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Les Récits De Voyages Des Occidentaux Sur Le Thé En Chine : Xvie – Xixe Siècle Mémoire De Master 1 1 Master De Mémoire

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Les Récits De Voyages Des Occidentaux Sur Le Thé En Chine : Xvie – Xixe Siècle Mémoire De Master 1 1 Master De Mémoire Diplôme national de master Domaine - sciences humaines et sociales Mention - sciences de l’information et des bibliothèques Spécialité - cultures de l’écrit et de l’image 2016 / juin Les récits de voyages des Occidentaux sur le thé en Chine : XVIe – XIXe siècle Mémoire de master 1 1 master de Mémoire Claire Vatté Sous la direction de Philippe Martin Professeur d’histoire moderne – Université Lumière Lyon II Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier Monsieur Philippe Martin de m’avoir accompagné et conseillé tout au long de cette année de master. Je souhaite également remercier le personnel des fonds anciens de la Bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et de la Bibliothèque Diderot de Lyon pour la patience et l’aide qu’ils m’ont apportées. Je remercie grandement ma famille pour leur soutien et leur aide. Je souhaite remercier en particulier ma mère pour ses conseils et ses longues soirées d’attentives relectures. Enfin, un grand merci à Benjamin, pour ses relectures, les échanges et le soutien qu’il m’apporte. VATTÉ Claire | Diplôme Master 1 CEI | Mémoire | juin 2016 - 3 - Résumé : Entre le XVIème et le XIXème siècle de nombreux voyageurs européens sont partis à la découverte de l’Asie et de ses cultures. Qu’ils soient missionnaires jésuites, botanistes ou marchands, ils ont chacun écrit des lettres ou des mémoires pour raconter leur voyage, leur mission et leur découverte. L’une d’entre-elle est le thé. Cette boisson typiquement chinoise occupe une place très importante. Cette nouvelle plante fascine par ses propriétés et ses usages. Descripteurs : livre de voyage, Européens, Chine, thé, XVIe – XIXe siècle. Abstract : Between the XVIth and the XIXth century, many European’s travelers went to the discovery of Asia and of her cultures. Whether Jesuits’s missionaries, botanists or seller, they have, each of them, wrote down letters or diaries to talk about their trip, their mission and their discovery. One of them is tea. This drink typically chinese take a major spot. This new plant captivate by her attributes and her practicies. Keywords : Travel’s books, Europeans, China, tea, XVIe – XIXe. Droits d’auteurs Cette création est mise à disposition selon le Contrat : « Paternité-Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale-Pas de Modification 4.0 France » disponible en ligne http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.frou par courrier postal à Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA. VATTÉ Claire | Diplôme Master 1 CEI | Mémoire | juin 2016 - 4 - Sommaire SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS .................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 9 HISTOIRE DU THÉ ............................................................................................ 13 I- L’APPARITION DU THE EN CHINE ........................................................................ 13 A- Les légendes ....................................................................................... 13 B- L’exploitation du thé .......................................................................... 16 C- Les premières utilisations ................................................................... 21 II- LA DEGUSTATION DU THE EN CHINE ................................................................ 23 A- Les différents types de thé .................................................................. 23 B- L’évolution de la consommation du thé .............................................. 27 C- L’art de la dégustation du thé en Chine ............................................... 32 III- LES APPORTS CULTURELS DU THE .................................................................... 39 A- La culture du thé ................................................................................ 39 B- Le rapport social au thé ...................................................................... 41 C- Les rites et croyances ......................................................................... 47 LE THE VU PAR LES RELIGIEUX EN CHINE .......................................................... 54 I- L’ARRIVEE DES JESUITES EN CHINE ENTRE LE 16EME ET LE 17EME ............................. 54 A- Les premiers voyages ......................................................................... 54 B- Les missions françaises en Chine ......................................................... 62 II- LES TEMOIGNAGES DES RELIGIEUX SUR LE THE DU 18EME AU 19EME ..................... 76 A- Une description de la Chine ................................................................ 76 B- Evariste Huc ....................................................................................... 88 LE THE : UNE NOUVELLE PLANTE, UNE NOUVELLE DENREE ................................ 99 I- LE THE POUR LES SCIENTIFIQUES ........................................................................ 99 A- Un voyage entre science et commerce ................................................ 99 B- Le thé par un naturaliste .................................................................. 107 II- LE COMMERCE AVEC LA CHINE ..................................................................... 115 A- Le développement du commerce entre les Européens et l’Asie .......... 115 B- Lyon et la Chine ................................................................................ 121 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................ 135 SOURCES ...................................................................................................... 139 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................. 147 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................... 155 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................ 173 TABLE DES MATIERES .................................................................................... 175 VATTÉ Claire | Diplôme Master 1 CEI | Mémoire | juin 2016 - 5 - Sigles et abréviations BCU – Bibliothèque Cantonale et Universitaire de Lausanne BmL – Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon BnF – Bibliothèque Nationale de France L’orthographe des sources a été retranscrite telle qu’elle est dans son édition d’origine. VATTÉ Claire | Diplôme Master 1 CEI | Mémoire | juin 2016 - 7 - INTRODUCTION Selon le Syndicat du thé et des plantes à infusion, en 2014, le volume de consommation représentait 6 959 786 kilogrammes, soit 159 millions d’euros1. La société d’étude de marché américaine IRI (Information Resources, Inc.)2 rapporte une augmentation de la consommation de thé en France en 2015 de 4 millions d’euros par rapport à 2014. Celle-ci se confirme aussi dans tout le reste de l’Europe, excepté en Grande Bretagne. Aujourd’hui, l’engouement est visible grâce aux magazines de consommations comme LSA (Libre Service Actualités)3 mais aussi par de nombreux articles de presse de tout genre comme le Huffington Post4. Cette frénésie particulière des Français et des Européens pour le thé est grandissante et se reconnait par le renouveau marketing qu’apporte le commerce du thé à cette boisson ancestrale. En effet, le thé est originaire de Chine et daterait de trois mille ans avant notre ère. Comment alors cette boisson, aujourd’hui populaire, est-elle arrivée en Europe ? Le thé apparait en Europe au début du XVIIe siècle par l’intermédiaire des exportations hollandaises.5 Avant que le thé n’arrive sur les tables européennes, il y avait déjà, dès le XVIe siècle, tout un imaginaire très important autour de la Chine et de l’Asie. Cet imaginaire passait par les récits des premiers missionnaires partis en Chine au XVIe siècle comme ceux de Matteo Ricci mais encore grâce aux récits des marchands et des voyageurs. Le plus célèbre est certainement le grand marchand vénitien Marco Polo, avec le célèbre Livres de Merveilles qui relate son voyage en Asie avec son père et son oncle, Niccolo et Maffeo Polo6. Tous ces textes sur les merveilles de la Chine arrivent en Europe avec de nouveaux produits de l’Asie, dont, entre autre, des épices, la soie et le thé. Le mot thé, que l’on connaît en anglais : tea, en allemand tee et en néerlandais thee, est un mot qui vient du dialecte local d’Amoy (port d’une province du Fou- Kien), t’e qui se prononce tay. Quand les Hollandais ramenèrent du thé en Europe, cette appellation fut gardée par les différents pays occidentaux. Cependant, à Canton, les Chinois parlent de ch’a qui se prononce chah. Cette dénomination continue au Japon, en Inde, en Perse et en Russie.7 La Chine a longtemps été la seule productrice de thé. Première et seule consommatrice, elle commença progressivement le commerce du thé avec la Corée, le Japon, la Russie et avec les pays arabes. Néanmoins, le thé connaît une très lente diffusion vers l’ouest par les voies maritimes du sud mais aussi par les dangereux chemins de l’intérieur du continent. Le monde méditerranéen ignore le thé. Contrairement à la soie, le thé ne 1 Syndicat du thé et des plantes à infusion, « Côté chiffres, le thé en France » In Thé et Infusion [En Ligne] http://www.theetinfusions.fr/chiffre_the_france.htm (Page consulté le 2 avril 2016) 2 Information Ressources, Inc. (Iri), « IRI Pulse Report Drinks » In IRI World Wide [En Ligne] https://www.iriworldwide.com/IRI/media/IRI-Clients/IRI_PulseReport_Drinks_H1_15_Final.pdf (Page consulté le 2 avril 2016) 3 « Le thé gagne en modernité
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