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Florida State University Libraries Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2016 Wave and Wind Direction Effects on Ocean Surface Emissivity Measurements in High Wind Conditions Heather Marie Holbach Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WAVE AND WIND DIRECTION EFFECTS ON OCEAN SURFACE EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN HIGH WIND CONDITIONS By HEATHER MARIE HOLBACH A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Heather Marie Holbach defended this dissertation on August 2, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: Mark A. Bourassa Professor Directing Dissertation Dan McGee University Representative Robert Hart Committee Member Guosheng Liu Committee Member Allan Clarke Committee Member Eric Uhlhorn Committee Member Mark Powell Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of my grandmother, Rosemarie Alice Vogel. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank the amazing pilots and crew at NOAA AOC for their willingness to collect the SFMR data necessary for the successful completion of my dissertation. It has been such a great experience for me to be able to work with them and all of the scientists at NOAA/AOML/HRD, especially Brad Klotz and Dr. Frank Marks. I would also like to thank Paul Chang and his group at NOAA NESDIS for allowing me to use the data they collected during the 2015 Ocean Winter Winds Experiment. Next, I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Mark Bourassa, for his help and advice during my time at FSU. It is amazing how much I have grown as a scientist over the past few years and most of that can be attributed to his guidance and the opportunities he has given me to attend conferences all over the world. I would also like to thank Dr. Eric Uhlhorn for his help and guidance on all things related to the SFMR and for giving me the opportunity to work with him at HRD on my dissertation. A big thank you to the rest of my committee, Dr. Robert Hart, Dr. Guosheng Liu, Dr. Allan Clarke, Dr. Dan McGee, and Dr. Mark Powell, for their helpful comments and suggestions. Next, I would like to thank the present and past members of the Boo Lab, especially Rachel Weihs, John Steffen, Paul Hughes, Joel Scott, Aaron Paget, Cristina Collier Zwissler, and Jackie May, for putting up with all of my questions and for listening to me whenever I just needed to talk through a problem I was having. All of the scientists and staff at COAPS are also deserving of a big thank you for all of their help during my time at the Center. Thanks to all of my FSU friends, especially Michael Kozar, Ashley Stroman, Ari Preston, Tristan Hall, Russ Glazer, Danielle Groenen, Ryan Truchelet, Chris Selman, and Brad Schaaf (the list could go on…) for being such great friends and colleagues. Finally, I would like to thank my family for all of their support and encouragement along the way and of course, my kitties, Raiden (Pants) and Raine (Squeaky) for always putting a smile on my face. This journey has been incredible and I couldn’t have done it without assistance from so many wonderful and generous people. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xii 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 2. STEPPED-FREQUENCY MICROWAVE RADIOMETER .....................................................5 2.1 Development and Design ....................................................................................................5 2.1.1 Forward Radiative Transfer Model ..........................................................................6 2.1.2 Inversion Algorithm ...............................................................................................12 2.2 Modeled TB and Sensitivity Tests .....................................................................................13 3. OFF-NADIR ASYMMETRY ...................................................................................................19 3.1 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................19 3.2 Dropsondes ........................................................................................................................23 3.3 Storm Center Locations and Flight Level Data .................................................................25 3.4 Wave Directions ................................................................................................................27 3.5 Data Quality Control .........................................................................................................31 3.6 Wind-Induced Brightness Temperature ............................................................................39 4. NADIR ASYMMETRIES ........................................................................................................47 4.1 SFMR and Dropsonde Data ...............................................................................................47 4.2 Wind Speed Errors .............................................................................................................51 4.3 Wind-Induced Emissivity Difference ................................................................................55 5. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................65 References ......................................................................................................................................68 Biographical Sketch .......................................................................................................................73 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of the tropical cyclone off-nadir SFMR measurement flight data. ................21 Table 2: Summary of the off-nadir SFMR measurement flight data from the NOAA 2015 Ocean Winds Winter experiment. .............................................................................................................22 Table 3: Summary of tropical cyclone off-nadir SFMR flight data remaining after quality control. ..........................................................................................................................................38 Table 4: Summary of winter off-nadir SFMR flight data remaining after quality control. ..........39 Table 5: Flight information for data included in the analysis of the SFMR level flight data azimuthal and radial asymmetries. ................................................................................................49 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Difference in U10EN calculated using non-neutral values of u* and zo versus the neutral values of u* and zo (contours) plotted as a function of stability (air temperature minus SST) and wind speed (generated by Mark Bourassa, personal communication 2016). .................................2 Figure 2: SFMR footprint size at 3000 m altitude where the along track and cross track distances are with respect to the aircraft location and heading. The color of the footprint outlines denote the incidence angle shown in the upper left of the plot. .......................................................6 Figure 3: Diagram of the SFMR radiative transfer model (Figure A1 in Uhlhorn and Black (2003). ..............................................................................................................................................7 Figure 4: Figure 3a from Klotz and Uhlhorn (2014) depicting the relationship between the wind- induced (or excess) emissivity (ew) and dropsonde surface wind speed (Usfc). The blue line is the function fit from Uhlhorn et al. (2007) and the red line is the updated function fit from Klotz and Uhlhorn (2014).. .............................................................................................................................11 Figure 5: Modeled brightness temperature vs wind speed at nadir for all six SFMR frequencies. The colors of the lines correspond to the frequencies listed in the upper left hand corner of the plot. ................................................................................................................................................14 Figure 6: Modeled brightness temperature vs wind speed at 4.74 GHz (a) and 7.09 GHz (b) for a range of altitudes. Colors denote the aircraft altitude used in the computation of the modeled brightness temperature. The altitude values are given in the legend in (a). ..................................15 Figure 7: Modeled brightness temperature vs wind speed at 4.74 GHz (a) and 7.09 GHz (b) for a range of flight level air temperatures. Colors denote the flight level temperature
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