Student Choices and Alcohol Matters
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Student Choices and Alcohol Matters (SCAM): A multi-level analysis of student alcohol (mis)use and its implications for policy and prevention strategies within universities, cognate educational establishments and the wider community By Gillian N Penny and Sarah Armstrong-Hallam School of Social Sciences, University of Northampton (Project funded by the Alcohol and Education Research Council: Grant R07/02) Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 Student Choice and Alcohol Matters Gillian N Penny & Sarah Armstrong-Hallam July 2010 ii Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 CONTENTS Executive summary 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1.2 Aims 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Ethics 2 The Online Survey 5 2.1 Method 5 2.2 Results 10 2.2.1 The Sample 10 2.2.2 The characteristics of Drinkers and Non-drinkers 14 2.2.3 The Drinkers 25 2.2.4 The Non-Drinkers 39 2.3 Summary 40 3. The Student Focus Groups 44 3.1. Method 44 3.2 Drinking characteristics of the sample 45 3.3 Themes emerging from the focus groups 47 3.3.1 Motivation for drinking 47 3.3.2 Drinking patterns 50 3.3.3 Drinking at home 55 3.3.4 Negative aspects of drinking 57 3.3.5 Safety and security 61 3.3.6 Effects of drinking on academic activity 64 3.3.7 Changing attitudes and behaviour 68 3.4 Summary 75 4. The key interviews 78 4.1 Method 78 4.2 Results 79 4.2.1 Perceptions of student alcohol use 79 4.2.2 Perspectives on alcohol related problems 83 4.2.3 Problems arising from students’ use of alcohol 84 4.2.4 Problems arising from equality and diversity issues 91 4.2.5 The involvement of external agencies in student alcohol use 94 4.2.6 Addressing alcohol related problems 98 4.2.7 Supporting students with alcohol related problems 102 4.2.8 Changing drinking behaviour 106 4.3 Summary 111 2 Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 5 Conclusions and recommendations 114 6 References 121 7 Appendices 123 7.1 „Student Choice and Alcohol Matters’ Steering Group membership 7.2 SCAM Workshop Programme 7.3 SCAM Conference on Student Alcohol (Mis)use Programme 7.4 The On-line Survey and AUDIT Response Codes 7.5 Factors of the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised’ [DMQ-R] 7.6 Frequency data on the ‘Alcohol Effects Questionnaire’ [AEQ] 7.7 Sub-scales of the ‘Alcohol Effects Questionnaire’ [AEQ] 7.8 Organisations of the Key Informants 3 Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 TABLES Table 2.1: Demographic information on the total sample, drinkers and non-drinkers Table 2.2: Respondents age by year of study Table 2.3: Drinking status by gender Table 2.4: Gender by drinking status Table 2.5: Age of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.6: Ethnicity of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.7: Sexual orientation of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.8: Religious affiliation of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.9: Type of educational institution attended, by drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.10: Type of qualification studied by drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.11: Mode of study of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender Table 2.12: Length of time drinkers and non-drinkers have been studying their course by gender Table 2.13: Drinkers and Non-Drinkers living arrangements by gender Table 2.14: Drinkers and non-drinkers who live with any dependants by gender Table 2.15: Drinkers and non-drinkers responses to the question ‘How much do you know about the risks/effects of drinking alcohol?’ Table 2.16: Perceived descriptive social norms of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender - ‘How often do you think the typical HE student drinks?’ Table 2.17: Perceived descriptive social norms of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender - ‘How much do you think a typical HE student at your college/university drinks on a usual weekend evening?’ Table 2.18: Perceived descriptive social norms of drinkers and non-drinkers by gender - ‘In the last 30 days, what percentage of students at your college/university drank alcohol?’ Table 2.19: Drinkers and non-drinkers perceived injunctive social norms by gender - ‘How would your friends respond if they thought you drank alcohol every weekend?’ Table 2.20: Drinkers and non-drinkers perceived injunctive social norms by gender - ‘How would your friends respond if they thought you drank alcohol daily?’ Table 2.21: Drinkers and non-drinkers perceived injunctive social norms by gender - ‘How would your friends respond if they thought you drove a car after drinking?’ Table 2.22: Drinkers and non-drinkers perceived injunctive social norms by gender - ‘How would your friends respond if they thought you drank enough alcohol to pass out?’ Table 2.23: Responses to the question ‘Do you perceive alcohol consumption to be a problem amongst other HE students at your college/university?’ by drinking status and gender Table 2.24: Drinking frequency - ‘Of the following descriptions about the amount of alcohol people drink, which best describes you?’ Table 2.25: Level of alcohol consumption based on the number of drinks consumed during the week prior to the survey Table 2.26: Level of risky drinking in the previous week by whether respondents thought they had drunk too much Table 2.27: Number of hours respondents spent drinking on their heaviest drinking day in the week prior to the survey Table 2.28: Responses to the question ‘Thinking of your heaviest drinking day, during which time of day did you drink the most?’ Table 2.29: The venue where, in general, respondents report drinking alcohol most often Table 2.30: Drinker’s mode of travel home after drinking alcohol away from home by gender Table 2.31: Frequency with which drinkers arranged in advance who was to be the designated driver on a night out by gender Table 2.32: Drinkers average weekly expenditure on alcohol Table 2.33: Responses to the question ‘How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?’ Table 2.34: Responses to the question ‘How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking?’ Table 2.35: Responses to the question ‘How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?’ Table 2.36: Responses to the question ‘How many times have you been drunk in the last month?’ Table 2.37: AUDIT results by gender Table 2.38: AUDIT results by age Table 2.39: Responses to the question ‘Do you perceive your alcohol consumption to be a problem?’ by gender Table 2.40: Responses to the question ‘As a result of drinking have the following ever happened to you? Table 2.41: Descriptive data on the five motivational sub-scales of the DMQ-R 4 Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 Table 2.42: To show responses on the Eight Factors of the Rohsenow Alcohol Effects Questionnaire Table 2.43: Responses of non-drinkers who had never drunk alcohol to the question ‘What is the main reason that you’ve always been a non-drinker?’ Table 2.44: Responses of non-drinkers who had drunk alcohol to the question ‘What is the main reason that you stopped drinking alcohol?’ 5 Student Choices and Alcohol Matters - Final Report July 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The aims of this study were to provide a case study of the nature and experience of student alcohol (mis)use within an East Midlands university 1 , its partners colleges and its local community in order to determine the nature and perceptions of student alcohol usage by students and to provide a basis of knowledge on which the university could draw to develop alcohol policies and prevention and intervention strategies for reducing alcohol-related harm to students and secondary harm to the local population and the community. A multi-method approach was employed involving a cross-sectional survey of the student population for quantitative data together with focus groups with students and interviews with key personnel in the university, its partner colleges and relevant agencies within the local community for more qualitative data as follows: . 724 higher education students at the University of Northampton and its partner colleges completed an online survey examining their experiences of alcohol and alcohol-related matters . 143 students took part in 20 focus group discussions which explored students’ views on alcohol, reasons for drinking, how to reduce the negative consequences of alcohol, the intra- and inter-personal, university and community factors that influenced alcohol use and the effectiveness of existing health promotion materials on changing behaviour . 29 individuals from academic and support departments within the University and its partner colleges, the student union and organisations within the community with interests in student alcohol use including the police, Northampton county council, the NHS, licensed premises, non-for profit alcohol agencies, took part in individual or small group interviews Findings The online survey: . Whilst the online survey was not intended to be a representative sample of the student body and only comprises a small proportion of students enrolled at the institution, the general characteristics of those who responded are sufficiently similar to the university generally to enable us to have some confidence that the results are unlikely to be a distortion of the student pattern. 1 The University of Northampton is a medium sized university with a population of 10,000 students, drawn largely from the Eastern Region of England.