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Biophysical Criteria BIOPHYSICAL CRITERIA: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKSTO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA Harvesting trochus at sasi opening in Kapatchol Village, West Misool (Raja Ampat). Image © Awaludinnoer, TNC BIOPHYSICAL CRITERIA: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKSTO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA Prepared by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Indonesia Oceans Program for the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project in collaboration with the Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia 2020 BIOPHYSICAL CRITERIA: DESIGNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA This publication was jointly produced by the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia. USAID SEA Project Office Sona Topas Tower, Floor 1 6, Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav. 26, Jakarta 1 2920, Indonesia ChiefofParty:Alan White, PhD ([email protected]) DeputyChiefofParty:Tiene Gunawan, PhD (Tiene. [email protected]) Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity Gedung Mina Bahari 3Lt10,Jl.MedanMerdekaTimurNo.16-JakartaPusat,Indonesia Citation: Green, A.L., Fajariyanto, Y., Tighe, S., White, A. T. 2020. Biophysical Criteria: Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature in Indonesia. Report prepared by TheNatureConservancy(TNC)fortheUSAIDSustainableEcosystemsAdvancedProject,78pp. Figures4,6,11,12,15,16and 17arefromGombos,M.,Atkinson,S.,Green,A.,andK.Flower(eds.),2013. Designing Resilient Locally Managed Areas in Tropical Marine Environments: A Guide for Community Based Managers. USAID Coral Triangle Support Partnership, Jakarta, Indonesia. Contributors: TNC Indonesia Oceans Program Alison Green, Yusuf Fajariyanto, Hilda Lionata, Fachry Ramadyan. USAID SEA Stacey Tighe, Alan White, Tiene Gunawan, Rudyanto, Noorafebrianie Minarputri. KKHL Andi Rusandi, Firdaus Agung, Ihsan Ramli. Editing and Layout: Melva Aritonang and Asuncion Sia Printed in: Jakarta, Indonesia Intellectual property rights: In accordance with ADS, Chapter 318, ownership of this publication is vested in USAID SEA on behalf of USAID Indonesia. USAID SEA reserves all rights thereto until the Project concludes. These rights include reproduction and dissemination of the materials contained herein to government counterparts and/or working partners for wider distribution and promotional purposes. Disclaimer: This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Project No. AID-497-C-1 6-00008 with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the Project and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Front cover photo: High biodiversity and healthy populations of fisheries species in Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat Islands MPA. Image © Awaludinnoer, TNC Back cover photo: Harvesting sea cucumbers at sasi opening in Folley, Raja Ampat. Image © Nugroho Prabowo, TNC CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES.................................................................................................................................5 FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................................ 6 PREFACE....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................................................8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................. 9 RINGKASAN EKSEKUTIF.........................................................................................................................................1 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................1 5 Tropical Marine Ecosystems in Indonesia................................................................................................................. 1 5 Ecosystem Goods and Services.................................................................................................................................1 8 Status and Threats...................................................................................................................................................... 1 9 Habitats.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 9 Endangered, Threatened or Protected Species................................................................................................... 20 What are MPAs and MPA Networks?.......................................................................................................................21 What can MPAs and MPA Networks Achieve?........................................................................................................ 21 MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.................................................................................................................... 22 What are MPA Network Design Criteria?............................................................................................................... 23 BIOPHYSICAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING MPAsAND MPA NETWORKS IN INDONESIA........................24 Represent Habitats.....................................................................................................................................................25 Protect at least 20% of each major habitat in NTZs......................................................................................... 25 Replicate Habitats (Spread the Risk).........................................................................................................................27 Protect at least three examples of each major habitat type in NTZs, and......................................................... 27 Spread them out to reduce the chances theywill all be affected bythe same disturbance.................................27 Protect Critical, Special and Unique Areas............................................................................................................... 27 Protect critical areas in the lifehistoryof focal fisheries species in NTZs...........................................................27 Protect critical areas or habitats for charismatic, endangered, threatened or protected species..........................29 Protect special and unique natural phenomena in NTZs.................................................................................... 33 Protect areas that are important at the national, international or global scale for conservation or management of focal species........................................................................................................................ 34 Incorporate Connectivity:Abiotic Factors............................................................................................................... 35 Consider variations in oceanography, substrate and bathymetry that affect the spread of biological and non-biological material............................................................................................................ 35 Incorporate Connectivity: Biotic Factors..................................................................................................................37 Consider Movement of Adults and Juveniles.......................................................................................................38 Ensure NTZs are large enough to sustain adults and juveniles of focal fisheries species within theirboundaries................................................................................................................................................. 38 3 Ensure NTZs are large enough to contain all habitats used by focal species throughout their lifehistory; or establish networks of NTZs close enough to allow formovements of focal species among protected habitats...................................................................................................................... 40 Include whole ecological units in NTZs. If not, choose larger rather than smaller areas..................................... 42 Use compact shapes for NTZs, except when protecting naturallyelongated habitats.........................................42 Consider Larval Dispersal..................................................................................................................................... 42 Establish: NTZs large enough to be self-sustaining for focal species, or networks of NTZs close enough to be connected bylarval dispersal................................................................................................45 Protect spatiallyisolated areas in NTZs............................................................................................................
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