The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies Chris Bobel · Inga T

The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies Chris Bobel · Inga T. Winkler · Breanne Fahs · Katie Ann Hasson · Elizabeth Arveda Kissling · Tomi-Ann Roberts Editors The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies Editors Chris Bobel Inga T. Winkler Department of Women’s, Gender, and Institute for the Study of Human Rights Sexuality Studies Columbia University University of Massachusetts Boston New York, NY, USA Boston, MA, USA Katie Ann Hasson Breanne Fahs Center for Genetics and Society Women and Gender Studies & Social Berkeley, CA, USA and Cultural Analysis Arizona State University Tomi-Ann Roberts Glendale, AZ, USA Department of Psychology Colorado College Elizabeth Arveda Kissling Colorado Springs, CO, USA Women’s & Gender Studies Eastern Washington University Cheney, WA, USA

ISBN 978-981-15-0613-0 ISBN 978-981-15-0614-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations.

Cover image: © Jen Lewis

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Acknowledgments

A book project of this scope and scale requires the creativity, grit, tenacity, and goodwill of legions—more than can be properly acknowledged here. Our exhaustive outreach depended on many intersecting networks of countless scholars, advocates, and others who helped connect us with the right person to write the right piece at the right time. We know that every chapter in this book is possible because of the labor of many and we regret that we cannot list each of these behind-the-scenes helpers. But we will take a moment to explicitly name a few people and organizations whose support of this project was invaluable. Sharra Vostral helped conceive the rationale and framework for this handbook. Her visionary work crafting the proposal for this Handbook set the project in motion, and now, several years later, we remain in her debt. Our thanks also go to the anonymous peer reviewers who provided incisive feedback [and encouragement] at both proposal and clearance review stages. They, too, helped shape this Handbook. We leaned heavily on several editors and editorial assistants along the way. In the early days, Michelle Chouinard managed the communication and organization of our call for proposals. Trisha Maharaj, Victoria Miller, Laura Charney, and Sydney Amoakoh provided invaluable support for many chapters. During the fnal and all-important stage of preparing the book for production, Sydney Amoakoh also single-handedly managed the abstracts, bios, images, fgures and tables, and various consent forms plus more for more than 130 contributors. Her calm effciency and capacity to track detail is a marvel. We also benefted from the hand of Dakota Porter, who stepped in to help with myriad administrative tasks in the last phase of manuscript preparation. Many thanks also to Virginia Roaf who provided editorial support and special appreciation to the peerless Perri Schenker whose invaluable editorial skills were essential to producing this resource. Others who stepped

v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS in at key moments include Adrian Jjuuko, Marcy Darnovsky, the Center for Genetics and Society, Radu Dondera, Dawn Dow, and Anna Krakus. We thank them each. We also note with gratitude the team at Palgrave Macmillan/Springer Nature, especially Holly Tyler who frst pitched the idea of a handbook to Chris with irresistible enthusiasm, and Joshua Pitt who succeeded her and walked with us throughout the subsequent years of this project. He and editorial assistant Sophie Li responded to every query—the trivial, the profound, and the anxious–with equanimity and unfagging support for our vision for this book. “Thank you” is too small a phrase. Finally, we appreciatively acknowledge those who donated resources to support the book. First, we thank artist Jen Lewis, self-described ‘menstrual designer’ whose arresting 2015 macrophotograph “The Crimson Wave” (2015) graces our cover. Second, we express our gratitude to our gener- ous funders—the Center for the Study of Social Difference at Columbia University through its Working Group on Menstrual Health and Gender Justice and the University of Massachusetts Boston Periodic Multi-Year Review Fund. Without their support, we would not have been able to meet our ambitious goal of publishing this robust and richly diverse body of work. And above all, we express our sincerest gratitude to the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council whose abiding belief in the value of this book enabled us to not only engage crucial editorial help, but also covered the fees necessary to make the digital edition permanently open access worldwide. From the very beginning, our fervent hope for this book was that it function as a reliable and accessible ‘go to’ resource for the widest possible audience, and WSSCC’s generosity makes this truly possible. Thank you! About the Cover: Beauty in Blood— A Macrophotographic Lens on Menstruation, Body Politics, and Visual Art

“The Crimson Wave” (2015) exemplifes the Beauty in Blood collection, my feminist, bioartography project that seeks to confront social taboos pertaining to menstruation and the female body through macrophotography of menstrual fuid. I challenge the notion that menstruation is “gross,” “vulgar,” or “unrefned” through candid, real-life photos of my menstrual blood which force viewers to see and think about menstruation in an entirely new way. There is an abstract artistic quality when blood meets water that warrants a closer look not only by women but also by society as a whole. Capturing the artful quality of this natural occurrence is my way of progressing society’s view and conversation around menstruation as well as redefning some traditional fne art aesthetics. In my opinion, society’s squeamishness about menstruation is completely ridiculous considering its graphic consumption of bloodshed through violence in pop culture entertainment, that is, blood sports like boxing, hockey, and wrestling; video games like Call of Duty; shows and movies like Dexter and Twilight; and even the news media. Pacifying social taboos only serves to give more power to society than to the self, and as women we have done that for far too long. My work quashes this taboo, reclaims feminine power, and puts menstruation in the context it so rightly deserves. Creating each piece of work is a four-step process: media (aka blood/menstrual fuid) collection, design layout (aka pouring), photoshoot, and fnally photo selection. The images of menstrual fuid are obtained in two different manners. During the early stages, we captured images by mounting a cam- era on a tripod and strategically angling it over the toilet bowl, so Rob, my husband, artistic collaborator and project photographer, could snap photos as soon as I poured the freshly collected menstrual fuid from my cup. After several shoots and a desire to capture more dynamic imagery, we began shooting

vii viii ABOUT THE COVER: BEAUTY IN BLOOD—A MACROPHOTOGRAPHIC … in a small aquarium (about 15 gallons). Rob discovered a fuid photography technique that greatly improved our fnal designs. Both Rob and myself approach each shoot with an experimental spirit and love to play with varia- bles to see how it will effect the menstrual fuid’s movement in the water, for example, salt density, ratio of freshwater to saltwater, and tools to distribute the blood. The clarity of the fnal images can be credited to the use of saltwater, which slows menstrual fuid movement, and macro lenses, which show us more than the naked eye can see. If I have learned anything over the past few years of producing Beauty in Blood it is that menstruation matters more than most people in society are willing to recognize; it is deeply embedded in our global body politics and is a major contributor to the vast gender inequity between men and women today. Institutionalized hierarchies maintain and support the outdated patri- archal belief that menstruation makes the female body inferior to the male body. Billions of dollars are spent annually trying to make women’s bodies conform to male “norms” by suppressing the natural menstrual cycle through hormonal birth control. The feminine “hygiene” industry perpetuates taboo thinking by suggesting the monthly cycle is dirty and socially impo- lite; it should be concealed in frilly pink wrappers like candy and only very loosely referenced with blue liquid in product commercials. In my experience, women and men are hungry for an authentic dialogue about menstruation and all that encompasses. It is clear the time is now to stand up and speak out on behalf of menstruation. It is a natural, messy but beautiful part of life, and just because it is not a shared experience doesn’t mean it needs to be a divisive topic that aids gender inequity. Beauty in Blood asserts that menstruation needs to be seen to help normalize the menstruating body and to acknowledge this part of the menstruator’s life experience by inviting the viewer to take a closer look and refect on their personal gut reactions to the subject of “menstruation.”

Jen Lewis Menstrual Designer Contents

1 Introduction: Menstruation as Lens—Menstruation as Opportunity 1 Chris Bobel

Part I Menstruation as Fundamental

2 Introduction: Menstruation as Fundamental 9 Inga T. Winkler

3 Bleeding in Public? Rethinking Narratives of Menstrual Management from Delhi’s Slums 15 Annie McCarthy and Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt

4 The Realities of Period Poverty: How Homelessness Shapes Women’s Lived Experiences of Menstruation 31 Shailini Vora

5 Opinion: Prisons that Withhold Menstrual Pads Humiliate Women and Violate Basic Rights 49 Chandra Bozelko

6 Bleeding in Jail: Objectifcation, Self-Objectifcation, and Menstrual Injustice 53 Tomi-Ann Roberts

ix x CONTENTS

7 Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation 69 S. E. Frank and Jac Dellaria

8 The Human Rights of Women and Girls with Disabilities: Sterilization and Other Coercive Responses to Menstruation 77 Linda Steele and Beth Goldblatt

9 Personal Narrative: Let Girls Be Girls—My Journey into Forced Womanhood 93 Musu Bakoto Sawo

10 “I Treat My Daughters Not Like My Mother Treated Me”: Migrant and Refugee Women’s Constructions and Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation 99 Alexandra J. Hawkey, Jane M. Ussher, and Janette Perz

11 Menstruation and Religion: Developing a Critical Menstrual Studies Approach 115 Ilana Cohen

12 Personal Narrative: Out of the Mikvah, into the World 131 Tova Mirvis

13 Personal Narrative: Caste Is My Period 137 Deepthi Sukumar

14 Menstrual Taboos: Moving Beyond the Curse 143 Alma Gottlieb

15 Transnational Engagements: Cultural and Religious Practices Related to Menstruation 163 Edited by Trisha Maharaj and Inga T. Winkler

Part II Menstruation as Embodied

16 Introduction: Menstruation as Embodied 177 Tomi-Ann Roberts

17 The Menstrual Mark: Menstruation as Social Stigma 181 Ingrid Johnston-Robledo and Joan C. Chrisler CONTENTS xi

18 The Menarche Journey: Embodied Connections and Disconnections 201 Niva Piran

19 Resisting the Mantle of the Monstrous Feminine: Women’s Construction and Experience of Premenstrual Embodiment 215 Jane M. Ussher and Janette Perz

20 Learning About What’s “Down There”: Body Image Below the Belt and Menstrual Education 233 Margaret L. Stubbs and Evelina W. Sterling

21 Living in Uncertain Times: Experiences of Menopause and Reproductive Aging 253 Heather Dillaway

22 The Womb Wanders Not: Enhancing Endometriosis Education in a Culture of Menstrual Misinformation 269 Heather C. Guidone

23 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and the Myth of the Irrational Female 287 Sally King

24 The Sexualization of Menstruation: On Rape, Tampons, and ‘Prostitutes’ 303 Lacey Bobier

25 (In)Visible Bleeding: The Menstrual Concealment Imperative 319 Jill M. Wood

26 Transnational Engagements: From Debasement, Disability, and Disaster to Dignity—Stories of Menstruation Under Challenging Conditions 337 Edited by Milena Bacalja Perianes and Tomi-Ann Roberts

Part III Menstruation as Rationale

27 Introduction: Menstruation as Rationale 349 Breanne Fahs xii CONTENTS

28 If Men Could Menstruate 353 Gloria Steinem

29 Introducing Menstrunormativity: Toward a Complex Understanding of ‘Menstrual Monsterings’ 357 Josefn Persdotter

30 Empowered Bleeders and Cranky Menstruators: Menstrual Positivity and the “Liberated” Era of New Menstrual Product Advertisements 375 Ela Przybylo and Breanne Fahs

31 “You Will Find Out When the Time Is Right”: Boys, Men, and Menstruation 395 Mindy J. Erchull

32 Menstrual Shame: Exploring the Role of ‘Menstrual Moaning’ 409 Maureen C. McHugh

33 Becoming Female: The Role of Menarche Rituals in “Making Women” in Malawi 423 Milena Bacalja Perianes and Dalitso Ndaferankhande

34 Researcher’s Refection: Learning About Menstruation Across Time and Culture 441 Sheryl E. Mendlinger

35 Transnational Engagement: Designing an Ideal Menstrual Health (MH) Curriculum—Stories from the Field 449 Breanne Fahs and Milena Bacalja Perianes

Part IV Menstruation as Structural

36 Introduction: Menstruation as Structural 469 Inga T. Winkler

37 Practice Note: Why We Started Talking About Menstruation—Looking Back (and Looking Forward) with the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation 475 Virginia Roaf and Catarina de Albuquerque CONTENTS xiii

38 Policy and Practice Pathways to Addressing Menstrual Stigma and Discrimination 485 Archana Patkar

39 Menstrual Justice: A Missing Element in India’s Health Policies 511 Swatija Manorama and Radhika Desai

40 Practice Note: Menstrual Hygiene Management—Breaking Taboos and Supporting Policy Change in West and Central Africa 529 Rockaya Aidara and Mbarou Gassama Mbaye

41 U.S. Policymaking to Address Menstruation: Advancing an Equity Agenda 539 Jennifer Weiss-Wolf

42 Personal Narrative: Bloody Precarious Activism in Uganda 551 Stella Nyanzi

43 Addressing Menstruation in the Workplace: The Menstrual Leave Debate 561 Rachel B. Levitt and Jessica L. Barnack-Tavlaris

44 Monitoring Menstrual Health in the Sustainable Development Goals 577 Libbet Loughnan, Thérèse Mahon, Sarah Goddard, Robert Bain, and Marni Sommer

45 Practice Note: Menstrual Health Management in Humanitarian Settings 593 Marianne Tellier, Alex Farley, Andisheh Jahangir, Shamirah Nakalema, Diana Nalunga, and Siri Tellier

46 Mapping the Knowledge and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene and Menstrual Health Among Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 609 Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli and Sheila Vipul Patel xiv CONTENTS

47 Interventions to Improve Menstrual Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Do We Know What Works? 637 Julie Hennegan

48 Transnational Engagements: Menstrual Health and Hygiene—Emergence and Future Directions 653 Edited by Victoria Miller and Inga T. Winkler

Part V Menstruation as Material

49 Introduction: Menstruation as Material 669 Katie Ann Hasson

50 Of Mice and (Wo)Men: Tampons, Menstruation, and Testing 673 Sharra L. Vostral

51 Toxic Shock Syndrome and Tampons: The Birth of a Movement and a Research ‘Vagenda’ 687 Nancy King Reame

52 Measuring Menstruation-Related Absenteeism Among Adolescents in Low-Income Countries 705 Anja Benshaul-Tolonen, Garazi Zulaika, Marni Sommer, and Penelope A. Phillips-Howard

53 Practice Note: ‘If Only All Women Menstruated Exactly Two Weeks Ago’: Interdisciplinary Challenges and Experiences of Capturing Hormonal Variation Across the Menstrual Cycle 725 Lauren C. Houghton and Noémie Elhadad

54 Monitoring Menses: Design-Based Investigations of Menstrual Tracking Applications 733 Sarah Fox and Daniel A. Epstein

55 “Life is Much More Diffcult to Manage During Periods”: Autistic Experiences of Menstruation 751 Robyn Steward, Laura Crane, Eilish Mairi Roy, Anna Remington, and Elizabeth Pellicano CONTENTS xv

56 Not a “Real” Period?: Social and Material Constructions of Menstruation 763 Katie Ann Hasson

57 Painting Blood: Visualizing Menstrual Blood in Art 787 Ruth Green-Cole

58 To Widen the Cycle: Artists Engage the Menstrual Cycle and Reproductive Justice 803 Curated and Edited by Jen Lewis

59 The Modern Way to Menstruate in Latin America: Consolidation and Fractures in the Twenty-First Century 813 Eugenia Tarzibachi

60 Challenging the Menstruation Taboo One Sale at a Time: The Role of Social Entrepreneurs in the Period Revolution 833 Maria Carmen Punzi and Mirjam Werner

61 Transnational Engagements: Smashing the Last Taboo—Caring Corporations in Conversation 853 Edited by Milena Bacalja Perianes

Part VI Menstruation as Narrative

62 Introduction: Menstruation as Narrative 865 Elizabeth Arveda Kissling

63 Challenging Menstrual Normativity: Nonessentialist Body Politics and Feminist Epistemologies of Health 869 Miren Guilló-Arakistain

64 Menstrual Trolls: The Collective Rhetoric of Periods for Pence 885 Berkley D. Conner

65 Menstruation Mediated: Monstrous Emergences of Menstruation and Menstruators on YouTube 901 Lise Ulrik Andreasen xvi CONTENTS

66 Rituals, Taboos, and Seclusion: Life Stories of Women Navigating Culture and Pushing for Change in Nepal 915 Jennifer Rothchild and Priti Shrestha Piya

67 From Home to School: Menstrual Education Films of the 1950s 931 Saniya Lee Ghanoui

68 Degendering Menstruation: Making Trans Menstruators Matter 945 Klara Rydström

69 Sex During Menstruation: Race, Sexual Identity, and Women’s Accounts of Pleasure and Disgust 961 Breanne Fahs

70 Normality, Freedom, and Distress: Listening to the Menopausal Experiences of Indian Women of Haryana 985 Vanita Singh and M. Sivakami

71 The Messy Politics of Menstrual Activism 1001 Chris Bobel and Breanne Fahs

72 Transnational Engagements: Women’s Experiences of Menopause 1019 Edited by Milena Bacalja Perianes and Elizabeth Arveda Kissling

Index 1029 Notes on Contributors

Jane Hartman Adamé is a customer engagement and user research professional and former hairdresser living with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, a connective tissue disorder. Jane is a co-creator of FLEX Cup, an inclusively designed menstrual cup made in collaboration with Andy Miller, a medical device designer. Jane turns customers into co-designers from her home in Oakland, CA. Rockaya Aidara is a gender, equity, and human rights policy specialist with over 10 years’ experience in development and international cooperation. At the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council she designed and implemented the Joint Programme on Gender, Hygiene and Sanitation, which used menstrual hygiene management as an entry point to address gender inequalities in WASH. Prior to joining WSSCC, Rockaya worked with the UN Agency on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and the European Foundation FEDRE. She supported programs on women’s political participation, as well as advocacy campaigns on violence against women, peace and security, and climate change. Lise Ulrik Andreasen is a Ph.D. fellow at The Danish School of Education at Aarhus University, Denmark. Based on feldwork, her Ph.D. project examines lived and embodied experiences of young menstruators in Denmark. Lise’s research on menstruation and youth intertwines with her interests in feminist theories of gender, sexuality, science, methodologies, materiality, affect, politics, utopia, care, and ethics. She holds an M.A. in women’s studies from University College Cork, Ireland, and an M.A. in educational anthropology from Aarhus University. Lise is a member of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research and lives in Copenhagen, Denmark with her partner and two children.

xvii xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Robert Bain is a statistics specialist at UNICEF and has been a member of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene since 2014. Prior to joining UNICEF, he worked as a researcher for the Water Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Bristol with a primary research focus on monitoring drinking water quality. Robert received his Master of Engineering from the University of Cambridge and MIT in 2008. Jessica L. Barnack-Tavlaris is an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at The College of New Jersey; she teaches classes in health and social psychology, and research methods. Her research interests include attitudes toward menstruation, stigma toward women’s reproductive health, and the transition from infertility to motherhood. She is the book and media review editor for Women’s Reproductive Health, the offcial journal of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research. Anja Benshaul-Tolonen has been an assistant professor of economics at Columbia University’s Barnard College since 2015, working on economic development and applied economics. One strand of her research focuses on health and gender, including menstruation and school absenteeism, stigma around menstruation, and household health investment and knowledge. Another strand focuses on natural resource extraction and how the sector interacts with local economic development, health, and gender. Her research methods include quasi-experimental analysis and randomized control trials, and large datasets. She also teaches econometrics and development economics. Mayuri Bhattacharjee is a menstrual health educator and trainer who has reached more than 8000 menstruators through her Menstrual Health Workshops in Assam and West Bengal. As a changemaker of change.org’s She Creates Change Fellowship, she runs a digital campaign called Dignity in Floods (www.change.org/dignityinfoods) to build women-friendly food relief shelters in Assam. She is a climate reality leader at The Climate Reality Project and a World Economic Forum Global Shaper. She won the 2019 Ton Schouten Award for WASH storytelling from IRC WASH. Ingrid Goldbloom Bloch is a self-taught artist who sees beauty in common objects. She is known for creating art that is humorous and thought-provoking, and transforms everyday objects into something entirely different from their intended purpose with the goal of creating conversa- tions. Composed of hardware store fnds, street debris, and stumbled upon items, her mixed-media sculptures draw upon the traditions of contemporary fber arts and assemblage. Ingrid’s work has been collected by museums as far-reaching as Germany’s The Bikini Museum, Azerbaijan’s The Waste to Art Museum, and Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Museums in Orlando and Los Angeles. She lives in Needham, Massachusetts with her husband, two teenage sons, and a parakeet. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xix

Chris Bobel is professor and chair of women’s, gender and sexuality studies at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Chris is the author of The Managed Body: Developing Girls and Menstrual Health in the Global South (Palgrave Macmillan), New Blood: Third Wave Feminism and the Politics of Menstruation (Rutgers University Press), The Paradox of Natural Mothering (Temple University Press), the co-edited collections (with Samantha Kwan) Embodied Resistance: Breaking the Rules, Challenging the Norms, and Body Battlegrounds: Transgressions, Tensions and Transformations (both with Vanderbilt University Press). Chris is the past president of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research and a fellow of the Working Group on Menstrual Health & Gender Justice at Columbia University. She is often consulted by the mainstream media about the rapidly growing menstrual activist movement. She is at work on a new ethnographic project exploring contemporary activism inspired by grief and trauma. Lacey Bobier is a sociology Ph.D. candidate at the University of Michigan. Her research focuses on adolescent girls, sexual subjectivity, and their roles in the gender power structure. Her previous publications examine early childhood sexuality education, while her current work considers the construction and regulation of girls’ bodies through such mediums as magazines and school policies. Danielle Boodoo-Fortunè is a poet and visual artist from Trinidad and Tobago. Her frst collection of poems, Doe Songs (Peepal Tree Press) was awarded the 2019 Bocas OCM Price in Poetry. Her paintings have been featured in numerous arts publications and exhibitions in the Caribbean and abroad. Gabriella Boros has shown her prints, paintings, and multimedia works nationally and internationally. Currently focusing on woodblock prints and handmade books, she also does nature photography, acrylic on wood panel, drawings, sculptures, and found object cheese boxes. Gabriella’s narratives refect her European parentage, Israeli birth, and American childhood. Her latest works include a solo show at Stockholm’s Ze Zig Zag Zone and a print in the “Spinoza: Marrano of Reason” show in Amsterdam. In 2020, she will complete a residency at the Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, where she will create a series of installations commemorating Kentucky women and the native plants that represent them. Chandra Bozelko was the frst incarcerated person to have a regular byline in a publication outside of prison. Her newspaper column, “Prison Diaries,” became an award-winning blog. She has won many awards and fellowships for her writing and criticism of the United States criminal justice system. Bozelko is now a syndicated columnist with Creators Syndicate and serves as the vice president of the National Society of Newspaper Columnists. Janelle Chambers is a mother of three children, two sons and a daughter. She identifes as a lesbian woman and is in a long-term relationship with a very loving wife. xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli leads the work on adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) in the World Health Organization’s Department of Reproductive Health and Research. His work includes building the evidence base on ASRH, and supporting countries to translate evidence into action through well-conceived and well-managed policies and programs. His experience is global in scope and spans over 30 years, during which he has contributed substantially to a number of WHO publications and the work of numerous national-level bodies and front-line organizations around the world. Dr. Chandra-Mouli has presented in global, regional, and national conferences, and (co)authored books, book chapters, articles, blog pieces, and around 90 peer-reviewed journal articles. Jieun Choi is a freelance journalist and videographer currently based in Seoul, South Korea. She fnds beauty in telling stories of the unheard. With relentless curiosity, Jieun dives into various realms of the society in which she lives. Previously, she worked at a media startup, Korea Exposé, cover- ing mainly society, culture, and gender issues of the Korean Peninsula. She has experience working in arts and media scene in Seoul, Hong Kong, and Melbourne. Choi holds a B.A. in fne arts from the University of Hong Kong. Joan C. Chrisler is the Class of 1943 Professor Emerita of Psychology at Connecticut College, where she taught courses in gender, social, and health psychology. She is internationally known for her research and writing on the psychology of women and women’s health issues, including menstruation, PMS, body image, and aging. She is editor of the Women’s Reproductive Health journal. Her most recent books are The Routledge Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health (forthcoming), Woman’s Embodied Self: Feminist Perspectives on Identity and Image, and Lectures on the Psychology of Women. Ilana Cohen is an independent researcher. She holds an M.A. in anthropology and women, gender, and sexuality studies from Brandeis University, where she studied the menstrual hygiene management sector and menarche ceremonies in Tamil Nadu, India. She earned B.A.s in cultural anthropology and Jewish women and gender studies from the School of General Studies at Columbia University and List College at the Jewish Theological Seminary. She is a research associate at Verité, a nonproft organization dedicated to ensuring safe, fair, and legal working conditions worldwide. Berkley D. Conner is a doctoral student in communication studies with a concentration in rhetoric and public advocacy at the University of Iowa. Her scholarship broadly examines health and medicine from a humanistic perspective, particularly around cultural rhetorics of menstrual health. She is especially interested in how menstruators’ subjectivities are negotiated between their capacity as regulated spaces and their capacity to weaponize their bodies for resistive purposes. Her current research explores medical and public dis- courses about various modes of menstrual management. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Laura Crane is an associate professor at the Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE) at UCL Institute of Education, where she is also deputy director. Laura’s work focuses on two main areas: the education and healthcare experiences of autistic people, their families and the professionals who work with them; and developing an evidence base to promote access to justice for witnesses on the autism spectrum (in both the criminal and family justice systems). Laura is a strong advocate of public engagement and community outreach; ensuring that research is accessible to the public, to policy- makers, and—importantly—to the autistic community and their allies. Amina Darwish is the Muslim chaplain at Columbia University. She has received ijaza in Islamic studies and in the 10 Qira’at. She also studied indi- vidually with various Islamic scholars. She earned a B.S. in chemical engineering from Kuwait University, an M.S. in industrial engineering and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Cincinnati. She previously served as an adjunct professor in Islamic studies at Northern Kentucky University, the Muslim chaplain at the University of Cincinnati, and as the content development coordinator at the Muslim Youth of North America. She is the founder and CEO of Mercy in Action. Catarina de Albuquerque is chief executive offcer for the global multi-stakeholder partnership, Sanitation and Water for All. From 2008 to 2014, she was the frst UN Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Between 2004 and 2008 she presided over the negoti- ations of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which the UN General Assembly approved by consensus on December 10, 2008. Ms. de Albuquerque was awarded the Human Rights Golden Medal by the Portuguese Parliament (December 10, 2009) for outstanding work in the area of human rights. Jac Dellaria is a queer, trans illustrator, and cartoonist currently based in Chicago, IL. His work focuses on his personal experiences with transitioning and managing the balance between one’s sexual orientation and gender identity. Jac studied comics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and also creates work under the name Wrigley. Jac’s art can be found at www.jacdellaria.com. Radhika Desai has a Ph.D. in sociology from Indiana University, Bloomington. Her work spans women’s work, early childhood development, fnancial inclusion, livelihood promotion, microfnance, and entrepreneurship. Radhika has brought together knowledge and practice as a program manager, social impact and gender evaluation specialist, researcher, and teacher for postgraduate students of women’s studies. Her writings include Women’s Work Counts: Feminist Arguments for Human Rights at Work (PWESCR, 2015) and “Livelihoods of the Poor” in the 2011 State of India’s Livelihoods Report (SAGE Publications, 2011). xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Heather Dillaway is a professor of sociology, director of the Bachelor of Science in Public Health Program, and associate dean in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. Dillaway’s research focuses on women’s menopause experiences and the reproductive health experiences of women with physical disabilities. Anna Druet is a researcher, science and education manager at Clue, as well as a public health and femtech advocate. She aims to help people know more about their bodies and raise awareness of the central importance of reproductive and biological autonomy to global welfare. Noémie Elhadad is an associate professor of biomedical informatics, affliated with Columbia University’s Computer Science and Data Science Institute. Her research interests lie at the intersection of machine learning, natural language processing, and medicine. She investigates ways in which observational clinical data and patient-generated data can enhance access to relevant information for clinicians, patients, and health researchers alike, and the ultimate potential of such access to impact healthcare and the health of patients. Daniel A. Epstein is an assistant professor in the Department of Informatics at the University of California, Irvine. His research is in the area of human– computer interaction (HCI), where he studies how personal tracking technology can acknowledge the realities of everyday life. He leverages this understanding to develop and evaluate new apps and interfaces which better account for those realities. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science and engineering from the University of Washington. Mindy J. Erchull is a professor of psychological science and a member of the Women’s and Gender Studies Program at the University of Mary Washington. She has a Ph.D. in social psychology from Arizona State University. Her research focuses on the objectifcation and sexualization of women, feminist identity, division of labor and parenting, and women’s reproductive health. Her menstrual cycle research has largely focused on education about and attitudes toward menstruation and menstruators. Breanne Fahs is a professor of women and gender studies at Arizona State University, where she specializes in studying women’s sexuality, critical embodiment studies, radical feminism, and political activism. She has authored fve books and three edited collections: Performing Sex, Valerie Solanas, Out for Blood, Firebrand Feminism, Women, Sex, and Madness, The Moral Panics of Sexuality, Transforming Contagion, and Burn it Down. She also works as a clinical psychologist in a private practice, where she specializes in sexuality, couples work, and trauma recovery. Johanna Falzone attributes her creative roots to growing up in the 90s under the infuence of punk rock music, feminism, Nickelodeon cartoons, and Barbie. These forces have incited her attraction to pretty imagery ranging NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxiii from the grotesque to the overtly feminine with whimsical nods to childhood in her paintings, illustrations, poetry, flms, short stories, and screenplays. Johanna is also classically trained in ballet and modern dance. She attended Suzanne Farrell’s Young Dancer’s Workshop in 2007 and 2008; as well as Canada’s Royal Winnipeg Ballet School’s 2008 Summer Program. Currently based out of Florida, she remains a ferce Winnipeg Jets fan and Tim Hortons iced coffee and donut lover. Alex Farley has worked with WoMena as a research and project management offcer. She holds an M.Sc. in African development from the London School of Economics, with a specialty in gender-sensitive humanitarian policy and programming. Sarah Fox is a President’s Postdoctoral Fellow at Carnegie Mellon University’s Human Computer Interaction Institute. Her research focuses on how technological artifacts challenge or propagate social exclusions by examining existing systems and building alternatives. Her work has earned awards in leading computing venues, including ACM, CSCW, CHI, and DIS, and has been featured in the Journal of Peer Production, Design Issues, and New Media and Society. She holds a Ph.D. in human-centered design and engineering from the University of Washington. S. E. Frank is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the Department of Sociology. She currently studies menstruation in United States institutions, including law and the military. Sarah lectures for Madison’s Department of Legal Studies and Sociology and leads graduate teaching trainings across the university. The present research on queering menstruation won the Alpha Kappa Delta Sociology Honors Society Graduate Student Paper Award at the American Sociological Association in 2019 and the 3-Minute Thesis Competition at the Midwest Sociological Society in 2019. Follow her work at https://teachingfrankly.com. Rosa Freedman is the inaugural professor of law, confict, and global development at the University of Reading. She received her LLB, LLM, and Ph.D. from the University of London, and is a member of Gray’s Inn, the UN Secretary-General’s Civil Society Advisory Board, and the UK Foreign Offce’s Women Peace and Security Steering Committee. Freedman’s research and publications focus on the UN, particularly human rights bodies and systems, peacekeeping, and accountability for human rights abuses committed during such operations. Her publications include two monographs, two co-edited collections, and articles in the American Journal of International Law, European Journal of International Law, Leiden Journal of International Law, and Human Rights Quarterly, among others. Saniya Lee Ghanoui is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her dissertation is a transnational cultural history that investigates the development of the movements for sex education xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS in the United States and Sweden from 1910 through 1962, the interactions between these two countries, and their signature method of education: the sex education flm. Krystal Nandini Ghisyawan is an independent Indo-Caribbean, queer feminist scholar working in the areas of female same-sex desire, LGBTQI advocacy, and women in Hinduism. She holds a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of the West Indies and is a former postdoctoral associate at Rutgers University. She is a director on the board of the Silver Lining Foundation and has guided the organization’s research and development agenda since 2014. She is currently completing her manuscript, Erotic Cartographies: Mapping Caribbean Subjectivities, Spaces, and Queer Decolonial Praxis, which explores the space-making practices of same-sex loving women in Trinidad. Carla Giacummo has channeled her passion for promoting open discussion on menstruation and elevating it as a vital sign into building Eco-Ser in 2012. She has also been a Menstrupedia co-publisher for Spanish since 2015. She regards the platform as the perfect tool for girls around 9 to learn about periods, and as an invaluable community of nonprofts, health institutions, teachers, doctors, and others who promote menstrual literacy in Latin America, the United States, Spain, and other countries worldwide. Driven by her love for the art of connection, Giacummo has also worked as an executive secretary, piloted her own clay atelier for children 10 and older, and is the mother of two boys. Sarah Goddard is a global health and international development professional. Her work has focused on governance, health, water, and sanitation, and sustainable urban development in low- and middle-income countries. Sarah has a Master of Public Health and Master of Arts in international affairs from Columbia University and an undergraduate degree from Brown University. Beth Goldblatt is an associate professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of Technology Sydney, Australia, and an honorary associate professor in the School of Law at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. She works on equality, human rights, comparative constitutional law and feminist legal theory, focusing on gender and poverty. She is the author of Developing the Right to Social Security—A Gender Perspective and co-editor of two collections on women’s social and economic rights. Beth is a member of the UTS Law Health Justice Research Centre and a co-convener of the UTS Feminist Legal Research Group. She previously worked as a researcher on disability issues. Alma Gottlieb is the (co)author/(co)editor of nine books. Gottlieb began her publishing career with Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, an award-winning collection that helped inaugurate a modern, feminist NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxv approach to menstruation cross-culturally. Gottlieb has held fellowships and grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, National Endowment for the Humanities, and Social Science Research Council, and has held teaching/ research appointments at Princeton University, École des Hautes Études (Paris), Catholic University of Leuven, and elsewhere. A Professor Emerita at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Gottlieb is currently a Visiting Scholar in Anthropology at Brown University. She holds a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Virginia. Ruth Green-Cole is a mother, artist, curator, academic, curriculum devel- oper, educationalist, and the former director of the Whangarei Art Museum, a regional art gallery in Northland, New Zealand. Her research interests include the leaky and maternal body in contemporary art, the sacred feminine, gender studies, feminist theory, and contemporary and modern New Zealand art. She received a Master of Art with frst-class honors in art history from the University of Auckland in 2014 for her thesis, “Visualising Menstruation: Gendered Blood in Contemporary Art.” Green-Cole posts about menstruation and visual art on her blog at http://hyperheterotopia.com/. Heather C. Guidone is the program director of the Center for Endometriosis Care. For more than 25 years, she has focused on endometriosis education, research facilitation, policy reform, patient-centered care, health literacy, engagement and adherence, and more. A board-certifed patient advocate and health educator, she serves on many councils, committees, and special interest groups on endometriosis, pelvic pain, gynepathologies, and women’s health issues, and has contributed to countless books, articles, and publications on these topics. She is active in several professional health organizations, including as a PCORI ambassador and contributing member of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research. Miren Guilló-Arakistain is a professor in the social anthropology program in the Department of Philosophy of Values and Social Anthropology at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). She is a graduate of UPV-EHU in social and cultural anthropology and pedagogy and holds a master’s in feminist and gender studies. Her research interests are anthropology of medicine and health, social theory of the body, feminist epistemologies, agency, and social change. Her forthcoming doctoral thesis examines the politics of menstruation, gender relations, identities, and corporalities. She is part of AFIT Feminist Anthropology Research Group at UPV-EHU. Katie Ann Hasson writes, speaks, researches, and teaches about the social and political aspects of human genetic and reproductive technologies. She is currently program director on genetic justice at the Center for Genetics and Society. Katie earned her Ph.D. in sociology with a designated emphasis in women, gender, and sexuality from the University of California, Berkeley, and was previously an assistant professor of sociology and gender studies at the University of Southern California. xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Alexandra J. Hawkey is a postdoctoral researcher at the Translational Health Research Institute at Western Sydney University, Australia. Her research interest is women’s sexual and reproductive health, including women’s fertility and contraception choices, cancer screening and survivorship, sexuality, sexual health, and menstruation and menopause. Alex also has a special interest in working alongside marginalized communities, such as migrant and refugee women. Lubabah Helwani currently works in bioethics at the University of Southern California. Her educational background includes an M.S. in medical and cultural anthropology from Harvard University, with a focus on women’s menstrual health from the Ash-Sham region of Syria. Julie Hennegan is a research associate at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her research focuses on menstrual health and hygiene, and the design and evaluation of complex social and behavioral interventions for women’s health. Julie holds a D.Phil. from the Centre for Evidence Based Intervention at the University of Oxford, an M.Sc. in evidence-based social intervention from the University of Oxford (UK), as well as a B.Psy.Sc. (Hons I) from the University of Queensland (Australia). Lauren C. Houghton frst became interested in women’s health as an anthropologist when she learned women in the Global South menstruate three times less across their lifetimes than women in the Global North. In the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University’s School of Public Health, she now uses mixed-methods to understand how culture gets beneath the skin through hormones, specifcally regarding puberty, the menstrual cycle, breast cancer risk, and women’s broader reproductive lives. She is currently exploring the use of digital menstrual health in studying the causes of breast cancer, and in the dissemination and implementation of the latest breast cancer science. Andisheh Jahangir currently works with the World Health Organization country offce in Iran and volunteers with WoMena. She holds a Master of International Public Health from the University of Sydney. Ingrid Johnston is an experimental psychologist with expertise in social and health psychology. She taught full-time at SUNY, Fredonia for 12 years in the Psychology Department, focusing on women’s health, psychology of women and health psychology. She is currently a professor of psychology and associate dean for Lesley University’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. She has published extensively in the area of women’s reproductive health, with particular emphasis on psychosocial aspects of embodiment. She has served on the board for the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research for almost 20 years. Johnston has served this organization as program chair, president, and past president. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

Ina Jurga is an engineer, educator, networker, and advocate with more than 15 years’ experience in the WASH sector. Working for the Berlin-based NGO, WASH United, she co-initiated and coordinates the international Menstrual Hygiene Day (28 May). Each year this day is dedicated globally to breaking the silence around menstruation and menstrual hygiene management. Kalvikarasi Karunanithy has a B.A. in commerce from Pondicherry University and an M.A. in business administration from Sathyabama University. She works at Eco Femme in sales and marketing and is a menstrual educator in the organization’s Pad for Pad Program. She feels a strong connection to nature and the environment and currently resides in Tamil Nadu, India. Danielle Keiser has been a vivid and integral player in the menstrual health community since 2013, when she helped launch and grow 28 May, Menstrual Hygiene Day. Danielle is the CEO and executive director of the Menstrual Health Hub (MH Hub), a female health impact organization focused on eco- system building, knowledge sharing, and high-level advocacy around menstrual health worldwide. Using women-centered design and a human rights approach, the MH Hub consults various entities on female health innovation, investment, communications, and business strategy. Sally King is the founder of Menstrual Matters (www.menstrual-matters. com), a freely accessible and evidence-based website about how to identify and manage menstrual cycle-related symptoms. She also writes a popular blog about the way in which menstrual health relates to gender inequalities. Sally has over a decade’s experience in research quality assurance roles within human rights organizations and programs. She has an M.A. in research methods (qualitative & quantitative) and is currently doing a Ph.D. on the topic of premenstrual syndrome at King’s College London. Elizabeth Arveda Kissling is professor of women’s and gender studies at Eastern Washington University. Her research focuses on women’s health, bodies, and feminism, and especially how these issues are represented in media. Her newest book about abortion activism and social media, From a Whisper to a Shout, was published in 2018 by Repeater Books. As the author of Capitalizing on the Curse and related articles, she is best known for her research on media representations of menstruation. Her pronouns are she and her. Kuntala Lahiri-Dutt is a professor at Australian National University, and teaches gender and development in the university’s Masters in Applied Anthropology and Participatory Development Program. She has written extensively on women and gender in relation to the environment, focusing on water, agriculture, and extractive resources. More information can be gleaned from her staff page: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/people/academic/ kuntala-lahiri-dutt. xxviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Gerda Larsson is co-founder and managing director of The Case for Her, an innovative funding collaborative that invests in early-stage markets within women’s and girls’ health. Driven by a passion for women’s rights and gendered development, Gerda has built a career scaling CSR efforts, organizations, and philanthropic foundations. She is also the chair of the Mitt Alby Foundation, chair of the 1325 Policy Group, a board member of the East African e-commerce company, Kasha, and a jurist for the feminist flm price, The Anna Award. Gerda has a B.A. in urban planning and a master’s in development practice from Stockholm University. Rachel B. Levitt is a master’s student in clinical mental health counseling student at Monmouth University. Her research interests include sexuality and gender identity, attitudes towards menstruation, the mental health effects of internalizing the male gaze, and feminist counseling. Jen Lewis is the conceptual artist and menstrual designer behind Beauty in Blood, a transformative macrophotography and video art project that con- fronts the social taboos pertaining to menstruation and the female body. She received her B.A. in the history of art from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) in 2001. Her work has been displayed in group exhibitions internationally, such as Period Pieces at the Urban Artroom (Sweden) and the 9th Annual Juried Art Show at The Kinsey Institute (USA). Jen also curated a special theme exhibit, “Widening the Cycle: A Menstrual Cycle and Reproductive Justice Art Show” for the joint 2015 conference of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research and the Center for Women’s Health and Human Rights. Libbet Loughnan is a data and monitoring specialist. She has worked in international development, including the World Bank, UNICEF, and WHO since 2003. She works across the full data cycle, particularly in the monitoring and analysis of progress on WASH and gender-related SDG indicators, program monitoring, the methodological development of equality measures and indicators, surveys, and in supporting data partnerships. Libbet has a Master of Public Health with the LSHTM, and an undergraduate degree from the University of Melbourne. Trisha Maharaj is an independent researcher focusing on cultural and religious practices related to menstruation and women’s experiences and attitudes in the Hindu diaspora of Trinidad. She recently graduated from Columbia University with an M.A. in human rights studies. She also holds a B.A. in international studies with a regional focus in Africa from American University. Thérèse Mahon is WaterAid’s global lead on menstrual hygiene management and has been working on the issue since 2006. Thérèse works with WaterAid’s country programs to develop and implement MHM programming; and to generate evidence on MHM to infuence policy and practice NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxix globally. She is the co-author of the book, Menstrual Hygiene Matters and led a regional situation analysis of MHM in schools in South Asia. She also contributed to the development of the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) global guidance for monitoring MHM-related indicators for SDG4 and 6 in schools. Phoebe Man is a multimedia artist, independent curator and associate professor at the School of Creative Media, City University of Hong Kong. Her socially engaged animations, videos, and installations call for active engagement from her audiences, and have been featured in over 180 exhibitions and festivals worldwide. In 2017, Man was selected as one of four international artists to join the Wapping Project Berlin Residency program. Her most recent work, Free Coloring: If I Were centers on sexual assault, inviting audiences to engage in discussions and create artwork from one of three perspectives: “if I were a victim,” “if I were a perpetrator,” and “if I were a bystander.” Swatija Manorama has been active in the campaign group, the Forum Against Oppression of Women, Mumbai, since the mid-1980s. She holds a bachelor’s degree in microbiology, a master’s in anthropology, and a postgraduate diploma in gerontology. She has authored and co-authored various books and papers addressing issues such as women and religion, science, health and reproductive health, including Coping with Plural Identities (Red Globe Press, 2002) and Introduction to Fertile Futures: Grounding Feminist Science Studies Across Communities (Routledge, 2001) with co-author J. Elaine Walters. Lina Acca Mathew has twelve years’ experience teaching undergraduate and postgraduate law courses in India. She is an assistant professor at the Government Law College Kozhikode and has taught in various law colleges in Kerala. She was awarded her Ph.D. from the Faculty of Law at Queensland University of Technology, Australia in 2017 on legislative models for prose- cuting child sexual abuse in India. She completed her LLM at the National Law School of India University and her LLB at the Government Law College Thiruvananthapuram. She has publications and conference presentations concerning laws on women and children, cyber law, and legal education. Mbarou Gassama Mbaye holds an Education Doctorate in international education from UMass, Amherst. She has been working for the last twenty years on gender issues in West and Central Africa. She has also coordinated programs at UN Women on gender, public policies, and budget, mainly in the sectors of health, education, environment, and water and sanitation. Annie McCarthy is an anthropologist interested in the ways marginalized children negotiate and challenge institutions that seek to preserve, fos- ter or establish “childhood.” McCarthy’s doctoral research explored the ways a group of slum children in Delhi, India, navigate the complexities and xxx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS contradictions of development through their participation in NGO programs. McCarthy has also explored missionary efforts to “rescue” girls in early twen- tieth century south India and is currently developing a project to ethnograph- ically engage with ideas of children’s growth beyond the biomedical paradigm of stunting. She currently works at the University of Canberra as an assistant professor of global studies. Maureen C. McHugh is a Distinguished University Professor at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), where she teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in gender, sexuality, and diversity. She has published journal articles and chapters in many Psychology of Women Quarterly anthologies and in handbooks addressing gender (differences), feminist methods, sexuality, violence against women, size bias, and women and aging. She co-edited The Wrong Prescription for Women: How Medicine and Media Create a “Need” for Treatments, Drugs, and Surgery. Her current research interests include women and shame, slut shaming, genital shaming, menstrual shame, fat shaming, femininity, and sexual violence. Ginny Mendis works for MAS Holdings (Pvt) Ltd., a multinational manufacturer of intimate apparel, sports swim and performance wear head- quartered in Sri Lanka. She is currently leading the menstruation and incontinence space for the FemTeach team at MAS. Their vision is to be the go-to innovator and manufacturer in the FemTech apparel space, addressing women’s health needs. MAS FemTech is focused on innovating “functional, lifestyle and wellness-oriented solutions for the female reproductive cycle from menarche to menopause.” Sheryl E. Mendlinger received her B.A. in English literature and linguis- tics, as well as her M.A. and Ph.D. in education, from Israel’s Ben-Gurion University. Sheryl’s academic expertise and publications focus on intergener- ational transmission of knowledge and health behaviors in mother–daughter dyads from multicultural populations in Israel, with a focus on menstruation. Her other research interests include knowledge acquisition in agriculture in Tanzania, the economic development of the Massai tribe in a remote area of Tanzania, and educational success in the women’s prison educational program. She recently co-authored Schlopping: Developing Relationships, Self-Image & Memories with her daughter Yael Magen, Esq. Victoria Miller is a recent graduate of Columbia University, where she received her master’s in human rights studies. She focused on the sanitization and narrative of menstruation. Previously, she worked for Penguin Random House and holds a B.A. from New York University in English and American literature and journalism. Tova Mirvis is the author of the memoir The Book of Separation, which was a New York Times Book Review Editor’s Choice and was excerpted in the New York Times “Modern Love” column. She has also written three NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxxi novels: Visible City, The Outside World, and The Ladies Auxiliary, which was a national bestseller. Her essays have appeared in The Boston Globe Magazine, The Washington Post, Real Simple, and Psychology Today, and her fction has been broadcast on National Public Radio. Vinod Mishra carries more than 18 years’ experience in the water and sanitation sector, with a focus on providing WASH programs across district, state, and national levels in India with support for project planning, management, capacity building, and implementation. As India Coordinator for the WSSCC, he has developed a strategy to support the Swachh Bharat Mission in conducting policy advocacy for collective behavior change regarding equity, inclusion, capacity building, MHM, and rapid learning in order to make India open defecation free. He holds a master’s degree in political science and international relations from the University of Allahabad, and an M.B.A. from Delhi’s Indira Gandhi National Open University. Alfred Muli is a public health, monitoring, evaluation, and learning specialist with close to a decade of hands-on experience in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and reproductive health spaces. He is the regional program manager for East Africa at Ruby Cup, an award-winning social business and pioneer in providing menstrual cups, as well as education on reproductive health and menstrual care, to girls and women in 11 countries of the Global South. Alfred has previously worked with, among others, WASH United as National Coordinator for Menstrual Hygiene Day (Kenya) and ZanaAfrica, where he managed an RCT. Shardi Nahavandi has expertise in many different sectors from business development and urban design, to programming and neuroplasticity. She holds fve degrees, four of which are from University College London. She founded the UK-based medical technology startup, Pexxi, which uses genetic testing and AI to help people fnd hormonal contraceptives that comple- ment their unique biological profles. Shardi also advises various startups at Cambridge University and the Royal Society of Engineering across health and tech verticals. Shamirah Nakalema is the training coordinator and project manager at WoMena Uganda. She holds a bachelor’s degree in adult and community education. Diana Nalunga is a trainer with WoMena Uganda and acts as the organization’s administrative assistant. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in industrial and organizational psychology and has trained in menstrual health management and sexual and reproductive health rights. Dalitso Ndaferankhande is a Malawian girls’ and women’s rights advocate with a background in education, SRHR and Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). In 2016, she established the Mizuyathu Foundation to reduce xxxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS grade repetition and high drop-out rates among primary school girls. Before that, she coordinated projects to combat VAWG. Currently, Dalitso leads efforts to establish a pan-African alliance for maternal mental health. She has advocated for changing harmful cultural practices, promoted safe motherhood and completed community-level research on reusable sanitary pads for tackling menstruation-related absenteeism. Dalitso is a published author of short stories and a proud mother and wife. Jocelyne Alice Ngo Njiki is a Cameroonian rural engineer. She has been working in the water sector for nearly ten years and is very devoted to her profession. Since 2015 she has been trained on the issues of gender, water, and sanitation, and has spoken publicly about such issues, raising awareness and advocating for changes in policies and practices. Improving the living conditions of populations is her main goal. Ngo also enjoys reading and traveling. Stella Nyanzi is a Ugandan scholar, writer, and activist. Her work focuses on social anthropology, sexuality, gender, marginalized groups, and freedom of expression, including through the #Pads4GirlsUg campaign. She is known for her provocative poetry using expletives and vulgarity to upset notions of what is deemed acceptable—employing ‘radical rudeness.’ Nyanzi worked as a researcher at the Makerere Institute of Social Research until 2016, from which she was dismissed after staging a naked protest. She holds a Ph.D. in anthropology from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Neville Okwaro is a water, sanitation and hygiene specialist and menstrual hygiene management trainer for East and Southern Africa with the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. He coordinates national WASH actors in Kenya, the National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Inter-agency Coordinating Committee and the seven technical working groups at the Kenyan Ministry of Health’s Division of Environmental Health. Neville has helped steer the development of Kenya’s Menstrual Hygiene Management Policy and Strategy, MHM in Schools Teachers’ Handbook, and MHM Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators. He sees MHM as a cross-cutting rights issue concerning equality, nondiscrimination, and inclusion in the various sectors related to daily life. Julitta Onabanjo is the regional director for UNFPA East and Southern Africa. Dr. Onabanjo joined UNFPA in 1995 as a national program offcer and thereafter as a program specialist in Swaziland and Kenya. She subse- quently served at UNFPA headquarters as technical advisor, HIV/AIDS, and later as special assistant to the Executive Director. More recently, she has held UNFPA representative posts in Tanzania and South Africa. Sheila Vipul Patel is a public health analyst in the Health Coverage for Low-Income and Uninsured Populations Program at RTI International. She applies managerial and technical research skills to supporting projects that NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii inform evidence-based health care decision-making and projects that evaluate health care transformation. Ms. Patel is also a Ph.D. Candidate in health policy and management at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, where she focuses on the implementation of effective behavioral, sexual, and reproductive health services. Prior to joining RTI in 2014, Ms. Patel worked with the Harvard School of Public Health and the World Health Organization on issues related to youth. Archana Patkar is an independent advisor on gender equality, health, participation and inclusion; committed to research, policy, and practices to advance dignity and rights across the human life course. As head of Policy Advocacy and Operations at the UN Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, she introduced menstrual hygiene management to the WSSCC and to the sector in several countries globally, particularly within Africa and Asia. Her current focus is on eliminating cervical cancer, HIV, the integration of sexual and reproductive health rights into universal health care, and the essential links between people and the planet. Radha Paudel is a nurse, humanist activist, author, and entrepreneur. As a researcher, trainer, author, advocate, and producer of biodegradable pads, she has pioneered the dialogue on “dignifed menstruation,” linking women’s participation in peace and politics, human rights, empowerment, and the sustainable development goals, including health, education, WASH, and environment. She has been a speaker at universities, forums, and conferences all around the world since 2008. She has published four books: Khalangama Hamala (best literary award winner, 2013), Shantika Pailaharu (2018), Dignifed Menstruation is an Everyone’s Business (2018), and Apabitra Ragat (An Impure Blood, 2019). Elizabeth (Liz) Pellicano is a developmental cognitive scientist committed to understanding the distinctive opportunities and challenges often faced by autistic people and tracing their impact on everyday life. She trained as an educational psychologist and completed a Ph.D. on the cognitive profle of children with autism in Perth, Australia before becoming a Research Fellow in Psychiatry at the University of Oxford. She was the director of the Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE) at London’s Institute of Education from 2013 to 2017. She is now a professor at Macquarie University’s Department of Educational Studies. Milena Bacalja Perianes is a gender researcher and feminist entrepreneur specializing in female health. With an M.Phil. in multidisciplinary gender studies from the University of Cambridge and a master’s in international development from RMIT, she works with public and private sector actors to advance gender equality. Milena’s career started in international development, working across Asia and Africa for the UN. Now, as the co-founder of the Menstrual Health Hub and a gender specialist for the Criterion Institute, she promotes women-centered design in products, services, research, and programming. xxxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Josefn Persdotter is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology and science and technology studies at the Department of Sociology and Work Science at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Her dissertation deals with everyday aspects of menstrual life, and she specifcally studies menstrual practices in the bathroom in an effort to illuminate obscurities surrounding menstrual- ity, namely practices that are typically non-spoken, non-worded, and even non-thought. Persdotter is also a leading menstrual activist in Sweden, and is a known menstrual artist and co-founder of the organization MENSEN— forum for menstruation. Janette Perz is a professor of health psychology and director of the Translational Health Research Institute at Western Sydney University, Australia. She is co-editor of The Routledge Handbook of Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health with Jane Ussher and Joan Chrisler. She has undertaken a signifcant research program in sexual and reproductive health, including the experience of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in heterosexual and lesbian relationships; the development and evaluation of a couple-based psychological intervention for PMS; sexual well-being and reproductive needs in CALD populations; and LGBTI cancer care. Penelope A. Phillips-Howard, a reader at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, has been a public health epidemiologist for the past 30 years. Her interests have broadened to determining the harms associated with poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and what interventions can miti- gate risk. She has been a principal investigator on studies in Kenya and India, including a current cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of menstrual cups or cash transfer to reduce sexual and reproductive harms, and school-related indices in schoolgirls. She provides technical support on MHM-related committees and working groups, and has authored some 20 papers on this topic. Niva Piran is a clinical psychologist, academic researcher, writer on embodiment amongst girls and women, and is Professor Emerita at the University of Toronto. A Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Academy of Eating Disorders, Dr. Piran has received a 2018 Association for Women in Psychology Distinguished Publication Award for her book, Journeys of Embodiment at the Intersection of Body and Culture: The Developmental Theory of Embodiment. She is the co-editor of four books on body image and eating disorders and a former body image consultant to the National Ballet School of Canada. Priti Shrestha Piya studies gender and development, reproductive health and women’s economic status in the Global South. She has conducted feldwork through her home country, Nepal. Her work has been featured in research publications, grassroots organization reports and policy briefs. She holds a master’s degree in sociology and an M.A. in social change and development studies. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxxv

Jennifer Poole is the founder of Medical Services Pacifc, and served as the organization’s executive director from 2010 to 2019. She is currently serving as Permanent Secretary in Fiji’s Ministry of Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation. For years, she has worked in multiple capacities for various humanitarian agencies such as World Vision International, CAFOD UK and Caritas Pakistan. Her consulting expertise includes project design and evaluation, risk assessment and confict management, gender assessment, training, and capacity building. Kamini Prakash was a member of WSSCC’s India Support Unit in New Delhi from 2015 to 2019, and was in charge of the menstrual hygiene management interventions in India. She also led the development of MHM training materials for persons with visual and hearing impairments and trained special educators in the use of these materials. She is a member of the Menstrual Health Alliance India. Ela Przybylo is an assistant professor at Illinois State University’s Department of English. Her forthcoming book Asexual Erotics: Intimate Readings of Compulsory Sexuality seeks to rethink the role of compulsory sexuality in feminist and queer thought and practice. Ela’s work on asexuality has appeared in GLQ, Sexualities, Feminism and Psychology and Asexualities: Feminist and Queer Perspectives, and Introducing the New Sexuality Studies (3rd ed.); and her work on crippling menstrual pain has appeared in Feminist Formations. She is co-editor of On the Politics of Ugliness and of special issues of Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology and English Studies in Canada. She is also a founding editor of Feral Feminisms. You can fnd her online at https://przybyloela.wordpress.com/. Maria Carmen Punzi started her research on social enterprises in the menstrual health space in 2016 for her M.Sc. thesis in global business and sus- tainability at the Rotterdam School of Management. After graduating, she joined the Business Society Management Department as a research assistant and became the innovation advisor for the Menstrual Health Hub. In 2018, Maria Carmen joined PSI-Europe, working as the menstrual health focal point for the network members of Population Services International. In 2019, she started her Ph.D. studies on menstrual health and societal change under the Rotterdam School of Management’s Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity initiative. Isabella Mema Rasch is a co-founder of MANA Care Products, a social enterprise which produces environmentally friendly and reusable sanitary products and which provides extension services for menstrual health management to local rural communities. With a working background in environmental management, she and Angelica Salele-Sefo founded MANA Care to eliminate the environmental impact caused by traditional disposable products, promote proper menstrual health practices, and to break period poverty and the challenges surrounding menstruation that exist in the Pacifc. xxxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Nancy King Reame is the Mary Dickey Lindsay Professor Emerita of Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Columbia University’s School of Nursing. At the University of Michigan, she is the Rhetaugh G. Dumas Professor Emerita of Nursing and Research Scientist Emerita, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine. Anna Remington conducts research on the superior abilities that we so often see in autistic people, specifcally with respect to attention and percep- tion. She is interested in how and why these superiorities develop, and ways in which we might capitalize on these strengths. Among others, her current research projects include working with autistic people in the family justice system, investigating autistic people’s greater capacity to detect sound and ways to promote autistic employment. Anna is also co-founder and director of MiniManuscript.com, and she became the director of the Centre for Research in Autism and Education in 2017. Virginia Roaf is an independent development consultant working in the area of human rights and water and sanitation. From 2010 to 2015 she was senior advisor to the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to water and sanitation. She is currently involved with various programs that promote the human rights to water and sanitation globally and locally. Tomi-Ann Roberts is professor of psychology at Colorado College. Her work focuses on the psychological consequences of the sexualization and objectifcation of girls and women. The frst paper she co-authored on this topic, Objectifcation Theory, is the most cited article in the history of the journal, Psychology of Women Quarterly. In addition to her scholarly publications, she served on the American Psychological Association’s Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls, the Task Force on Educating Through Feminist Research and as President of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research from 2017 to 2019. She leverages her feminist psychological science as an expert witness and consultant in cases involving objectifcation as a form of sexism and gender discrimination. Jennifer Rothchild is associate professor of sociology and coordinator of the gender, women, and sexuality studies program at the University of Minnesota, Morris. For more than twenty years, she has conducted community-based research in South Asia and the United States and is consid- ered one of the leading scholars on gender and development in Nepal. She is the author of the book Gender Trouble Makers: Education and Empowerment in Nepal (Routledge, 2006), as well as book chapters, essays, and policy reports. Eilish Mairi Roy is an applied psychology undergraduate student at the University of Kent. As part of her degree course, she undertook a one-year placement at the Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE) at UCL Institute for Education. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii

Klara Rydström holds an M.A. degree in Women’s and Gender Studies from the University of Hull, England and Universidad de Oviedo, Spain. Her research interests are related to sex and gender, bodies, feminist theory, and menstruation. She also is an activist within the Swedish menstrual movement. Since 2018, Rydström has served as project manager for the organization MENSEN—forum för menstruation, where she is developing a menstrual certifcation for workplaces. Angelica Salele is a co-founder of the startup MANA Care Products, a Samoan-based social enterprise that provides women and girls with afforda- ble, safe, and environmentally friendly menstrual products including reusable menstrual cups. She aims to not only address period poverty and the stigma around menstruation but to fght plastic pollution from single-use plastic pads. In 2018, Salele was one of 12 contestants to win the UN Environment Asia-Pacifc Low-Carbon Lifestyles Challenge. Ursula Maschette Santos is the Brazilian America Coordinator of the Menstrual Health Hub. She holds a degree in psychology from the Mackenzie Presbyterian University, a master’s in education, health promotion, and international development from University College London and has over fve years’ experience in planning, implementation, and evaluation of educational and community-based projects in countries like Brazil, England, and Italy. As a menstrual health activist, she has dedicated the past few years to studies regarding gender equality, sexuality, sexual and reproductive rights, as well as sexual and reproductive education, especially regarding menstrual health. Musu Bakoto Sawo is the national coordinator for Think Young Women and the deputy executive secretary of the Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission of The Gambia. She has gained in-depth knowledge of human rights through more than 17 years of activism in children and women’s rights, and her membership in different community-based organizations. She has translated this knowledge into capacity building, research, networking, program development, and practical engagement with human rights mechanisms, as well as with grassroots, national, and international organizations and plat- forms. She holds an LLM in human rights and democratization in Africa. Vanita Singh is pursuing a Ph.D. in public systems at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. She has completed a master’s in health administration from the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. Her interest areas include health policy, women and child health, universal health coverage, and equity in health care. M. Sivakami is a professor at the School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) in Mumbai, India. She is passionate about issues of women and children. She broadly works in the area of demography, gender, and health. She has widely published in national and international journals on health and public health. xxxviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Marni Sommer has worked in global health and development on issues ranging from improving access to essential medicines to humanitarian relief in confict settings. Dr. Sommer’s particular areas of expertise include conducting participatory research with adolescents, understanding and promoting healthy transitions to adulthood, the intersection of public health and education, gender and sexual health, and the implementation and evaluation of adolescent-focused interventions. Dr. Sommer presently leads the Gender, Adolescent Transitions and Environment (GATE) Program, based in the Department of Sociomedical Sciences in the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. Nichole Speciale is an artist whose work is primarily two-dimensional, often problematizing the illusory canvas surface of a painting, often pushing it into the object realm. She sources imagery from popularized science and Americana, and uses traditionally feminine material to create works that point to a larger scale understanding of our universal context. Nichole received her MFA from the University of California, San Diego, and now practices in the Boston area. Swetha Sridhar is an independent researcher, with experience working across sectors such as sexual and reproductive health, menstrual hygiene management, and WASH. Her work has involved tracking and analyzing the changing policy felds in these sectors and designing strategies to generate evidence-based impact. She attended the University of Cambridge on a Lady Meherbai D Tata Scholarship, where she read for an M.Phil. in gender studies. She also holds an M.A. in development studies from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. She has previously been awarded the Mitacs Globalink Fellowship and the DAAD Scholarship. Linda Steele is a socio-legal researcher exploring intersections of disability, gender, law, and justice. She has completed a monograph for Routledge’s Social Justice series, Disability, Criminal Justice and Law: Reconsidering Court Diversion, and is co-editing The Legacies of Institutionalisation: Disability, Law and Policy in the ‘Deinstitutionalised’ Community. Linda is a senior lecturer in the UTS Faculty of Law, a member of the UTS Law Health Justice Research Centre and a co-convener of the UTS Feminist Legal Research Group. She is also a Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts, University of Wollongong, Australia. She was formerly a disability rights lawyer at the Intellectual Disability Rights Service. Gloria Steinem is a writer, political activist, and feminist organizer. She established New York and Ms. magazines and co-founded the National Women’s Political Caucus, the Ms. Foundation for Women, the Free to Be Foundation and the Women’s Media Center in the United States. She has received multiple awards for her journalism, the Society of Writers Award from the United Nations, as well as the Presidential Medal of Freedom NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxxix from President Barack Obama in 2013. In 2016, she and Amy Richards co-produced a series of eight documentaries on violence against women around the world for VICELAND. Evelina W. Sterling is the director of research and strategic initiatives and assistant professor of sociology at Kennesaw State University. Evelina worked as a public health researcher and medical sociologist focusing on women’s health issues for over 25 years. She is the author of six consumer health books, including books addressing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian insuffciency (POI), and a board member of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research (SMCR). Robyn Steward is autistic and has spent over 15 years raising awareness internationally about the experiences of those with autism. This topic is the main focus of her research with University College London and the Wellcome Trust, and two books: The Independent Woman’s Handbook for Super Safe Living on the Autistic Spectrum and The Autism Friendly Guide to Periods. Steward also (co)hosts a BBC Podcast called 1800 Seconds on Autism, and The Autism Journal podcast. Steward was a joint awardee of the 2015 National Autistic Society (NAS) Professional Award, was on power100’s 2018 list of Most Infuential Disabled People in the UK, and is an NAS ambassador. Margaret L. (Peggy) Stubbs is Professor Emerita of Psychology at Chatham University in Pittsburgh, PA, where she previously directed the undergraduate Psychology and Women’s Studies programs. As a social and developmental psychologist interested in well-being across the lifespan, her research includes a special focus on girls’ and women’s development, psychosocial aspects of the menstrual experience, and menstrual education. A long- time member of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, she has served in a variety of roles involving organizational leadership and the publication of menstrual cycle research in mainstream journals. Deepthi Sukumar is a Dalit woman and an activist. She has been working for the liberation and rehabilitation of women engaged in manual scavenging for more than two decades. Her parents migrated to the city of Chennai from a remote area in Andhra Pradesh for education and employment. She travels widely to villages and small towns to meet Dalit women living in diffcult cir- cumstances and who have become victims of human rights violations. Vicci Tallis is a feminist who has been working on gender, HIV and AIDS, sexual and reproductive rights, and LGBTI issues in South and southern Africa for over 30 years. She is currently working as an independent consultant. Previously, she was the director of programs at the SRHR Africa Trust; and prior to that she was the program manager for the HIV and AIDS Unit at the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. Vicca has a Ph.D. in development studies from the University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. She is the author of Feminisms, HIV and AIDS. Subverting Power, Reducing Vulnerability. xl NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Eugenia Tarzibachi is a bilingual psychologist and Ph.D. in social sciences specialized in fostering diversity and inclusion strategies for internationally underrepresented groups, particularly women and girls. She authored Women’s Thing. Menstruation, Gender and Power (Penguin Random House Argentina) and Gender Mainstreaming in Health: Progress and Challenges for a New Road Map Toward the 2030 Agenda for the Americas (Panamerican Health Organization/World Health Organization). In 2016, Tarzibachi was distinguished by the US Library of Congress for her doctoral research and has received several awards and academic merit scholarships from institutions in Spain and Argentina. She is also a member of the Health Equity Network of the Americas and the Board of Directors of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research. Marianne Tellier is a public health professional with over 10 years’ experience and the co-founder and Board Chair of WoMena. She holds an B.Sc./M.Sc. in public health from the University of Copenhagen and an M.Sc. in health policy, planning and fnancing from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the London School of Economics. Siri Tellier is senior reproductive health advisor for WoMena. She is the course leader for Health in Emergencies and Refugee Health at the University of Copenhagen. She holds an M.Sc./HYG from Harvard School of Public Health. Jane M. Ussher is professor of Women’s Health Psychology in the Translational Health Research Institute at Western Sydney University, Australia. Her research focuses on examining subjectivity in relation to the reproductive body and sexuality, and the gendered experience of cancer and cancer care. She is the author of over 250 papers and chapters, and 11 books, including The Madness of Women: Myth and Experience and Managing the Monstrous Feminine: Regulating the Reproductive Body. Jane is also editor of the Routledge Women and Psychology book series. Her current research focuses on older women’s sexual embodiment and LGBTI experiences of cancer. Shailini Vora has a breadth of experience working within the charity sector for causes such as criminal justice, women’s empowerment, and sustainable economies. Her main project has been researching the effects of menstruation on homeless women with the social enterprise, No More Taboo. She developed long-lasting solutions to the issue of period poverty, including working directly with vulnerable women, delivering training to organizations, and lobbying for improved menstrual education. She is one of the authors of the groundbreaking Break the Barriers report on menstrual education, published by Plan International UK in 2018. She now works with St Mungo’s, tackling the root causes of homelessness. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xli

Sharra L. Vostral is an associate professor of history at Purdue University. She is the author of Under Wraps: A History of Menstrual Hygiene Technology (2008) and Toxic Shock: A Social History (2018) for which she earned a National Science Foundation grant to complete its research. She has been interviewed and quoted in The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic, Wired, NPR, CNN, and Newsweek. Steve Nganga Wambui is a graduate of the University of Nairobi and holds a Bachelor’s degree in social work and sociology. As a social worker, he currently consults on topics related to reproductive and menstrual health with The Cup organization in Kenya. He is also a project offcer in the Kipepo Mentorship Program based in the urban slums of Nairobi. Jennifer Weiss-Wolf is vice president and Women and Democracy Fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. A leading advocate for issues of gender, politics, and menstruation, she was dubbed the “archi- tect of the U.S. campaign to squash the tampon tax” by Newsweek. Her 2017 book Periods Gone Public: Taking a Stand for Menstrual Equity was lauded by Gloria Steinem as “the beginning of liberation for us all.” Weiss-Wolf’s writing and policy work have been featured by Ms. Magazine, The New York Times, The Washington Post, TIME, Cosmopolitan, Harper’s Bazaar, Teen Vogue, Marie Claire, Vox, Vice, and NPR, among others. She is also a contributor to the 2018 Young Adult anthology, Period.: Twelve Voices Tell the Bloody Truth. Weiss-Wolf received her J.D. from the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Mirjam Werner is an assistant professor in the Business-Society Management Department at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University (RSM). She holds an M.Sc. in cultural anthropology from the University of Amsterdam (2005) and a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Leeds (2011). Her research interests include social movements and political activism, framing and sensemaking, organizational change, organizational identity and culture, and emotions. Her current research projects concern social movements as motors of bottom-up change within organizational con- texts and exploring the performative nature of emotions in social interaction (i.e., what do emotions do?). Inga T. Winkler is a lecturer at the Institute for the Study of Human Rights and the Director of the Working Group on Menstrual Health & Gender Justice at Columbia University. She is particularly interested in the intersections of menstruation, human rights, and culture and focuses on questions of inequalities, marginalization, and representation. Another strand of her research builds on her policy and consulting experience and engages directly with policy-makers on menstrual health. Her books include the frst comprehensive monograph on the human right to water and an edited volume on xlii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS the Sustainable Development Goals. She is affliated faculty at the Columbia Water Center in the Earth Institute, the Economic and Social Rights Working Group at the Human Rights Institute at the University of Connecticut, and the Center on Law and Social Transformation at the University of Bergen, Norway. She is the former legal adviser to the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights to water and sanitation. Camilla Wirseen grew up in Sweden and studied architecture in Italy. She has been working as a photographer, a curator at major cultural institutions and a university lecturer. In 2005, her career changed direction when she became the co-founder of Peepoople, and again in 2012 when she started The Cup Foundation to help underprivileged girls access sustainable menstrual cups and comprehensive education on sexuality and reproductive rights. Since its launch, her program has reached more than 20,000 girls and 10,000 boys in Kenya. Today she also provides trainer-to-trainer workshops and is creating awareness of girls’ challenges by blogging, running a podcast and managing a unique gift shop in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi. Jill M. Wood is a teaching professor in the Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Penn State University. As a feminist teacher and researcher, she specializes in women’s health (specifcally menstruation and childbirth) and women’s sexualities (particularly sexual response during the menopausal transition). Professor Wood also writes and works on topics in feminist pedagogies, as she believes that education is a potentially transformative and empowering experience, particularly for marginalized students. Jill is a self-proclaimed foodie and gardener, a budding yoga teacher, and the proud mama of 3 fantastic kiddos, “Mister” their dog, and 6 backyard chickens. Garazi Zulaika is a public health epidemiologist who has worked in global health research on the issues of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and menstruation. Ms. Zulaika currently works with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences as a technical offcer and studies the public health epidemiology of menstrual cup and cash transfer interventions on girls schooling in western Kenya. There, she is also pursuing her doctoral research assessing these interventions’ effects on girls’ SRH outcomes and risk behaviors. List of Figures

Fig. 7.1 On Identity (Credit: Jac Dellaria. 2019) 70 Fig. 7.2 The Bathroom (Credit: Jac Dellaria. 2019) 71 Fig. 7.3 The Bathroom (Credit: Jac Dellaria. 2019) 72 Fig. 7.4 Product Problems (Credit: Jac Dellaria. 2019) 73 Fig. 7.5 At the Doctor’s (Credit: Jac Dellaria. 2019) 74 Fig. 30.1 a and b. “First Moon Party” (2014) by HelloFlo Period Starter Kit (partnered with Kotex). The flm stills feature the young white girl painting rubylicious nail polish on a pad in hopes of fooling her mom and friends that she has gotten her period 381 Fig. 30.2 a and b. “First Moon Party” (2014) by HelloFlo Period Starter Kit (partnered with Kotex). The flm stills feature the blood-themed menstrual party the mother throws when her daughter tries to fool her that she’s experiencing menarche. Notice the playful approach of the “First Moon Party” exhibited by the bleeding red fondue fountain and the menstruation-man exploding from the cake 382 Fig. 30.3 a and b. “#LikeAGirl” frst launched by Always in 2014. The flm stills feature a white young boy performing running “like a girl” 383 Fig. 30.4 a and b. “Blood” by Bodyform UK//Libresse (2016). The flm stills feature a masculine-presenting boxer bleeding from the nose after a boxing match as an example of how “no blood should hold us back” whether it be menstrual or nonmenstrual blood 384 Fig. 40.1 MHM lab (Credit: © WSSCC/Javier Acebal 2016) 530 Fig. 40.2 Graph of training, research and policy circle (Credit: © WSSCC 2016) 531 Fig. 40.3 Menstrual wheel (Credit: © WSSCC 2016) 532 Fig. 44.1 List of Sustainable Development Goals (Source United Nations Department of Public Information 2019) 578

xliii xliv LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 44.2 SDG 1 indicators with the highest relevance to menstruation (Source UN Statistics Division [2018]. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 580 Fig. 44.3 SDG 3 indicators with the highest relevance to menstruation (Source UN Statistics Division [2018]. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 581 Fig. 44.4 Measurements already operationalized for SDG monitoring in healthcare facilities (Source WHO/UNICEF JMP [2016], 5. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 582 Fig. 44.5 SDG 4 indicators with the highest relevance to menstruation (Source UN Statistics Division [2018]. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 583 Fig. 44.6 SDG 5 indicators with the highest relevance to menstruation (Source UN Statistics Division [2018]. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 584 Fig. 44.7 SDG 6 indicators with the highest relevance to menstruation (Source UN Statistics Division [2018]. Design Credit: Sydney Amoakoh 2019) 585 Fig. 50.1 The recursive loop of testing (Credit: Sharra L. Vostral) 674 Fig. 51.1 Nancy Reame with the Syngina she used in her study of tampon absorbency (circa 1982) (Credit: Advance Magazine/Peter Yates c.1982. Used with the permission of Michigan Medicine) 688 Fig. 51.2 The Syngina test instrument: The industry standard for measuring tampon absorbency (Source Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Volume 8 (2018), fgure 2, accessed March 1, 2018, https://accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/ cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr-801.430. Credit: The US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] 2018) 690 Fig. 51.3 Profle of the decline in both TSS cases and tampon absorbency, 1980–1996 from the CDC website. Accessed July 26, 2019 at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/ 5/6/99-0611-f1 (Original source Hajjeh RA et al. Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United States: Surveillance Update, 1979–1996. Emerging Infectious Diseases Vol. 5, No. 6, November–December 1999, page 807. Credit: The US Center for Disease Control 1999) 694 Fig. 51.4 Factors infuencing the vaginal microbiome and menstrual health (Source Content summarized from Schlievert et al. (2010), Spaulding et al. (2013), Davis et al. (2014), Jacquemond et al. (2018), Nonfoux et al. (2018). Credit: Nancy Reame) 697 Fig. 54.1 Phone apps predict when someone is next expected to have their period or ovulate. The Life app (left) presents this production through single-day estimates, while the Clue app (right) provides a range of potential dates for the event (Credit: © Life Fertility Tracker IVS 2017 and © BioWink GmbH 2017. Photo Credit: Screenshots taken by Daniel Epstein in 2017) 738 LIST OF FIGURES xlv

Fig. 54.2 Apps such as My Cycles (left) and Period Tracker (right) typically ask for average cycle length and fow duration to aid prediction. Although this prediction may later be improved by journaled data, it is not resilient to variations due to factors such as irregular cycles, stress, birth control, or forgetting to journal (Credit: © StayWell Company LLC 2017 and © ABISHKKING LIMITED 2017) 738 Fig. 54.3 Most period tracking apps we observed employ fowery and pink visual features, such as the main screens of Period Diary (left) and P. Tracker Lite (right) (Credit: © Bellabeat, Inc. 2017 and © GP Apps 2017) 739 Fig. 54.4 The design and language in many menstrual tracking apps encode heteronormative assumptions. In Glow (left), people who identify as male are directed to an alternative view of the app. Clue’s iconography (right) suggests a male sexual partner. We note that since conducting this research, Clue has updated their icons for logging sexual activity to be abstract rather than anthropomorphized (Credit: © Glow, Inc. 2017 and © BioWink GmbH 2017) 740 Fig. 54.5 Circulated online and through the mail, the Period Packet invited participants to reimagine the period tracking app by illustrating their own menstrual sensemaking practices, through both textual description and craft techniques 743 Fig. 54.6 Respondent Jenna charts and journals about her menstrual experience every day. Within the pages of the Period Packet, she describes her motivations for pursuing this practice and offers an example of one such entry 744 Fig. 54.7 Through illustration, Robert recalls how tracking was a matter of materially and emotionally preparing for what was to come with menstruation—exacerbated feelings of dysmorphia 745 Fig. 55.1 Respondents’ experiences of menstrual-related issues: themes and subthemes (Credit: Robyn Steward, Laura Crane, Eilish Mairi Roy, Anna Remington, and Elizabeth Pellicano) 755 Fig. 56.1 “How Lybrel Works” from www.lybrel.com. (Source https://www.lybrel.com/works/. Credit: Wyeth Pharmaceuticals) 777 Fig. 57.1 Sarah Maple, Menstruate with Pride, oil on canvas, 275 275 cm 2011 (Credit: Sarah Maple) 796 × Fig. 58.1 The Burden of Bearing. Medium: watercolor, acrylic, collage, and ink (Credit: Danielle Boodoo-Fortunè 2013) 805 Fig. 58.2 From left to right, the text on the banners reads: fatigue, imbalance, pain, inaccessible, self loathing, shame, extra toil (Credit: Gabriella Boros 2012) 805 Fig. 58.3 The Lost Ones. Nichole Speciale (Credit: Nichole Speciale 2014) 806 Fig. 58.4 Threaded Together. Johanna Falzone. Thread, toilet. Completed in 2013. Originally installed at the Howard Johnson Motel in St. Augustine, FL (Credit: Johanna Falzone 2013) 807 xlvi LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 58.5 Threaded Together. Johanna Falzone. Thread, tampons, maxi-pads. Completed in 2013. Originally installed at the Howard Johnson Motel in St. Augustine, FL (Credit: Johanna Falzone 2013) 808 Fig. 58.6 My Mirror by Phoebe Chin Ying Man. Sanitary napkins, egg shells, and a mirror, 55 cm 55 cm 4 cm × × (Credit: Phoebe Chin Ying Man 2014) 809 Fig. 58.7 My Mirror (detail) by Phoebe Chin Ying Man. Sanitary napkins, egg shells, and a mirror, 55 cm 55 cm 4 cm × × (Credit: Phoebe Chin Ying Man 2014) 809 Fig. 58.8 Stop the Flow of Violence. Period. From Feminine Protection? series. Ingrid Goldbloom Bloch. Materials: Plastic tampon applicators, woven together in the shape of an AK-47 (Credit: Ingrid Goldbloom Bloch 2015. Photography: Deb Dutcher. Graphic Design: Cheryl Robock) 810 Fig. 59.1 Ladies Home Journal, 1921 (Credit: Copyright Kimberly- Clark Worldwide, Inc. Reprinted with permission) 822 Fig. 66.1 Menarche by age group (Credit: Jennifer Rothchild and Priti Shrestha Piya) 918 Fig. 66.2 Common taboos reported in Nepal (Credit: Jennifer Rothchild and Priti Shretstha Piya) 921 Fig. 67.1 Molly Grows Up Jensen image: “Miss Jensen teaches the students on the reproductive cycle” (Credit: Medical Arts Productions for Personal Products Corp. [Modess] 1953) 935 Fig. 67.2 Molly Grows Up Molly image: “Molly plays with her older sister’s sanitary pad” (Credit: Medical Arts Productions for Personal Products Corp. [Modess] 1953) 936 Fig. 71.1 Day 5 of “Sloughing,” a 28-day performance by Raegan Truax. Pictured: Thao P. Nguyen (performing) and Raegan Truax (artist) at Royal NoneSuch Gallery in Oakland, CA. www.raegantruax.com/sloughing (Credit: Jeremiah Barber 2017) 1012 List of Tables

Table 23.1 The most widely used PMS symptom tracking tools the ‘DRSP’ and ‘PSST’ 296 Table 46.1 Study characteristics 611 Table 46.2 Awareness of menstruation prior to menarche 612 Table 46.3 Most commonly reported sources of menstrual information 614 Table 46.4 Negative reaction upon reaching menarche 618 Table 46.5 Physical impacts of menstruation 619 Table 46.6 Social impacts of menstruation 622 Table 46.7 Menstrual hygiene management practices (%) 625 Table 51.1 FDA-required absorbency ranges for labeling of tampon products sold in the US 692 Table 52.1 Overview of absenteeism studies 707 Table 55.1 Background information for respondents to the online survey for each (autistic, non-autistic) group 753 Table 55.2 Participants’ responses to the question, “How did you frst learn about periods?” 754 Table 59.1 The Femcare market in Las Americas 825 Table 69.1 Participant demographic information 966 Table 69.2 Summary table: Participant demographic information 967

xlvii Reprint Credits

Several chapters in this Handbook were previously published. They include:

“Prisons that Withhold Menstrual Pads Humiliate Women and Violate Basic Rights” by Chandra Bozelko was frst published on June 12, 2015 in The Guardian. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “Navigating the Binary: A Visual Narrative of Trans and Genderqueer Menstruation” S.E. Frank and Jac Dellaria was published in an extended form as Frank S. E. (2020) “Queering Menstruation: Trans and Non-Binary Identity and Body Politics.” Sociological Inquiry. 90 (2). Reprinted with permission. [OA CC-BY 4.0]. “Out of the Mikvah, into the World” by Tova Mirvas was frst published on September 19, 2017 in The Lenny Letter. It is excerpted from the 2018 memoir The Book of Separation. Boston: Houghton Miffin Harcourt. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “The Menstrual Mark: Menstruation as Social Stigma” by Ingrid Johnston- Robledo and Joan C. Chrisler was frst published in 2013 in Sex Roles. 68 (1–2): 9–18. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “If Men Could Menstruate” by Gloria Steinem was frst published in October 1978 in Ms. Magazine. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “Mapping the Knowledge and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene and Menstrual Health among Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle- Income Countries” by Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli and Sheila Vipul Patel

xlix l REPRINT CREDITS was frst published in Reproductive Health. 14 (30): 1–16. Reprinted with permission [OA CC-BY 4.0]. “Life is Much More Diffcult to Manage During Periods”: Autistic Experiences of Menstruation by Robyn Steward, Laura Crane, Eilish Mairi Roy, Anna Remington, Elizabeth was frst published in 2018 in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48(12): 4287–4292. Reprinted with permission. [OA CC-BY 4.0]. “Not a Real Period”: Social and Material Constructions of Menstruation by Katie Ann Hasson was frst published in 2016 in Gender & Society. 30 (6): 958–983. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “Sex during Menstruation: Race, Sexual Identity, and Women’s Qualitative Accounts of Pleasure and Disgust” by Breanne Fahs was frst published in 2011 in Feminism & Psychology. 21 (2): 155–78. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher. “The Messy Politics of Menstrual Activism” by Chris Bobel and Breanne Fahs was frst published in 2018 in Reger, J. (Ed). Nevertheless, They Persisted: Feminisms and Continued Resistance in the U.S. Women’s Movement. New York, NY: Routledge, 151–169. No further reproduction or distribution of the material is allowed without permission from the publisher.