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Home , Agrihan, Alamagan, Anatahan, Farallon de Medinilla, Farallon de Pajaros, Guguan

***, J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 81(3) : 203-226 (1973)

Archaeological Excavation on in the Mariana

Tomoko EGAMI and Fumiko SAITO Graduate Students of Historical Science, Aoyama Gakuin University

canic rock in the northern group and of INTRODUCTION coral limestone in the southern group. This is the report on archaeological The first and principal objective of our survey and excavation on the of Pagan expedition was to reconstruct se- Pagan conducted by us during December quences of culture change through radio- 25, 1972-January 15, 1973. carbon dating. The second was to throw The best known areas in light on the question of prehistoric rela- archaeologically are the , tionships between the islands of the north- because excavations in the islands of the ern group and those of the southern group. southern group of the Mariana Islands Finally, our hope was to identify ANELL's were carried out by THOMPSON (1932), hypothesis that the introduction and the OSBORNE (1947), SPOEHR (1957), PELLETT subsequent development of the fishhook t and SPOEHR (1961), REINMAN (1967), and ook place in the north, probably from the TAKAYAMA in 1970-71 (TAKAYAMA and direction of and one possibility was EGAMI, 1971), 1971-72. But no archaeolo- a spread southward through the Bonin and gical excavations have been undertaken Islands to the Marianas, then in the northern group of the islands with eastward through the Carolines to eastern the exception of the surveys and limited and central , thus bypassing excavations on , Pagan, and and western Polynesia (1955 , conducted by Professor Ichiro 247). One of the authors of this report, YAWATA of Sophia University (1943: 81- Tomoko EGAMI has participated in exca- 90). He reported that latte sites were vations on by Jun TAKAYAMAtwice, found not only on these islands but so that she has been specially interested probably on Maug, though some differen- in the project in this respect. In addition, ces in the scale and materials were found Pagan is the only island which can be between the islands of the southern group reached by chartered airplane from . and those of the northern group. He also noted that the artifacts were rather scanty, THE MARIANA ISLANDS all of which were the same as those found The Marianas consist of fifteen islands, in the southern group of the islands, ma- stretching in a long, flat arc from Farallon terial of latte having been made of vol- de Pajaros (Uracas) in the north to 204 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0

larger and are composed pri- marily of superimposed, coral limestone terraces resting on volcanic bases. The southern group of islands contains much greater areas of level or gently sloping land and is much more suitable for human occupation. The southern is- lands have probably always been the seat of most of the population of the Marianas (SPOEHR, 1957: 22). The islands of the northern group, lying to the north of Saipan, are rocky islands ris- ing abruptly from the . Because of small areal extent, thin soils and deficiency of level land, the islands offer few opportunities for occupancy. The area was first explored by Spanish missionaries, who reported making conversions but left no records of total population (FREEMAN, 1966: Fig. 1. Map of the Mariana Islands and Pagan, showing 228). location of the sites. Numbers on map refer to following The economic development sites: 1, Regusa ; 2, Apang Sang Te (?) ; 3, Parialu (?) ; of the islands is largely a 4, Taragie. history of copra production. in the south, a distance of nearly 500 miles Beginning about 1870, Carolinian laborers (Fig. 1). This chain can be divided into were sent to the islands toh arvest , northern and southern group. The islands and a few remained as settlers. Further in the northern group are composed of settlement occurred as a part of the , , , German copra program. The first German , Alamagan, Pagan, Agrihan, Asun- census (1902) listed a total of 185 persons cion, Maug, and . Those on Pagan, Agrihan, Alamagan, and Sari- in the southern group, consisting of Guam, gan. The other islands had no permanent Rota, Aguijan, , and Saipan, are inhabitants, but were leased for mining Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 205 guano and catching sea birds (FREEMAN, An island which was either or 1966: 228). Asuncion in the northern group of the The population figures as of June 30 on Marianas was discovered by ESPINOSA on Pagan, 1970 is 52 (Office of Tourism, June 2, 1522; and the , also 1970: Pl. 2). in the northern group or the Marianas, were discovered by ESPINOSA in the latter ACKNOWLEDGMENTS part of 1522, a landing being made. The work on Pagan was greatly aided Gonzalo de Vigo, a deserter from the by Mr. Santiggo V. CASTRO and his family Trinidad, traversed the Marianas from to whom we wish to express our appreci- the Maug Islands to Guam at some time ation. prior to 1526. In the latter part of 1543, The results of the field work have been probably in September, Bernardo de la greatly facilitated through valuable assis- TORRE, in the San Juan, saw three islands tance rendered by Professor Tsugio MI- in the Marianas, probably Farallon de KAMI of Aoyama Gakuin University for Medinilla, Anatahan, and Sariguan, alth- indentication of Chinese porcelain. He has ough they had probably been discovered also helped us in various ways. by Gonzalo de VIGO. Ynigo Ortiz de The bones were indentified by Mr. Hir- RETES, in the San Juan, discovered, or omasa KANEKO, lecturer at Waseda Uiver- rediscovered after SAAVEDRA, some of the sity, and stone material by Dr. Hideo islands to the west of Manus on 27 July, MINATO, Institute of Earth Science & 29 July, 19 August, and 21 August 1545. Astoronomy of the Univ, of . In 1688 and the years following, Spanish Three carbon 14 dates were obtained missionaries, of whom Luis de MORALES through the aid of Mrs. Tomoko HAMADA was the foremost as far as of the Japan Radio Isotope Association. was concerned, established the geography We wish to thank Professor Ichiro of the Marianas, comprising Guam, Rota, YAWATA of Sophia University and Mr. Agiguan, Tinian, Saipan, Farallon de Jun TAKAYAMA, lecturer at Tokai Univer- Medinilla, Anatahan, Sariguan, Guguan, sity, for their helpful comments and Alama gam, Pagan, Agrigan, Asuncion, criticism. the Maug Islands, and Farallon de Pajaros We are deeply indebted to them. With- (Urac). It was then that the name Mari- out their generous help, this report would anas was adopted (SHARP, 1960: 11, 32,87). not have been impossible. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPEANS OF PAGAN

The Marianas were first made known Pagan is located in the northern part of to the Europeans by MAGELLAN, who the Mariana Island chain between latitudes discovered the islands March 6, 1521, after 18*11* north and longitudes 145*42* east. his hazardous voyage across the Pacific. It is approximately 1,100 nautical miles 206 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0 south of Japan, 280 miles north of Guam approximately three weeks. and 203 miles north of Saipan. According to Professor I. YAWATA the The island is ten miles long and ranges latte sites were located at Regusa and in width from one half to four miles. Talagie on the island of Pagan. Another There are about 27 miles of shoreline in latte site at Apan Sang Te (?) was disc- this 18.5 square mile island. The land overed by us, the feature of which is very area is approximately 11.795 acres or similar to that of latte found in the 4,773 hectares. southern group of Marianas. The natives Although the island does have some told us that this latte formerly served as localized coral reefs, they are closely related a house of the tribal chief. This latte is to the shore and there are no lagoon areas located on the basalt terrace of cliff (Fig. present. 1). We were also told by the natives that Pagan is an island formed by volcanic the lattes existed at Parialu, but we did activity. With minor exception any dis- not see them. cussion of its topography, scenery, soil or The Regusa latte site is situated on the recreational opportunities relates to this shore approximately two miles southeast origin. Period of volcanic history probably of the present village (Pl. I,1; Fig. 1). commenced about 20 million years ago and Located south from this area is South ended with the most recent eruptionin 1930. Volcano, to the north is Mount Pagan and The island has two semi-dormant volc- to the southeast is Togari Rock or Bird anoes. South Volcano, with four separate Island. Since the wind is blowing from cratered cones, is near the southern end the southeast almost throughout the year of the south Pagan peninsula. It rises to this area is always cool (PANGEKINAN and 1,899 feet above sea level. At some time KAPILEO, 1970: 23). long past this ancient mountain collapsed According to Professor Ichiro YAWATA, into itself forming a deep crater or a considerable number of lattes were encircled by a rim of cliffs rising from counted at the Regusa site in 1937 (1943 one hundred to 800 feet above sea level. 262-273), but at the present only a few of Parts of this rim of cliffs still remains. these are still intact, the rest having been Surface water sources include the numer- disturbed. ous cisterns and rain barrels. The cisterns Of these the most undisturbed latte was and rain barrels provide the best quality selected for excavation. At the time of water now available on the island (PAN- excavation, the latte was covered with GELINAN and KAPILEO, 1970: 2, 3,14). heavy grass and a few small trees. Cleared of bush, the site was thenstaked SURVEY AND EXCAVATION out with a grid at two-meter interval Our archaeological surveys and excav- (Pls. 1,2 II 1; Fig. 2). ation were commenced on Pagan on This latte consisted of ten shafts arran- December 23, 1972, and continued for ged in two parallel rows five shafts each. Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 207

Fig. 2. Plan of Regusa latte, excavation, and cross-section. Shafts are numbered; capstones are lettered. Limits of excavation indicated by dotted lines.

The shafts were very badly weathered, The following stratifications were obser- though the shaft bases remained in place. ved both outside and inside the latte from All the capstones were flattened oval (Pl. the surface down : , 2). The cross-section of the shaftsII Outside the latte ; varied from rectangular to circular. Both Layer I-a brownish red soil, about 20 capstones and shafts had been laboriously cm thick hewn out of local rocks to a form Layer II-a dark greenish gray soil somewhat different from those made of (probably volcanic ash), about 5.0 limestone which were found in the south- cm thick ern group of Marianas. Here the mate- Layer III-a brownish red soil contain- rial of the latte was igneous rock, except ing coral fragments and gravel, for Shaft 11 and Capstone D which were and clay-like dark soil in places, coral limestone (Fig. 2). All the latte at about 25 cm thick Regusa may have been built with long Layer IV-a light brownish soil con- axis parallel to the shore line. Between taining coral fragments and gravel, two parallel rows there are three more about 12 cm thick shafts 10, 11, and 12, the function of which Layer V-a gray beach sand, about 35 is uncertain. In addition, the pavement cm thick consisting of four large stones was found Inside the latte ; outside the southeastern corner of the Layer I-a brownish red soil, about 28 latte, the function of which may have been cm thick to serve as a working area (Pl. III, 2). Layer II-a dark greenish gray soil, 8 III . All the other strata were completely sterile of artifacts. No burials whatsoever were found associated with the latte, a very unusual feature for latter, in the Marianas.

208 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0

cm thick POTTERY Layer III-a brownish red soil contain- inig coral fragments and gravel, 123 sherds were recovered during the 28 cm thick but, no clay-like dark excavation, all of which were Marianas soil found in places outside the latte Plain type. was observed here. From Layer I, 13 sherds were found, Layer IV-a light brownish soil contain- four of which were rim sherds (Pl. IV, ing coral fragments and gravel, 1-4), and two were base sherds (Pl. IV, about 30 cm thick 6-7), others being body ones. In the range Of these strata not only all the cultural of sherds examined, the color of the sur- material but the remains of shells, fish, face varied from dark gray red. Paste animal bones, and charcoal sufficient for sometimes contains a small quantity of dating were found only from Layers I and minute grid. Range of variation of thick- ness of body sherds varied from 1.35 to 0.8 cm. Average thickness was 1.23 cm. In cross-section, the upper surface of the lip was flattened (Fig. 3,1-4). Two bottoms of vessels seem to have been rounded (Pl. IV, 6-7; Fig. 4, 1-2). These Ma- rianas Plain type fall in "Type I " on Rota (TAKAYAMA and EGAMI, 1971:11). From Layer III, 112 sherds were obtained, eight of which were rim sherds (P1. IV, 8-14 V,1; Fig. 3,5-12). The color of the surface varied from dark gray to a buff. Paste contains a small quantity of white inclusions (ground coral ?), particles of grit, and crystal(?). Sample of 104 body sherds was measured for thickness. Measurements were given in the frequency graph (Fig. 5). Range of variation of thickness of body sherds varied between 1.9-0.6 cm. Average was 1.28 cm. In cross-section, the upper surface of the lip was flattened (Fig. 3 ; 10, 11) and pointed (Fig. 3,

Fig. 3. 1-4: Rim sherd sections from Layer 5-8). With the exception of two rims, I. 5-12: Rim sherd sections from Layer III. all rims seemed to be slightly waved. V , 1; Fig. 3, 12). Some sherds had a deposit of carbonized material adhering to the inner surface, indicating that these sherds came from cooking pots. Almost all of the pottery type found in the excavation seemed to be the same in paste, thickness, color, and probably in form as Marianas Plain recoverd on Rota in the islands of the southern group.

STONE SINKER

An object which may have been used as stone sinker was found in Layer III of

Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 209

Fig. 4. Base sherd sections from Layer 1,

Fig. 6. 1: Stone sinker (?). 2: Hammerstone.

square A3. This specimen was composed of coarse and porous basalt, both ends of which were crudely chipped for lashing (Fig. 6, 1).

PESTLE OR POUNDER

Fig. 5. Graph showing thickness of Maria- The specimen was uncovered from nas Plain based on sample of 104 sherds. Layer in square G2. One sherd curvature indicates that a pot up to 39 cm in diameter was made (Pl. According to THOMPSON (1932: 39), classification of hammers, pounders, and pestles is based primarily upon function, as revealed by examination of the ground surfaces. Pounders have been distin- guished from pestles by a tendency towards a flattened base and an angular margin of the base with the sides. Pounders were used to grind and pound substances on flat surfaces rather than in mortars; hence only the surface of the base of the pounder has been worn down by grinding. Pestles, on the other hand, are characterized by a convexity of the base, a lack of angular 210 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0

marigins at the base, which is confluent so, we must bear in mind the possibility with the sides, and an extension of the that this method may have been imported ground surface reduced by use at least by the Carolinian islanders in a historic partially up the sides of the implement. period. Pestles were used with morters. Both in Polynesia and some parts of Melanesia the method of boiling by means As this specimen is not complete, it is of heated stone, "stone-boiling ", is known impossible to classify this with certainty. as well as a combination of steaming and But this fragmentary specimen may have roasting in the earth oven. It is practised been a pestle composed of igneous rock. chiefly by people having no pottery to stand the heat of the fire, and it may be HAMMERSTONE done in watertight baskets, in wooden This complete specimen may be a ham- bowls, or in animal hides lining a pit in merstone because the surface of the base the ground. In 1968, Saipan and Tinian shows pitted marks of use as hammer were conquered by Spanish after many (Fig. 6, 2). Material is igneous rock. years of intermittent warfare. The Cha- morro inhabitants of both islands were MORTAR forced by their conquerors to move to One large mortar of igneous boulder Guam. Saipan was resettled in the nine- was discovered as surface find near the teenth century by a of Carolinian latte. This may have been displaced from islanders from the central Carolines and its original position. SPOEHR believed that later by Chamorros from Guam. The mortars were particularly associated with Carolinians were from islands where the latte sites (1957: 142). We support pottery was not made, and the Chamorros his opinion. who returned to Saipan had been under western influence so long that pottery- A NUMBER OF WATERWORN PEBBLES making had disappeared among them Nineteen small waterworn basalt beach (SPOEHR, 1957: 107). Stone boiling was pebbles were found in groups almost at formerly used somewhat in Truk and the same level from Layer III in square Ponape Districts but it is not now used G2 (Pls. III, 1 VI, 1-9). They have been (FISCHER, 1970: 94). little worked, some of which bear polished The level with which these small water- surfaces. Average dimensions of these worn pebbles associated yielded earlier pebbles are 4.9 * 3.6 cm. carbon 14 dates ranging from the four- Though their use is unknown, they may teenth to the seventeenth or eighteenth have been used as pot smoother, gaming century A. D. than the period when Saipan stones, slingstones, or stone-boiling. Stone- was resettled in the nineteenth century by boiling is most probable because burnt soil a colony of Carolinian islanders. was observed near these speciments. If Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 211

13), the length of this SLINGSTONE point is 4.8 cm. An- Two complete slingstones of coral lime- other composite fish- stone were found, one of which was found hook point was obtain• among the space of the capstone and the ed also from layer III shaft in the soil (Pl. VII, 1), so the layer of square A2 with to which it belonged was uncertain. Di- distal extension bear mension is 6.6 * 3.3 cm. The other was ing two holes (Pl. VI, uncovered from Layer I in square E2 (P1. 11; Fig. 7, 2). As the , 2). Average is 5.9 * 2.7 cm. VII tip of this was broken YAWATA states that the limestone cling- off, the original length stones found on Alamagan must have cannot be determined, been traded in from Saipan or somewhere the length of which to the south (1943: 85). may have been about 4.3 cm. The perf oral CORAL FILES (?) tions of both speci- Two probable coral files (?) were found mens are not conical. Fig. 7.1: Carnelian from Layer III (Pl. VII, 3, 4). The study of com- rhombic bead, 2-3: Composite fishhook posite fishhooks in SHELL ADZES points. (Emory, Bonk, Two whole and two fragmentary shell and Sinoto, 1968: 18) indicates that the aver- adzes of Tridacna were found, all of age length of bonito-hook points is 29, lmm, which belonged to Layer III (Pl. VII, 5, in contrast to octopus-hook points, which 6). Three unfinished shell adzes of Trid- average 43.1 mm. Apparently the fishing acna were also collected : one from Layer techniques require longer points for octo- and other from Layer III. I pus hook and smaller points for bonito hooks. Then both specimens found here FISHHOOKS OF BONE AND SHELL may correspond to octopus hooks, though One complete and one fragmentary com- bonito bones were collected. posite fishhooks of bone were found. Recently, the octopus hook points were The complete point with distal extension found on Guam by REINMAN (1970: 57) bearing one hole and notch found from and on Rota by TAKAYAMA (1973: 17). Layer III in square D3 is made from the SINOTO has classified the trolling-hook unidentified animal bone (P1. VI, 13; 7, points from excavated sites in the Hawai- 3). The slit is not artificial but a hole ian, Marquesas, and Society Islands into for nutrition. three major types: (1) Point with base proximal extension with two holes, the According to the method of measuring so-called Western Polynesian type; (2) hooks by EMORY, BONK, and SINOTO (1913: Point with distal extension with or without , 2), and the other is from animal bone (Pl. VIII, 7). Classification of ani- mal bone specimens illustrated in Pl VIII, 3, 4, and 5 is unknown. All were found in Layer III.

METAL ARTIFACTS

Five metal artifacts were found both in Layers I and III (Pl. VIII, 8-12). One specimen shown in P1. VIII, 8 was dis- covered from Layer III in spuare A3. This was similar to the specimen found on Rota (TAKAYAMA and EGAMI, 1971: Fig. 25,10-8). There was, however, a difference in that the specimen from Rota has double-edges, but that of Pagan has no edges. This specimen found in the excavation was almost rectangular in plan and the wooden material was attached to the surface as VII well as that of Rota. One probable fish- , 10-14 may have been unfinished hook was found from Layer III in spuare fishhooks or raw materials. E2 (P1. VIII, 12). There was no evidence to indicate that these two speciments were OTHER SHELL ARTIFACTS intrusive and we believe they are contem- A considerable number of shells were poraneous with the original occupation found, which may have been used as of this site. If this is so, we must bear in scrapers or knives. mind the possibility that the prehistoric One fragment of beachworn cowrie-shell Chamorros knew of metal prior to the was found. Having been unworked, the discovery of the Marianas by Magellan in use of this specimen is unknown. 1521, because these metal were found in association with the dates ranging from SPEARHEAD AND OTHER A. D. 1325*90, 1495*115, and 1665*95. BONE ARTIFACTS The specimen found on Rota, as mention- One fragmentary barbed spearhead cut ed above, also indicates the possibility that from bird bone was found from Layer III this may have been used prior to the time in square E2 (Pl. VIII, 1). Three probable of first discovery by MAGELLAN in 1521. needles (Pl. VIII, 2, 6 , 7) were also dis- The same specimen was again uncovered covered in Layer III, one of which was on Rota in the second excavation (TAKA- made from fish bone of dorsal fin (Pl. YAMA, 1973: 18).

VIII

212 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0

one or two holes; (3) Point with no base extension. Of these the first type has been found in the early sites. Although the second type has been called the Western Polynesian type (all the ethnological col- lections from both the areas of this type), no archaeological finds have so far been reported (SIN0T0, 1967: 358-360). It is, then, of great interest that both specimens found in this excavation may correspond to SINOTO's "Type 2 " point with distal extension bearing one or two holes. Two gorges were found (Pl. VII, 8, 9) in Layer III. These specimens are not complete, because the pointed parts at both extremities were broken off. One gorge has a notch at the angle. Both gorges show considerable erosion of surfaces. The other shell specimens shown in Pl. III , 1; VI, 10; Fig. 7, 1). This was rhombic in plan and rectangular in cross- section. The dimension is 2.2 * 1.8 cm. This was perforated in center, the diam- eter of the hole was about 0.18 cm. The material of this specimen is composed of chalcedony which is reddish brown in color. This is definitely similar to the carnelian bead found in the Tabon Caves, Metal Age of (Fox, 1970: Color Pl. 2-A, o), though the edge in cross-section is slightly different : the edge of this specimen is rectangular but that of the Tabon Caves is pointed.

According to the study of Fox (1970 136-7), the carnelian and jasper beads from the Tabon Caves are very similar to those found near Sa-huynh in Indo-China. The principal source of carnelian is in the south mainland of , and carnelian beads are still being made commercially in India. The carnelian beads are drilled in fashion and they may date from the Late Neolithic in their places of origin; but, as based upon the excavations in the Tabon Caves, they did not appear in Palawan until the Metal Age and are most frequently associated with sites containing iron and after formal trade had developed between the Philippines and the Asian Mainland. Dr. Hideo MINATO, Institute of Earth Science & Astronomy of the Univ. of

Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 213

Tokyo, identifying the material of this CARNELIAN BEAD specimen, told us that the source of this The so-called carnelian bead was dis- material might be in India. We infer covered from Layer III in spuare G2 (Pls. that the ancient Chamorros probably obtained this bead from the Philippines via or Yap (?). Another unworked small onyx was found near this bead from Layer III in square G2 (Pl. VI, 12). This may have been the raw material for bead. According to Dr. H. MINATO's identification there is a poss- ibility that this also may have been imported form India or some other foreign country.

BLUE AND WHITE TRADE PORCELAIN

Thirteen Chinese Blue and White porce- lain sherds were found from Layer III (Pl. V, 2-14). These sherds were identified by Profe- ssor Tsugio MIKAMI of Aoyama Gakuin University as the porcelain at the end of the Ming period (from about 1500 to 1600 A. D.).

RADIOCARBON DATES

Three carbon 14 dates were obtained through the aid of Mrs. Tomoko HAMADA, Japan Radio Isotope Associstion in Tokyo. Ca. No. 1 : G2, Layer III (42 cm deep from the present ground surface), Jan. 2, 1973. Charcoal, 285*95 B. P. (A. D. 1665*95). Ca. No. 3 : B1, Layer III (42 cm deep from the present ground surface), Dec. 29, 1972. Charcoal, 623*90 B. P. (A. D. 1325*90). Ca. No. 4 : B0, Layer III (60 cm deep IX , 33), and one coxa (Pl. IX, 35) were collected from Layer III, while one left femur and one right tibia were found from Layer I. Rats may have been eaten. There were fewer fish bones than on Rota, although the Regusa site is located near the coast as well as the Muchon site on Rota (Table 1). Nine species or genera (Pl. IX, 1-11, 15-18,23-26, 29-32) could be identified which are given in Table 1. Of these parrot fish bones (Pl. IX, 6-7) out- number other fish bones as in cases of the southern group of Marianas. A small deposit of fish scales was found in Layers I and III. The discovery of what were believed to be octopus-hook points suggests that octopus may bave been eaten. Identification of shell species will be omitted here on account of lack of time, though we have collected abundant shells.

CONCLUSION

The lower surface, Layer III, probably was approximately the ground level at the time this latte was used. As to its date, three carbon 14 datings indicate that this site was settled from A. D 1325*90, 1495 115, to 1665*95. It is, however, uncertain* to what dates the latte belong. Our guess is that this latte at least indicates the time span ranging from A. D. 1300 to 1700. DAVIDSON mentions that it is obvious that the radiocarbon dates must be used

, 34), 3 right femurs (Pl. IX, 20), 7left femurs (Pl. IX, 19), 6 right mandibles (Pl. , 28), 2 left mandibles) Pl. IX, 27), 3 IXleft tibiae (Pl. IX, 21), 2 right scapulae (Pl.

IX

214 T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0

from the present ground surface), Dec. 30,1972. Charcoal, 455 * 115 B. P. (A. D. 1495*115).

UNWORKED ANIMAL AND FISH BONES

Both animal and fish bones were identi- fied by Mr. Hiromasa KANEKO, lecturer at Waseda University. Such unworked bird bones were ident- ified as one leg of Diomedia sp. (Pl. IX 13), one leg of Phasionidae Family gen. et sp, indet. (Pl. IX, 12), but one ulna of a bird whose species was not identified (Pl. IX, 36). These three bird bones were collected from Layer III. Of these the discovery of Phasionidae Family gen, et sp. indet. is of grear impor- tance because there is a great possibility that the prehistoric or ancient Chamorros possessed domesticated fowl, as this bird bone bears the feature of domesticated fowl. SPOEHR stated that domesticated animal seemed to have been conspicuously absent ; the early accounts had contained no certain evidence of the or pig, and whether the Chamorros had possesed domesticated fowl was open to question (1957 : 25). No dog or pig bones were idenified by Mr. H. KANEKO, though some artifacts were made from animal bones, which are too neatly polished to be identified. Two fragments of the shore turtle were found in Layer I and three in Layer III (Pl. IX, 14). The bones of rats, which look like the Norway rats, were numerous: 5 right upper arms (PI. IX, 22), 7 left upper arms (Pl. Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 215 216 T. EGAMI and F. SAITO only to provide a broad chronological Chinese porcelains of the Ming period framework within which to view the and probable domesticated fowl is of grest material, and not as a precise time scale importance. for individual levels (1968: 54). Finally, we must point out the necessity No Marianas Redwares were found in for paying special attention in future the lower levels. excavation projects regarding the question No burials whatsoever were discovered of whether the ancient Chamorros posses- associated with this latte. sed metal artifacts prior to their first Such artifacts as sherds, shell adzes, contact with the Europeans. slingstones, a morter, and a pestle are LITERATURE CITED similar to those of the southern group of ANELL, B., 1955: Contribution to the history Marianas. of fishing in the Southern . Studia Eth- The feature and material of this latte nographica Upsaliensia 9, Uppsala. is somewhat differnt from those found in DAVIDSON,J. M., 1968: Nukuoro-archaeology the southern group of Marianas. on a Polynesian outlier in Micronesia. In; As far as the evidence we obtained is Prehistoric Culture in . I. YAWATA and Y. SIN0T0 (eds.), Honolulu, Bishop Mu- concerned, Anell's hypothesis that the seum: 51-66. introduction of the fishhook came from EMORY,K.P., W. J. BONK, and Y. H. SIN0T0, the direction of Japan through the Bonin 1959: Fishhook. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, and to Marianas is in- Spec. Publ. 49. conclusive. FISCHER,JOHN L., 1957: The Eastern Carolines. Pol. Science Board, Nat. Acad. Sci., New The composite fishhooks found in the Haven. excavation have a strong similarity to the FREEMAN,OTIS W. (ed.), 1966: Geography of specimens from Eastern Polynesia (SINOTO, the Pacific. John WILEY & SONS. Sixth 1967: Fig. 8, i, j). Printing. The carnelian rhombic bead indicates a Office of Tourism, 1970 (?) : Maps of Micron- esia. Department of Resources and Develop- strong connection with the Philippines. ment. Saipan. Regarding the latte, it must be noted OSBORNE,D., 1966: The archaeology of the that YAWATA describes, both the shape and Palau Islands-an intensive survey. Honolulu, function of the capstone are identical with Bishop Museum Bulletin 230. PANGELINAN,J.B. and RI. KAPILEO, 1970: the rat prevention devices used by the Pagan Island land use proposals. Trust mountain tribes of northern Luzon (1961 Territory of the Pacific Islands Department 92), and PEARSON (1969:10) stated that of Resources and Development Division of Micronesians probably originated from the Lands and Surveys. Saipan. Philippines. PELLETT, M. and A. SPOEHR, 1961: Marianas archaeology-report on an excavation on Then, we must pay attention to Philip- Tinian. Journal of the Polynesian Society pine-Micronesian relationships in the fu- 70-3: 321-325. ture research. REINMAN, F.M., 1967: Guam prehistory-a The first discovery or identification of preliminary field report. In: Prehistoric Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands 217

culture in Oceania. I. YAWATA and Y. SIN0T0 TAKAYAMA, J, and T. EGAMI,1971: Archaeo- (eds.), Honolulu, Bishop Museum: 41-50. logy on Rota in Marianas Islands-prelimin- 1970: Fishhook variability-implic -, ary report on the first excavation of the ations for the history and distribution of latte site (M-1). Reports of Pacific Archaeo- fishing gear in Oceania. Studies in Oceanic locical Survey, 1. Culture History 1: 47-60. TAKAYAMA, J., 1973: The second excavation SHARP, A., 1960: Ancient voyages in the of Muchon on Rota. The Archaeolocical Pacific. Oxford. Journal, 77: 16-19. (in Japanese). SIN0T0, H. Y., 1967: Artifacts from excavated THOMPSON, L., 1932: Archaeology of the sites in the Hawaiian, Marquesas, and Society Marianas Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Islands-a comparative study. In: Polynesian Bulletin 100. Honolulu. Culture History-Essays in Honor of Kenneth YAWATA, I., 1943: Notes on South Sea culture. P. Emory. G.A. HIGHLAND et al., (eds.), Tokyo. (in Japanese). Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special 1963: cultivation of the ancient Publication No. 56. Mariana Islanders. In: Plants and the Migra- SPOEHR, A., 1957: Marianas prehistory-arch- tions of Pacific Peoples-a Symposium. J. aeolocical survey and excavations on Saipan, BARRAU (ed.), Bishop Museum Press. Tinian and Rota. Fieldiana : Anthropology 48. Chicago. (received September 12, 1973)

マ リ ア ナ 諸 島,パ ガ ン 島 の 考 古 学 的 発 掘

江 上 幹 幸 ・斎 藤 文 子 青 山学 院 大 学 史学 科大 学 院

ミク ロネ シァ の なか で は,マ リア ナ諸 島が 最 もよ く考 古 学 的 発 掘 調 査 が な され て い る 。 しか し,従 来 の マ リ ア ナ諸 島の 発 掘 は,全 て グ ァム,ロ タ,テ ィ ニ ア ン,そ れ に サ イパ ンと い う南 部 マ リア ナ ・グ ルー プ に限定 さ れ,サ イパ ンの北 にの び て い る,い わゆ る北 部 マ リア ナ ・グル ー プ につ い て は,昭 和12年 に八 幡 一 郎 上 智 大 学 教 授:が調 査 さ れ,遺 跡 の 存 在 を報 告 し,試 掘 を 行 な っ た以 外,全 くな か った 。 我 々の 今 回 のパ ガ ン島 の レグサ にあ るlatte(石 柱 列)の 発掘 調 査 は,次 の こ とを 明 らか に した 。 (1)八 幡 教授(1943)の 既 に指 摘 され た ご と く,こ のlatteの 形 状,材 質 は 南 部 マ リア ナ ・グ ル ー フ.のもの と地 質 条 件 に よ って 若 干異 な って いた が,遺 物 は全 く同 じで,彼 我 の 文 化 交 流 の 行 な わ れ て い た こ とを 示 して いた 。 (2)層 位 的 に は,無 遺物 の間 層 を(II)は さん で2層 が 認 め られ,下 層(III)の 方 が 時 代 的 にlatteに 属 す 。 この 層 か らの カ ー ボ ン14の 年 代 は,A. D.1325土90,1495土115,1665土95の3つ が 得 られ た 。 (3)南 部 マ リア ナ ・グル ー フ。に しば しば 認 め られ る,latte内 外 の 埋 葬 は こ こで は な か った 。 (4)南 部 マ リアナ ・グル ー プ の最 下 層 で普 遍 的 に 出土 す る 「マ リァ ナ赤 色 土 器 」 は発 見 され な か った 。 (5)明 代 末 の 中 国 製 磁 器 の破 片 が 出土 した 。 (6)白 人 渡 来 以 前 に,原 住 民で あ るチ ャモ ロ人 が 金 属 器 を所 有 して いた 可 能 性 が あ る。 (7)ま た,従 来,全 く知 られて い なか った キ ジ科 の鳥 骨 の 出土 は,古 代 の チ ャモ ロ人 が家 禽 を も って い た こ とを 強 く示 唆 して い る。 (8)フ ィ リッ ピ ンの タ ボ ン洞 窟 出土 と同 じ瑪瑙 製 の ビー ズが1個 出 土 し,従 来,説 か れ て き た,マ リァナ ・ フ ィ リ ッ ピ ンの 間 の 親縁 関係 の存 在 が,最 早 疑 い得 な い もの に な っ た 。 要 す る に,チ ャモ ロ文 化 は,フ ィ リッ ピ ンとか な り強 い親 縁 関係 にあ る こ とが 判 明 した の で あ る 。 218 Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands

Pl. I. 1. An aerial view of Pagan. Arrow shows lacation of Regusa Site. 2. Panorama of latte from south before excavation. T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0 219

Pl. II. 1. Excavation in progress. From south. 2. Capstone F (right) fallen from shaft 8 (left) partly buried in soil. From east. 220 Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands

Pl. III. 1. Base of shaft 4 indicating the level of a group of waterworn pebbles and arrow shows a carnelian rhombic bead in situ. From north. 2. Stone pavement. From north. . IV. Marianas Plainware from Layer I. 1-4: Rim sherds. 5: Body sherd. 6-7: Base sherds, Marianas Plainware from Layer III. 8-14: Rim sherds. One-half natural size.

P1

T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0 221 222 Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands

Pl. V. Marianas Plainware from Layer III. 1: Rim sherd. One-third natural size. 2-14: Porcelain sherds from Layer III. Actual size. T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0 223

P1. VI. 1-9: A number of waterworn pebbles. One-half natural size. 10: Carnelian rhombic bead. 11,13: Composite fishhook points. 12: Unworked onyx. Actual size. 224 Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands

P1. VII. 1-2: Slingstones. 3-4: Coral files (?). 5-7: Shell adzes. One-half natural size. 8-9: Shell gorges. 10-14: Probable materials of fishhooks. Actual size. T. EGAMI and F. SAIT0 225

Pl. VIII. 1: Bone spearhead. 2, 6-7: Probable bone needles. 3-5: Unclassified bone artifacts. 8-12: Metal artifacts. Actual size. 226 Archaeological Excavation on Pagan in the Mariana Islands

Pl. IX. Unworked animal and fish bones. 1-14, one-half natural size; 15-36, actural size.