Development of the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics and Its Impact on College Sports: 1989-2001
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE KNIGHT FOUNDATION COMMISSION ON INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AND ITS IMPACT ON COLLEGE SPORTS: 1989-2001 By ROB MARINO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the superb guidance for the last year of my supervisory committee. I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Julie E. Dodd, for her wonderful mentorship--and opening my eyes to the possibility of a teaching career--in my two-plus years at UF after returning to Gainesville as a “30-something” graduate student. The rest of my committee, Professor Jean Chance and Dr. Ruth H. Alexander, have been invaluable assets not only in keeping my focus in the right direction for this thesis, but also as instructors in my graduate studies. I received some valuable research connections on sources from Ralph Lowenstein, dean emeritus of the University of Florida’s College of Journalism and Communications. My research at UF was also aided tremendously by President Charles E. Young, Vice President and General Counsel Pam Bernard and Assistant Controller Susan Parrish. From the Knight Commission and Knight Foundation, I would like to personally thank Creed Black, Maureen Devlin and Bud Meyer for getting my research off on the right track and being there to answer questions along the way. This research also obviously would not have been possible without the cooperation of my interview sources: Dr. William C. Friday, Dr. Charles E. Young, Dr. Thomas K. Hearn, C. Thomas McMillen and Richard Schultz. I was aided in setting up these interviews by the superb work and patience of executive assistants Sandy Hayden, Viki Shields and Carolyn Dow. Finally, a special thanks go to the Marino family: my parents, Bob and Mary Ann, as well as Mary Beth and Nelson, Chris and Nancy and Mark. My nephews, Owen and ii Jeremy, always helped keep things in perspective. I appreciate their strength, stability and belief in me. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 Academic Abuse ......................................................................................................3 Financial Expenses...................................................................................................4 “Rights Fees” and Corporate Sponsorships .............................................................5 Focus of the Study ...................................................................................................7 2 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................8 3 HISTORY OF KNIGHT FOUNDATION AND COMMISSION ON INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS ....................................................................11 4 REACTIONS TO THE FIRST KNIGHT COMMISSION REPORT...................33 Academic Reponses...............................................................................................33 Federal Legislation.................................................................................................37 5 KNIGHT COMMISSION AND THE NCAA.......................................................39 Presidential Control of NCAA and the Knight Commission’s role.......................40 Presidential Control ...............................................................................................47 Academic Integrity.................................................................................................49 Financial Integrity..................................................................................................53 Certification ...........................................................................................................55 6 KNIGHT COMMISSION -- 1992-2001................................................................57 Academics..............................................................................................................62 Decrease in Athletic Expenditures.........................................................................62 Less Reliance on Commercial Sponsorships.........................................................62 Disbandment of the Knight Commission...............................................................64 iv 7 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................70 Summary of Research Question Findings..............................................................71 Future Research .....................................................................................................74 Analysis..................................................................................................................76 REFERENCES……………. .............................................................................................82 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................92 v Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School at the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communication DEVELOPMENT OF THE KNIGHT FOUNDATION COMMISSION ON INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS AND ITS IMPACT ON COLLEGIATE SPORTS: 1989-2001 By Rob Marino December, 2002 Chair: Dr. Julie E. Dodd Major Department: Journalism and Communications This study was an analysis of the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics and the impact it had in the regulation of collegiate sports reform from 1989-2001 when the commission was active. The Knight Commission was funded exclusively by the Knight Foundation, an independent group of the Knight-Ridder Inc. newspaper chain, which makes charitable donations to higher education programs and community programs in the 26 cities where a Knight-Ridder newspaper is published. In particular, the Knight Foundation has made a strong commitment to improving higher education journalism programs worldwide. The researcher interviewed six of the 22 Knight Commission members who served on the commission throughout its entirety from 1989-2001. The six members included Creed C. Black, former president of the Knight Foundation and member of the Knight Foundation Board of Trustees; Dr. William Friday, president emeritus of the University vi of North Carolina; Dr. Thomas K. Hearn, president of Wake Forest University in North Carolina; C. Thomas McMillen, former Maryland congressman and former professional basketball player; Richard Schulz, former NCAA executive director and former executive director of the U.S. Olympic Committee; and Dr. Charles E. Young, president of the University of Florida. The six commission members were chosen because they served on the Knight Commission throughout its entirety. Black and Friday provided the researcher with contact information for eight members who met that criteria. The researcher was able to contact four of those members, along with Black and Friday, to conduct either a personal or phone interview. Further background came from researching the Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics Collection at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill Library System. The Knight Commission was comprised primarily of university presidents and presidents of public and private corporations who were concerned about the overemphasis of athletics when compared to the academic goals of an institution. The commission first convened in the fall of 1989 and held a series of six hearings with key figures in intercollegiate athletics to determine the main problems facing college sports. Based primarily on those hearings, the commission developed 20 suggestions for reforming intercollegiate athletics in its first report in March of 1991. The commission also issued follow-up reports in 1992 and 1993. Among those 20 suggestions, 10 were adopted in some form by the NCAA, including the top priority of placing university presidents in control of the NCAA in 1996. The commission reconvened in 2000 to reexamine the problems facing intercollegiate athletics and issued a final report in 2001. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Skepticism has traditionally been associated with reform movements in intercollegiate athletics. The Wall Street Journal said “Blue-ribbons panels ... are routinely ignored” (Hunt, p. A21). In Games Colleges Play: Scandal and Reform in Intercollegiate Athletics, author John Thelin questioned the likelihood of any organization being able to bring about meaningful, permanent change in college sports: What we find is that perennial confidence in blue-ribbon commission reports has often elicited a groundswell of immediate publicity and discussion. However . the diversity . of American higher education . tend to derail any attempts at implementing lasting policy changes. (Thelin, 1996, preface, p. viii) Thelin’s 1996 book described the four largest intercollegiate athletic reform movements of the 20th century: the third report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1929; the Presidents’ Report for the American Council on Education in 1952; George Hanford’s 1974 study