deeply influenced by him, particular mention should be made of NiÂam al-Din al-A¨raj al-Nisaburi, who first met Qu†b al-Din in 703/1304, when he came to Azerbaijan, and who ex- plicitly recognizes Qu†b al-Din’s solutions to the Almagest’s physical in- consistencies in his own work9. That NiÂam al-Din considered Qu†b al- Din as his teacher is suggested by his Tafsir TaÌrir al-Majisti. In the in- troduction to this work, he praises Qu†b al-Din highly and refers to him as mawlana wa-mawla al-{alimin wa-ustadhuna wa-ustadh al-{alimin10. Another prominent scholar associated with Qu†b al-Din was Kamal al- Din Îasan b. ¨Ali al-Farisi (d. 718/1320), who composed his TanqiÌ al- manaÂir li-dhawi l-abÒar wa-l-baÒaˆir, a revision of Ibn al-Haytham’s (d. 430/1039) Optics (Kitab fi l-manaÂir), at Qu†b al-Din’s suggestion. His wording in the introduction to his TanqiÌ suggests that he had in fact been a student of Qu†b al-Din11. Moreover, in the introduction to his 9 See Robert G. Morrison, Islam and Science. The intellectual career of NiÂam al-Din al-Nisaburi, London 2007, passim; Mishkat’s introduction to his edition of Durrat al-taj, p. qaf. On NiÂam al-Din, see also Robert Morrison, “Reasons for a scientific portrayal of nature in medieval commentaries on the Qurˆan,” Arabica 52 (2005), pp. 182-203. 10 We have consulted the autograph MS UCLA 49 for this text (esp. pp. 3-5). See http://unitproj1.library.ucla.edu/dlib/minasian/browse.cfm?ms=0040 (accessed 1/10/ 2009). 11 Kamal al-Din al-Farisi explicitly refers to Qu†b al-Din and his role in the composi- tion of the text in his introduction, see Kitab TanqiÌ al-manaÂir 1-2, Hyderabad 1347 [/1928], vol. 1, pp. 4f; Kitab TanqiÌ al-manaÂir li-dhawi l-abÒar wa-l-baÒaˆir, ed. MuÒ†afa Îijazi, Cairo 1404/1984, vol. 1, pp. 42f. – On him, see also Roshdie Rashed, “Kamal al-Din,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles Gillispie, New York 1973, vol. 7, pp. 212-219; idem, Geometry and Dioptrics in Classical Islam, London 1426/2005, pp. 36 and passim.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 18 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
Fa¨alta fa-la talum, Qu†b al-Din refers to Kamal al-Din as al-walad al-a¨azz al-akram wa-l-imam al-af∂al al-a¨lam ì, which indicates that the latter had been his student12. Later bio-bibliographical sources also mention ¨Ali b. ¨Abd Allah b. Abi l-Îasan al-Ardabili al-Tabrizi (d. 746/ 1346) to have studied Ibn al-Athir’s Jami¨ al-uÒul with Qu†b al-Din13 and Qu†b al-Din al-Razi (d. 766/1364-65) to have written his super- commentary on Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat, MuÌakamat bayn al-shariÌayn, at the suggestion of Qu†b al-Din14, though there is no contemporary evi- dence confirming this. In the introduction to his commentary on ¨Ali b. MuÌammad al-Pazdawi’s (d. 482/1089) Kitab al-UÒul, Akmal al-Din MuÌammad b. MaÌmud al-Babirti (d. 786/1384) relates that Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi handed his unfinished commentary on the Kitab al-UÒul shortly before his death to al-Babirti’s teacher, Shams al-Din al-IÒfahani, asking him to complete the work15. However, there is no evidence that Shams al-Din was a student of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi.". Additional docu- mentation indicating who had formally studied with Qu†b al-Din al- Shirazi are the ijazas he had issued. In this study, six certificates, dating from Rama∂an 696/July 1297 to Rabi¨ II 708/mid October 1308, are in- troduced and edited (with the exception of ijaza number 4) for the first time. They provide information about seven scholars who have formally studied with Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi during this period. Moreover, these documents also provide a picture of Qu†b al-Din’s intellectual back- ground, which consisted of the following cornerstones: Philosophy, Ìadith, medicine, rhetorics, and ∑ufi tradition. While it was well known that Qu†b al-Din was a ∑ufi on the basis of his autobiographical state-
12 We have consulted MS Majlis 3944 for this text. – We wish to thank Jamil Ragep for having shared his copy of the manuscript with us. 13 See al-Suyu†i, Bughyat al-wu¨at, vol. 2, p. 171 no. 1717, where only “al-UÒul” is mentioned. 14 See Îajji Khalifa, Kashf al-Âunun ¨an asami al-kutub wa-l-funun. Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum a Mustafa Ben Abdallah Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato1-7, ed. Gustav Flügel, Leipzig 1835-58, vol. 1, p. 302. – For a list of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s students, including those whose formal study with Qu†b al-Din is uncertain, see Walbridge, Science of Mystic Lights, pp. 172-174. The docu- mentary evidence for (5), (7), (10), (11), (12) in Walbridge’s list as being students of Qu†b al-Din seems weak. 15 See MS Feyzullah 569, f. 1b; cf. also Îajji Khalifa, Kashf al-Âunun, vol. 1, pp. 335- 338 no. 844.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 19 ments in his Durrat al-taj and the reports in the later bio-bibliographical sources, ijaza number 5 shows that he evidently felt sufficiently author- ized to invest others with the ∑ufi habit. Moreover, ijazas number 4, 5 and 6 also attest to his important role as a transmitter of Ìadith. Given his important writings in the field of philosophy, it is no surprise that some of the ijazas were issued for texts within this discipline. However, while it was common in Qu†b al-Din’s time to grant ijazas in the field of Ìadith transmission as well as in the ∑ufi tradition, he seems to have been among the first to extend this practice into the realm of philosophy as well.
1
At the end of a copy of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s commentary (sharÌ) on Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi’s (executed 587/1191) Îikmat al-ishraq, transcribed by Sharaf al-Din al-Khwarazmi and dated Rama∂an 717/ November 1317, that is preserved as MS Yusuf Aga (Konya) 662416, there is an ijaza issued by Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi to Taj al-Milla wa-l-Din MaÌmud b. al-Sharif al-Kirmani (f. 281a). The ijaza is written in Qu†b al-Din’s own hand and is dated al-¨ashr al-awsa† [i.e., between 11-20] Rama∂an 696/July 1297, that is, nine years before the main text of the codex was transcribed17. It is likely that the leaf containing the ijaza was added to the codex later. The text of the ijaza itself does not specify which work Taj al-Din had studied with Qu†b al-Din. It may have been the latter’s commentary on Îikmat al-ishraq as Qu†b al-Din had completed the work by Rajab 694/April 1295. Taj al-Din al-Kirmani is otherwise known to have transcribed a composite manuscript that is incompletely preserved and the sequence of whose leaves is out of order
16 Mujtaba Minuvi (“Mulla Qu†b Shirazi,” Yadnama-yi Irani-yi Minorsky, eds. Mojtaba Minovi & Iraj Afshar, Tehran 1348/1969, pp. 191-192: 199ff) suggests on the basis of this codex that Sharaf al-Din al-Khwarazmi was also a student of Qu†b al-Din al- Shirazi. See also Walbridge, Science of Mystic Lights, p. 173 no. 7. However, the codex contains no evidence that would suggest this. — We are grateful to the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (Riyadh) for providing us with digital images of this manuscript. 17 The ijaza is mentioned by Minuvi, “Mulla Qu†b Shirazi,” pp. 191-192; see also Walbridge, Science of Mystic Lights, p. 173 no. 8.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 20 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
(MS Fâtih 3141). This majmu¨a contains most of the writings also in- cluded in a codex copied by Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi in 685/1286 in Konya. It is likely that al-Kirmani had used the Shirazi Codex as his Vorlage18. tà ¶« r Í“«dOAë `KB*« s œuF Ä s œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ ‰uI ∫vM (U bL Ä vK …uKBÃ«Ë ¨tzULË t{—√ w Wu*« tzô¬ vK ¶« bL bF UÄ√ q{UHë Œ_« ¡UIK ÔXÒd U* wS ¨19tzUHK Ë tU √Ë tì vKË tzUO√ -U ¨sbÃ«Ë WK*« ÃU ¨WO{d*« UHBÃ«Ë WK{UHë ‚ö _« V U qÄUJë rOJ(«Ë n dA « s œuL ¨5II;« …ËbÁ ¨sdÿUM*« nO ¨5LK *«Ë Âöù« d W«—bë qÄU kH(« dO tÔb Ë ¨tKÄ q{U_« w dÂËÒ tKC tKë «œ√ w U dJ « qOL ¨W Bë .d ¨œ«dù« s ¨Òœ«u*« de ¨WKOCHë Òr ¨W«Ëdë l«Ë UN√ ÔXOÒM9 ô≈ W —U Òw vI ö rKJË ¨s Ã√ wKÂÒ Ê√ uà ҜËQ wGB ¨…dAFë .Ê–√ iÄ«u s h HÃU U"NÃÎ tOUFË »UJë «c w!UF ÎÈdGÄ ÊU U* r »öDë vK Áœ—«u ÚXÓ L U*U! Ícë »UJë u Ë ¨tOUFÄ ozUÁœË tÿUHÃ√ »UJë q ¨»U_«Ë —«Ëœ_« ÂU rN qJ ô≈ fQ rK ¨Áb«Ë√ ÚÓdHË U—œÎ ÒwK √dÁ YO Ë ¨œUH«Ë œU√ »UJë rK ÁbM sÄ ô≈ tLKF ô Ícë ÕUCO«Ë ¨tOUÄ vK lKDÄÒ Õ«dA«Ë ¨bOOIË bu&ËÌ ÊUI≈ËÌ ÊUI≈Ì …¡«dÁ U—œÎ s tÔÁb ¨tKÿÒ Áb Ë tOK UOIKÄÎ ¨tKÂ] Á—bB dFÁ U* U «ËÎ ¨tOUFÄ s nU tOK XOIÃ√Ë ¨ÍÒd W$O tOÃ≈ ÔXOC√Ë ÍdÄ√ lK! tÔFK!√Ë ¨w«Ë—Ë w«—œ tM q sÄ `H«Ë ¨tUF qÃ–Ò v ¨Íd"Ë wL$ tÔLK√Ë ¨ÍdÓ"ÔË ÍdÓ"Ô ¨ÂbÃ«Ë ÕËdÃU tMÄ jK œUÂË ¨rÓ Ië dË√ vK tUI√ sÄ bB Ë ¨t«u√ oKGÄ .wU t dFA UÄ vK ¨wUM sÄ rN oË√ u WKL'UË
18 See our “The Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi Codex”. Æ·c KÃ “uÄdÄË —dJÄ ∫tzUHK Ë 19
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 21
W«ËdKà UÄ ÒwK be Ê√Ë ¨q bÄ tO W«ËdKà UÄ wM ÍËd Ê√ tà Ôe √ «cNÃË vK UNOÃ≈ tÔb—√Ë UNOK tÔHÁË√ wë WOHOÁuë —«d_U ÒsC ô Ê√Ë ¨ÃdÄ t s ô ¨UNK √ dO s UN ÊuMCÄ UNS ¨ö √Î UNà ÊU UL ö √Î UNà ÊU sÄ oHË ¨Ád «u vK ’uG rKFÃÌ Á¡UI qOD Ê√ vÃUF tKë ÔXÃQË .UNK √ wÃË√ ÷«d √ vÄdÄ u Ícë `ÃUBë qLFKà tIuË ¨ÁdzU – s ·«b_« ÂdÂ√Ë ¨‰u$ Ä dO t≈ ¨qCHë UU vÃ≈ 5CJd*« —UB√ `LDÄË ¨qIFë .‰uÄQÄ 5F Ë X WM —uN sÄ ÊUCÄ— sÄ jË_« dAFë w »UJë nÃRÄ Á—Òd .ÁbF Òw ô sÄ vK UOKBÄËÎ Áb Ë tKà «bÄU Î WzULË
2
MS Astan-e Quds Ra∂awi (Mashhad) Îikmat 6866, containing a copy of NaÒir al-Din al-™usi’s (d. 672/1274) commentary on Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat wa-l-tanbihat, Îall mushkilat al-Isharat wa-l-Tanbihat, cop- ied by Abu l-Qasim al-Îasan b. Dawud b. al-Îasan al-Abarquhi al- Bihmazadhi and completed on 5 Rajab 754/5 August 1353, has at the end of the text (f. 233b) an ijaza for this work, issued by Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi for Burhan al-Milla wa-l-Din ¨Ubayd Allah b. Shams al-Milla wa-l-Din MuÌammad b. al-Bukhari at the beginning of Rabi¨ I 700/ November 1300. The ijaza was transcribed from a copy in the hand of the recipient, ¨Ubayd Allah b. MuÌammad b. al-Bukhari, most likely by the copyist of the entire text20. A second copy of the same ijaza is preserved in another copy of NaÒir al-Din al-™usi’s Îall mushkilat al-Isharat wa-l-Tanbihat (f. 251b) owned by the Osler Library of the
20 The Milli Library in Tehran has another copy of NaÒir al-Din al-™usi’s Îall al-mushkilat that has been transcribed from al-Abarquhi’s copy of 754. We did not have a chance to inspect the manuscript and it is therefore not clear whether MS Milli ¨ayn 986 also includes the text of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s ijaza. For a description of this codex, see Sayyid ¨Abd Allah Anwar, Fihrist-i nusakh-i kha††i-yi Kitabkhana-yi Milli-yi Iran 1-, Tehran 1343/1965-, vol. 8, pp. 473-475. See also http://www.aghabozorg.ir/showbook detail.aspx?bookid=73501 (accessed 5/3/2009).
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 22 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
History of Medicine, McGill Montreal (OL 478)21. This second copy was likewise transcribed by the above mentioned scribe, Abu l-Qasim al-Abarquhi, between Sha¨ban and Rama∂an 761/1360. The codex also has a leaf from another manuscript of the same work that was likewise transcribed by Abu l-Qasim al-Abarquhi in 737/1336. On the back of this leaf (f. 255b), there is an autograph ijaza issued by Burhan al-Din ¨Ubayd Allah al-¨Ibri for Abu l-Qasim al-Abarquhi. This document per- mits the recipient of the ijaza granted by Qu†b al-Din to be identified as the renowned scholar ¨Ubayd Allah b. MuÌammad al-Farghani al-¨Ibri (d. 743/1432), who is mostly known for his commentary on ™awali¨ al- anwar and other writings by ¨Abd Allah al-Bay∂awi (d. ca. 685/1286)22. Alternative readings of the later copy of this ijaza as preserved in the Osler manuscript as against the copy from the Astan-i Quds Library are indicated below in square brackets. dAë –U√ sdUF*« qLÂ√Ë sd Q*« qC√ UN …“U ≈ ›…—u¤ œ«u ÊUÄeë Wu"√ 5IÁb*« ÈbIÄË 5II;« –U√ ´¤ UôuÄ ›‡∫dAë ÆÆÆ qC√¤ 21 Cf. Adam Gacek, Arabic manuscripts in the libraries of McGill University. Union Catalogue, Montreal 1991, pp. 32, 34 no. 40. 22 We wish to thank Adam Gacek for having shared his notes on the codex with us. For a detailed description of this codex, see also Adam Gacek, “The Osler codex of NaÒir al-Din al-™usi’s commentary on Avicenna’s al-Isharat wa-al-tanbihat,” a paper presented at The Fifth Islamic Manuscript Conference, Christ’s College, University of Cambridge (UK), 24-26 July 2009. – ¨Ubayd Allah b. MuÌammad al-Farghani al-¨Ibri is one of the scholars who composed a taqriz on Rashid al-Din’s al-Taw∂iÌat al-rashidiyya; see MS Danishkada-yi Adabiyat (University of Tehran) 188 jim, ff. 50a-51a. Cf. also Josef van Ess, Der Wesir und seine Gelehrten: Zu Inhalt und Entstehungsgeschichte der theologischen Schriften des Rasiduddin FaÂlullah (gest. 718/1318), Wiesbaden 1981, pp. 25 (A 25), 42. – On Ibn al-¨Ibri, see also ¨Abd al-Îayy b. AÌmad Ibn al-¨Imad, Shadharat al-dhahab fi akhbar man dhahab 1-11, eds. ¨Abd al-Qadir al-Arnaˆu† and MaÌmud al-Arnaˆu†, Damascus 1986-95, vol. 8, pp. 241-242; Abu Bakr b. AÌmad b. Qa∂i Shuhba, ™abaqat al-fuqahaˆ al-Shafi¨iyya 1-2, ed. ¨Ali MuÌammad ¨Umar, Cairo [1998], vol. 2, pp. 110-111 no. 597; idem, ™abaqat al-Shafi¨iyya, ed. al-Îafi ¨Abd al-¨Alim Khan, Hyderabad 1978-80, vol. 3, pp. 39-40 no. 597; MuÌammad b. Rafi¨ al-Salami, Tarikh ¨ulamaˆ Baghdad al-musamma muntakhab al-mukhtar, ed. ¨Abbas al-¨Azzawi, Baghdad 1357/1938, p. 75; Ibn Îajar al-¨Asqalani, al-Durar al-kamina fi a¨yan al-miˆa al-thamina 1-5, ed. MuÌammad Sayyid Jad al-Îaqq, Cairo 1966-67, vol. 3, pp. 47-48 no. 2560; Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur 1-2. Zweite den Supplementbänden angepasste Auflage 1-2, Leiden 1943-49 [= GAL], vol. 1, p. 533; vol. 2, p. 254; idem, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Supplementbände 1-3, Leiden 1937-42 [= GALS], vol. 1, p. 742; vol. 2, p. 271.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 23 t«u{d ¶« ÁbÒLG Í“«dOAë sbÃ«Ë ›‡ ∫o(«Ë¤ o(«Ë WK*« VDÁ ›Ê«—Ëbë …—œUË 5II;« qC√ ›bM ë bO ë¤ UbMË UbOË Uôu* ›‡ ∫t«u{d ÆÆÆ Í“«dOAë¤ s tÔKI ¨t d{ —ÒuË t Ë— ¶« ”ÒbÁ ¨sbÃ«Ë WK*« ÊU dË «œU ë ÊUDK :›t«u{—Ë tdF0 ¶« UL ôu ∫tD s ÆÆÆ ¶« ”bÁ¤ tD ¨sdÿUM*« pKÄ ¨5II;« …ËbÁ ¨qUÄ_« ·d q{UHë ÂUÄù« œUH«Ë œU√ `O ¨…d UD « …d F « —U « ¨bM « bO « s ¶« bO ¨s b «Ë WK*« ÊU d w dÂËÒ tKC ¶« «œ√ ¨Í—U « s bL s b «Ë WK*« fL ¨bNF « ¨oOÁbËÌ ÊUFÄ≈ËÌ ¨oOI%ËÌ ÊUI≈Ì …¡«dÁ »UJë «c ÒwK √dÁ ÆtKÄ q{U_« rà –≈ ¨WOMOIOë VÃUD*« bÁUFÄË ¨WOIOI(« WLJ(« b«uÁ tMÄ œUH Ê√ Òo «Ë «c w Wœu*« WËe<« ozUI(«Ë nOÁuë vK WuÁu*« WuMJ*« ozUÁbë sÄ —œUG ÆU Uœ√Ë U d ô≈ …bd Ë√ WÒO√ ôË ¨U UB √ ô≈ …dO ôË …dOG nOÃQë s ·«b_« oHË Ád «u vK ’uG rKFà Á¡UI qOD Ê√ ‰Q√ ¶U —UB√ `LDÄË qIFë wÃË√ ÷«d √ vÄdÄ u Ícë `ÃUBë qLFKà tIuË ÁdzU – .qCHë UU vÃ≈ 5CJd*« tà ¶« r Í“«dOAë `KB*« s œuF Ä s œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ Á—Òd »— ¶ bL(«Ë ¨WzULF WM —uN sÄ ‰Ë_« lO— qz«Ë√ w pÃ–Ë ¨vM (U sd UDë 5ÒODë tÃ¬Ë bL Ä vK Âö Ã«Ë …öBÃ«Ë 5*UFë
3
MS Ragıp Pa≥a (Istanbul) 854 contains a copy of Qu†b al-Din al- Shirazi’s SharÌ Îikmat al-ishraq, together with glosses by Najm al-Din MaÌmud al-Nayrizi (d. after 943/1536) on the text. On f. 6a, there is an ijaza issued by Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi for Jalal al-Din Khalil b. Yuwaghili b. Isma¨il al-Rumi, dated end of Rajab 701/March 1302, who had studied SharÌ Îikmat al-ishraq with him. The ijaza is not in the hand of Qu†b al-Din but had been copied by one Abu l-Khayr AÌmad in 1115/1703-04.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 24 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
XKUÁ W dNÿ vK ndAë tD V bÁ ÁÒd ”ÒbÁ WÄöFë Õ—UAë ÊU :t—u Ác UÄ UNMÄ W Më Ác bL Ä vK …uKBÃ«Ë ¨tzULË t{—√ w Wu*« tzô¬ vK ¶«bL bF UÄ√ Í“«dOAë œuF Ä s œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ ÊS ¨tzU√ “d ÄË tzUO√ -U ∫‰uI vM (U tà ¶« r dHÄ q{UHë ÂUÄù« ¨‚«d ù« WLJ Õd u Ë ¨«c wH]MBÄ ÒwK √dÁ s wK «u s qOK s b «Ë WK*« ‰ö ¨ÊUÄeë …Ò—œ ¨Ê«dÁ_« fOÂ√ ¨qUÄ_« ¨oOI%ËÌ ÊUI≈Ì …¡«dÁ ¨tKÄ q{U_« w dÂËÒ tKC ¶« «œ√ ¨w Ëd « qO UL ≈ bÁUFÄË WOIOI(« WLJ(« b«uÁ tMÄ œUH Ê√ Òo « YO ¨oOÁbËÌ ÊUFÄ≈ËÌ ozUI(«Ë nOÁuë vK WuÁu*« WuMJ*« ozUÁbë sÄ —œUG rà –≈ ¨WOMOIOë VÃUD*« ô≈ …bd Ë√ WÒO√ ôË U UB √ ô≈ …dO ôË …dOG nOÃQë «c w Wœu*« WËe<« oHË ¨Ád «u vK ’uG rKFà Á¡UI qOD Ê√ ¶« ‰Q√ ¨U Uœ√Ë U d wÃË√ ÷«d √ vÄdÄ u Ícë `ÃUBë qLFKà tIuË ¨ÁdzU – s ·«b_« —«d dD_« Ác Ô—Òd Ë ÆqCHë UU vÃ≈ 5CJd*« —UB√ `LDÄË ¨qIFë »— ¶ bL(«Ë ¨WzULFË Èb « WM —uN sÄ V — V_« r_« ¶« dN .5FL √ tÃ¬Ë bL Ä vK …uKBÃ«Ë 5*UFë sÄ XKUI ¨ÁÒd ”bÁ WÄöFë Õ—UAë j Ò b Ë ÊUÄeë sÄ W d bF ÆtD
WM w UNMÄ tKUÁË ndAë tD Ò s tD Ò sÄ j Ò sÄ dD_« Ác XKI ‡ì‡ bL √ dO)« u√ dOIHë Á—d ¨nÃ√Ë WzUÄË …dA fL
4
At the end of a copy of his commentary on Siraj al-Din al-Sakkaki’s (d. 626/1299) MiftaÌ al-¨ulum, a work on Arabic grammar and style
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 25 completed in MuÌarram 700/September-October 1300 and preserved in the Milli Library (Tehran), there is an autograph ijaza issued by Qu†b al- Din al-Shirazi for Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din MuÌammad b. MuÌammad b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi dated Dhu l-Îijja 701/July-August 1302.23 In it Qu†b al-Din reports that the recipient had studied the following works with him: SharÌ Îikmat al-ishraq (by which he doubtless refers to his own commentary on Suhrawardi’s Îikmat al-ishraq as against the earlier commentary on this work by his older contemporary Shams al-Din al-Shahrazuri24); the commentary on Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat wa-l- tanbihat by “al-Ustadh al-MuÌaqqiq”, referring to NaÒir al-Din al-™usi; Kulliyat al-qanun, i.e., the first book of Ibn Sina’s al-Qanun, on which Qu†b al-Din had written a commentary25; and Jami¨ al-uÒul fi aÌadith al-rasul, an authoritative compilation of Ìadith by Majd al-Din Abu l-Sa¨adat al-Mubarak Ibn al-Athir (544/1149-606/1210). Later bio- bibliographical sources relate that Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi had studied this work with ∑adr al-Din al-Qunawi26, and in the present ijaza Qu†b al-Din presents the following chain of transmission for the Jami¨ al-uÒul: ∑adr al-Din MuÌammad b. IsÌaq b. MuÌammad b. Yusuf al-Mala†i thumma al-Qunawi ← Ya¨qub b. MuÌammad b. al-Îasan al-Hadhabani thumma al-MawÒili (d. 645/1247)27 ← Majd al-Din Abu l-Sa¨adat al- Mubarak b. MuÌammad b. ¨Abd al-Karim al-Jazari thumma al-MawÒili al-ma¨ruf bi-Ibn al-Athir. Among his masmu¨at, which Qu†b al-Din allows his mujaz to trans- mit, he includes the Kitab SharÌ al-sunna, a comprehensive Ìadith com- pilation by Abu MuÌammad al-Îusayn b. Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ al-Baghawi 23 MS Milli ¨ayn 1191. For a description of the manuscript, see Anwar, Fihrist-i nusakh-i kha††i-yi Kitabkhana-yi Milli, vol. 9, pp. 178-179. See also http://www. aghabozorg.ir/showbookdetail.aspx?bookid=74328 (accessed 5/3/2009). For a facsimile of this ijaza, an edition of the text with translation into Persian, see ¨Isa ∑adiq, Tarikh-i farhang-i Iran, Tehran 1336/[1957-58], pp. 373-377. For references on Qu†b al-Din’s commentary on MiftaÌ al-¨ulum, see GAL, vol. 1, p. 353; GALS, vol. 1, p. 515; Minuvi, “Mulla Qu†b Shirazi,” pp. 195-196; John Walbridge, The Philosophy of Qutb al-Din Shirazi, Ph.D. Diss. Harvard 1983, p. 272. 24 Cf. our “Some notes on a new edition of a medieval philosophical text in Turkey: Shams al-Din al-Shahrazuri’s Rasaˆil al-Shajara al-ilahiyya,” Die Welt des Islams 46 (2006), pp. 76-84. 25 See above, n. 2. 26 See above, n. 8. 27 On him, see Ibn ¨Imad, Shadharat al-dhahab, vol. 7, p. 403.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 26 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
(d. 510/1117 or 516/1122)28 and presents the following chain of trans- mission, starting with his teacher Abu l-Îusayn ¨Ali b. ¨Abd al-Îamid al-Qazwini ← Abu l-Karam ¨Abd al-Ghafur b. Badal b. Îamza al- Nudhari al-Tabrizi ← Abu ManÒur MuÌammad b. As¨ad Îafada al- ¨A††ari (d. 571/1175-76)29 ← al-Îusayn b. Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ al-Marwa- rudhi. At the end of the ijaza, Qu†b al-Din adds that he also explicitly grants the mujaz the right to transmit the SharÌ al-MiftaÌ, referring to his own commentary on the MiftaÌ al-¨ulum of Siraj al-Din al-Sakkaki. bL Ä vK …uKBÃ«Ë tzULË t{—√ w Wu*« tzô¬ vK ¶« bL bF UÄ√ wë qzULAÃ«Ë ¨UNU H Ãd wë qzUCHë «– ÂU_« qC√ ÂUÄù« ÊS ÆtÃ¬Ë ôË b% ô wë dP*«Ë ¨vB% ôË bF ô wë d UH*«Ë ¨UNU H ×Q ¨sbN:« WLz_« …ËbÁ 5LK *«Ë Âöù« »UN ¨sbÃ«Ë WK*« r$ ¨vBI ¶« «œ√ Íedë dJ w√ s bL Ä s bL Ä dJ U√ ¨5II;« dUÂ√ Q"KÄ WLJ Õd ÒwK √dÁË œUH«Ë œU√ ¨ÁuK qzUCHë »U « w œ«“Ë ¨ÁuK UCFËÎ t Ä— ÕË—Ë t Ë— ¶« ”bÁ oI;« –Uúà «—U ù« Õd dÂ√Ë ‚«d ù« ¨‰u d « Y œU √ w ‰u_« l U sÄ UCFÎ wMÄ lLË ¨Êu UI « UOK sÄ Ê√ tà eO √ Ê√ wdÄ√ q wMÃQ tKÄ qzUCHë w dÂËÒ tKC ¶« «œ√ t√ r UNO W«ËdÃ«Ë …“U ûà wë WOKIMÃ«Ë WOKIFë ÂuKFë w wUHMBÄ lOL wM ÍËd dOUHë sÄ wôËUMÄË w«“U" ÄË wUËdÄË w¬ËdIÄË wUuL Ä «cÂË ¨q bÄ w ×bMË W«Ëdë pK w ◊dM UÄ qÂË —UF_«Ë —Uü«Ë —U _«Ë YœU _«Ë ¨nd Ã«Ë dOOGë sÄ w¡«d lÄ qIMë q √ bM …—dI*« 30t!ËdA …“U ù« r Á wM ÍËd Ê√ «bOHÄÎ ô «bOH ÄËÎ UdAÄÎ ô UdAÄÎ tà e Q ÆnO BÃ«Ë qbÃ«Ë wUuL Ä sÄ tbà Ò`Ë tOÃ≈ lÁË UÄ qÂËÒ ¨‰uIM*«Ë ‰uIF*« w wUHMBÄ lOL Æw¬ËdIÄË
28 Cf. GAL, vol. 1, pp. 447-449 no. 2; GALS, vol. 1, pp. 620-622 no. 2. 29 On him, see Ibn al-¨Imad, Shadharat al-dhahab, vol. 6, pp. 397-398. Æ◊ËdA ∫t!ËdA 30
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 27
ÂUJ(«Ë …UCIë …ËbÁ UôuÄ sÄ tFL WM « Õd »U  UuL *« sÄË …¡«dI ¶« tL — wM ËeI « bOL(« b s « wK 5 (« w √ sbÃ«Ë WK*« wO Ä w √ Âöù« ·d sbë fL bOF ë ÂUÄù« sÄ UULÎ tËd u Ë tOK ÍdO ÊU u Ë ¨¶« tL — Íe d « Í—–uM « …eL s ‰b s —uHG « b ÂdJ « bF √ s bL —uBM w √ sbë …bL oI;« ÂUÄù« s UULÎ pÖ ÈËd –U√ ÂUÄù« s UULÎ pÖ ÍËd ÊU u Ë ¨t d{ ¶« —u Í—UDF « …bH ¡«dH « œuF s 5 (« WK*« wHÄË WM ë wO Ä Yb(« dU WFMBë Æt H ”bÁË t Ä— ¶« ÕË— »U J « n R È–Ë—Ëd*« aOAë vK t√dÁ ‰u d « Y œU √ w ‰u_« l U »U  ¬ËdI*« sÄË s bL s b «Ë WK*« —b 5HUJ*« ÊUDK 5K«uë …ËbÁ oI;« qÄUJë lL u Ë ¨Ád ¶« ”bÁ Íu uI « r wDK*« n u s bL s ‚U ≈ s bL s »uIF sbë ·d V UBë —bBë tFOL" Ud √ ∫‰UÁ tzdIË Ud √ ∫‰UÁ ¨tMÄ wULË tOK w¡«dI ¶« tL — wKu*« r w U cN « s (« u √ s b « b WÄöFë 31WË«dë Àb;« ÂUÄù« aOAë u Ë »UJë nÃRÄ tFOL" s U ·ËdF*« wKu*« r Í—e'« .dJ « b s bL s „—U *« «œUF « ÆlL√ UQ tOK …¡«dÁ ¶« tL — dO_« sÄ ¨U dO Ë …—uÂc*« VJë Ác 32wM ÍËd Ê√ tKC ¶« «œ√ tà e √Ë Õd Í√ ¨UC√Î »UJë «c wM ËdOK tÃËUË t Ò Ícë »UJë «c WKL 33wFÄ »UJë qUÁ tS tMÄ WËe<« ozUI(«Ë WuMJ*« ozUÁbë tMÄ bH OÃ«Ë ÕU H*« ÆW U*« s dUI ô WKUIÄ `KB*« s œuF Ä s œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ »UJë nÃRÄ Á—Òd Èb « WM —uN sÄ W"(« Í– w pÃ–Ë ¨vM (U ›tä ¶« r Í“«dOAë Æ5FL √ tÃ¬Ë bL Ä vK …uKBÃ«Ë 5*UFë »— tKà bL(«Ë ¨WzULFË
ÆW«Ëdë ∫WË«dë 31 Æs ´ ∫wM 32 ÆlÄ ∫wFÄ 33
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 28 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
5
Another ijaza written in the hand of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi is to be found at the end of a composite manuscript containing several writings concerned with Qurˆanic sciences preserved in the Chester Beatty Library (MS Ar 3883, ff. 368b-371). It was issued for Najm al-Din ¨Abd al-RaÌim b. ¨Abd al-RaÌman b. NaÒr b. al-ShaÌÌam al-MawÒili in Tabriz and is dated Rabi¨ II 708/September 130834. In the first part of the ijaza (ff. 368a-369a:19), Qu†b al-Din grants the mujaz the right to transmit the following two Ìadith compilations, as he had done in his ijaza issued for Abu Bakr MuÌammad b. MuÌammad al-Tabrizi (see above, ijaza number 4): Jami¨ al-uÒul fi aÌadith al-rasul by Ibn al-Athir and SharÌ al-sunna by Abu MuÌammad al-Îusayn b. Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ, again indi- cating his chains of transmission for both works that agree with those given in the earlier ijaza. The second part of the ijaza (ff. 369a:19-371a) sheds light on Qu†b al-Din’s being a ∑ufi. He states that the mujaz asked him to bestow the “habit of aspiration” (khirqat al-irada) upon him, inculcate him with the mystical formula (talqin al-dhikr), and to elaborate on the qualities of these ways of transmission (bayan faˆidatihima) as well as on the modes of investiture in the master-disciple relationship (†uruq intisab al- muridin ila l-mashayikh). These are the issues that are covered in detail in the second part of the ijaza. The last three pages of the manuscript (ff. 370a-371a) are heavily damaged and only partly legible. The recon- struction of most of the text was possible on the basis of Qu†b al-Din’s Durrat al-taj, Section Four, Chapter Two, of the khatima, that is prima- rily concerned with ∑ufi practice35. As is the case with the second part of the present ijaza, Qu†b al-Din discussed there in detail the modes of in-
34 For a description of the codex, see Arthur A. Arberry, A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts. Vol. IV. MSS. 3751 to 4000, Dublin 1959, p. 48; See also Minuvi, “Mulla Qu†b Shirazi,” pp. 199-200. This ijaza is also listed in Walbridge, The Philosophy of Qutb al-Din Shirazi, p. 276. – A facsimile of this ijaza is included at the end of this arti- cle. We are grateful to © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, for permis- sion to reproduce photographic images of CBL Ar 3883, folios 368b-371 containing the ijaza. 35 Ed. Mahdukhtbanu Humaˆi, Tehran 1369/1991, pp. 262:3-266:15. See also below, Appendix.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 29 vestiture with the khirqa and mentioned several ∑ufi isnads, including his own. Most of the building blocks of the second part of the ijaza have in fact equivalents in the relevant section of Durrat al-taj although the arrangement is not entirely identical, as is the language. The correspond- ing sections are indicated at the beginning of each building block. In his discussion of the methods of investiture of the aspirant with the ∑ufi habit and his distinction between the “habit of aspiration” (khirqat al- irada) and the “habit of benediction” (khirqat al-tabarruk), Qu†b al-Din shows himself firmly rooted in the Suhrwardian tradition36. The same applies for his chains of transmission. His first isnad (f. 370b) starts with his father, Δiyaˆ al-Milla wa-l-Din [Mas¨ud b. al-MuÒliÌ al-Kaziruni]37, who was invested with the khirqa by Shihab al-Din [¨Umar] al- Suhrawardi (d. 632/1234). Qu†b al-Din then presents the latter’s chain back to Abu l-Qasim al-Junayd (d. 298/910) through investiture with the khirqa that is in complete agreement with al-Suhrawardi’s nisbat al- khirqa: Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi ← Abu l-Najib al-Suhrawardi (d. 563/1234) ← Wajih al-Din [al-Suhrawardi] (d. 532/1137) ← Abu MuÌammad ¨Ammuya (d. 468/1076) and Akhi Faraj al-Zanjani (d. 457/ 1065). These two have separate chains leading back to Junayd: Abu MuÌammad ¨Ammuya ← AÌmad al-Aswad al-Dinawari ← Mamshad al-Dinawari (d. 299/911-12) ← al-Junayd, and Akhi Faraj al-Zanjani ← Abu l-¨Abbas al-Nihawandi ← Abu ¨Abd Allah [b.] Khafif al-Shirazi (d. 371/982) ← Abu MuÌammad Ruwaym al-Baghdadi (d. 303/915) ← al-Junayd. For Abu l-Qasim al-Junayd, Qu†b al-Din gives the following chain of transmission back to the Prophet MuÌammad through the me-
36 For an analysis of ¨Umar al-Suhrawardi’s (d. 632/1234) notion of the ∑ufi habit, see Erik S. Ohlander, Sufism in the Age of Transition: ¨Umar al-Suhrawardi and the Rise of the Islamic Mystical Brotherhoods, Leiden 2008, pp. 209ff. 37 This conjectural reading disagrees with the corresponding passage in Durrat al-taj (p. 263:4) (see below, Appendix [6]), where Najib al-Din ¨Ali b. Buzgush al-Shirazi (d. 678/1279-80) is mentioned instead. However, since the first words of the name, malik al- a†ibbaˆ wa-qudwat al-Ìukamaˆ Δiyaˆ al-Din wa-l-milla, are clearly visible in the manu- script, it would seem that Qu†b al-Din names in the ijaza his father as his first link in this passage. This would also agree with Durrat al-taj, p. 264:5-9 (= Appendix [9]), where Qu†b al-Din states that he was invested with the khirqa by his father malik al-a†ibbaˆ wa- qudwat al-Ìukamaˆ Diyaˆ al-Din Mas¨ud b. al-MuÒliÌ al-Kaziruni. This confirms that Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi was not a student of Najib al-Din ¨Ali b. Buzgush al-Shirazi; see also above, n. 3 and the Appendix below.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 30 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE dium of ÒuÌba, which again agrees with the Suhrawardian isnad: al- Junayd ← Sari al-Saqa†i (d. 253/867) ← Ma¨ruf al-Karkhi (d. 200/815) ← Dawud al-™aˆi (d. between 160/777 and 165/782) and ¨Ali al-Ri∂a (d. 203/818), who, in turn, have the following chains: Dawud al-™aˆi ← Îabib al-¨Ajami ← al-Îasan al-BaÒri (d. 110/728) ← ¨Ali b. Abi ™alib (d. 40/661) ← the Prophet MuÌammad, and ¨Ali al-Ri∂a ← Musa al- KaÂim (d. 183/799) ← Ja¨far al-∑adiq (d. 148/765) ← MuÌammad al- Baqir (d. 117/735) ← ¨Ali Zayn al-¨Abidin (d. 94/712) ← al-Îusayn (d. 61/680) ← ¨Ali b. Abi ™alib ← the Prophet MuÌammad38. Referring to Majd al-Din [Sharaf b. Muˆayyad b. Abu l-FatÌ] al-Baghdadi’s (d. 606/1209 or 616/1219) TuÌfat al-barara [fi l-masaˆil al-¨ashara]39, Qu†b al-Din then adds a chain from the Prophet MuÌammad to Majd al- Din through the medium of investiture of the khirqa (ff. 370b-371a): the Prophet MuÌammad → ¨Ali b. Abi ™alib → al-Îasan al-BaÒri and Kumayl b. Ziyad (d. 82/701)40; Kumayl b. Ziyad → ¨Abd al-WaÌid b. Zayd (d. 177/793)41 → Abu Ya¨qub Musa → Abu Ya¨qub al-Nahrajuri → ¨Abd Allah ¨Umar b. ¨Uthman al-Makki → Ya¨qub al-™abari → Abu l-Qasim Rama∂an → Abu ¨Abbas b. Idris → Dawud al-Khadim → Isma¨il al-QaÒri [al-QayÒari] (d. 589/1193) → Abu l-Janab AÌmad b. ¨Umar al-∑ufi al-ma¨ruf bi-Najm al-Din al-Kubra (d. 618/1221) → Majd al-Din al-Baghdadi. Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi offers a second isnad of his own (f. 371a), explaining that he was invested with the khirqa also by AÌmad b. ¨Ali b. Abi l-Ma¨ali al-Jajarmi and provides the latter’s chain: AÌmad ← Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din ¨Ali b. Abi l-Ma¨ali al-Jajarmi ← Najm al-Din al-Kubra (d. 618/1221)42. However, both the second part of the present ijaza and the corre- sponding section of Durrat al-taj can be treated as self-proclaimed testi- monies of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi only with great caution. Comparison
38 For the identical chains in the Suhrawardian tradition, see Ohlander, Sufism in the Age of Transition, p. 211 (Chart 4: Al-Suhrawardi’s nisbat al-khirqa). 39 Cf. GAL, vol. 1, pp. 567-568; GALS, vol. 1, p. 785. 40 On him see Ibn al-¨Imad, Shadharat al-dhahab, vol. 1, pp. 335-336. 41 On him, see Ibn al-¨Imad, Shadharat al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 343. 42 In the corresponding section of his Durrat al-taj (p. 264:5-9 = Appendix [9]), Qu†b al-Din names his father, Δiyaˆ al-Din Mas¨ud b al-MuÒliÌ al-Kaziruni, as the one linking him both to Shihab al-Din [¨Umar] al-Suhrawardi and to AÌmad b. ¨Ali l-Ma¨ali (← ¨Ali b. Abi l-Ma¨ali ← Najm al-Din al-Kubra).
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 31 with Manahij al-¨ibad ila l-ma¨ad by Qu†b al-Din’s earlier contempo- rary, Sa¨id al-Din MuÌammad al-Farghani (d. 695/1296), shows that ba- sically the entire Section Four (qu†b-i chaharum) of the khatima of Durrat al-taj (ed. Humaˆi, pp. 233-306:10) had been lifted from al- Farghani’s work, including those segments of the text that have parallels in the present ijaza, the only exception being the segment in which Qu†b al-Din informs that he was invested with the khirqa by his father at the age of ten and by AÌmad b. ¨Ali al-Jajarmi at the age of thirty (see be- low, Appendix). This is in full agreement with what has been already es- tablished for most other parts of Qu†b al-Din’s Durrat al-taj, viz., that major parts of it are lifted in fact from earlier sources43.
›√368¤ oD√Ë ¨UBFë VKÁ Ícë tKë bL bF UÄ√ .rO dë sL dë ¶« r tÃu—Ë ¨ÂÒdJ*« tO vK …uKBÃ«Ë ¨vB sÄ bË√Ë ŸU!√ sÄ bËË ¨vB(« ÒdGë tì vKË tOK ¶« vKÒ ¨5*«Ë »cJë sÄ √Òd*« ¨5KIë bO ¨rEF*«Ò r Í“«dOAë `KB*« s œuF Ä s œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ ÊS .5HDB*« ¡UI ¨WbÄd ë WUMFÃ«Ë ¨WOÓ_« WLJ(« XCÁ« U* ∫‰uI vM (U tà ¶« V Ë ¨ÊUÄeë «Ëb 44rNOK ‰udë Ÿd Â«ËœË ¨ÊU ù« Ÿu ¡UI nOKJë w ŸdAë ÊuUÁ ÒdL Oà ¨UÁË_« lOL w ¨UIë s ¨U«ËdÃU ŸdAë qI UôuÄ vÃUF ¶« ]h U*Ë ¨ÊUBIMÃ«Ë …œUeë ‚dD s UËd ÄÎ ¨ÊUO _« lOL r$ ÊUÄeë ◊«dI ¨bNFë `O Ä ¨¡öCHë …ËbÁ ¨¡ULKFë pKÄ ¨ÂULNë ÂUÄù«
43 See our “Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s Durrat al-taj and Its Sources.” – Al-Farghani’s Manahij al-¨ibad as being the source of Qu†b al-Din’s elaborations on ∑ufi practice in his khatima has already been suggested by Sayyid MuÌammad Mishkat in the introduction to his edition of Durrat al-taj and in vol. 1, pp. 132-133, by Mahdukhtbanu Humaˆi in her edition of Durrat al-taj (pp. 226-232), and by John Walbridge (“A Sufi Scientist of the Thirteenth Century: The Mystical Ideas and Practices of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi,” The Heritage of Sufism. Volume II. The Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism (1150-1500), ed. Leonard Lewisohn, Oxford 1999, pp. 323-340). – On al-Farghani, see also William C. Chittick, “Spectrums of Islamic Thought: Sa¨id al-Din Farghani on the Implication of Oneness and Manyness,” The Heritage of Sufism. Volume II, pp. 203-217. ÆrJOK ∫rNOK 44
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 32 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
«œ√ ¨wKu*« ÂUÒ A « s dB s sL d « b s rO d « b s b «Ë WK*« s cÃ«Ë ¨VzUBë ”b(«Ë ¨VÁUë dJHÃU ¨45tKÄ q{U_« w dÂËÒ tKC ¶« —bB ¨ndAÃU tO«œ hOB ¨ndAë ÁdE vCÁ« ¨œUÒIMë lDÃ«Ë ¨œUÒÁuë ÁöÄ√Ë tHÒM UÄ lOL tà w«bë eO" ÊQ tMÄ hKÄ ô Ícë tM wÃUFë dÄ_« qÂË ¨—UF_«Ë ‰UÄ_«Ë —Uü«Ë —U _«Ë YœU _«Ë fzUHMë sÄ Á«Ë—Ë tFLË 5 wKÄ UÄ XKI ¨W«Ëdë r Á w ×bMË ¨…“U ù« œd p KÚ w ◊dM 46UÄ Ê√ lÄ «c ¨¡UL ë `OUBÄ 5 vN ë qL ô≈ ¨¡UNIHë œU ¬ q ¨¡ULKFë WUC Ë– 5U'« ö w U√Ë ¨W«—bë d ü«Ë ¨W«Ëdë UNOU b √ WMbÄ rKFë ¨œUMù« WdÁ ¨œöO*« Wb W«Ëdë –≈ ¨…UB qÿ sÄ hKÁ√ tO wKÿ ¨…U eÄ mK ô bL W«—bë UÄ√Ë. dO UAÄ Âö√ vÃ≈ ôË ¨d—U ¡ULK vÃ≈ bM rà Èd"Ä Èd U* ¨‰UÄô« sÄ Òb sJ rà YO Ë ¨U UHÎ qÒ ô ÷dËÏ ¨U «u√Î Ôe √Ë ¨Á—uÄQÄ Ô—b«Ë tÄudÄ ÔXKÄ« ¨dH bI V u *« lMÄ sÄË ¨‰UÄ_« w wUH]MBÄ lOL wM ÍËd Ê√ ¨«bOHÄÎ ô «bOH ÄËÎ ¨UÎ ÒdAÄ ô UdAÄÎ tà lI UÄ qÂËÒ ¨qÁuÄ UNO W«ËdKÃË ¨q bÄ UNO …“U ûà wë WOKIFÃ«Ë WOKIMë ÂuKFë .wôËUMÄ Ë√ w«“U" Ä Ë√ wUuL Ä Ë√ w¬ËdIÄ sÄ t√ tbà Ò`Ë tOÃ≈ vK tÔ√dÁ ‰u d « Y œU √ w ‰u_« l U »U  ›√369¤ «¡ËdI*« sÄË ¨sbÃ«Ë WK*« —b ¨5HUJ*« ÊUDK ¨5K«uë …ËbÁ oI;« qÄUJë aOAë ¨ÁÒd ¶« ”bÁ Íu uI « r wDK*« n u s bL s ‚U ≈ s bL »uIF s b « ·d V UBë —bBë tFOL" UÓd √ :‰UÁ ¨t ÒdIË lL u Ë wULË tOK w¡«dI ¶« tL — wKu*« r w U cN « s (« s bL s WË«dë ÀÒb;« ÂUÄù« aOAë u Ë ¨»UJë nÃRÄ tFOL" UÓd √ :‰UÁ ¨tMÄ r Í—e'« .dJ « b s bL s „—U *« «œUF « u √ s b « b WÄöFë .lL√ U√Ë ¨tOK Î…¡«dÁ ¶« tL — dO_« s U ·ËdF*« u Ë wKu*« w dÂËÒ tKC tKë «œ√ ¨wKu*« ÂUÒ Aë s dB s sL dë b s rO dë b sbÃ«Ë WK*« r$ 45 ÆgÄUNë w WU{≈ ∫tKÄ q{U_« ÆUNKÂË ∫UÄ qÂË 46
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 33
ÂUJ(«ËÒ …UCIë …ËbÁ UôuÄ sÄ tÔFL WM « Õd »U  UuL *« sÄË bOL(« b s qzUCH « v « s wK s (« w √ s b «Ë WK*« wO bOF ë ÂUÄù« sÄ UULÎ tËd u Ë ¨tOK ÍdO …¡«dI tOK tKë WL — wM ËeI « Í—Ëe « …eL s —b s —uHG « b ÂdJ « w √ Âöù« ·d sbë fL sbë …bL oI;« ÂUÄù« s UULÎ pÖ ÍËd ÊU u Ë ¨¶« tL — Íe d « —ÒuË t Ë— ¶« ”ÒbÁ w uD « Í—UDF « …bH bF √ s bL —uBM w √ dU WFMBë –U√ WÄöFë ÂUÄù« s UULÎ pÖ ÍËd ÊU u Ë ¨t d{ nÃRÄ Í–Ë—Ëd*« ¡«dH « œuF s 5 (« WK*« wHÄË WM ë wO Ä Yb(« 5UJë sc wM ÍËd Ê√ tà Ôe Q. t H ”ÒbÁË t Ä— ¶« ÕÒË— »UJë ÍËd Ê√Ë ¨U d– XÂd …d ULNO Ê_Ë UuL *«Ë ¬ËdI*« sÄ UL dO «cÂË wUuL Ä sÄ t√ ÁbM Ò`B UÄ qÂËÒ ‰uIM*«Ë ‰uIF*« w wUH]MBÄ lOL wM sÄ w¡«d lÄ ¨qIMë q √ bM …—ÒdI*« tDz«dA wôËUMÄË wUËdÄË w«“U" ÄË .nO BÃ«Ë qbÃ«Ë nd Ã«Ë dOGë WÁd f wM fL « ¨tK q{U _« w d ÂËÒ tKC ¶« «œ√ t √ r ¨a UA*« v ≈ s b d*« »U « ‚d Ë ULN bzU ÊUO Ë dÂc « 5IK Ë …œ«—ù« :¶« Ê–S ‰uÁQ ¨WÁd)« U b √ ¨Wö rNOÃ≈ »U ô« ‚d! Ê≈ ›Appendix ›1¤‡›4¤ Ω¤ UL t√ w tbzUH WÁd)U »U ô« UÄ√ ÆW Bë YÃUÃ«Ë ¨dÂcë 5IK wUÃ«Ë …u  —uBë pÃc ÂU _« UH ÷«d_«Ë «Ëcë ÷«d√ UHBë Ê√ ÷«d_«Ë UHBÃU ô≈ Òr ô ÂU _«Ë «Ëcë —uNÿ ›»369¤ Ê√ ULÂË wUF*« 5 W U:«Ë WUM*« X «–≈Ë .—uBë …u  w ô≈ Òr ô wUF*« —uNÿ pÃc sÄ wUF*«Ë UHBë Íd Ê_ öUÁÎ bd*« —U …œ«—ù« WD«d aOAÃ«Ë bd*« WHË nODà vMF0 aOAë fK WÃU wH pÃc ÊU «–≈Ë .tOÃ≈ aOAë aOAë t ÒK WHBë pKË vMF*« pÃc fÒKë WOKUÁ bd*« w b UAË WM Ä UNMLÔË vMF*«Ë WHBÃ«Ë ‰U(« pK WÂd t qBÒ« bÁË ”uKÄ c$ÃU u Ícë tu
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 34 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE vÃ≈ aOAë sÄ …—uBë pK W!Uu vMF*«Ë WHBÃ«Ë ‰U(« pK ›d ˤ qIMà ∫tM tKë w{— …d d u √ ÈË— UL .Ò-√ —uBë W!Uu vMF*« —uNÿ Ê_ ¨bd*« …uÁË tKÁËÒ kH(« nF{ rKË tOK ¶« vK ¶« ‰u— vÃ≈ UÄuÎ uJ w≈ vÃ≈ wÄö ÍÒœƒ√ U√ v tu j b √ sÄ UÄ ∫rFK ‰UI ÆtK Ë ÊUO Më —e$Ä wFÄ ÊU :‰UÁ .UEU Î dOB Ê√ ô≈ tOÃ≈ tu lL" œU r .»uë pÖ —e$*« pÖ ÔXFL r ¨tÄö Âö ë tOK ÒwMë rÒ9 v tÔD jDÄ] ·u rKË tOK ¶« vK ¶« ‰u— Âö sÄ U$OÎ pÖ bF ÔXO UL Í—b vÃ≈ …d d w √ vÃ≈ kH(« vMFÄ Èd nO dEU ¨tÔEH tMÄ ÔXFL UÄ qÂËÒ tHË aOAë ‰U W«d ÊuJ pÃcJ ¨Á—b vÃ≈ tFL Ë —e$*« j W!Uu W«d W!UË w WOU ÊuJ UNMOF WÁd)« ∫‰UIË ÆÒ-√ WÁd)« W!Uu bd*« vÃ≈ .bd*« vÃ≈ ÁbF ULO aOAë ·UË√ wÁU “u" ôË ¨…œ«—ù« WÁd vL WÁd)« Ác Ë ›Appendix ›10¤‡›11¤ Ω¤ „ÒdKà aUA*« sÄ U c √ “u"O „Òd « WÁd UÄ√Ë Æb «Ë aO sÄ ô≈ U c √ fHMë rJ ÊU U* t√ w tbzUH dÂc « 5IK W!Uu »U ô« UÄ√Ë ÆsÒLOÃ«Ë ÊU tM!UË bd*« d Uÿ vK UOÃu ÄÎ …œ«—ù« √bÄ w ULN—ËbÂË ULNLKÿË WFODÃ«Ë WLKÿ rJ tOK VKGË t UB tM!U sÄ dNE Ícë dÂcÃU nÒOJ*« fHMë rÃU vÃ≈ fHMë pK ›qOĤ ›√370¤ Ò`B ô Âd ö ULN—ËbÂË WFODÃ«Ë fHMë s!Uë duM w d√ tMÄ dNE ôË WLKEë rÃU vÃ≈ WOuKG*« V qO9 q —«u_« WOU ËdÃ«Ë ¡UHBÃ«Ë W—uMë rJ ÊU U* sJà ¨—«d_«Ë —«u_« rÃU »U `Ë 5IK Âd ö tUH√Ë tz«e √ lOL w U—UËÎ aOAë vK UÃU Î ›…—UNDä«Ë ¨bd*« fH vÃ≈ aOAë fH sÄ Íd ›t—uË dÂcë¤ ¡UH rJ dÂcë ÔXFL UL Æs!Uë ¡UHË VKIë d›uM¤ w d– dOQ ›dOB¤ WD«uë pKË Ê√ ÁÒd ¶« ”ÒbÁ Í“«dOA « gÔ ÚeÔ s wK s b « VO$ oI;« aOA « sÄ tUÁË√Ë 5(UBë dUÂ√ sÄ ÊU “«dOA lÄU'« ›ÂUÄ≈¤ wHB « s b « fL aOAë sÄ dÂcë 5IK tà sJ rà sJà ¨œUFë Ÿ«›u√ˤ …ËöÃ«Ë dÂcë w WÁdG Ä
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 35 q bË —u …—uB —uBÄ tL sÄ ›qBHM¤ Ád– Ê√ WFÁ«uë w b UA. aUA*« qzUÁÌ sÄ Òe tÃuÁ dB ÊS dO WÄ›ö¤ Ác UÄ :t H w ‰UI ¨÷—_« w «c Ê√ ›“u"¤ ÊUÂË .tö ›10 d!U 35¤ ˝ÔV=ODë] ÔrK JÓ Ã«Ú ÔbÓFÚBÓ t ÚOÃÓ ≈˚ b √ vÃ≈ l — r .aUA*« sÄ dÂcë 5IK Âb V ÊUBIMë dÂcë 5IK tMÄ c √Ë t Ä— ¶« l— wKI « w UN “Ë— b d*« aOA « ›sbdĤsÄ ‡ì‡ «uL ë ‚dË bFB 47—u …—uB —uB Ád– Ê√ WKOKë «c w b UA Æbd*« d– vÃ≈ tUHË aOAë d– W—u ‡ì‡ ÊuJ «cJ dÂcë 5IK pÃc b «Ë aO sÄ ô≈ U c √ ›“u" ô …œ«—ù«¤ WÁd Ê√ ULÂË 48.›b «Ë¤ aO sÄ ô≈ Ác √ “u" ô ¨…d Uÿ tbzUH WÄb)«Ë W BÃU »U ô« ›UÄ√ˤ ›Appendix ›14¤ Ω¤ lÄ «b UAÄÎ »«Ëbë w ÊU ù« sÄ VœQÃ«Ë ›W Bë¤ dOQ ÊU U* Ê_ pÃ–Ë W U:« lÄ iF sÄ rNCF ”UMë sÄ ›VœQëˤ W Bë dOQ W U:« Âb rKFë sÄ rNKzUC ‰UL lÄ rNM ¶« ›w{—¤ WU Bë ÊS «cNÃË ¨vÃË√ ÊuJ w ›rNI¤Ë Òo(« od! w ‰U*«Ë ›fHMë¤ ¡«bË U{dÃ«Ë qÂuëËÒ Ÿ—uÃ«Ë b eÃ«Ë s qzUCHë pK Ê√ ¡wA ›sd QĤ vK UdÎ «Ëb" rà qzUCHë Ác qÂÒ 5L Ië nÃU ›r Ië¤ «c Ë ÆrKË tOK ¶« vK tÄb Ë ÒwMë W W—uBë …œôuë w Ê√ UL ¨‡ì‡ dÂ√Ë 5O c √ tO “u" tS 5ÃË_« w ‡ì‡ UNu Ë√ Â_« Ê–S ÁdO Ë ŸU{dë odD Â_« dO sÄ bÃuë WOd ›“u"¤ aUA*« sÄ WÄb)«Ë W Bë odD WOdë ‰uÁ “u" UC√Î WuMF*« …œôuë Ác …œ«—ù«Ë WÁd)«Ë Wuë aO ›u ¤ Ícë ‰Ë_« aOAë …“U ≈ ◊dA sJÃË «Ëd Ê≈Ë ÔXFH« tM ›¶« w{—¤ wO WÄb s WÁ—UH*« bF w√ UL t u Ë√ aOAë rNML ¨WM!UÃ«Ë …d UEë rN«œP ÔXÒœQË rNÄb Ë —U aUAÄ W B tOI {sbë} —bB —uNA*« ÁÒd ¶« ”ÒbÁ Íe d « s b «Ë WK*« —b qÄUJë
ÆdD ë ‚u WU{≈ ∫—u 47 48 There is no corresponding passage to this statement (wa-kama anna khirqat al- irada … min shaykh waÌid) in the relevant section of Durrat al-taj.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 36 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
ÊUDK ›s b «Ë o(« —b¤ qÄUJë aOAë rNMÄË ›»370¤ sb «eë n u s bL s ‚U ≈ s bL ›5Kd*« bO¤ ÂuK À—«Ë ›5HUJ*«¤ ÆÂdÂË ‡ì‡ ›ÆÆÆÁd ¶« ”bÁ¤ Íu uI « r wDK*« »UN ¤ ŒuOAë aO Ê√ rKU pÖ Xd «–≈Ë ›Appendix ›5¤‡›7¤ Ω¤ w √ ÂUÄù«¤ vÃ≈ ô≈ 49WÁd)« W X rà ¶« w{— Íœ—ËdN « ›s b «Ë o(« W Më X√ tOK ¶« vK ÒwMë vÃ≈ tMÄË Ád ¶« ”bÁ ›bOK r UI « »dIà Ò-√ W Bë œÒd"0 rNà WOKUIÃ«Ë ›vMF*« …uÁ Ê_ ¨WÁd)U¤ ô W BÃU ‰U(« W«d w «dRÄÎ rNà ›W Bë œd"Ä Ê√ Âd ¤ ö ÒwMë bNF rNUÄ“ U≈Ë „Òdë WÁd ÔX à w≈ u Ë ¨‰uÁ√ UÄ ‡ì‡ ›WÁd)«¤ W UÄ√Ë ÆÂUÃU WHBÃ«Ë `KB*« s œuF ¤ s b «Ë WK*« ¡UO{ ¡UOI_« ›…ËbÁË ¡U!_«¤ pKÄ ›sĤ ‡ì‡ s b «¤ »UN ŒuOAë aO sÄ ›…œ«—ù« WÁd fä u Ë ›w Ë—“UJ « u Ë s b « tO Ë w{UI « ›sÄ u Ë Íœ—ËdN « VO$ u √ sÄ u Ë Íœ—ËdN « w d ¬ bOà W—UAÄ ULNMÄ b «Ë q b ›w U$e « Ãd ¤ w √ 50sÄË tO√ sÄ u Ë Í—uM b « œu _« bL √ sÄ WÁd)« ›fà tS bL u √ UÄ√ ÆWÁd)«¤ tUÃ≈ fà tS Ãd w √ UÄ√Ë .bOM'« ›r UI « w √ sÄ u Ë Í—uM b « œUA2¤ sÄ Í“«dOA « nOH tK « b w √ ›sÄ u Ë ¨Íb ËUNM «¤ ”U F « w √ sÄ WÁd)« u Ë ¨›tM ¶« w{— bOM sÄ u Ë ¨Íœ«bG « .ÓËÔ—¤ bL w √ sÄ u Ë V u Ë w dJ «¤ ·ËdF*« V u Ë ¨wDI « Íd « tÃU V VO ›V tS¤ wzUD « œË«œ UÄ√. U{d « v u s wK Ë wzUD « ›œË«œ ¶« ÂÒd wK 5M R*« dO √ V u Ë ¨ÍdB « s (« V u Ë vLF « tS ›v u s wK UÄ√ˤ .rKË tOK tKë vK w M « ›V u Ë ¨tN Ë bL s dHF ÁU√ V u Ë rÿUJ « dHF s v u ÁU√ V s wK ÁU√ V u Ë ¨dÁU « wK s bL ÁU√ V u Ë ¨‚œUB «
ÆgÄUNë w WU{≈ ∫WÁd)« 49 Æ7 ∫263 ’ ÃUë …—œ s `O BÃ«Ë ¨sÄ u Ë ∫sÄË 50
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 37 u Ë ¨ULNM ¶« w{— wK s 5 ÁU√ V u Ë ¨s b UF « s “ 5 (« Ê√ ô≈. 5FL √ rNOKË tOK tÄöË ¶« «uK 5Kd*« bO Áb Ë ÁU√ V Ê√ …—d « WH% vL *« tU w d– tM ¶« w{— Íœ«bG « s b « b aOAë Ê√Ë sFMFÄ `O Yb rKË tOK ¶« vK wMë ›vÃ≈ qB WÁd)«¤ W UN Ã√ ›u Ë tM ¶« w{— wK 5M R*« dO √¤ UN Ã√ rKË tOK ¶« vK wMë u Ë ¨›b “ s b «u « b ¤ UN Ã√ qOLÂË œUÓ “ s qÚOÓLÂÔ Ë ÍdB « s (« U √ UN Ã√ ›u Ë ¨Í—u dNM «¤ »uIF U √ UN Ã√ u Ë ¨v u »uIF U √ UN Ã√ U √ ›UN Ã√ u Ë ¨Íd D « »uIF ¤ UN Ã√ u Ë ¨wJ*«Ò ÊUL s dL ¶« b œË«œ UN Ã√ u ˤ ›√371¤ ¨›f —œ≈ s ¤ ”U F « U √ UN Ã√ u Ë ¨ÊUC — r UI « qO UL ≈ Í—uë aO UN Ã√ u Ë ¨›qOJ U s bL UN Ã√¤ u Ë ›ÂœU)« w uB « dL s bL √ »UM'« U √ wUdë aOAë UN Ã√ u Ë ¨›ÍdBI «¤ .Íœ«bG « ›s b « b u ˤ dOIHë UN Ã√ u Ë ¨Èd J « s b « rM ·ËdF*« .Âö « tOK w M « ›vÃ≈ X UL¤ ‚d)« qB Á—ÒdÁ UÄ vKË 51dÂcë 5IK XMIKË …œ«—ù« WÁd X à w≈ r ›Appendix ›8¤‡›9¤ Ω¤ bL √ s b «Ë WK*« wO œUFÃ«Ë œU eë …ËbÁ ¡öCHÃ«Ë ¡ULKFë pKÄ aOAë sÄ sÄ …œ«—ù« WÁd fà u Ë tM ¶« w{— w d U'« v UF*« w √ s wK s u Ë w d U'« v UF*« w √ s wK s b «Ë WK*« r$ pUMë pÃU ë aOAë tO√ WM'« ›qF ˤ ÁU{—√Ë tM ¶« w{— Èd J « s b « r$ w U d « aOA « sÄ UN à s b « »UN aOAë vÃ≈ qB ‡ì‡ WÁd «c u Ë ÆÆÆ Á«uÄË tKIMÄ w{— Èd J « s b « r$ aOAë vÃ≈ ›Íd–¤ 5IKË ›…œ«—ù« WÁd ˤ Íœ—ËdN « ›Íb sĤ …œ«—ù« WÁd —uÂc*« ÂUÄ›ù« fÃQ¤ ÆXd UÄ ‡ìì‡ ULNM ¶« nK Ã«Ë 5Kd*« bO ›WN¤U* tIËË ‡ìììììì‡ sÄ dÂcë ›5IK sIKˤ UC√Î ‡ììì‡ ÂUOIË UUAFÃ«Ë U«bGÃU WU UÁË√ ‡ìì‡ ÔtÔÚO]ÓËÓË 5(UBë «uKBë ¡«œ«Ë rKË tOK ¶« vK tÃu— WMË ¶« »U w UÄ vK WEU;U
ÆgÄUNë w WU{≈ ∫dÂcë 5IK XMIKË 51
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 38 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
ZNM*«Ë rOI *« ◊«dBë vK ÍU≈Ë tÒ Ê√ rO dë rOEFë dÄ«Ë√ ‡ì‡ fL)« tÃ¬Ë bL Ä tIK dO vK ¶« vKË rO dë ·Ëƒdë rOJ(« ‡ì‡ tS .uIë Æ›sd UDë¤ 5ÒODë WzULFË ÊUL WM —uN sÄ d ü« lO— d «Ë√ ed …bK w —uÂc*« eO:« Á—Òd tO vK …uKBÃ«Ë tOÃuà bL(«Ë
6
Another ijaza transcribed by the copyist of the entire codex, Îusayn b. ¨Abd Allah b. al-Niyar al-Baghdadi at the beginning of Jumada II 732/end of February-early March 1332 in Tabriz, is found at the end of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s SharÌ Îikmat al-ishraq, and the manuscript is preserved in the Milli Library (Tehran)52. The ijaza was issued for two recipients, Najm al-Milla wa-l-Din Abu l-FutuÌ Abu Bakr b. ¨Abd al-Wahhab al-Dahistani and Åahir al-Din ¨Ali b. Amir b. ¨Ali al-¨Askari in Tabriz and is dated end of Rabi¨ II 708/mid October 1308. Åahir al-Din is otherwise known to have belonged to the scholarly circle of the vizier Rashid al-Din Fa∂l Allah as he appears in Rashid al-Din’s panegyrics (taqrizat)53. Qu†b al-Din reports that the two had studied the following works with him for which he then grants them the permis- sion to transmit: His own commentaries on Suhrawardi’s Îikmat al-ishraq (see above, ijazas numbers 3 and 4) and Siraj al-Din al- Sakkaki’s MiftaÌ al-¨ulum (see above ijaza number 4), Ibn al-Athir’s Jami¨ al-uÒul fi aÌadith al-rasul and SharÌ al-uÒul by ¨Uthman b. ¨Umar Ibn al-Îajib (d. 646/1249), by which he may be referring to his com- mentary on Ibn al-Îajib’s Muntaha l-suˆal wa-l-amal fi ¨ilmay al-uÒul
52 MS Milli ¨ayn 498, ff. 284a-285a. For a description of the manuscript, see Anwar, Fihrist-i nusakh-i khatti-yi Kitabkhana-yi Milli, vol. 7, pp. 413-414. See also http:// www.aghabozorg.ir/showbookdetail.aspx?bookid=72947 (accessed 5/3/2009). Cf. also Henry Corbin’s Prolégomènes II to his edition of Shihaboddin Yahya Sohravardi, Œuvres philosophiques et mystices. Tome II. Textes édités avec Prolégomènes en français, Tehran 1993, pp. 77-78. 53 For his taqriz on Rashid al-Din’s al-Taw∂iÌat al-rashidiyya, we have consulted MS Danishkada-yi Adabiyat (University of Tehran) 188 jim, ff. 76a-77b. Cf. also van Ess, Der Wesir und seine Gelehrten, p. 24 (A 18).
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 39 wa-l-jadal54. In addition, Qu†b al-Din grants the two recipients the right to transmit SharÌ al-sunna by Abu MuÌammad b. Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ, in- dicating again his chains of transmission for this work as well as for Ibn al-Athir’s Jami¨ al-uÒul that agree with those stated in the earlier ijazas (see above, ijazas numbers 3 and 4).
ÆÁ«d »U! ¨Í“«dOAë sbÃ«Ë o(« VDÁ —uHGÄ bOF UôuÄ 55…“U ≈ œ«u mëuË ¨ÂUEFë tLF m«u vK ¶« bL bF UÄ√ rO dë sL dë ¶« r ¨ÂULÂ_« «bÃu*«Ò vK uLMË ¨ÂULGë «dDÁ vK ud «bL Î ¨ÂU '« tL Á ¨56t uë sU Ä d—U_« ¨¡U Dë Ô…]dÔ tÄbIÄ s2 X U sÄ vK …öBÃ«Ë tì vKË ¨¡UÒÃ_« »UÓÃÚ √Ô ÁdPÄ d «Ë“ ¨d «u XF w X UË ¨¡«“u'« WN ÀuOÃË ¨Í—uë ÀuO tU √Ë ¨wÃxë bzöÁ jzUËË ¨vÃUOKë ”œUM `OUBÄ œuL Ä tOÃ≈ ¶« oK Ãu √ ÊS ¨È—ULIë œuFë ÕUË ¨Í—UÓLÓIë ÕU UÄ ¨ÍdAë XCÁ« U* ∫‰uI ¨vM (U tà ¶« r ¨Í“«dOAë `KB*« s œuF Ä s Ÿd Â«ËœË ÊU ù« Ÿu ¡UI nOKJë ¡UI WbÄd ë WUMFÃ«Ë WOÓ_« WLJ(« w UIë s U«ËdÃU ŸdAë qI 57V Ë ¨ÊUÄeë «Ëb Âö ë tOK ‰udë s UuBÄËÎ UËd ÄÎ ÊUO _« lOL w ŸdAë ÊuUÁ ÒdL Oà ¨UÁË_« lOL ¡ULKFë wJÓ K ÓÄ 5ÄULNë 5ÄUÄù« vÃUF ¶« Òh U*Ë ÆÊUBIMÃ«Ë …œUeë ‚dD b s dJ U √ Õu H « U √ s b «Ë WK*« r$ ¨5IÁb*« ¡öCHë …ËbÁ ¨5II;« ¨ÍdJ F « wK s dO _« s wK s b «Ë WK*« dONÿË w U b « »UÒ u « ”b(«Ë VÁUë dJHÃU UL ƒUI—« ‰ULJë ׫bÄ w œ«œ“«Ë UL ƒUI ‰U! ULNO«œ hOB ndAë UL dE vCÁ« ¨œUIMë lDÃ«Ë œUÁuë s cÃ«Ë VzUBë wUuL Ä lOL wÒM UËd Ê√ ULNà eO √ Ê√ w«dÄ√ q ¨wôQ ¨ndAÃU
54 For a preliminary list of extant manuscripts of the commentary, see Walbridge, The Philosophy of Qutb al-Din Shirazi, pp. 270-271 no. 42. Æ“U « ∫…“U ≈ 55 ÆgÄUNë w `O B lÄ ¨d—U« ∫t uë sU Ä d—U_« 56 ÆgÄUNë w WU{≈ ∫V Ë 57
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 40 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
WOKIFÃ«Ë WOKIMë ÂuKFë w wUHMBÄË wôËUMÄË w«“U" ÄË wUÒËdÄË w¬ËdIÄË —U _«Ë YœU _«Ë dOUHë sÄ q]ÁÓuÓÔÄ UNO W«ËdKÃË q bÄ UNO …“U ûà wë r Á w ×bMË W«Ëdë pK w ◊dM UÄ qÂËÒ —UF_«Ë ‰UÄ_«Ë —Uü«Ë qL ô≈ ¡UNIHë œU ¬ q ¨¡ULKFë 5 wKÄ UÄ :XKI ¨…“U ù« ›»284¤ d ü«Ë W«Ëdë UNOU b √ ¨WMbÄ rKFë ÒÊ√ lÄ «c Ë. ¡UL ë `OUBÄ 5 vNÔ Ã« ¨…UB qÿÒ sÄ hKÓ ÚÁ√Ô tO wKÿÒ ¨…U eÄ WUC Ë– 5U'« ö w U√Ë ¨W«—bë Âö√ vÃ≈ ôË d—UÓ Ó ¡ULK vÃ≈ bM rà œUMù« WdÁ ¨œöO*« Wb W«Ëdë –≈ sJ rà YO Ë ¨U UHÎ qÒ ô ÷Ï ÚdÓË U «u√Î mK ô ÏbÓLÓ ¨W«—bë UÄ√Ë. dO UAÄ ¨ULN_Ë rKÿ bI ¨5 u *« lMÄ sÄË Æ‰UÄ_« ÈÓdÚ"ÓÄ Èd U* ‰UÄô« sÄ Òb wÒMÄ UFLË «œUH«Ë «œUQ ¨5M w—œ UÄeà bÁ ¨ULNKÄ œ«“Ë ULNKC ¶« «œ√ sÄ wM√ ¨ÍdO …¡«dIË ‰u d « Y œU √ w ‰u_« l U l— w¡«dI ÊUIù« Y wÁUë s UÓ Ó ÓË ¨ÕU H*«Ë ‚«d ù« w d dÂ√ ¨ÒwÃ≈ WHK<« bÁUFÄË WÒOIOI(« WLJ(« b«uÁ ULNMÄ œUH Ê√ UÒI «Ë ¨oOÁbË ÊUFÄ≈Ë oOI%Ë wUF*« Õd w Wœu*« ÂöJë VO«d ’«u WdFÄ ©ø® œ«d Ë WÒOMOIOë VÃUD*« WuMJ*« ozUÁbë sÄ «—œUG rà –≈ ¨ÊU ù« ÊU –√ tOÃ≈ qB UÄ WU tS ¨ÊUOÃ«Ë …dO ôË …dOG nOUBë Ác w Wœu*« WËe<« ozUI(«Ë nOÁuë vK WuÁu*« «ÎdO ¶« d« ÆUÓ UÓOÓÚœ√ËÔ U «dÒ ô≈ ›…Óbd¤Ó …bb ôË WÒO√ ôË U UB ≈ ô≈ UËd Ê√ «bOHÄÎ ô «bOH ÄËÎ UÎ ÒdAÄ ô ¨UÎ ÒdAÄ ULNà e √Ë «dOBËÎ UœU Î tdBM«Ë sÄ ULNà Ò`B ¨ULNOÃ≈ lI UÄ qÂËÒ ‰uIM*«Ë ‰uIF*« w wUHÒMBÄ lOL wÒM ÆwUuL ÄË w¬ËdIÄ aOA « vK t√dÁ ¨‰u d « Y œU √ w ‰u_« l U »U  ¬ËdI*« sÄË bL s b «Ë WK*« —b ¨5H UJ*« ÊUDK ¨5K«u « …ËbÁ ¨oI;« q UJ « lL u Ë ÁÒd ¶« ”ÒbÁ Íu uI « r wDK*« n u s bL s ‚U ≈ s s »uIF s b « ·d V UB « —bB « tFOL" ›√285¤ Ud √ ∫‰UÁ ¨t ÒdIË ¨tMÄ wULË tOK w¡«dI ¶« tL — wKu*« r w U cN « s (« bL
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 41
WÄöFë ÍË«dë ÀÒb;« ÂUÄù« aOAë u Ë ¨»UJë nÃRÄ tFOL" Ud √ ∫‰UÁ r Í—e'« .dJ « b s bL s „—U *« «œUF « u √ s b « b ÆlL√ U√Ë tOK …¡«dÁ ¶« tL — dO_« s U ·ËdF*« u Ë wKu*« ¨ÂUJ(«Ë …UCIë …ËbÁ UôuÄ sÄ tFL ¨WM « Õd »U  UuL *« sÄË bOL(« b s qzUCH « w √ s wK 585 (« v √ sbÃ«Ë WK*«Ò wO Ä bOF ë ÂUÄù« sÄ UULÎ tËd u Ë ¨tOK ÍdO …¡«dI tOK ¶« WL — wM ËeI « 59Í—–uMë …eL s ‰b s —uHGë b ÂdJë w√ Âöù« ·d sbë fL dU WFMBë –U√ WÄöFë ÂUÄù« s UULÎ pÖ ÍËd ÊU u Ë ¨Íedë n R ¨ÍœË—Ëd*« ¡«ÒdH « œuF s 5 (« WK*« wHÄË WM ë wO ÄË Yb(« Æt H ”ÒbÁË tÓ ÚÄÓ— tKë ÕÒË— »U J « s « ‰u√ Õd Ë WM « Õd Ë ‰u_« l U wÒM UËd Ê√ ULNà e Q wUuL ÄË wUHÒMBÄ sÄ pÖ dO vÃ≈ ÕU H*«Ë ‚«d ù« w d Ë V U(« qbÃ«Ë nd Ã«Ë dOOGë sÄ w¡«d lÄ qIMë q √ bM …—ÒdI*« tDz«dA ÊUIHË Ád «u vK ÊUuG ¨rKFKà UL ¡UI qOD Ê√ tKë XÃQË. nO BÃ«Ë vÃË√ ÷«d √ vÄdÄ u Ícë `ÃUBë qLFKà ULNIuË ÁdzU – s ·«b_« ÆqCHë UU vÃ≈ 5CJd*« —UB√ `LDÄË qIFë WzULFË ÊUL WM —uN sÄ d ü« lO— d «Ë√ ed …bK w —uÂc*« eO:« Á—Òd .tÒO vK …uKBÃ«Ë tÒOÃuà bL(«Ë
APPENDIX
The section of Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi’s Durrat al-taj, Section Four, Chapter Two of the khatima that has immediate parallels in ijaza number 5 is given below on the basis of the edition by Mahdukhtbanu Humaˆi (Tehran 1369sh/1991, pp. 262:3-266:15), with a few emenda- tions. The page numbers of Humaˆi are indicated in square brackets,
Æs (« ∫5 (« 58 ÆÈ—Ëeë ∫Í—–uMë 59
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 42 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE the paragraph numbering has been added by the present writers. Those portions that agree verbatim with Sa¨id al-Din al-Farghani’s Manahij al-¨ibad ila l-ma¨ad are rendered in bold60. Variations in the earlier work as against the text of Durrat al-taj are indicated in square brackets.
:X « o d t t a UA t Ê«b d »U « t X «œ b U Ë ›1¤ ∫»c ˤ »c Ë X t rO Ë d– 5IK t ÂËœ Ë tÁd t vJ Æ›8-7 :180 Z UMÄ Ω¤ ʬ t »ÒœQ Ë ›XÄb Ë Ë b « «Ë– ÷«d « UH tJ UMÇ t X « ʬ tÁd vMF U « ›2¤ tJ UMâL U b « v UF ÈUN u  eO UN —u b « ÂU « ÈUN U ÷«d « 5MâL ¨œbM v/ —u ÷«d « Ë UH t e ÂU « Ë «Ë– —uNÿ tD «— t ÊuÇ fÄ Æœu v/ ÂU9 —u u  —œ e v UF —uNÿ b d c"MO ¨b « v X U b d Ë aO ÊUO X U Ë X UM œ«—« ¨œdOÖ Êœd X «d ÈË t aO “« v UF Ë UH t œœdÖ v ʬ q UÁ b d —œ Ë b U fÒ K Áb bM Ä v H Ë vMF t aO t v U —œ fÄ c" U t ȫ t U ¨bM Áb UA vMF Ë XH ʬ t fÒ K XOK UÁ Ë ›‰U ∫XÃU ¤ XÃU ʬ s1 Ë XÂd —U¬ “« Ë b U Áœu aO ”u K U b U uÄ b d —œ ÊU “ ʬ «— t U ʬ t uOÄ t U ʬ t vMF Ë XH qI b d t Ë“« ÂU9 —u ʬ tD «u X U Ë XH Ë vMF ʬ b U v d U9 —u tD «Ë t U U9Î vMF —uNÿ tÇ ¨bM X «d Ë Æ›18-8 :180 Z UMÄ Ω¤
60 On the basis of the following edition of the text: Manahij al-¨ibad ila l-ma¨ad. MukhtaÒar fiqh bar chahar madhhab bi-zaban-i farsi, li-MuÌammad b. AÌmad Sa¨id al- Din al-Farghani, wa-yalihu ¨Umdat al-Islam li-¨Abd al-¨Aziz b. Îamid Allah al-Dahlawi, Istanbul 1414/1372/1994, pp. 178-184. A new edition of the Manahij has been prepared by Nasrollah Pourjavady and Sayyid Ibrahim Ashk Shirin (Tehran: Mirath-i maktub [forthcoming]). – Selected quotations from the relevant section are also included in Jami’s entry in his NafaÌat al-uns, pp. 558-560 no. 546.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 43
Ë XKÁÒ “« È“Ë— t bM X «Ë— tM ¶« v{— Ád d u « tJ UMÇ ›3¤ Ë tOK tK « vK vHDB dC t ¨ÊUO t K Ë uÁ Ë kH nF{ U b «d ~ «— œu t U UL “« p êO t œu d Âœd X UJ rK bM lL œu t «— t U ʬ Ë« fÄ ¨+U — t U Ê«b «— œu s s «— ʬ r «œ jD ·u È“dO s :XHÖ Æœu k U ›t ´¤ ô« «— —eO ʬ s œd ÂU9 s rK Ë tOK tK « vK vHDB U Âœd ~ “« ›«— eOÇ ∫s¤ s êO ʬ “« bF ÆÂœd lL œu tMO Èu t ÂbOMA Ë“« tÇd Ë ÂœdJ ‘u «d rK Ë tOK tK « vK vHDB s Æ›24-18 :180 Z UMÄ Ω¤ r dÖ œU lL Ë j —u tD «Ë t U U9Î v Ë Ë kH vMF t d~M ›4¤ 5MâL ¨œd X «d t u~Ç ÈË t Ád d u « tMO Èu t —eO ʬ Ê¬Ë ¨œu v d U9 tÁd tD «Ë t b d t aO “« XH Ë ‰U X «d Ë q UÁ ÁbF ULO «— d~ œ UH tL d X «d X U Ë —œ UNMOF tÁd Æ›3 :181-24 :180 Z UMÄ Ω¤ b U v v U v{— Èœ—ËdN « s b « Ë o(« »UN UM O Ë U bO ŒuOA « aO Ë ›5¤ U « gOÄ ÁÒd tK « ”ÒbÁ bOM r UI « u « ÂU « t U «— tÁd X tM ¶« X t rK Ë tOK ¶« vK vHDB U bOM “« Ë X « ÁœdJ t ‰u Á XOK UÁ ›263¤ Ë vMF ÒuÁ tÇ ¨tÁd t t X « Áœ«œ X bN t ÊUA « »dÁ V t œu d U9 «— ÊUA « ›‡ ∫dĤ d X œÒd XH Ë ‰U X «d —œ b ¬ du Ò ÊUA « U X œÒd Âd ô ¨Òu Æ›8-3 :181 Z UMÄ Ω¤ U U9Î ¨X « ‚«—Ë« s « n R t dOI s « t X « ÊUMÇ tÁd X Ë ›6¤ tÁd ¨b Áœd ʬ t —U« »U XdN —œ tJUMÇ d ¬ »U Ëœ s« vMF Ë« Ë t Ë— ¶« ”ÒbÁ È“«dOA « g e s vK s b « VO$ aO “« bO uÄ œu Òr “« Ë« Ë ÁÒd ¶« ÕË— Èœ—ËdN « s b « »UN ŒuOA « aO “«
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 44 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
—bÄ “« Ë« Ë s b « tO Ë v{UÁ œu Òr “« Ë« Ë ÈœËdN « VOM « u « aO ÊbO U uÄ —œ vJ d X œ ¨v U$“ Ãd v « Ë t uL bL u « œu tÁd È—uM œ œu « bL « “« bL u « U « Æd~ œ ʬ X œ „—UA tÁd u « “« Ãd v « U «Ë ÆbOM r UI « u « “« Ë« Ë È—uM œ œUA2 “« Ë« Ë bO uÄ .Ë— bL u « “« Ë« Ë È“«dO nOH tK « b u « “« Ë« Ë Èb ËUN ”U F « vDI Èd g U X bOM Ë. rNM tK « v{— bOM “« Ë« Ë Èœ«bG X Ë« Ë v d ·ËdF X Ë« Ë b »ÒœU ›Ëd ∫Ëb¤ Ëb Ë X U vL" VO X vzU! œË«œ UÄ« ÆU{d « v u s vK Ë vzU œË«œ ¶« ÂÒd vK 5M R*« dO « X Ë« Ë ÈdB s X Ë« Ë X U v u s vK U « Ë ÆrK Ë tOK ¶« vK vHDB X Ë« Ë tN Ë ‘—bÄ X Ë« Ë X U rÿUJ « dHF s v u ‘—bÄ X U{dë X Ë« Ë dÁU « bL ‘—bÄ X Ë« Ë ‚œUB « bL s dHF vK s 5 ‘—bÄ X Ë« Ë s b UF « s “ 5 (« s vK ‘—bÄ 5K d*« bO ‘b X Ë ‘—bÄ X Ë« Ë ULNM ¶« v{— Æ›23-8 :181 Z UMÄ Ω¤ tOK tK « «uK …—d « WH% »U  —œ Ád tK « —u Èœ«bG s b « b aO tJ ¬ ô« ›7¤ tK « vK d UGOÄ U X « qB ›UNÁd ∫tÁd ¤ tÁd X t X « Áœ—ˬ vHDB t X « Áœu d Ë sFMF qB ›X—œ ´¤ Y b t rK Ë tOK ÁbO U uÄ tÁd tM ¶« v{— «— vK 5M R*« dO « d rK Ë tOK ¶« vK dO « t t HÖË X « Áœd X «— œu tÁd Ë« Ë X —œ Y b t X « «— œU “ s qOLÂ Ë ÈdB s d ›Ë« Ë ´¤ tM tK « v{— vK 5M R*« ÁbO U uÄ tÁd «— b “ s b «u « b d qOLÂ Ë ¨X « ÁbO U uÄ tÁd tÁd ´¤ «— ›vu ∫vuĤ v u »uIF u « d b «u « b Ë X « ËdL tK « b u « d Ë« Ë «— È—u dN »uIF u « UÄ Ë« Ë ›X« ÁbOUuÄ «— ÊUC — r UI « u « d Ë« Ë «— Èd »uIF d Ë« Ë «— vJ ÊUL s
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 45 s bL d Ë« Ë «— ÂœU œË«œ d Ë« Ë «— f —œ« s ”U F « u « d Ë u « aO d Ë« Ë «— ÈdBÁ qO UL « È—u « aO d ›264¤ Ë« Ë «— qOJ U s « d Ë« Ë «— Èd J « s b « r$ t ·ËdF*« v uB « dL s bL « »UM'« Æ›9 :182-23 :181 Z UMÄ Ω¤ bO U uÄ tÁd «— Èœ«bG s b « b vMF dOI vHDB t UNÁd tL X X « Áœd t d dI s « t «c vKF ›8¤ tKÃ«Ë ´¤ b t HÖ t vMF ʬ t œu v qB rK Ë tOK ¶« vK Æ›10-9 :182 Z UMÄ Ω¤ ›rK« gu —bÄ “« bOuÄ tÁd UÂÎ Òd v~ÃU Áœ —œ »U nÃRÄ t ʫbË ›9¤ ¶« vI vË—“UJë `KB*« s œuF Ä sbë ¡UO{ ¡ULJ(« …ËbÁ ¡U!ô« pKÄ ¶« ”bÁ Èœ—ËdN ë sbë »UN ŒuOAë aO “« Ë« Ë Á«uÄ WM'« qF Ë Á«d sbë Ë WK*« vO Ä aUA*« pKÄ “« bOuÄ tÁd Áœ«—« v~ÃU v —œ Ë ÆÁd Ë WK*« r$ gu —bÄ “« 61Ë« Ë t Ä— ¶« ÕË— vÃUF*« v« s vK s bL « ÆÈd sbë r$ aO “« Ë« Ë vÃUF*« vë s vK sbë :X « Ëœ tÁd ›UÄ«Ë ∫t ÆÆÆ ÊuÇ Ë¤ t ʫb b ÂuKFÄ s« ÊuÇË ›10¤ «Ë— Êb aO p “« e «— ʬ Ë b t HÖ t X M « ʬ Ë œ«—« tÁd vJ «Ë— Êb XÂd XN t —UO a UA “« ʬ Ë „d tÁd ÂËœ Ë. b U ʬ d– 5IK tD «Ë t aO t b d »U « vMF U «Ë ÆÍœUN « tK «Ë. b U —œ ÊUA « —ËbÂ Ë XLKÿ Ë XFO Ë fH ›rJ ´¤ ÊuÇ t X « d– t t v H b U v v u ›bdÄ ´¤ s U Ë d Uÿ t œ«—« √b fH —ËbÂ Ë XLKÿ rJ ʬ ¨œu v d Uÿ Ë« s U “« Áb nOJ fH ʬ Âd ô ¨X « V U ÈË d Ë Á«dL d– Ë fH ʬ U XFO Ë r U t XO uKG V t t q ¨œu v/ X —œ —«u « r U t qO «— Ë s U d uM —œ Èd« êO Ë ›œu vÄ ∫b U v ¤ b U v l «— XLKÿ
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Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 46 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE rJ ÊuÇ U « Æœu v/ —œU ÈË 62“« —«d « Ë —«u « r U »U ` Ë« ”UH « Ë «e « tL —œ Ë X « V U aO d XO U Ë— Ë UH Ë X —u t aO fH “« d– X —u Ë UH rJ ʬ d– 5IK t Âd ô ¨È—U ÈUH Ë ‰œ d uM —œ d– ʬ tD «Ë ʬ t ¨bM v X «d b d fH Æ›21-10 :182 Z UMÄ Ω¤ œœdÖ v dR b d s U fL t ÂbOM t Ë— ¶« ”bÁ s b « VO$ aO “« tJ UMÇ ›11¤ v~L Ë œu ÊUÂUÄ Ë ÊU(U d U« “« “«dO l U ÂU « vH s b « v  “« sJ ¨—uLF Ë ‚dG œU Ÿ«u « Ë Ëö Ë dÂc g UÁË« —uB È—u —u t «— œu d– È« tFÁ«Ë —œ È“Ë— U X «b 5IK d– ¨X — v Ëd 5 “ —œ Ë b v qBHM ÈË ÊU œ “« t œd Áb UA Áb ÔrK JÓ «Ú ÔbÓFÚBÓ t ÚO Ó ≈˚ h tÇ X O dO X ö s « t XHÖ œu U t d~ ÊUBI s « Æb œ v ÊUA s « ·ö t ›10 d!U 35¤ ˝ÔV=OD «] ÊUN “— aO Ê«b d “« vJ t fÄ. a UA “« X d– 5IK Âb V V ÊUL Ë X dÖ 5IK d– ÈË “« Ë œd Ÿu — t Ë— ¶« ”bÁ vKI v ›265¤ ôU t œu/ Áb UA È—u —u t «— œu d– È« tFÁ«Ë —œ XÄb t ʬ “« bF Ë Æœd v ›‚d ∫‚d ¤ ‚d «— UN UL ¬Ë X — Z UMÄ Ω¤ bO — t U$¬ t bO — Ë X uOÄ ŒuOA « aO ›XÄb ∫XÄb ¤ Æ›6 :183-21 :182 ʬ t dOQ d Q Ë `OIK t «— U d X —œ “« vJ U ÊuÇ Ë ›12¤ s dO V — «— aK hO Ë ›nA ∫nA ¤ nA t X d Uÿ vLOE ‚«d a UA d « Ë Æd I ô dOQ ÊUÁœU dND ”UH « ¨bM v —«uÖ ‘u Èb d b « Áœd —UO « ¶« ô« t « ô d– eO ÊUO U «d vCF Ë ÂU Ë ›aO ʬ ∫ÊUA«¤ ÊUA « Ë ‰«u « lOL —œ ¶« d– vCF Ë Æ«— vN M Ë “« ÊUII U « Ë ÆtK « rNL — bM U Âd a UA Ë dO)« u « bOF u «
ÆË« ∫“« 62
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 47 bOÁ “« p U t «œ U t b « t HÖ 5FL « rNOK tK « Ê«u{— U a UA t U~ œu F Ë t « U « U ʬ vH «— Ë« X « t UO ’ö ‚dH »U —« t tK « ô« t « ô tLK d «b « —œ Âd ô ¨X « È—Ëd{ ”bI Ë v UF ‰œ V U ÊuÇ Ë ¨b ¬ “ô Êœd X “ö X « U « Ë vH d qL A d O Ë« —UB Á« ¶« d– d ÁU~ ¬ ¨XAÖ d O ’ö ‚dH »U —« “« Ë b Æ›14-6 :183 Z UMÄ Ω¤ s b « VO$ aO ‘« tÁd aO t nOF{ s « d– 5IK X Ë ›13¤ s b « Ë o(« »UN ŒuOA « aO “« Ë« Ë ¨œU « X U ¨t H ¶« ÕË— 5IK Èœ—ËdN VOM « u « aO gÒL “« Ë« Ë tM tK « v{— Èœ—ËdN « r UI « u « “« Ë« Ë ÃUÒ dJ u « “« Ë« Ë v «eG « bL « aO “« Ë« Ë X U vK aO “« Ë« Ë v dG Âö s bOF s ÊUL ›u« ´¤ “« Ë« Ë v UÖdÖ g U “« Ë« Ë bOM tHzUD « aO “« Ë« Ë ›È—UœË— vK u “« Ë« Ë ´¤ V U “« Ë« Ë ÈdB s “« Ë« Ë VO “« Ë« Ë ·ËdF “« Ë« Ë vDI Èd «uK 5K d*« bO “« Ë« Ë 5FL « rNM Ë tM tK « v{— vK 5M R*« dO « Æ›21-14 :183 Z UMÄ Ω¤ X U 5IK tOK t ö Ë tK « Ë X dOQ ÊuÇ œu X b Ë X t »U « U « Ë ›14¤ ÊUA « “« Ë ¨X U Âb U hÁU U «uO Ë Ò»«Ëœ t v œ¬ “« V œQ ÊU « —œ X U rJ t ÊUA « “« Ë b « v Áb UA «d UÿÎ d~ bJ t “« q UC ‰UL U ›‡ ∫tM tKë v{—¤ tM tKë v{— «— t U «cN Ë Æd O Ë« ›‰UÄ ∫vÂU¤ vÂUÄ Ë fH ¡«b Ë U{— Ë qÂu Ò Ë Ÿ—Ë Ë b “ Ë tI Ë rK uJO ÂU Ë ·d Ê«d Q tL d tKL s « —œ ÊUA « o Ë o Á«— —œ Ë XÄb ∫XÄb Ë X ¤ XÄb Ë X dO v KOC êO t Ëœ t cÖ r Á Ëœ ʬ —œ Ë ÆbM UO rK Ë tOK tK « vK vHDB ›X tJ UMâL tÇ ¨X « œuL rO r Á s « —œ ô« X u c 7 dÖ aO t ʬ dO Ë ŸU{— o d t vK« —œU dO “« VO d v —u X ôË —œ
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SUMMARY Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi, who had reached the peak of his scholarly career at the turn of the 8th/14th century, was in close contact with numerous scholars, col- leagues as well as students, yet it is not always clear who among them had in fact formally studied with him. Reliable documentation indicating who had for- mally studied with Qu†b al-Din are the ijazas he had issued. In this study, six certificates, dating from Rama∂an 696/July 1297 to Rabi¨ II 708/mid October 1308, are introduced and edited. They provide information about seven scholars who had studied with Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi during this period, viz. Taj al-Din MaÌmud b. al-Sharif al-Kirmani, ¨Ubayd Allah b. MuÌammad al-Farghani al-
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 49
¨Ibri, Jalal al-Din Khalil b. Yuwaghili b. Isma¨il al-Rumi, Najm al-Din MuÌammad b. MuÌammad b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi, Najm al-Din ¨Abd al-RaÌim b. ¨Abd al-RaÌman b. NaÒr b. al-ShaÌÌam al-MawÒili, Najm al-Din Abu l-FutuÌ Abu Bakr b. ¨Abd al-Wahhab al-Dahistani and Åahir al-Din ¨Ali b. Amir b. ¨Ali al-¨Askari. Moreover, these documents also provide a picture of Qu†b al-Din’s intellectual background, which consisted of the following cornerstones: Philoso- phy, Ìadith, medicine, rhetorics, and ∑ufi tradition. Keywords: Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi, NaÒir al-Din al-™usi, Najm al-Din al-Katibi, Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi, Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ, ¨Umar al- Suhrawardi, Ibn Sina, Burhan al-Din ¨Ubayd Allah al-¨Ibri, Siraj al-Din al- Sakkaki, Sa¨id al-Din al-Farghani, Abu l-Qasim al-Abarquhi, ∑ufi practice, Suhrawardian tradition, Durrat al-taj, Illuminationist philosophy, Îikmat al- ishraq, khirqat al-tabarruk, khirqat al-irada.
RÉSUMÉ Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi, au sommet de sa carrière d’érudit à la fin du 8e/14e siècle, était en contact étroit avec de nombreux lettrés et collègues, ainsi qu’avec des étudiants. Mais l’on ne sait pas toujours clairement qui en réalité, parmi ces derniers, étudia dans les règles avec lui. Les ijazat que Qu†b al-Din délivra indi- quent, eux, de façon fiable qui étudia dans les règles avec lui. Cet article présente et édite six certificats qui sont datés de Rama∂an 696/juillet 1297 à Rabi¨ II 708/mi-octobre 1308. Ces certificats fournissent des informations sur sept érudits qui étudièrent avec Qu†b al-Din pendant cette période: Taj al- Din MaÌmud b. al-Sharif al-Kirmani, ¨Ubayd Allah b. MuÌammad al-Farghani al-¨Ibri, Jalal al-Din Khalil b. Yuwaghili b. Isma¨il al-Rumi, Najm al-Din MuÌammad b. MuÌammad b. Abi Bakr al-Tabrizi, Najm al-Din ¨Abd al-RaÌim b. ¨Abd al-RaÌman b. NaÒr b. al-ShaÌÌam al-MawÒili, Najm al-Din Abu l-FutuÌ Abu Bakr b. ¨Abd al-Wahhab al-Dahistani et Åahir al-Din ¨Ali b. Amir b. ¨Ali al-¨Askari. Ces documents présentent aussi un tableau de la culture intellectuelle de Qu†b al-Din, qui reposait sur quatre pierres d’angle: philosophie, Ìadith, médecine, rhétorique et tradition soufie. Mots-clés: Qu†b al-Din al-Shirazi, NaÒir al-Din al-™usi, Najm al-Din al-Katibi, Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi, Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Mas¨ud al-Farraˆ, ¨Umar al- Suhrawardi, Ibn Sina, Burhan al-Din ¨Ubayd Allah al-¨Ibri, Siraj al-Din al- Sakkaki, Sa¨id al-Din al-Farghani, Abu l-Qasim al-Abarquhi, pratique soufie, tradition sohrawardienne, Durrat al-taj, philosophie illuminationiste, Îikmat al- ishraq, khirqat al-tabarruk, khirqat al-irada.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 50 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
Fig. 1. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 368b.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 51
Fig. 2. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 369a.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 52 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
Fig. 3. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 369b.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 53
Fig. 4. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 370a.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 54 R. POURJAVADY – S. SCHMIDTKE
Fig. 5. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 370b.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55 STUDIES ON QU™B AL-DIN AL-SHIRAZI III 55
Fig. 6. — MS Chester Beatty Ar 3883, f. 371a.
Journal Asiatique 297.1 (2009): 15-55