INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics denote Figures. advertising, 267–269, 272–274, 280 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 330–332, Africa, 2, 13, 258–259, 261, 262, 279 342–344 agrarians, 56–58, 60–61, 65, 67, 90, 92, Balcerowicz Plan, 330–332 107, 193, 202, 204 Baltic Sea, 122, 197, 203, 277 see also Polish People’s Party Bandera, Stepan, 170–171 Agudat Israel, 134–135 Battle of Warsaw (1920), 83 America see United States BBWR see Non-Partisan Block for anticommunist opposition, 203–204, Cooperation with the 237–238, 285–296, 299, Government 307–308, 315, 317, 318, 319 Belarusians, 9, 12, 17–18, 22, 57, 81, antisemitism, 49, 53–56, 69–70, 100, 83, 92, 126, 127, 128, 140, 148, 131–137, 148–149, 176–179, 153, 155, 156 200, 247–252, 286, 355–356, Bełzeċ see death camps 357 Bereza Kartuska, 99, 101, 140 Armia Krajowa (AK) see Home Berlin, 6, 21, 25, 33, 73, 75–76, 112, Army 133, 148, 194, 285, 340 arts, 43, 46, 94, 222, 239, 334 Bierut, Bolesław, 206–207, 215, 223, Asia, 2, 107, 154, 194, 258–259, 261, 231–233, 242, 244 262, 279 Birkenau see death camps atheism, 49, 206, 238, 247, 294, 296 bishops see Catholic Church Auschwitz see death camps black market, 158, 161, 170, 211, 243, Austria, 6, 14, 16–17,COPYRIGHTED 22–23, 28, 82, 95, 297, MATERIAL 308–309 106, 115, 133, 261 Bolsheviks, 81–84, 137, 157, 190 Austrian partition see Galicia bonuses, 267, 270 automobiles, 279, 335 borderlands see kresy Poland in the Modern World: Beyond Martyrdom, First Edition. Brian Porter-Szucs.̋ © 2014 Brian Porter-Szucs.̋ Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0002076776.INDD 367 11/26/2013 1:46:08 PM 368 INDEX Borusewicz, Bogdan, 298 in partitioned Poland, 18–19, 45, 85 bribery see corruption in post-communist Poland, 355 Britain see United Kingdom in pre-partition Poland, 12–15, 191 budget deficits see deficits during WWII, 156–158, 180 budgets, household, 105, 106, 260 cavalry, 152 Bulgaria, 105, 106, 258, 338 censorship, 27, 202, 205, 213, 215, 221, Bund (General Jewish Labor 238, 317 Federation), 49, 50–51, 61, 67, census, 32, 107, 131 134, 153 central committee see Polish United Workers’ Party Camp of National Unity (Obóz Central Industrial Region, 122 Zjednoczenia Narodowego, Centrolew, 100 OZON), 100 Chicago, 32, 250 Canada, 106, 349 children, 8–9, 27, 109, 110, 155, 165, capitalism, 9, 35, 188, 216, 258, 171, 174–175, 212, 244–245, 267–269, 310, 330, 331, 335–336 288, 341 compared to communism, 269–281 Chile, 261 criticism of, 48, 55, 75, 120–121, 192, China, 2, 106, 144, 319 221, 222, 244 Christian Democracy, 97, 191, 193, cards, ration see rationing 319 casualties, 44, 66, 71–72, 99, 137, see also Labor Party 144–147, 145, 146, 155, Christianity, 12, 21, 53–54, 133–136, 161–162, 165–166, 168, 170, 147, 163, 180, 248 174, 176, 191, 206, 209, 213, see also Catholic Church 259, 303 Churchill, Winston, 149, 153, 197, 202 Catholic Church cinema, 11, 96, 222, 239, 240 and antisemitism, 20, 135–136 cities see urbanization bishops, 18–20, 135, 192, 206–207, citizenship, 2, 13, 32, 48, 91–94, 97, 238, 248, 292, 294, 299, 304, 101, 107, 115, 126–127, 160, 316–317, 355, 359 190, 220, 236, 251 clergy, 13–14, 18, 20, 22, 56, 70, 96, Civic Platform (Platforma 156–158, 207, 238, 291–295, Obywatelska, PO), 357, 359, 293, 308, 317, 319, 355–356 361 in communist Poland, 188, 192, coalitions, political, 57, 91, 93, 95, 206–207, 238, 245, 247–248, 97, 153, 166, 202, 320, 286, 291–295, 293, 302, 304, 317 351, 361 in interwar Poland, 91–93, 126, 127, Cold War, 3, 187–188, 194, 136, 138 237, 241, 248, 264, 294, letter to the German bishops 304, 307 (1965), 248–249 collaboration, 166–167 and nationalism, 18–22, 51, 53–56, collectivization, 65, 216–217, 242, 245, 70, 93 340 0002076776.INDD 368 11/26/2013 1:46:08 PM iNDEX 369 Committee for the Defense of the democracy, 2, 47, 90–92, 99, 286–287 Workers (Komitet Obrony and communism, 75, 190–191 Robotników, KOR), 290–291, and the Piłsudczycy, 96–97 298, 302, 331 in the post-communist era, 348–362 communism, 135, 188–191, 206, Democratic Bloc, 205 217–218, 263–267, 269–274 democratic socialism see social and consumerism, 275–281 democracy national, 245–252, 278, 302 denominations see religion prior to WWII, 81, 135, 149, 156 deportations, 155, 160, 168–169, 197, see also Stalinism 246 Communist Party of Poland Depression see Great Depression (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, dialects, 15, 59, 81, 84–85 KPP), 75, 81, 99, 101, 135, 140, 154 diplomacy, 6, 22, 72, 74, 84–85, 87, 147 Communist Party of the Soviet dissidents, 286–288, 290–291, 293, Union, 81, 233, 313 295, 299, 307, 314–315 constitution Dmowski, Roman, 52, 55–56, 67, 69, of 1505, 14 78–79, 84, 88, 94, 98, 100 of 1791, 7, 8, 28 doctors, 46, 112, 131, 158 of 1815, 23 see also medicine of 1921, 91, 92, 93, 108 Dubcek,̌ Alexander, 252 of 1935, 100 Duchy of Warsaw, 23–25, 24 of 1952, 213, 220 Constitutional Sejm, 80–81, 91 Eastern Orthodox Church, 12, 126, corruption, 2, 162, 264, 273, 319, 336, 138, 140 352, 355, 357–358 Eastern Rite Catholics see Uniates coups, 78, 195, 303, 360 East Germany, 232, 238 of 1981, 305 East Prussia, 84, 148 of May 1926, 97, 98, 100, 107 economy see also martial law during the communist era, currency, 21, 113, 117, 273 258–263, 269–281, 308–311 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 234 in the interwar years, 105–123 Czerniaków, Adam, 168 regional differences, 42, 110–113 see also shock therapy Danzig see Gdańsk education, 1, 25, 27, 28, 59, 106, 110, Daszyński, Ignacy, 75–78 136, 140, 157, 223, 265, 288, death camps, 151, 157, 164–165, 168, 302, 332, 358 180 Einsatzgruppen, 163, 165 see also Holocaust elections, 2, 76, 91, 100, 135, 196, 317, deaths see casualties 339, 343, 348, 352, 354, 360, debts, 25, 58, 114–116, 272–273, 275, 361, 362, 365 278–281, 289, 296–297 to the Constitutional Sejm (1919), deficits, 114–116, 118, 122 80, 81 0002076776.INDD 369 11/26/2013 1:46:08 PM 370 INDEX elections (cont'd) Fiat 125p and 126p (Polski Fiat), parliamentary 312 1922, 92 Fighting Organization of the Polish 1947, 205, 213 Socialist Party, 68 1989, 318, 319, 320, 321 films see cinema 1991, 350 First Secretary, 232, 235, 252, 278, 300, 1993, 350, 351 306, 316 1997, 351 fiscal policies, 115–122, 121, 310, 2001, 351, 352 330–331 2005, 352, 357 football, 33 2007, 359 France, 106 2010, 359, 360 Freedom and Peace (Wolnosć ́i Pokój, 2011, 361 WiP), 314 presidential Friedman, Milton, 310, 311 1922, 93, 94 1990, 349, 350 Galicia, 16, 23–24, 24, 27–29, 31–34, 1995, 352 57, 59, 60–61, 67–68, 73, 75, 80, 2000, 352 110, 131, 139, 171 2010, 359 Gdańsk, 7, 9, 84, 87, 90, 122, 147, 151, electricity, 33, 107, 111 198–199, 277, 288, 297–299, empire, 21, 26, 27, 28, 44, 50, 51, 73, 303–304, 316, 321, 337, 355, 111, 195, 214 361–362 employment, 26, 87, 109, 113–115, GDP see gross domestic product 118, 120, 122, 160, 162, 212, Gdynia, 122–123 218, 220, 223, 238, 244, 264, gender, 9, 109, 129, 212, 244 266, 268–269, 271–272, 277, General Government, 157, 159–160, 332–337, 340, 353 165, 167, 171–172, 176 see also unemployment gentry see nobility Endecja see National Democracy germanization, 26–27, 157–158 enserfed peasants see serfdom German occupation of Poland during episcopate see Catholic Church, WWII see Nazi occupation of bishops Poland ethnic cleansing see deportations German partition, 25, 26, 27, 32, 61, ethnicity, 48, 76, 90, 127, 129, 147, 154, 110 155, 247 German Revolution, 1918 see executions see casualties revolution, German (1918) exploitation, 35, 47, 188–189, 217, 233, German speakers in Poland, 12, 81, 353 84–87, 92, 94, 126–128, 127, 128, 140, 148, 159, 160 faith see religion Germany, 2, 17, 22, 26, 54, 71, 72, 73, farmhands, 109, 111, 120, 121 77, 82, 84–87, 86, 87, 95, 106, farming, 24, 58, 109, 110, 132, 163, 112, 115, 119, 120, 133, 145, 148, 199, 206, 217, 220, 242–243 149, 152–153, 158, 203, 214, 0002076776.INDD 370 11/26/2013 1:46:08 PM iNDEX 371 246, 248–249, 261, 266–267, Hromada (Belarusian Peasants’ and 322, 336, 338, 340, 360, 362, 363 Workers’ Union), 140 see also revolution, German (1918) Hungary, 17, 28, 73, 82, 115, 133, 165, ghettos, 161–168, 176–177 195, 214, 237, 258, 300, 311 see also uprisings, Warsaw ghetto hyperinflation, 113–119, 316, 334 (1943) Gierek, Edward, 278, 279, 280, 281, identity, 13, 17–18, 27, 29–30, 85–87, 289, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 128–130 300, 310 illiteracy, 107, 112, 216, 259 Gini coefficient, 266, 267, 312, 339, imprisonment see prisons 340 income, 9, 58, 105, 109, 116, 260, 272, Glemp, Józef, 304, 307 274, 276, 297, 312, 339, 340 Gomułka, Władysław, 207–208, 215, independence, national, 2, 7–9, 29, 43, 231, 235–252, 276–278 47, 49, 51, 59, 65, 67–69, 72, 74, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 313, 321 76–77, 137, 214, 235–236, 246, government-in-exile see London 315, 319, 348 Government industrialization, 2, 30, 36, 57, 61, 211, Grabski, Władysław, 117, 118, 119 213, 289 Great Depression, 119–121, 121 inequality, 162, 190, 266–267, 312, 339, Greece, 95 340–341 gross domestic product (GDP), 105, inflation, 299, 310, 333 106, 114, 260, 261, 262, 265, see also hyperinflation 266, 338, 339 intelligentsia, 45–46, 49, 51, 56, 75, growth, economic, 115, 118, 120–122, 210, 213, 245, 289–288, 259, 267, 274–280, 296, 310–311, 289–291, 299, 302, 311–312, 338, 340 319, 349 Gypsies see Roma Inter-Factory Strike Committee, 298 International Jewish Conspiracy see Habsburg partition see Galicia antisemitism Hassidic Jews, 134 invasions Hebrew, 34, 127, 135 of Poland by Germany (1939), historical memory see memory 147–154 Hitler, Adolf, 120, 144, 148–149, 151, of Poland by the USSR (1939), 153 154, 158–159, 165, 169–170, of the USSR by Germany (1941),