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Influencing Factors on the Physicochemical Characteristics Of molecules Review Influencing Factors on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tea Polysaccharides Ting Hu 1,2,*, Peng Wu 1, Jianfeng Zhan 1, Weixin Wang 1, Junfeng Shen 1, Chi-Tang Ho 3 and Shiming Li 1,3,* 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China 3 Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.H.); [email protected] (S.L.) Abstract: Tea polysaccharides (TPSs) are one of the main bioactive constituents of tea with various biological activities such as hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory. The bioactivities of TPSs are directly associated with their structures such as chemical composition, molecular weight, glycosidic linkages, and conformation among others. To study the relationship between the structures of TPSs and their bioactivities, it is essential to elucidate the structure of TPSs, particularly the fine structures. Due to the vast variation nature of monosaccharide units and their connections, the structure of TPSs is extremely complex, which is also affected by several major factors including tea species, processing technologies of tea and isolation methods of TPSs. As a result of the complexity, there are few studies on their fine structures and chain conformation. In the present review, we aim to provide a detailed summary of the multiple factors influencing the characteristics Citation: Hu, T.; Wu, P.; Zhan, J.; of TPS chemical structures such as variations of tea species, degree of fermentation, and preparation Wang, W.; Shen, J.; Ho, C.-T.; Li, S. methods among others as well as their applications. The main aspects of understanding the structural Influencing Factors on the difference of TPSs and influencing factors are to assist the study of the structure and bioactivity Physicochemical Characteristics of relationship and ultimately, to control the production of the targeted TPSs with the most desired Tea Polysaccharides. Molecules 2021, biological activity. 26, 3457. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules26113457 Keywords: tea polysaccharides (TPSs); chemical structure; tea species; processing technologies; isolation methods Academic Editors: Lesław Juszczak and Janusz Kapusniak Received: 5 May 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 5 June 2021 Tea, an important agricultural product made from the fresh leaves and buds of plant Published: 7 June 2021 Camellia sinensis, is the most consumed functional beverage in the world [1]. It has a long history of dietary and medicinal application, especially in Asian countries—such as Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral China, Japan, India, and Thailand—for more than five thousand years [2]. According to the with regard to jurisdictional claims in manufacturing process, tea can be categorized as unfermented green, white, and yellow published maps and institutional affil- iations. teas, partly-fermented oolong and raw pu-erh teas, fully fermented black, pu-erh and dark teas, and post-fermented dark tea [3]. The processing methods including withering, rolling, fermentation, post-fermentation, and roasting of tea, and other factors such as cultivars, degree of ripeness, geographical location and agricultural practices will affect the content and structure of active compounds, resulting in the changes of biological activities. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Tea possesses multiple biological functions, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic effect, Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. anti-microbial, lowering blood lipids, and anticancer [1,4,5]. These biological activities This article is an open access article have been attributed to the variety of chemical ingredients of tea, mostly to tea polyphenols distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons such as catechins, theaflavins, thearubigins, theasinensins and other flavonoids, but also Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// polysaccharides, alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline), proteins, lipids, and creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ inorganic elements (selenium, iron, manganese, etc.) among others [1,4–6]. 4.0/). Molecules 2021, 26, 3457. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113457 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 Other than tea polyphenols, the group of tea polysaccharides (TPSs) is one of the main bioactive constituents of tea and the content varies from approximately 1.5% to nearly 13% [7]. Figure 1 illustrates a general structure of TPSs, but is noninclusive due to the complexity of TPS structures. Recently, TPSs have attracted increasing levels of atten- tion due to their various biological activities, including antioxidant [3,8–12], antitumor [13,14], anti-diabetes [12,15–17], antifatigue [18], anticoagulant [19], anti-obesity [20], hy- poglycemic [16,21,22], and immunomodulatory activities [23,24]. According to the re- Molecules 26 2021, , 3457 ports, TPSs contained 2–10 monosaccharides such as glucose (Glc), rhamnose (Rha), arab-2 of 18 inose (Ara), mannose (Man), ribose (Rib), xylose (Xyl), galactose (Gal), fucose (Fuc), galac- turonic acid (GalA), and glucuronic acid (GluA), and the monosaccharides linked by mul- tiple glycosidicOther than linkages tea polyphenols, such as 1→ the2, 1 group→3, 1→ of4, tea 1→ polysaccharides6, leading to a wide (TPSs) range is one of molec- of the ularmain weight bioactive (Mw) constituents distribution of(MWD) tea and [4,7]. the The content molecu varieslar structure from approximately of a TPS is composed 1.5% to ofnearly multiple 13% monosaccharide [7]. Figure1 illustrates units. Similar a general to amino structure acids of in TPSs, proteins, but isthe noninclusive composition dueand linkageto the complexity of individual of monosaccharides TPS structures. Recently, have many TPSs different have attracted ways, resulting increasing in variety levels of TPSs.attention Due due to the to theirnature various of poly-monosaccharide biological activities, unit including composition, antioxidant multiple [3,8 sites–12], of antitu- con- nectionmor [13 ,and14], anti-diabeteschain conformation, [12,15–17 the], antifatiguestructures [of18 TPSs], anticoagulant vary dramatically [19], anti-obesity in molecular [20], weight,hypoglycemic chain length [16,21 and,22], connection and immunomodulatory type, configuration activities and others. [23,24 ].Hence According the composi- to the tionreports, and TPSsconnections contained of monosaccharide 2–10 monosaccharides units are such the asdefining glucose parameters (Glc), rhamnose of TPSs. (Rha), The moleculararabinose (Ara),weight mannose (Mw) of a (Man), TPS is ribose determined (Rib), xyloseby the (Xyl),number galactose of single (Gal), monosaccharide fucose (Fuc), unitsgalacturonic and the acidconformation (GalA), and of a glucuronic TPS is dire acidctly associated (GluA), and with the the monosaccharides types of monosaccha- linked ridesby multiple and their glycosidic linking linkagesposition suchbetween as 1 tw!2,o adjacent 1!3, 1! monosaccharides.4, 1!6, leading to Therefore, a wide range the componentsof molecular of weight monosaccharides (Mw) distribution and their (MWD) connecting [4,7]. The style molecular are the basic structure foundations of a TPS of is TPSs.composed Factors of multipleaffecting monosaccharidethe composition units.and connection Similar to aminoof monosaccharides acids in proteins, are thethereby com- influencingposition and the linkage structures of individual of TPSs, which monosaccharides in turn influence have manythe biological different activities. ways, resulting in varietyTherefore, of TPSs. to further Due to study the nature the biological of poly-monosaccharide property of TPSs unitand composition,to effectively correlate multiple thesites bioactivity of connection and the and structure chain conformation, of TPSs, it is the also structures essential ofto TPSsunderstand vary dramatically and elucidate in themolecular fine structure weight, of chain TPSs length and the and factors connection contributing type, configuration to their variety, and others. particularly Hence the monosaccharidecomposition and units connections and their of monosaccharideconnection. Ther unitse are aremultiple the defining factors parameters that can cause of TPSs. the differentiationThe molecular weightof monosaccharide (Mw) of a TPS composition is determined and by linkage, the number but the of singlemain ones monosaccharide are tea spe- cies,units tea and process, the conformation and isolation of amethod TPS isdirectly of TPSs. associated The aim withof this the review types ofis monosaccha-to provide a comprehensiverides and their summary linking position of structural between variety two adjacentof TPSs and monosaccharides. factors affecting Therefore, the polymor- the components of monosaccharides and their connecting style are the basic foundations of phism of TPS structures, to associate the influential factors, TPS structures and bioactivity, TPSs. Factors affecting the composition and connection of monosaccharides are thereby and to enhance the characteristic understanding of TPS structure and to enhance the ap- influencing the structures of TPSs, which in turn influence the biological activities. plication of TPSs in the fields of
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