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Projectile Point Fragments As Indicators of Site Function

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Projectile Point Fragments As Indicators of Site Function Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 180-193(1991). The Diamond Lil Site: Projectile Point Fragments as Indicators of Site Function J. JEFFREY FLENNIKEN, Lithic Analysts, P.O. Box 684, Pullman, WA 99163. J. HE Diamond Lil archaeological site (35LA However, savanna and prairie, not coniferous 807) located on the western slopes of the forest, was the vegetation zone of the hills Cascade Range, is situated on a ridge approxi­ bordering the Willamette Valley in the pre- mately one kilometer from, and 277 m. above, Euroamerican environment. This environmental the Middle Fork of the Willamette River near zone dominated the Middle Fork of the Willam­ Oakridge, Oregon (Fig. 1). Fifty contiguous 1 ette River drainage below 683 m. elevation such X 1-m. excavation units yielded over 20,000 as High Prairie (Fig. 1), an area of approxi­ lithic artifacts and nearly 800 bone fragments, mately 4.8 km.^ of tableland on the east side of mostly (52%) identified as medium-sized mam­ the North Fork of the Middle Fork of the Wil­ mal remains. A technological analysis of all lamette River above the present town of Oak­ formed artifacts (n=147) and a representative ridge (Patterson 1857). A mixed-conifer forest sample of the debitage (65%) indicates that this has gradually replaced what was once prairie unlikely site location was intensively utilized for and scattered trees. a short period of time relatively late in pre­ Periodic, noncatastrophic fires were com­ history. Ethnographic data, environmental in­ mon in this area before modern fire suppression formation, and a site structural analysis of the techniques were employed, which suggests the spatial distribution of bone and debitage, suggest possibility of intentional underburning by ab­ that the site location was employed to process original peoples. In a study of the ecosystem deer and manufacture/rejuvenate flaked stone dynamics in the foothills surrounding the Wil­ tools. However, experimental and archaeologi­ lamette Valley, Cole (1977:184) found that fre­ cal data involving projectile point rejuvenation quent aboriginal burning acted as a "regular and breakage suggest the site served also as a environmental input, to which both tree density deer kill location. Furthermore, the site assem­ and species composition were in adjustment." blage, dominated by projectile point rejuvena­ Several studies of aboriginal burning in tion debitage and fragments of lanceolate, dart, northern California and western Montana (Lewis and arrow points, is interpreted as representing 1973; Barrett 1980) document the intentional a multiple weapons system technology utilized burning of low elevation forest and grasslands in a communal hunting situation. primarily in the fall to stimulate a new growth of browse for big game, to enhance the growth ETHNOGRAPfflCALLY DOCUMENTED of woody food plants and berries, or to aid in USE OF THE ENVIROrVMENT gathering food or concentrating game in desired Between approximately 183 and 1,067 m. areas. According to an early Oregon settler: above mean sea level in the central western Fire was the agency used by the Calapooia tribes Cascade Range, the natural vegetation is gen­ to hold their camas grounds and renew their erally classified as part of the Tsuga hetero- berry patches and grass-lands for game and the phylla Zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). millions of geese, brants, cranes and swans THE DIAMOND LIL SITE 181 w Fig. 1. The location of the Diamond Lil site, 35LA807. which wintered in Westem Oregon ... On the high degree of habitat diversity (Boyd MS; Das- west face of the Cascades the Molallas claimed man 1964). It is not clear to what extent the dominion, and fire was their agency in im­ white-tailed deer inhabited the Middle Fork of proving the game range and berry crops [Minto the Willamette River drainage, but they may 1908:152-153]. have ranged as far as the Oakridge area (Wink­ Before their range was restricted following ler 1988). The riparian areas and grassy flats Euroamerican settlement, herds of white-tailed along the Middle Fork of the Willamette River, deer and elk congregated on the prairies of the especially around Oakridge, remain prime elk Willamette Valley, especially during the winter winter range and were hunted there in proto-his- months (Zenk 1976). The valley landscape, toric and historic times (cf Grayson 1975:500). composed of open prairie, concentrations of These species, as well as the black-tailed deer, oaks, fir groves, and riparian zones of ash and utilized the forage and cover provided by the alder bound by mixed conifer forest, provided a forest-grass ecotone. Black-tailed deer was the 182 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY most common species identified among elk, nature of prehistoric activities performed at the black bear, and mountain lion remains at Baby Diamond Lil site. These data, however, suggest Rock Shelter and at Rigdon's Horsepasture Cave that the Diamond Lil location is advantageous (Olsen 1975; Baxter et al. 1983). Mule deer, as for procurement and processing of deer, season­ well as several other small mammals, were also ally available in large numbers. Furthermore, identified from faunal remains at these sites ethnographic information indicates that aborig­ (Olsen 1975; Baxter et al. 1983). inal peoples used the area for deer hunting and Adapted to a bulky diet of herbs and artificially enhanced the resource through inten­ browse, deer and elk require forage with a high tional burning practices. nutritional content. As the growing season pro­ DIAMOND LIL SITE STRUCTURE gresses, the maturing plants' nutritive value decreases and thus, these ruminants move up­ Spatial patterning within the Diamond Lil ward in elevation and to cooler and shadier cultural deposit was examined during excavation environments in search of vegetation in imma­ and analysis phases of the project (Flenniken et ture stages of growth (Nelson 1974:89-90) al. 1990). Concentrations of functionally dis­ which may contain up to 15-20% protein (Chad- tinct artifacts are good indicators of activity wick 1983:79). Social behavior is adapted to areas. Two such concentrations were distin­ this need; these animals disperse as individuals guished during the analysis of artifacts re­ or small herds in search of favored habitats as covered from the site. A concentration of bone spring and summer progress. With the onset of fragments and an adjacent concentration of lithic winter and snowfall, ungulates respond by mi­ debitage were isolated through spatial analysis grating to areas with accessible forage, often within the excavation block (Fig. 2). A stan­ following the same routes year after year and dardizing equation was used to make frequen­ coalescing into large herds. White-tailed deer, cies of bone and debitage comparable across the black-tailed deer, and elk congregated in large block regardless of the excavated volume and to herds in the prairie environments of the Willam­ express the density as a number per cubic meter ette River drainage before Euroamerican settle­ measure. ment, especially during the winter months and The bone concentration was found to be the fall breeding season (Zenk 1976:64-66). highly localized in five contiguous excavation Complex, diverse habitats with relatively stable units (U4, U7, U8, U23, and U25) near the resource availability, such as those found in center of the block (Fig. 2). The concentrations mountain foothill environments along the Middle of bone fragments within these units ranged Fork of the Willamette River, support high den­ from 153/m.^ to 396/m.' with an average of sity deer populations (Mackie 1983:112-115). 275/m.^ in the five units. The average concen­ Late fall is thus the first high density co­ tration for the rest of the block is 26/m.' with alescence of ungulates after two seasons of dis­ the expected fall-off pattern surrounding the persal. This is also the time of year for peak fat high concentration. Five of the units (U33, stores; male deer lose 10-15% of their body U35, U36, U37, and U38) in the extreme south­ weight during the fall rut (Speth and Spielmann west corner of the block and three of the units 1983:3) while females reach peak fat stores in (U45, U46, and U50) in the extreme northeast November and December (Wallmo and Regelin corner of the block did not contain any bone. 1981:396). The bone concentration is interpreted as a Environmental and ethnographic data do not butchering center where meat was removed provide an adequate basis to determine the from the bones of the deer. Alternatively, the THE DIAMOND LIL SITE 183 30 29 28 2 7 «7 4 e 49 5 0 26 2 5 4 3 4d 45 4 b 4 ? 4 1 24 2 3 4 3 2 ' 4 0 39 : 2 21 8 7 « i 32 31 20 1 8 12 1 \ 1 0 9 3 4 3 3 1 9 17 1 6 1 s 1 4 1 3 " 3S 3 B 3 7 w+V iS) Bone t 1 Debitage 35LA807 Excavation Units Fig. 2. The spatial distribution of bone and debitage within the block excavation at the Diamond Lil site. bone concentration may represent a bone proces­ flakes/cores). The bone is very poorly pre­ sing (e.g., marrow extraction) location or a sec­ served at the Diamond Lil site and does not lend ondary discard location for bone waste. The itself to analysis of the degree of processing to butchering center interpretation is favored here which it has been subjected. because of the close association of the debitage The lithic debitage recovered from the site concentration containing the majority of the was more evenly distributed across the block lithic debitage from the manufacture of butch­ excavation, although a clear concentration was ering tools (microblades/cores and bipolar discernable around the southeastern periphery of 184 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY the bone concentration (Fig.
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