Copyrighted Material

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics denote Figures.

advertising, 267–269, 272–274, 280 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 330–332, Africa, 2, 13, 258–259, 261, 262, 279 342–344 agrarians, 56–58, 60–61, 65, 67, 90, 92, Balcerowicz Plan, 330–332 107, 193, 202, 204 Baltic Sea, 122, 197, 203, 277 see also Polish People’s Party Bandera, Stepan, 170–171 Agudat Israel, 134–135 Battle of Warsaw (1920), 83 America see United States BBWR see Non-Partisan Block for anticommunist opposition, 203–204, Cooperation with the 237–238, 285–296, 299, Government 307–308, 315, 317, 318, 319 Belarusians, 9, 12, 17–18, 22, 57, 81, antisemitism, 49, 53–56, 69–70, 100, 83, 92, 126, 127, 128, 140, 148, 131–137, 148–149, 176–179, 153, 155, 156 200, 247–252, 286, 355–356, Bełzeċ see death camps 357 Bereza Kartuska, 99, 101, 140 Armia Krajowa (AK) see Home Berlin, 6, 21, 25, 33, 73, 75–76, 112, Army 133, 148, 194, 285, 340 arts, 43, 46, 94, 222, 239, 334 Bierut, Bolesław, 206–207, 215, 223, Asia, 2, 107, 154, 194, 258–259, 261, 231–233, 242, 244 262, 279 Birkenau see death camps atheism, 49, 206, 238, 247, 294, 296 bishops see Catholic Church Auschwitz see death camps black market, 158, 161, 170, 211, 243, Austria, 6, 14, 16–17,COPYRIGHTED 22–23, 28, 82, 95, 297, MATERIAL 308–309 106, 115, 133, 261 Bolsheviks, 81–84, 137, 157, 190 Austrian partition see Galicia bonuses, 267, 270 automobiles, 279, 335 borderlands see kresy

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Borusewicz, Bogdan, 298 in partitioned Poland, 18–19, 45, 85 bribery see corruption in post-communist Poland, 355 Britain see United Kingdom in pre-partition Poland, 12–15, 191 budget deficits see deficits during WWII, 156–158, 180 budgets, household, 105, 106, 260 cavalry, 152 Bulgaria, 105, 106, 258, 338 censorship, 27, 202, 205, 213, 215, 221, Bund (General Jewish Labor 238, 317 Federation), 49, 50–51, 61, 67, census, 32, 107, 131 134, 153 central committee see Polish United Workers’ Party Camp of National Unity (Obóz Central Industrial Region, 122 Zjednoczenia Narodowego, Centrolew, 100 OZON), 100 Chicago, 32, 250 Canada, 106, 349 children, 8–9, 27, 109, 110, 155, 165, capitalism, 9, 35, 188, 216, 258, 171, 174–175, 212, 244–245, 267–269, 310, 330, 331, 335–336 288, 341 compared to communism, 269–281 Chile, 261 criticism of, 48, 55, 75, 120–121, 192, China, 2, 106, 144, 319 221, 222, 244 Christian Democracy, 97, 191, 193, cards, ration see rationing 319 casualties, 44, 66, 71–72, 99, 137, see also Labor Party 144–147, 145, 146, 155, Christianity, 12, 21, 53–54, 133–136, 161–162, 165–166, 168, 170, 147, 163, 180, 248 174, 176, 191, 206, 209, 213, see also Catholic Church 259, 303 Churchill, Winston, 149, 153, 197, 202 Catholic Church cinema, 11, 96, 222, 239, 240 and antisemitism, 20, 135–136 cities see urbanization bishops, 18–20, 135, 192, 206–207, citizenship, 2, 13, 32, 48, 91–94, 97, 238, 248, 292, 294, 299, 304, 101, 107, 115, 126–127, 160, 316–317, 355, 359 190, 220, 236, 251 clergy, 13–14, 18, 20, 22, 56, 70, 96, Civic Platform (Platforma 156–158, 207, 238, 291–295, Obywatelska, PO), 357, 359, 293, 308, 317, 319, 355–356 361 in communist Poland, 188, 192, coalitions, political, 57, 91, 93, 95, 206–207, 238, 245, 247–248, 97, 153, 166, 202, 320, 286, 291–295, 293, 302, 304, 317 351, 361 in interwar Poland, 91–93, 126, 127, Cold War, 3, 187–188, 194, 136, 138 237, 241, 248, 264, 294, letter to the German bishops 304, 307 (1965), 248–249 collaboration, 166–167 and nationalism, 18–22, 51, 53–56, collectivization, 65, 216–217, 242, 245, 70, 93 340

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Committee for the Defense of the democracy, 2, 47, 90–92, 99, 286–287 Workers (Komitet Obrony and communism, 75, 190–191 Robotników, KOR), 290–291, and the Piłsudczycy, 96–97 298, 302, 331 in the post-communist era, 348–362 communism, 135, 188–191, 206, Democratic Bloc, 205 217–218, 263–267, 269–274 democratic socialism see social and consumerism, 275–281 democracy national, 245–252, 278, 302 denominations see religion prior to WWII, 81, 135, 149, 156 deportations, 155, 160, 168–169, 197, see also Stalinism 246 Communist Party of Poland Depression see Great Depression (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, dialects, 15, 59, 81, 84–85 KPP), 75, 81, 99, 101, 135, 140, 154 diplomacy, 6, 22, 72, 74, 84–85, 87, 147 Communist Party of the Soviet dissidents, 286–288, 290–291, 293, Union, 81, 233, 313 295, 299, 307, 314–315 constitution Dmowski, Roman, 52, 55–56, 67, 69, of 1505, 14 78–79, 84, 88, 94, 98, 100 of 1791, 7, 8, 28 doctors, 46, 112, 131, 158 of 1815, 23 see also medicine of 1921, 91, 92, 93, 108 Dubcek,̌ Alexander, 252 of 1935, 100 Duchy of Warsaw, 23–25, 24 of 1952, 213, 220 Constitutional Sejm, 80–81, 91 Eastern Orthodox Church, 12, 126, corruption, 2, 162, 264, 273, 319, 336, 138, 140 352, 355, 357–358 Eastern Rite Catholics see Uniates coups, 78, 195, 303, 360 East Germany, 232, 238 of 1981, 305 East Prussia, 84, 148 of May 1926, 97, 98, 100, 107 economy see also martial law during the communist era, currency, 21, 113, 117, 273 258–263, 269–281, 308–311 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 234 in the interwar years, 105–123 Czerniaków, Adam, 168 regional differences, 42, 110–113 see also shock therapy Danzig see Gdańsk education, 1, 25, 27, 28, 59, 106, 110, Daszyński, Ignacy, 75–78 136, 140, 157, 223, 265, 288, death camps, 151, 157, 164–165, 168, 302, 332, 358 180 Einsatzgruppen, 163, 165 see also Holocaust elections, 2, 76, 91, 100, 135, 196, 317, deaths see casualties 339, 343, 348, 352, 354, 360, debts, 25, 58, 114–116, 272–273, 275, 361, 362, 365 278–281, 289, 296–297 to the Constitutional Sejm (1919), deficits, 114–116, 118, 122 80, 81

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elections (cont'd) Fiat 125p and 126p (Polski Fiat), parliamentary 312 1922, 92 Fighting Organization of the Polish 1947, 205, 213 Socialist Party, 68 1989, 318, 319, 320, 321 films see cinema 1991, 350 First Secretary, 232, 235, 252, 278, 300, 1993, 350, 351 306, 316 1997, 351 fiscal policies, 115–122, 121, 310, 2001, 351, 352 330–331 2005, 352, 357 football, 33 2007, 359 France, 106 2010, 359, 360 Freedom and Peace (Wolnosć ́i Pokój, 2011, 361 WiP), 314 presidential Friedman, Milton, 310, 311 1922, 93, 94 1990, 349, 350 Galicia, 16, 23–24, 24, 27–29, 31–34, 1995, 352 57, 59, 60–61, 67–68, 73, 75, 80, 2000, 352 110, 131, 139, 171 2010, 359 Gdańsk, 7, 9, 84, 87, 90, 122, 147, 151, electricity, 33, 107, 111 198–199, 277, 288, 297–299, empire, 21, 26, 27, 28, 44, 50, 51, 73, 303–304, 316, 321, 337, 355, 111, 195, 214 361–362 employment, 26, 87, 109, 113–115, GDP see gross domestic product 118, 120, 122, 160, 162, 212, Gdynia, 122–123 218, 220, 223, 238, 244, 264, gender, 9, 109, 129, 212, 244 266, 268–269, 271–272, 277, General Government, 157, 159–160, 332–337, 340, 353 165, 167, 171–172, 176 see also unemployment gentry see nobility Endecja see National Democracy germanization, 26–27, 157–158 enserfed peasants see serfdom German occupation of Poland during episcopate see Catholic Church, WWII see Nazi occupation of bishops Poland ethnic cleansing see deportations German partition, 25, 26, 27, 32, 61, ethnicity, 48, 76, 90, 127, 129, 147, 154, 110 155, 247 German Revolution, 1918 see executions see casualties revolution, German (1918) exploitation, 35, 47, 188–189, 217, 233, German speakers in Poland, 12, 81, 353 84–87, 92, 94, 126–128, 127, 128, 140, 148, 159, 160 faith see religion Germany, 2, 17, 22, 26, 54, 71, 72, 73, farmhands, 109, 111, 120, 121 77, 82, 84–87, 86, 87, 95, 106, farming, 24, 58, 109, 110, 132, 163, 112, 115, 119, 120, 133, 145, 148, 199, 206, 217, 220, 242–243 149, 152–153, 158, 203, 214,

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246, 248–249, 261, 266–267, Hromada (Belarusian Peasants’ and 322, 336, 338, 340, 360, 362, 363 Workers’ Union), 140 see also revolution, German (1918) Hungary, 17, 28, 73, 82, 115, 133, 165, ghettos, 161–168, 176–177 195, 214, 237, 258, 300, 311 see also uprisings, Warsaw ghetto hyperinflation, 113–119, 316, 334 (1943) Gierek, Edward, 278, 279, 280, 281, identity, 13, 17–18, 27, 29–30, 85–87, 289, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 128–130 300, 310 illiteracy, 107, 112, 216, 259 Gini coefficient, 266, 267, 312, 339, imprisonment see prisons 340 income, 9, 58, 105, 109, 116, 260, 272, Glemp, Józef, 304, 307 274, 276, 297, 312, 339, 340 Gomułka, Władysław, 207–208, 215, independence, national, 2, 7–9, 29, 43, 231, 235–252, 276–278 47, 49, 51, 59, 65, 67–69, 72, 74, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 313, 321 76–77, 137, 214, 235–236, 246, government-in-exile see London 315, 319, 348 Government industrialization, 2, 30, 36, 57, 61, 211, Grabski, Władysław, 117, 118, 119 213, 289 Great Depression, 119–121, 121 inequality, 162, 190, 266–267, 312, 339, Greece, 95 340–341 gross domestic product (GDP), 105, inflation, 299, 310, 333 106, 114, 260, 261, 262, 265, see also hyperinflation 266, 338, 339 intelligentsia, 45–46, 49, 51, 56, 75, growth, economic, 115, 118, 120–122, 210, 213, 245, 289–288, 259, 267, 274–280, 296, 310–311, 289–291, 299, 302, 311–312, 338, 340 319, 349 Gypsies see Roma Inter-Factory Strike Committee, 298 International Jewish Conspiracy see Habsburg partition see Galicia antisemitism Hassidic Jews, 134 invasions Hebrew, 34, 127, 135 of Poland by Germany (1939), historical memory see memory 147–154 Hitler, Adolf, 120, 144, 148–149, 151, of Poland by the USSR (1939), 153 154, 158–159, 165, 169–170, of the USSR by Germany (1941), 173, 178, 194 154, 159, 170 Hlond, August, 135–137 investment, 110, 116–117, 243, 275, Holocaust, 145, 163–166 277, 279, 310–313, 330, 335, 357 see also death camps Israel, 134, 174, 178, 250–251, 281 Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), Italy, 17, 19, 73, 95, 105, 106, 113, 120, 166–174, 177, 178, 180, 193, 169, 261, 295, 296 201, 205 horses see cavalry Jagiellonian University (Kraków), hospitals see medicine 158, 290

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Jankowski, Henryk, 299, 355–356 Kraków, 7, 23, 24, 28, 33, 111–112, 133, January Uprising (1863) see uprisings 157, 163, 198, 218, 285, 294, Japan, 50, 120 296, 362 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 303–306, kresy, 81–82, 111, 134, 155, 201, 203, 312–313, 315–316, 321–322, 331 247 jazz, 239, 240 Krzywonos, Henryka, 298 Jedwabne, 177–178 kulturkampf, 27 Jewish Fighting Organization Kuroń, Jacek, 287, 331 (Żydowska Organizacja Kwasniewski,́ Aleksander, 351, 352 Bojowa, ŻOB), 167–168, 176 Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz, 118, Jews 121–122 and communism, 135, 200 in interwar Poland, 92–94, 100, 126, Labor Party (Stronnictwo Pracy, SP), 127, 130–137 192–193 in partitioned Poland, 21–22, 29, landowners, 13–14, 56, 83, 156 49–50, 53–56, 69–70 see also nobility in pre-partition Poland, 11, 12, 13, land reform, 24–25, 58, 92, 107, 14, 20, 21 203–204 during WWII, 145–149, 145, 146, languages, 9, 12–13, 15, 17, 25, 28–29, 155–157, 159, 161–166, 167, 51, 59–60, 70, 82, 84, 86, 91, 96, 174, 176–180 126–129, 127, 128, 131, 133, after WWII, 194, 199–200, 247–252, 138, 140, 160, 192, 198, 286, 355–356, 362–363 288 jobs see employment Latin America, 2, 108, 188, 259, 261, John Paul II see Wojtyła, Karol 262, 279 journalists, 131, 239, 316 Latin Rite Catholicism see Catholic Judenrat, 161, 168 Church Law and Justice (Prawo i Kaczyński, Lech, and Jarosław, Sprawiedliwosć,́ PiS), 353–362 355–362 see also Kaczyński, Lech, and Kania, Stanisław, 300 Jarosław Katyń, 155, 169, 223, 356, 359–360 legitimacy, 82, 190–192, 313, 315, 318, Khrushchev, Nikita, 233, 235–236 360 Kingdom of Poland, 24–26, 24, 31, Lenin, Vladimir, 73, 81–82, 84, 44, 48, 56, 61, 67, 71–72, 190–191, 217 76, 80 liberalism, 7, 23, 54, 57, 70, 78, 98, 188, Kołodko, Grzegorz, 342–344 192, 193, 319, 349, 353, 359 Komorowski, Bronisław, 359–360 Lithuania, 9, 11–12, 17–18, 22, 81, 106, KOR see Committee for the Defense 133, 140, 165, 195 of the Workers Łódz,́ 24, 30, 32, 33, 34, 43, 44, 71, 111, Kosciuszko,́ Tadeusz, 8, 16 163, 165 Kossak, Zofia, 179–180 London, 113, 115, 144, 250, 294, 341

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London Government, 153–154, 160, multiculturalism, 90, 94, 127, 137, 139 166, 169, 170, 172, 202 murder, 68, 94, 163, 165, 172, 179, 200, loyalty oath, 76, 167, 207 213, 308, 360 Lublin, 23, 24, 75, 77, 111, 122, 151, see also massacres 157, 165, 169, 201, 246, 251, 298 Luxemburg, Rosa, 48, 51, 75 Napoleon, 23 Lwów, 24, 28, 33, 87, 111, 198, 199 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 93–97 National Armed Forces (Narodowe Majdanek see death camps Siły Zbrojne, NSZ), 166, 177 malnutrition, 36, 70, 71, 155, 162, 166, National Assembly, 91–92, 94 308 National Bank of Poland, 275, 333 marketing see advertising national communism see martial law, 302–306, 308 communism, national Marx, Karl, 16, 188–190, 220–221 National Democracy (Narodowa masculinity, 8, 10, 109 Demokracja, Endejca), 51–56, massacres, 4, 146, 165, 168, 223 69–70, 78–79, 80, 84, 85, 91, see also casualties 92–95, 97, 99, 126–128, 136, Matejko, Jan, 28 139, 153, 193, 246 Matka-Polka, 8–10 nationalism, 9, 15–18, 22, 23–30, May Coup see coups, of May 1926 46–47, 48–50, 51–56, 65, 69–70, Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 299, 321, 329, 72–73, 85–88, 91, 126–130, 332, 337, 349 137–141, 245–252, 278, 302, media, 191, 221, 222, 239, 294 355–362 medicine, 31, 76, 77, 112, 216, 223, nationalization of industry, 76, 190, 219, 265–266, 291, 299, 332 203–204, 216–218, 243, 279, memory, 43, 58, 71, 74, 174–175, 178, 297, 309, 335, 357 180, 187, 196, 215, 223, 292, National-Radical Camp (Obóz 322, 342, 364 Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR), Messner, Zbigniew, 311–313, 316, 330 99, 247 Michnik, Adam, 287, 293–296, 321 national unity government, 71, 79, 84, Mickiewicz, Adam, 11–12 100, 202, 204 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 204–205 nation-state, 11, 66, 82, 83, 88, 126, military deaths see casualties 135, 139, 141, 197 Minorities Bloc, 95, 117 Nazi occupation of Poland, 154–166 Miracle on the Vistula see Battle of Nazi–Soviet Pact, 151–155 Warsaw Neoliberalism see supply-side Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact see economics Nazi–Soviet Pact newspapers, 27, 34, 108, 128, 148, 259, Moraczewski, Jędrzej, 77–79 300, 334 Moscicki,́ Ignacy, 98–100 nobility, 11–16, 20–22, 24, 26, 30, Moscow, 23, 50, 138, 195, 214–215, 45–47, 49, 58, 61, 83, 90, 136, 235–236, 240, 299, 302, 321, 356 155–157, 181, 248, 289–290

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Non-Partisan Block for Cooperation in pre-partition Poland, 9, 13–15, 30 with the Government (Blok during WWII, 155–156, 170 Bezpartyjny Współpracy z People’s Party see Polish People’s Rzadem,̨ BBWR), 100 Party November Uprising (1830–1831), 24 Pewex, 309 NOWa (Niezaleznȧ Oficyna Piasecki, Boleslaw, 247 Wydawnicza), 287 Piłsudczycy, 96, 97, 100, 139, 196 Nowa Huta, 218, 316 Piłsudski, Józef, 49–50, 67–69, 72, 76–79, 82–83, 87, 93, 95–101, Ochab, Edward, 233, 235–236, 107, 139, 303, 359 251–252 PiS see Law and Justice Operation Storm (Akcja Burza), 172 PKWN see Polish Committee of opposition see anticommunist National Liberation opposition plebiscite see referendum Orange Alternative, 314 PO see Civic Platform Organization of Ukrainian Poland A and Poland B, 112–113, 197, Nationalists (OUN), 139, 259, 340, 362 170–171 Polesie, 110, 112 overpopulation, 31, 35 Polish-Americans, 32, 73, 202, 337 ownership Polish-Bolshevik War, 81–84, 87, 138, collective, 190, 216 196 corporate, 334, 335, 336 Polish Committee of National private, 189, 217, 334 Liberation (Polski Komitet OZON see Camp of National Unity Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), 169, 201–202, 246 Paderewski, Ignacy, 79 Polish Communist Party, 81, 135 Palace of Culture, 219, 239 Polish Corridor, 84 Paris, 33, 78, 84, 87, 112, 115, 250, 340 Polish Legions, 69, 78, 96 partitions, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 18, 20, 21, 46, Polish People’s Party (Polskie 90, 110, 157, 196 Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL), PAX, 246–247 57–59, 67, 84, 95, 193, 202–205, peasants 217 in interwar Poland, 107–109, Polish People’s Party-Emancipation 112–113, 116, 120 (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe- and Jews, 20–22, 53–54, 132–133 Wyzwolenie), 80, 107 and the legacy of serfdom, 24–25, Polish People’s Party-Piast (Polskie 31, 35, 45, 58 Stronnictwo Ludowe-Piast), see also serfdom 57, 80, 92–93, 97, 107 political mobilization, 16–18, 22, 25, Polish Road see communism, national 28, 44, 47, 56–60, 65, 69, 76, 83, Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia 88, 107 Socjalistyczna, PPS) in postwar Poland, 203, 210–211, and the establishment of Polish 219, 222–223, 242–243, 289, 311 independence, 75–79, 80–81, 84

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in interwar Poland, 95, 97–98, 117 profits, 35, 119, 274, 280, 311, 335 after WWII, 190–193, 202, 204, Protestants, 11, 12, 15, 126, 127 205–206, 207, 216, 217, 221 protests, 19, 27, 64, 79–80, 94, before WWI, 48–51, 67–69 174–175, 221, 233–234, 237, Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska 238, 250–252, 272, 281, 286, Zjednoczona Partia 287, 292, 297–298, 303, 307, Robotnicza, PZPR) 312–316, 330, 353 in 1956, 231–245 Prussia, 6, 8, 14, 16, 23, 24 in 1970, 277–278 Prussian partition see German creation of, 205–207 partition and the fall of communism, PSL see Polish People’s Party 311–322, 328, 348, 351–353, 355 PSL-Piast see Polish People’s and martial law, 302–306 Party-Piast and national communism, 245–252 PZPR see Polish United Workers’ Party and Solidarity, 285, 296–301 during the Stalinist era, 207–208, quotas, 270, 277 212, 215, 217, 221, 222, 223 Polish Workers’ Party (Polska Partia Radio Maryja, 355–356, 360 Robotnicza, PPR), 202–208 radios, 108, 110, 112–113, 161, 240, political prisoners see prisons 303, 306 Popiełuszko, Jerzy, 307–308 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 316, 330 Poznań, 23, 24, 80, 85, 87, 151, 198, rationing, 158, 161, 299, 308 217, 228, 233, 234, 255, 275, Reagan, Ronald, 311 314, 361, 362 rebellions see uprisings Poznań, Grand Duchy of, 23–24 recessions, 114, 259, 280–281, 308, 310, purchasing price parity (PPP), 123n 338, 349, 361 PPR see Polish Workers Party reconstruction of Poland after WWII, PPS see Polish Socialist Party 206, 219, 220, 223 PPS-Left, 67–68, 75 Recovered Territories, 197, 198, 201, premier see prime minister 242, 246, 340 president, 91–94, 98, 100, 206, 317, Red Army see Union of Soviet 320–322, 348–349, 352, 358–359 Socialist Republics, Red Army prices, 31, 54, 113, 115–116, 119, 120, referendum 121, 268, 275, 277–278, 281, of 1946, 203, 204, 317 291, 297, 298, 312–313, 330, of 1987, 312, 313 332, 337 for European Union membership price subsidies, 332–333 (2003), 352, 356 priests see Catholic Church in Silesia (1921), 86, 87 prime minister, 76, 79, 91, 95, 117, in Warmia and Mazuria (1920), 84 202, 232, 234, 294, 311, 320–321, religion, 12–13, 15, 29, 49, 51, 53, 76, 329, 330 82, 91–92, 96, 126, 127, 129, prisons, 100, 208–210, 213, 225, 234 136, 138, 192, 198, 206, 245, privatization, 334–336, 342 293, 294, 295, 341

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religion (cont'd) see also Piłsudczycy see also Catholic Church; Eastern schools see education Orthodox Church; Jews; SDKPiL see Social Democracy of the Protestants; Uniates Kingdom of Poland and resistance, 4, 50, 161, 167, 168, 177, Lithuania 209, 317 security services, 200, 205–206, see also uprisings 210–213, 221, 232, 234, 238, revolt see uprisings 244, 289, 292, 300, 303, 307, revolution, 19, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 56, 315, 321 61, 66, 67, 75, 190, 191, 195, Sejm, 13–15, 24–25, 80, 91–92, 95, 196, 286 98–100, 117, 140, 203, 232, of 1905, 44, 50, 61, 65, 67 316–317, 320, 329, 332, 350, Austrian (1918), 73 357, 359 German (1918), 48, 73, 82, 85 Senate, 91, 92, 98, 203, 204, 317, 320 Hungarian (1919), 73 September Campaign see invasions, Polish (1918), 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, of Poland by Germany (1939) 82, 83, 88, 95 serfdom, 13–14, 30, 35, 45, 58, 108, post-WWII, 186, 190 113 Russian (1917), 66, 73, 81, 83 emancipation, 15–16, 24–25 as envisioned by social democrats, 8 sermons see Catholic Church rock music, 239, 240, 314 sharecropping, 24, 58 Rolling Stones, 240 shipyards, 277, 298–299, 337, 355 Roma, 140, 363 shock therapy, 328–344 Roman Catholicism see Catholic shortages, 189, 203, 270, 273, 308, 330, Church 334, 335 Rome, 12, 18, 19, 295 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 28 Roosevelt, Franklin, 194, 197, 202 Sikorski, Władysław, 153, 166, 169, Russia, 6, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 178 31, 32, 33, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, Silesia, 2, 30, 33, 85–87, 86, 111, 58, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 141, 197, 251, 264, 278, 81, 82, 84, 138, 140, 148, 171, 303, 311 211, 340, 356, 359, 360, 362, 363 slave labor, 162, 164 Russian partition see Kingdom of SLD see Union of the Democratic Poland Left russification, 26–27, 60 Smolensk, 155, 359, 360 Ruthenia see Ukraine soccer see football Rydzyk, Tadeusz, 355–356, 360 social democracy, 188, 190, 193, 202, see also Radio Maryja 205, 206, 215, 252, 319, 351 Social Democracy for the Kingdom of sales, 119, 170, 263, 269, 273, 277, 280, Poland and Lithuania 281 (SDKPiL), 48, 50–51, 66–67, Sanacja, 98, 99, 100, 153 74–75, 80–81

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socialism see communism; Lenin, see also Nazi… Vladimir; Marx, Karl; social Tiananmen Square, 319, 321 democracy towns, 1, 9, 13, 14, 20, 22, 27, 30, 73, socialist realism, 222, 239 81, 107, 111, 112, 163, 164, 165, Solidarity 243 during the 1980s, 306–308 see also urbanization after 1989, 328, 331–332, 337, 349, Treaty of Riga, 83 350, 357 Treblinka see death camps creation of, 296–302 trials, 13, 94, 237, 308 and the fall of communism, Truman, Harry, 194 315–322 Tusk, Donald, 357, 359–360 and martial law, 302–306 tutejsi, 140 Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja TV see television Wyborcza Solidarnosć,́ AWS), Tygodnik Powszechny, 207, 238, 292 351 Tymiński, Stanisław, 349, 350 Soviet Union see Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Ukraine, 17, 53, 81, 83, 134, 137, 148, Spain, 6, 95, 105, 106 340 Stalin, Joseph, 153–154, 169, 172–173, Ukrainians 186, 191, 194–197, 201, 205, in interwar Poland, 92, 94, 99, 126, 207, 214, 217, 231, 232, 236, 127, 128, 137–141 242, 245 after WWII, 198, 211, 363 Stalinism, 191, 208–223 before WWI, 9, 11, 12, 17, 18, 22, 34, state farms see collectivization 57, 59, 60, 81 state firms see nationalization of during WWII, 146, 148, 153, 154, industry 155, 156, 170–172 stereotypes, 53, 109, 180, 348, 362, Ukrainian Uprising Army (UPA), 363–364 171–172 strikes, 27, 65, 70, 80, 97, 278, 290, unemployment, 36, 107, 114, 117–120, 297–299, 303, 316, 332 118, 122, 162, 220, 275, 281, supply-side economics, 280, 310 332–333, 336–337, 340, 342, surveillance, 208, 211, 213, 217, 289, 343, 353 306 Uniates, 11–12, 126–127, 127, 138 sweat-shops, 35–36, 45 Unification Congress (1948), 205 szlachta see nobility see also PZPR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics tanks, 152, 234, 277, 302–303 (USSR), 90, 119, 138, 144, 145, Tehran Conference, 197 146, 170, 172–173, 186, 188, television, 239–240, 270, 276, 295, 303, 194–198, 198, 201–202, 209, 306, 335, 338 211, 214–215, 219, 246, 258, Thatcher, Margaret, 310–311 263, 331 Third Reich, 153, 160, 164, 167 and 1956, 214, 233–237

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Warsaw ghetto (1943), 168, 174, (USSR) (cont'd) 176, 180 and 1968, 252 Wielkopolska (1918), 85 and 1989, 306, 313, 319, 320–321 urbanization, 1, 2, 9, 22, 30–36, 44–45, collapse of, 321 61, 108, 123, 198–199, 215, Nazi invasion of, 154–159, 169 218–219, 259, 340 occupation of eastern Poland USA see United States (1939–1941), 146, 147, 151, 153, USSR see Union of Soviet Socialist 154–157, 169 Republics Red Army, 152–153, 169, 172, 201, 209, 223, 226, 236, 305 Vienna, 6, 21, 23, 25, 28, 68, 73, 75, 76, and Solidarity, 299, 300, 302, 110, 112, 133 304–305 Vilnius, 11, 17, 24, 49, 87, 111, 151, sphere of influence, 236–237, 264 198 Union of the Democratic Left (SLD), violence, 50, 52, 53, 61, 66, 85, 86, 351–352, 357, 361 94, 99, 136, 137, 139, 140, 147, unions, 44, 50, 51, 67, 86, 221, 268, 161, 163, 180, 191, 204, 205, 206, 269, 300, 313, 317 209, 215, 221, 234, 278, 307, 316, United Kingdom, 2, 9, 33, 66, 84, 105, 319, 321, 351, 353, 357 106, 114, 115, 120, 145, 149, 153, Vistula river, 82, 83, 90, 161 169, 210, 214, 222, 240, 261, Volhynia, 112, 123, 141 265, 338, 361 massacre, 171–172 United States, 2, 3, 8, 13, 32, 66, 105, Volksliste, 160 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114–115, voter turnout, 353, 354 118, 120, 144, 145, 146, 169, voting see elections 188, 194, 209, 210, 212, 214, 222, 240, 241, 251, 259, 261, wages, 109, 115–116, 118, 120, 121, 262, 264–267, 281, 309, 312, 189, 192, 234, 268, 274–278, 338, 340, 356 281, 298, 308, 310, 312, 330, universities, 48, 137, 222, 250, 264, 332, 335, 337 265, 310 Walentynowicz, Anna, 297–298 see also education Wałęsa, Lech, 288–289, 297–298, 304, uprisings, 8, 19, 29, 43, 49, 50, 72, 172 306, 316, 318, 322, 349, 350, Hungarian (1848), 237 352, 358 Hungarian (1956), 237 Warsaw, 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 30, 32–34, 43, January (1863), 8, 16, 22, 26, 32, 46, 50, 77, 83, 85, 87, 94, 97, 105, 49, 58, 60 106, 111, 112, 113, 122, 134, 151, Kosciuszkó (1794), 16 158–159, 161, 163–165, 168, Kraków (1846), 23 173, 174–177, 198, 219, 220, November (1830), 16, 22, 24, 25, 26 235–236, 250–251, 296, 309, Silesia (1919–1922), 87 338, 363 Warsaw (1944), 168, 172–176, 173, Warsaw University, 250–251, 265, 287, 201, 356 290

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Warsaw Uprising see uprisings World War I, 66, 69–72, 79, 81 Washington, 115, 144, 280 World War II, 72, 140–185 Wielkopolska, 85, 87, 248 Wrocław, 198, 199, 249, 251, 314, 361, Wilno see Vilnius 362 Wilson, Woodrow, 73, 122 Wyszyński, Stefan, 207, 238, 247–248, Witos, Wincenty, 57, 59, 60, 80 292, 304 Wojciechowski, Stanisław, 94, 98 Wojtyła, Karol, 294–296 Yalta, 201–202 Wołyń see Volhynia Yiddish, 9, 12, 27, 34, 49, 127, 128, 131, women, 9, 47, 77, 109, 163, 165, 212, 135 216, 241, 244–245, 266, 288, youth, 223, 241, 251, 351 298, 299 workers, 35–36, 44–47, 50, 61, 65, 74–75, 81, 87–88, 105, 106, 111, Zionism, 48, 55, 127, 134, 135, 115, 122, 189, 190, 193, 203, 153 211–212, 216–219, 221, 233–234, anti-Zionist campaign of 1968, 249, 266–267, 270–274, 275, 250, 251 277–278, 288–291, 297–299, złoty see currency 302, 304, 309, 311, 315–316, ŻOB see Jewish Fighting 332–333, 336, 349, 355 Organization

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