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FISH LAB Name Page 1 FISH LAB Name FISH LAB Name........................................ Fish possess bony skeletons and their gills are covered with a thin bony cover, the operculum. Their bodies are covered by large overlapping scales arranged like shingles on a roof. The fish are highly successful; and are found in almost all bodies of water and show great diversification in form and habitat. PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to observe the body plan of the bony fish and be able to compare it to other members of its phylum and other marine organisms studied. MATERIALS: Fish Dissecting kit Dissecting pan scale dish Dissecting and regular microscope slides. PROCEDURE: USE THE DRAWINGS TO HELP LOCATE THE ORGANS A. EXTERNAL ANATOMY The main body regions of the fish are the head, trunk and tail (caudal fin). The head extends from the tip of the snout to the hind edge of the operculum, the trunk from this point to the anus, and the remainder is the tail . Examine the head and observe the large mouth which has distinct upper and lower jaws. The upper jaw is the 'maxilla' and the lower is the 'mandible'. Examine the two external 'nares' on the snout which are openings to the 'olfactory sacs' which are sensitive to dissolved chemicals in the water. The 'eyes' are without lids and behind each eye is the bony 'operculum' which provides protective covering for the four comb-like respiratory gills. 1. Weigh your specimen and record the weight here._____________ 2. Cut away one operculum and examine the gills, cut away one gill arch, place it in water and examine it under the dissecting microscope. The spaces between the gills are called gill slits . Attached to the lower edge of the operculum is the branchiostegal membrane supported by rays of cartilage and it serves as a one way valve which allows water to pass out the opercular opening but not in. Draw the gill (magnified) and label it in the space to the right. B. The lateral line is a series of water -filled canals which communicate with the water in which the fish swims and is Page 1 FISH LAB Name believed to register vibratory currents from both moving objects in the ocean and those made by the fish itself. 3. Where is the lateral line located on your fish and how long is it compared to the entire body length of the fish? _________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Listed are the types of fins. Supply the number, location and function of each. FIN NUMBER LOCATION FUNCTION PELVIC PECTORAL DORSAL ANAL CAUDAL (TAIL) C. INTERNAL ANATOMY Hold the fish with the ventral side up and the head pointing away from you. Insert the point of your scissors through the body wall in front of the anus and cut up the mid-line of the body to the space between the opercula. Now lay the specimen on its right side (head to your left) in the pan, and continue to cut up around the back edge of the gill chamber to the top of the body cavity. Make another cut from the anus to the top of the cavity and with a scalpel, remove the whole body wall by cutting along the top of the body cavity, taking care NOT to disturb the internal organs. This will expose the body organs in their normal positions. 5. Locate the reddish-brown liver in the anterior end of the body cavity. Examine the size in relation to the body. Is it large or small?____________ What is the weight of the liver?______ What proportion of the body weight is the liver ( liver weight divided by fish weight = % body weight of liver)____________ 6. Under the lobes of the liver is the greenish gall bladder . After removing the liver, the esophagus and stomach are exposed. Locate the pylorus where the stomach and the intestine join. 7. Examine the loops of the intestine and find where it leads to the anal opening. What are the masses of yellow substances lining the intestine?______________. 8. Remove the alimentary canal and you should see the gonads clearly. Locate the ovary which lies between the intestine and swim bladder if your fish is a female or the testes, if your fish is a male, which lie below the swim bladder and are attached to the mesentery and lead toward the posterior end where sperm is passed outside through the __________________opening. During early stages, the ovaries are paired but during development, they fuse into a single organ. 9. Along the top of the body cavity is the Air or Swim Bladder . This is filled with gases and can adjust the specific gravity of the fish to the water at different depths. How are gases taken in or given off from the bladder? _______________________________________________________ 10. Remove the air bladder and notice the large blood vessel near the middle. This is the 'dorsal aorta'. Parallel to it is a pair of long narrow, dark colored kidneys, the 'urinary ducts (ureters)' run along the edges of the kidney and join to empty into the urinary bladder (near the gonads). What does the kidney remove?____________________________. Page 2 FISH LAB Name 11. Cut through the anterior wall in front of the liver to expose the 'peritoneal cavity' in which the two chambered heart lies. The heart consists of a single, light colored ventricle and a larger thin-walled atrium . Locate the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart. Find the ventral aorta which carries blood from the ventricle. Where does this vessel lead?____________________________ 12. Hold the fish with the head pointing away from you and cut the skin of the skull and scrape the carefully to wear away the bone. Pick out the pieces when the bone gets thin and locate the 'olfactory lobs' in the front, the larger lobes of the 'cerebrum' behind these, and the very thin 'optic lobes' posterior to the cerebrum. The 'cerebellum' is posterior to the optic lobes, and the 'medulla' is the enlargement where the 'spinal cord' joins the brain. Is this your first brain surgery?__ D. AGING FISH Determining the age of fish is an important aspect of fisheries biology. The need to know the age and weight of the fish is important to determine the greatest yield per unit effort. Information is gathered on the sex, weight, length and age of the fish from random sampling and from catches by commercial fisherman. Parts of a fish commonly used in aging are the scales and the bones. 13. Once you have determined the sex of your fish, take some scales from the outer body (stay away from the lateral line) and make a slide with a few scales. Observe under low power or high power under the dissecting scope. Growth in fish is not continuous over the entire year. During the winter the circuli get closer together indicating slower growth. When they get so close they don't reach all the way around the scale, its called an annulus or year mark. 14. Record the age of your fish, using the central point to the first annulus equals 0 year growth. The first to second annulus is the first year growth and so on. AGE OF FISH__________ SEX OF FISH_________ 15. Compare data to the rest of the class. Is there a correlation between age and length or age and weight? ________ Compare the male vs. female growth rates._______________________________________ 16. Examine a few scales. Why is it important to age more than one scale?___________________________ 17. Examine the other types of scales provided. What type of scale does your fish have?________ II Examine the other fish on display. A. How does the fish labeled IIA swim?_____________________________________________ B. What part of the fish labeled IIB assists in that fishes locomotion? Page 3 FISH LAB Name ________________________________________ C. Examine the gills covering of IIC....is there an operculum??___________ Describe what you see ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Page 4 FISH LAB Name SHARK DISSECTION Species: Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish) Distribution and Range: Spiny dogfish are found off both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the U.S. NOTE!!! Listen to directions before you cut anything. The first thing you should do is examine the shark externally. Is your shark a male or female? Be careful when cutting! Delicate structures can be destroyed very easily with sissors and probes. Know what you are doing before you cut anything!! When you find a structure you don't recognize, look first at the chart and/or diagram. Think about it. Then ask your lab partner their opinions. If you still cannot answer your own question, ask the teacher. Compare your shark with other teams. If your shark is a male, examine a female specimen etc. Examine some structures under the microscope and fill out the worksheets pertaining to the parts. Take notes and make sketches during the dissection if you wish. Observation sheet Page 5 FISH LAB Name External anatomy Fusiform shape countershading epidermis dermis external nares external gill slits pectoral fin dorsal fin pelvic fin caudal fin cloaca rostrum ampulae of lorenzini lateral line Digestive system Liver esophagus gall bladder stomach duodenom pancreas spleen rectal gland kidneys mesentary spiral intestine Reproductive glands Female: uterus oviduct ovary Male: testes clasper sperm duct seminal vesicle vas deferens Record the following data: Common Name:_______________________ Scientific Name:_______________________ Length (overall):____________________ 1. Number of gill slits:___________ 2. Are gill opercula present?_________ 3. Where is the cloacal opening located?____________________________________ 4. Are the gonads (testes in male, ovaries in female) present?___________ 5.
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