Joyce’s Non-Fiction Writings Katherine Ebury • James Alexander Fraser Editors Joyce’s Non-Fiction Writings

“Outside His Jurisfiction” Editors Katherine Ebury James Alexander Fraser University of Sheffield University of Exeter Sheffield, UK Exeter, UK

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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Selected Catalogue of Joyce’s Works

Title Likely composition date Date of first publication

Letters Major compilations 1957, 1966, 1975, 1987 “Trust Not Appearances” c. 1896 1959 “Force”/“Subjugation” 1898 1959 “The Study of Languages” 1898/9 1959 “Royal Hibernian Academy 1899 1959 ‘Ecce Homo’” “Drama and Life” 1900 Delivered 1900; published 1959 “Ibsen’s New Drama” 1900 1900 “Epiphanies notebook” 1898– 1956 “The Day of the Rabblement” 1901 1901 (privately printed in Dublin) “James Clarence Mangan” 1902 1902 (St Stephen’s) Book Reviews for the Daily 1902–1903 1902–1903, reprinted Express, the Irish Times and the 1959 Speaker Begun before August 1944 1903—abandoned 1907 “A Portrait of the Artist” 1904 1960 (Yale Review) reprinted 1965 Chamber Music 1904 1907 “The Holy Office” 1904 1905 (privately printed in Pola) (continued)

v vi SELECTED CATALOGUE OF JOYCE’S WORKS

(continued)

Title Likely composition date Date of first publication

Dubliners 1904–1907 1904 (3 stories in Irish Homestead “The Sisters,” “,” “”); full collection 1914 “Ireland, Island of Saints and 1907 Delivered April 1907; Sages” translation published 1959 “Fenianism: The Last Fenian”; 1907 1907 (Il Piccolo della serra) “Home Rule Comes of Age”; translation published 1956 “Ireland at the Bar” and 1959 A Portrait of the Artist as a 1907 Serialised 1914; published Young Man 1916 “Oscar Wilde: The Poet of 1909 1909 (Piccolo); translation Salomé” published 1956 and 1959 “The Battle between Bernard 1909 1909 (Piccolo); translation Shaw and the Censor” published 1956 and 1959 “The Home Rule Comet” 1910 1910 (Piccolo) published 1956 and 1959 “A Curious History” 1911 1911 (Sinn Féin) “Realism and Idealism in 1912 Delivered 1912; published English Literature” 1959 “The Centenary of Charles 1912 Written for Italian state Dickens”; “The Universal exams; published 1977 Literary Significance of the Renaissance” “The Shade of Parnell”; “The 1912 1912 (Piccolo); published City of the Tribes”; “The 1956 and 1959 Mirage of the Fishermen of Aran” “Politics and Cattle Disease” 1912 1912 (Freeman’s Journal) (authorship contested—see Barry chapter) “Gas from a Burner” 1912 1912 (privately printed in Trieste) Giacomo Joyce 1914 1968 1914–1915 1918 1914–1922 Serialised in the Little Review (1918–1920); The Egoist (1919); 1922 (Shakespeare and Company) “A Note-book of Dreams” 1916 1977–1979 ( Archive) (continued) SELECTED CATALOGUE OF JOYCE’S WORKS vii

(continued)

Title Likely composition date Date of first publication

Work in Progress (Finnegans 1923 Serialised 1924 Wake) Transatlantic Review; 1927 Transition; sections published 1928, 1929, 1930, 1934, 1937; full publication 1939 Joyce gives wide range of 1927 composition dates and places, including Dublin 1904, Trieste 1912–1915, Zurich 1916–1918, Paris 1924 Various authors: Our 1929 1929 Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress* : James Joyce’s 1930 1930 Ulyssesa Frank Budgen: James Joyce and 1934 1934 the Making of Ulysses* “Ecce Puer” 1932 1933 (the Criterion) “From a Banned Writer to a 1932 1932 Banned Singer”

*We include here for reference those non-fictional works about Joyce’s oeuvre in the composition of which Joyce is known to have been involved in some way Acknowledgements

This project has been a long-term ambition for us, and thus has needed the help and encouragement of many people, more than we can easily thank here. Still, we are grateful to the University of York for hosting and supporting the original 2012 conference, as well as the MHRA Conference Fund for the award of £1000. Thanks also to those friends who helped out at this event, such as Sarah Pett and Isabelle Hesse. It is also important to thank Professor Derek Attridge, who supervised both of us during our PhDs, for his continuing advice and support. Special thanks go to the contributors to the volume, for entrusting their excellent work to our hands, and to our editors at Palgrave. Thanks also to our many friends in the Joyce community whose ear we have bent about this project as it developed, many but by no means all of whom were at the original conference: Vike Plock, Valérie Benejam, Anne Fogarty, Luca Crispi, Sam Slote, Thomas Gurke, Jūraté Levina, Matt Hayward, Arthur Rose, Michelle Witen, Paul Fagan, Ruben Borg, Tamara Radak, Lloyd (Meadhbh) Houston, and Daniel Curran. On a more personal note, Katherine wishes to acknowledge the impor- tance of her friendship and collaboration with James, which has admirably withstood the many hazards of edited collection partnership, and to thank him for his unfailing editorial judgement and his calm in a crisis. She is also happy to have been able to work with J. T. Welsch on this project, loving both his work and himself, and thankful for Sasha’s doggy loyalty through- out. She is also grateful for a research community at Sheffield that has helped her mature as a critic (at least to the extent that she has), and the moral support of Amber Regis and Fabienne Collignon in particular.

ix x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

James would like to marvel yet further on the survival, nay strengthen- ing, of his friendship with Katherine throughout this editorial process. She brings the same characteristics to her editing as she does to her friendships: diligence, consideration, and intelligence. He would also like to thank her for indulging his crankish insistence on the value of the serial comma, the difference between the words “crucial” and “important,” and the editorial advantages of Courier New. He thanks Anna and Aengus for still being there when he gets home and for being a home worth travelling 500 miles for. He also acknowledges his sister Fiona, because she complained that he didn’t last time. Contents

1 Introduction 1 Katherine Ebury and James Alexander Fraser

Part I New Perspectives on Authorship 29

2 “Please, Mr. Postman”: Joyce’s Expanding Epistolary Novel 31

3 “He chronicled with patience”: Early Joycean Progressions Between Non-Fiction and Fiction 55 Hans Walter Gabler

4 Tracing the Curve of an Emotion: Joyce’s Early “Portrait” Essay 77 Terence Killeen

5 Is It Joyce We Are Reading? Non-Fiction, Authorship, and Digital Humanities 93 Kevin Barry, Kevin Chekov Feeney, Gavin Mendel-­Gleason, and Bojan Božić

xi xii Contents

Part II A Talent for Journalism 109

6 James Joyce as Cultural Critic 111 Emer Nolan

7 Into the West: Joyce on Aran 127 John McCourt

8 Writing Journalism, Writing Betrayal: The Formation of a Journalistic Voice 145 James Alexander Fraser

Part III Performance, Voice, Becoming 173

9 Becoming-Animal in the Epiphanies: Joyce Between Fiction and Non-Fiction 175 Katherine Ebury

10 “… For frankness’ sake”: Confessional Structures in Giacomo Joyce 195 J. T. Welsch

Bibliography 213

Index 223 Notes on Contributors

Kevin Barry is editor of James Joyce: Occasional, Critical, and Political Writings (OUP, 2000; 2008) and Professor Emeritus of English Literature in the School of Humanities, NUI Galway. He is a founder member of the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences and has published widely on eighteenth-century European literature and modern Irish writing. Recent publications include Traces of Peter Rice (Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2012; Japanese translation 2013; Korean 2015) and “The throats of birds: W.B. Yeats and the act of dying,” Critical Quarterly, 57, 2, 2015.

Bojan Božić is a researcher in computer science at Trinity College Dublin and has worked on semantic web technologies for six years. He was a soft- ware engineer in speech recognition at Philips Speech Recognition Systems, was a scientist at the Austrian Institute of Technology, and a Lecturer at the University of Applied Sciences Burgenland and University of Vienna. At AIT’s Safety and Security department, he worked in leading roles in European research projects such as SANY (Sensor Web Enablement), TaToo (Tagging Tools for Semantic Discovery), Europeana Creative (Cultural Inheritage), PELAGIOS (Linked Data), and C2-SENSE (Sensor Web and Interoperability). At Trinity College he works on the ALIGNED project, modelling data and software engineering processes through ontologies and annotations for the Dacura platform. His current research field is ontology development, reasoning, and machine learning. Katherine Ebury is Senior Lecturer in Modern Literature at the University of Sheffield. Her first monograph, Modernism and Cosmology,

xiii xiv Notes on Contributors appeared with Palgrave in 2014, and she is the co-editor of the present volume. Her articles have appeared in journals such as Irish Studies Review, Joyce Studies Annual, and Society and Animals, and she is the guest editor of a special issue of Humanities on Joyce, animals, and the non-human. She is currently working on an AHRC-funded second book project on literary responses to capital punishment in the twentieth century, particu- larly in late modernism. Kevin Chekov Feeney is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Computer Science and Statistics at Trinity College Dublin. He is coordi- nator of the European Horizon 2020 ALIGNED project and Information Technology Director of the Seshat Global History Databank. James Alexander Fraser is a Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Exeter and has previously taught at the University of Cambridge and the University of East Anglia. His first monograph,Joyce and Betrayal, appeared with Palgrave in 2016, and he is the co-editor of the present volume. He is currently finalising separate articles on Joyce’s responses to portraiture and Irish discourses of heroism, and is at the beginning of a book project on modernism and hospitality. He is a former managing editor of Modernism/modernity. Hans Walter Gabler is Professor (retired) of English Literature and Editorial Scholarship at the University of Munich, and Senior Research Fellow of the Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Study, London University. From 1996 to 2002 in Munich, he directed an inter- disciplinary graduate programme on “Textual Criticism as Foundation and Method of the Historical Disciplines.” He is editor-in-chief of the critical editions of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1984/1986), A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and (both 1993). A strong present con- cern is genetic criticism on foundations of writing processes digitally edited. Michael Groden is Distinguished University Professor Emeritus in the English Department at Western University Canada. He is the author of “Ulysses” in Progress and “Ulysses” in Focus: Genetic, Textual, and Personal Views, and editor or co-editor of The James Joyce Archive, James Joyce’s Manuscripts, Genetic Criticism: Texts and Avant-textes, Praharfeast: James Joyce in Prague, The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism, and Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory. Notes on Contributors xv

Terence Killeen is Research Scholar at the , Dublin. He is the author of Ulysses Unbound: A Reader’s Companion to Ulysses. He has taught for many years at seminars at the Dublin James Joyce Summer School and the Trieste Joyce Summer School. He has also lectured at both schools, at the James Joyce Centre, at Trinity College Dublin, and at the Irish Cultural Centre in Paris. He has pub- lished in the , the James Joyce Literary Supplement, and the Joyce Studies Annual. A former journalist with The Irish Times, he continues to report, comment on, and review Joycean matters for the newspaper. He is a trustee of the International James Joyce Foundation. His most recent publications are an essay on the Finnegans Wake Notebooks in the Dublin James Joyce Journal and an essay on the law in Finnegans Wake in a collection on Joyce and the law, published by the University of Florida Press. John McCourt is Professor of English literature at the Università di Macerata (Italy). He previously taught for many years at Università Roma Tre and the Università di Trieste. He is the author of James Joyce: A Passionate Exile (1999) and of The Years of Bloom: Joyce in Trieste 1904–1920 (2000). An extended Italian version of the latter, James Joyce Gli Anni di Bloom, was published by Mondadori in 2004 and won the Comisso Prize. A founder of the Trieste Joyce School, he has guest edited the James Joyce Quarterly and is currently a Trustee of the International James Joyce Foundation and a member of the academic board of the International Yeats Summer School. In 2009 he published James Joyce in Context (Cambridge University Press) and Questioni biografiche: le tante vite di Yeats e Joyce appeared the following year along with a second edited collection, Roll Away the Reel World: James Joyce and Cinema (Cork University Press). His most recent book, Writing the Frontier: Anthony Trollope between Britain and Ireland, was published by Oxford University Press in 2015. Flann O’Brien Problems with Authority, which he edited along with Paul Fagan and Ruben Borg for Cork University Press, came out in 2017. He is currently editing a collection of essays on Brendan Behan. Gavin Mendel-Gleason is a Research Fellow at Trinity College Dublin. He received his PhD from Dublin City University, where he completed a thesis on type theory and program transformation. He has applied machine learning techniques in industry and research. This includes utilising it for structured information extraction, semantic analysis, intent analysis, and xvi Notes on Contributors authorship attribution. Aside from maintaining an active interest in deep learning, he researches proof-search, logic, type theory, and query lan- guages. He is especially interested in applications of various logics to data storage and retrieval. Emer Nolan is Professor of English and Head of Department at NUI Maynooth. In addition to a wide range of essays and reviews, her publica- tions include the influential studies Joyce and Irish Nationalism (1995) and Catholic Emancipations: Irish Fiction from Thomas Moore to James Joyce (2007). J. T. Welsch is Lecturer in English and Creative Industries at the University of York. Recent essays have appeared in The Portable Poetry Workshop, Writing in Practice, The Honest Ulsterman, and critical collec- tions on John Berryman and Elizabeth Bishop. His poetry has appeared in Boston Review, Poetry Wales, PN Review, Stand, and six chapbook collec- tions, including most recently The Hell Creek Anthology (Sidekick Press, 2015) and The Ruin (Annexe Press, 2015). List of Abbreviations

CP Joyce, James. Collected Poems. New York: Viking Press, 1957. CW Joyce, James. The Critical Writings of James Joyce, ed. Ellsworth Mason and . New York: Viking Press, 1959. D Joyce, James. Dubliners. ed. Margot Norris. Text edited by Hans Walter Gabler with Walter Hettche. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co, 2006. E Joyce, James. Exiles. New York: Penguin, 1973. EP + title number Joyce, James. Poems and Shorter Writings, ed. Richard Ellmann and A. Walton Litz. London: Faber and Faber, 1991. References to “Epiphanies.” FW Joyce, James. Finnegans Wake. New York: Viking Press, 1939; London: Faber and Faber, 1939. These two editions have identical pagination. GJ Joyce, James. Giacomo Joyce, ed. Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking Press, 1968. JJI Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1959.

xvii xviii List of Abbreviations

JJII Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982. JJA The James Joyce Archive, ed. Michael Groden, et al. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1977–79. See last two pages of the JJQ for guide. LI, LII, LIII Joyce, James. Letters of James Joyce. Vol. I, ed. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Viking Press, 1957; reissued with corrections 1966. Vols. II and III, ed. Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking Press, 1966. OCPW Joyce, James. Occasional, Critical, and Political Writings, ed. Kevin Barry. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. P Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The definitive text corrected from Dublin Holograph by Chester G. Anderson and edited by Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking Press, 1964/8. P-G Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, [Critical Edition.] ed. Hans Walter Gabler with Walter Hettche, New York and London: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. PSW Joyce, James. Poems and Shorter Writings, ed. Richard Ellmann and A. Walton Litz. London: Faber and Faber, 1991. SH Joyce, James. Stephen Hero, ed. John J. Slocum and Herbert Cahoon. New York: New Directions, 1944, 1963. SL Joyce, James. Selected Letters of James Joyce, ed. Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking Press, 1975. U + episode and line number Joyce, James. Ulysses ed. Hans Walter Gabler, et al. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1984, 1986. In List of Abbreviations xix

paperback by Garland, Random House, Bodley Head, and Penguin between 1986 and 1992. U-G + page number Joyce, James. Ulysses, ed. Hans Walter Gabler, et al. New York and London: Garland, 1984. References to Foreword, Critical Apparatus, Textual Notes, Historical Collation, or Afterword. U + page number Joyce, James. Ulysses. New York: Random House, 1934, reset and corrected 1961. List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Epiphany draft, reproduced in the James Joyce Archive, vol. [7], p. 45 59 Fig. 3.2 Stephen Hero, p. 477 of the autograph fragment, reproduced in the James Joyce Archive, vol. [8], p. 1 61 Fig. 3.3 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, p. [23] of the holograph fair-­copy, reproduced in the James Joyce Archive, vol. [9], p. 45 69 Fig. 3.4 Advert, Freeman’s Journal. Friday, November 21, 1884, p. 4 71 Fig. 3.5 Concert review in the Freeman’s Journal. Monday, 22 March, 1886 [n.p.] 72

xxi List of Tables

Table 1.1 Breakdown of Joyce’s journalistic production by date 10 Table 5.1 Probability of James Joyce authorship with varying training sets 104

xxiii