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SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Fatma KAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Haziran 2019

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SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Fatma KAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Haziran 2019 SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Fatma KAR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Haziran 2019 SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Fatma KAR Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliği Uyarınca Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalında YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Olarak Hazırlanmıştır. Danışman: Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA Haziran-2019 KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI Fatma KAR’ın YÜKSEK LİSANS tezi olarak hazırladığı “SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ” başlıklı bu çalışma, jürimizce Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliğinin ilgili maddeleri uyarınca değerlendirilerek kabul edilmiştir. 25/06/2019 Prof. Dr. Önder UYSAL ------------------ Enstitü Müdürü, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Prof. Dr. Hayri DAYIOĞLU ------------------ Anabilim Dalı Başkanı, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA ------------------ Danışman, Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Sınav Komitesi Üyeleri Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA ------------------ Biyoloji Bölümü, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Doç. Dr. Ceylan AYADA ------------------ Temel Tıp Bilimi Bölümü, Kütahya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Doç. Dr. Cüneyt Nadir SOLAK ------------------ Biyoloji Bölümü, Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi ETİK İLKE VE KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANI Bu tezin hazırlanmasında Akademik kurallara riayet ettiğimizi, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu ve yapılan tez çalışmasının bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallara uygun olduğunu, çalışma kapsamında teze ait olmayan veriler için kaynak gösterildiğini ve kaynaklar dizininde belirtildiğini, Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu tarafından kullanılmak üzere önerilen ve Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi tarafından kullanılan İntihal Programı ile tarandığını ve benzerlik oranının % 5 çıktığını beyan ederiz. Aykırı bir durum ortaya çıktığı takdirde tüm hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumuzu taahhüt ederiz. Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA Fatma KAR v SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BİYOFİLM KÜLTÜRLERİNDE AZOT AÇLIĞININ LİPİD ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ Fatma KAR Biyoloji, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2019 Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA ÖZET Bu çalışmada Scenedesmus dimorphus biyofilm kültürlerinde azot (N) stresinin lipid üretimi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Yeşil alglerden (Chlorophyceae) S. dimorphus’ un planktonik ve biyofilm formu, %100 N ve %25 N içeren ortamlarda inoküle edilmiştir. Yapılan denemelerde N stresinin ve biyofilm oluşumunun, kuru madde (DCW), klorofil-a ve total lipit miktarlarına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. S. dimorphus mikroalginin biyofilm oluşturma becerisinin incelenebilmesi için laboratuar koşullarına modifiye edilerek Dönen algal biyofilm reaktörü (RABR) kurulmuştur. RABR’ ın tasarımında S. dimorphus mikroalginin biyofilm oluşturabilmesi için çeşitli tutunma materyalleri denenmiş ve en yüksek tutunma oranına ve hasat işleminin kolay olması gibi özelliklere sahip olmasından dolayı polietilen halat kullanılmasına karar verilmiştir. Deneme sonucunda elde edilen en yüksek kuru biyokütlenin 0,275 g/m2 olduğu ve bu sonucun %100 N içeren biyofilm formundan elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Uygulanan azot stresinin total lipit miktarına olan etkisi incelendiğinde, en yüksek DCW içinde % total lipit miktarının 13,81 olduğu ve bu sonucun %25 N içeren biyofilm formundan elde edildiği belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Azot (N) stresi, Biyofilm, Biyoreaktör, Chloropyceae, Dönen algal biyofilm reaktörü (RABR), Klorofil-a, Kuru madde (DCW), Mikroalg, Planktonik form, Polietilen halat, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Total lipit vi THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN STARVATION ON LIPID PRODUCTION OF SCENEDESMUS DIMORPHUS BIOFILM CULTURES Fatma KAR Biology, M.S. Thesis, 2019 Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA SUMMARY This study investigated the effect of the for lipid production in the Scenedesmus dimorphus biofilm form cultivation under nitrogen (N) starvation. The formation of planktonic and biofilm in the species of gren algaes (Chlorophyceae) S. dimorphus was inoculated at environments with both %100 N and %25 N. The aim of this study was to experiment the effects of nitrogen starvation and biofilm formation on dry cell weight (DCW), chlorophyll-a and total lipid production. Under laboratory conditions were modified a Rotating algal biofilm reactor (RABR) in order to investigate the formation of biofilm at S. dimorphus microalgae. Design process of the RABR was important for the purposes of microalgae production by S. dimorphus. During the design process, multiple materials were tested for their adhesion quality. Polyethylene robe was chosen for this experiment for its highest adhesion percentage along with the simple harvesting process. The highest dry biomass data recorded after the experimentwas 0,275 g/m2 and this result came from a biofilm formation that contained %100 N. When the effects of the nitrogen stress on total lipid concentration was examined, it was found that the highest amount % total lipid in DCW was 13,81 and this result was obtained from biofilm form containing %25 N. Keywords: Biofilm, Bioreactor, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyll-a, Dry cell Weight (DCW), Microalgae, Nitrogen (N) stress, Planktonic form, Polyethylene robe, Rotating Algal Biyofilm Reactor (RABR), Scenedesmus dimorphus, Total lipid vii TEŞEKKÜR Öncelikle yüksek lisans öğrenimim süresince benden ilgisini ve desteğini hiç esirgemeyen, büyük bir sabır ve titizlikle bilgi ve tecrübelerini aktararak gelişmemi sağlayan, insani değerlerini ve eğitimci kişiliğini örnek edindiğim değerli danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Tuba İÇA’ ya saygılarımı sunuyor ve sonsuz teşekkür ediyorum. Üniversitemizin ileri teknoloji özelliklerine sahip Zoonozlar Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nde çalışmama olanak sağlayan ve engin bilgileriyle yol gösteren hocam Prof. Dr. Anıl İÇA’ ya sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Tezimin laboratuar aşamalarında elinden gelen her türlü yardımı karşılıksız sunan, çok değerli arkadaşım Ersel ÇEÇEN’ e, Hasan İlkay YILMAZ’ a ve tez çalışmam boyunca destek ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen Zoonozlar Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi sekreteri Barış KÜÇÜKAKSOY’ a çok teşekkür ediyorum. Son olarak bugün olduğum yere gelmemi sağlayan, beni hayatımın her döneminde koşulsuz şartsız destekleyen ve arkamda olan babam Ali KAR’ a, annem Pembe KAR’ a sevgili ablam Merve KAR’ a, sevgili ablam Bilge AYDEMİR’ e, sevgili ağabeyim Serkan AYDEMİR’ e ve hayatımı paylaştığım, müstakbel eşim Semih GÜMÜŞ’ e sonsuz minnet ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. viii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖZET ............................................................................................................................................ v SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. vi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ....................................................................................................................... x ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ............................................................................................................... xii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................... xiii 1. GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................................ 1 2. LİTERATÜR ÖZETİ ................................................................................................................ 5 2.1. Alglerin Tanımı .................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Alglerin Taksonomideki Yeri ............................................................................................ 5 2.3. Alglerin Evrimi .................................................................................................................. 6 2.4. Alglerin Anatomik Yapıları ............................................................................................... 7 2.4.1. Hücre duvarı ............................................................................................................. 7 2.4.2. Hücre organelleri...................................................................................................... 7 2.5. Mikroalglerin Büyümesi Üzerine Etkili Olan Faktörler .................................................... 8 2.5.1. Besin elementleri...................................................................................................... 9 2.5.2. Işık.......................................................................................................................... 10 2.5.3. Sıcaklık .................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.4. pH değeri ................................................................................................................ 11 2.5.5. Kültürlenme sistemleri ........................................................................................... 12 2.6. Mikroalglerin Fotosentez Tepkimeleri ............................................................................. 16 2.7. Alglerin Lipit Üretim Mekanizmaları ve Lipit Kompozisyonu ....................................... 20 2.8. Alglerin Lipit Üretim Mekanizmalarını İndükleyen Stres Koşulları ve Verdikleri Cevaplar ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.8.1. Azot stresi .............................................................................................................
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