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Jak Pomocí Cytometrie Odhalit, K Čemu Jsou Rostlinám Holocentrické Chromosomy

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Jak Pomocí Cytometrie Odhalit, K Čemu Jsou Rostlinám Holocentrické Chromosomy Jak pomocí cytometrie odhalit, k čemu jsou rostlinám holocentrické chromosomy Petr Bureš, František Zedek, Jakub Šmerda, Pavel Veselý & Klára Plačková Ústav botaniky a zoologie, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita, Brno Monocentrické Holocentrické Dvě strukturní alternativy u eukaryot Kinetochor omezený na malou Kinetochor pokrývající většinu „hřbetního“ oblast = centromeru povrchu chromosomů Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Monocentrické Holocentrické V anafázi záření záření buněčného dělení Acentrický Fragment s fragment kinetochorem ztracen zachován Mikrotubuly táhnou za malý „Vyztužené“ chromatidy se kinetochor, „vlající“ ramena rozestupují paralelně, jsou tažena pasivně „zapřaženy“ v celé své délce Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno scorpions of family spider families of Buthidae 800 spp. Dysderidae & Holocentrické chromosomy u rostlin (a živočichů) Segestriidae 600 spp. Trithuria Hydatellaceae 10 ssp. Myristica basal Myristicaceae angiosperms 180 spp. Odonata = order of dragonflies 5 500 spp. Myriapoda = subphyllum of centipeds; monocots Thurniaceae and millipedes 8 000 spp. 4 spp. Lepidoptera = order of butterflies 165 000 spp. Juncaceae Cyperaceae Trichoptera = order of 5430 spp. sedgeflies 8 000 spp. 430 spp. Chionoghraphis Melanthiaceae 6 spp. eudicots Auchenorrhyncha = suborder of cicads 30 000 spp. Heteroptera Phthiraptera = suborder of bugs = order of louses Drosera 50 000 spp. 4 000 spp. Droseraceae 110 spp. Cuscuta Convolvulaceae subgen. Cuscuta, subgen. Grammica 60 spp. Sternorrhyncha = suborder of scale insects and aphids 12 000 spp. Nematoda = phyllum Onychophora = archaic of roundworms 20 000 spp. primitive phyllum of velvet worms charophycean green algae class Zygnematophyceae 4100 spp. of wet tropics 80 spp. Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno scorpions of family spider families of Buthidae 800 spp. Dysderidae & Holocentrické chromosomy u rostlin (a živočichů) Segestriidae 600 spp. Trithuria Hydatellaceae 10 ssp. Myristica Holocentrismusbasal vzniká opakovaněMyristicaceae a nezávisle angiosperms 180 spp. Odonata = order of dragonflies 5 500 spp. Myriapoda = subphyllum of centipeds; monocots Thurniaceae and millipedes 8 000 spp. Když ale něco vzniká v evoluci opakovaně,4 spp. Lepidoptera = order of butterflies 165 000 spp. Juncaceae Cyperaceae Trichoptera = order of mělo by to být k něčemu dobré ... sedgeflies 8 000 spp. 5430 spp. 430 spp. Chionoghraphis Melanthiaceae 6 spp. eudicots Auchenorrhyncha = suborder of cicads 30 000 spp. Heteroptera Phthiraptera K čemu je dobrý chromosomální= suborder of bugs = order of louses Drosera 50 000 spp. 4 000 spp. Droseraceae 110 spp. Cuscuta Convolvulaceae holocentrismus?subgen. Cuscuta, subgen. Grammica 60 spp. Sternorrhyncha = suborder of scale insects and aphids 12 000 spp. Nematoda = phyllum Onychophora = archaic of roundworms 20 000 spp. primitive phyllum of velvet worms charophycean green algae class Zygnematophyceae 4100 spp. of wet tropics 80 spp. Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Monocentrické Holocentrické V anafázi záření zářeníMohlo by to souvisetbuněčného se zářením ... dělení VýbuchyAcentrický supernov? Fragment s fragment kinetochorem Změnyztracen polarity zemského magnetismu? zachován Mikrotubuly táhnou za malý „Vyztužené“ chromatidy se Sopečnékinetochor, erupce? „vlající“ ramena rozestupují paralelně, jsou tažena pasivně „zapřaženy“ v celé své délce ? Co terestrializace? Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Hypotéza: Holocentrici holo přežívali při terestrializaci lépe než monocentrici? holo Dalo by se to testovat? holo Přestože je holocentrismus Co to zkusit cytometricky? holo? chromosomů méně častý ? než monocentrismus ... holo ... mezi liniemi, které přešly z vody na souš nápadně převažuje! holo Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Flow-cytometrická detekce holocentrismu Monocentrický druh Kalanchoë delagoensis Ozářeným monocentrikům se zastaví dělení v G2 fázi Holocentrický druh Luzula sylvatica Holocentrici se i po ozáření dělí vesele dál Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Flow-cytometrická detekce holocentrismu Monocentrické Holocentrické Asplenium bulbiferum Aspleniaceae, NárůstFerns podílu tetraploidníchDrosera scorpioides buněkDrosera capensis Peperomia glabella Droseraceae, Droseraceae, Piperaceae, Piperales Caryophyllales Caryophyllales Kalanchoë delagoensis Crassulaceae, Isolepis prolifera Eleocharis palustris Saxifragales Sedum spurium Cyperaceae, Cyperaceae, Crassulaceae, Saxifragales Poales Poales Euonymus japonicus Celastraceae, Celastrales Carex pilulifera Scirpus cernuus Pisum sativum Cyperaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Fabales Poales Poales Begonia bowerae Begoniaceae, Cucurbiales Carex grayi Carex humilis Silene nocturna Cyperaceae, Cyperaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Caryophyllales Poales Poales Lysimachia nemorum Primulaceae, Ericalales Prionium serratum Luzula sylvatica Cymbalaria muralis Thurniaceae, Juncaceae, Plantaginaceae, Lamiales Poales Poales Plectranthus amboinicus Lamiaceae, Lamiales Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae, Lamiales Senecio articulatus Většina druhů klonálních Asteraceae, Asterales 13 druhů / 11 čeledí 10 druhů / 4 čeledi Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno UV-B záření rostliny lesního podrostu rostliny lesního podrostu Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 1: Les-neles UV-B záření Deforestace --- z hlediska nárůstu UV-B záření analogie přechodu z vody na souš rostliny lesního podrostu rostliny lesního podrostuna pasece Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 1: Les-neles Holo Carex digitata Carex leporina Carex pilosa Luzula luzuloides Mono Alliaria petiolata Convallaria majalis Galium odoratum Melica nutans Melica uniflora Poa nemoralis Primula veris Urtica dioica párový design rostliny lesního podrostu 5 vers 5 rostliny lesního podrostu Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Podobá se to sice patternu který jsme viděli u gama záření, Pokus 1: Les-neles nicméně Pro každý druh na každé lokalitě G2 / (G1+G0) G2 / (G1+G0) G1 + G2 G0 5x v sousedním lese 5x na pasece Nakonec jsme pro každý druh nárůsty G2 / (G1+G0) na pasece G2 / (G1+G0) v sousedním lese zprůměrovali a porovnali jsme ... Holocentriky s monocentriky Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Podobá se to sice patternu který jsme viděli u gama záření, Pokus 1: Les-neles 4 holocentrics nicméně 8 monocentrics Mann-Whitney p = 0.1091 rozdíl mezi Pro každý druh na každé lokalitě Holo spočítán nárůst poměru G1 a + G2 / (G1+G0) G2 Mono na pasece G0 není signifikantní oproti tomuto poměru, naměřeném G2 / (G1+G0) v sousedním lese Nakonec jsme pro každý druh nárůsty G2 / (G1+G0) na pasece G2 / (G1+G0) v sousedním lese zprůměrovali a porovnali jsme ... Holocentriky s monocentriky Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 1: Les-neles V regresním absorbance při 280–315 nm modelu vyšla signifikantní interakce mezi UV-B a typem struktury chromosomů (Holo nebo Mono) S rostoucím UVb roste poměr G2 / (G1 + G0) N = 1009: 314 holo, 695 mono Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 1: Les-neles Monocentrici: G2 / (G0 + G1) roste v závislosti na UV-B protektivech rychleji Holocentrici: sklon růstu G2 / (G0 + G1) v závislosti na UV-B protektivech se neliší signifikantně od nuly Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 2: Graminoidi na altitudinálním gradientu 2900 m 2320 m Holo Carex flacca Luzula nemorosa 2020 m Kobresia myosuroides Juncus compressus Carex digitata Carex leporina 1480 m Luzula spicata Mono Sesleria caerulea Koeleria insubrica 920 m Deschampsia cespitosa Festuca filiformis Festuca rubra ssp. juncea 270 m Nardus stricta Brno Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 2: Graminoidi na Ze střední části listu Made by O. Knápek = altitudinálním gradientu jsme odebrali 2x stejnou délku Odběry: 7. 5. 2018 6. 6. 2018 7. 7. 2018 6. 8. 2018 Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 2: Graminoidi na altitudinálním gradientu S rostoucí nadmořskou výškou roste poměr G2 / (G0 + G1) V regresním modelu je signifikantní interakce chromosomálního typu (holo- nebo monocentrické) a nadmořské výšky 827 hodnot pro G2 / (G0+G1) Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Pokus 2: Graminoidi na altitudinálním gradientu Monocentrici: G2 / (G0 + G1) roste s nadmořskou výškou rychleji Holocentrici: sklon růstu G2 / (G0 + G1) v závislosti na nadmořské výšce se neliší signifikantně od nuly 827 hodnot G2/(G0+G1), z toho 427 pro holo a 400 pro mono Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno Beckman et al. (2014) in Methods in Ecology and Evolution 5: 372–383. Miehe et al. (2008) in Ambio 37: 272–279. Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno „Pokus 3“: Holo- a monograminoidi v kompetici síť: 0.05 ° x 0.05 ° UV-B každá půlhodina od 1. 1. 1984 do 31. 8.2003 700 GB dat Excerpovány průměrné 324 146 georeferencovaných vegetačních snímků denní dávky z vegetačních bez stromového patra sezón 1984-2003 s přítomností Poaceae + (Cyperaceae nebo Juncaceae) Plant Biodiversity & Biosystematics Masaryk University Brno „Pokus 3“: Holo- a monograminoidi v kompetici pro každý snímek spočítán poměr pokryvností (Cyper + Junc) / Poaceae pro každý snímek spočítán vážený průměr indikačních hodnot pro vlhkost pro celý soubor spočítána regrese:
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