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Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy...Your Young Men Shall See Visions: the Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850

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Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy...Your Young Men Shall See Visions: the Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850 Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2013-06-25 Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy...Your Young Men Shall See Visions: The Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850 Trevor Jason Wright Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the History of Christianity Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Wright, Trevor Jason, "Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy...Your Young Men Shall See Visions: The Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 3802. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3802 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy…Your Young Men Shall See Visions”: The Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850 Trevor J. Wright A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Rachel Cope, Chair Brian Q. Cannon Richard O. Cowan Religious Education Brigham Young University June 2013 Copyright © 2013 Trevor J. Wright All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT “Your Sons and Your Daughters Shall Prophesy…Your Young Men Shall See Visions”: The Role of Youth in the Second Great Awakening, 1800-1850 Trevor J. Wright Religious Education, BYU Master of Arts This thesis contends that youth from age twelve to twenty-five played a pivotal role in the revivals of the Second Great Awakening in New York and New England. Rather than merely being passive onlookers in these religious renewals, the youth were active participants, influencing the frequency, spread, and intensity of the Christian revivals. Relying heavily upon personal accounts written by youth and revival records from various denominations, this work examines adolescent religious experiences during the first half of the nineteenth century. Chapter 1 explores the impact parents had on youth religiosity, showing how the teaching and examples they saw in their homes built the religious foundation for young people. The next chapter discusses how the youth continued to build upon what they were taught in their homes by seeking for personal conversion experiences. This chapter contends that conversion experiences were the crucial spiritual turning point in the lives of young people, and explores how they were prepared for and reacted to these experiences. Chapter 3 outlines personal worship among the youth and describes the specific tactics that churches implemented in helping convert and strengthen the young. As churches used revival meetings and clergy-youth relationships to fortify these converts, young people implemented the same practices in helping their peers. Finally, chapter 4 utilizes revival records and Methodist church data to provide quantitative evidence of the widespread and crucial role that young people had in influencing revivals. Understanding the widespread impact of these youth on nineteenth-century revivals provides new insight into the ways in which young people impacted the greater social, religious, and culture changes sweeping across America at the time. Keywords: Second Great Awakening, revivals, revivalism, youth, spirituality, conversion narrative, devotional life, evangelical churches Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the overwhelming and constant support of my wife, Melissa, over the past three years. She spent countless hours playing “single mom” while I was researching, reading, and writing, while also providing me with suggestions, editing, encouragement, and love, which has made this process not only bearable, but enjoyable at times. She gave up countless hours of family and personal time so I could complete this project. Even now, she is frantically working on final edits while I am preparing to submit. Melissa, I love you. For Thompson, whose constant questions to my wife of “Daddy home from work now?” can finally be answered, “Yes.” I give full credit to Dr. Richard Bennett who first provided me with the idea for this thesis and who helped me gain a love and excitement for historical research and writing. He has been the “terra firma” for me in this whole process. My chair, Rachel Cope, has been absolutely incredible. Her thoroughness in editing and probing my various drafts has provided many important growing experiences for me. While I often feared getting a draft back from her, knowing that my confidence and self-esteem would suffer, I am incredibly grateful for her commitment to push me. She has caused me to think more like a historian, and I cannot write any sentence now without asking myself the question she asked dozens of times in each draft: “Why?” I appreciate her willingness to adapt to my schedule and encourage me throughout this whole process. Brian Cannon, Richard Cowan, David Whittaker, and Rebecca de Schweinitz, all of whom served as part of my committee at one point or another. Their feedback and support has greatly strengthened my work. I will forever be grateful to my in-laws, Glen and Cindy Davis, who have supported me from the beginning and whose generosity made this project a reality. I am deeply appreciative of my parents, Camron and Alicyn Wright, who sacrificed in countless ways to help me complete this as well. Also, I appreciate all of the staff members at the Methodist Library at Drew University, the special collections at Cornell University, Boston University Theology Library, Massachusetts Historical Society, and the Congregational Library in Boston. They have all been extremely accommodating. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements iii Introduction and Historiography: “Children of the Godly”: 1 Understanding Youth and the Second Great Awakening Chapter One: “I Was Born…of Goodly Parents”: 31 Home and Family as the Foundation of Faith Chapter Two: “What Shall I Do to Be Saved?”: 53 Conversion Experiences Among Youth Chapter Three: “Carefully Attend Upon Divine Worship”: 86 Church Influences on Youth Worship Practices Chapter Four: “A Great Instrument in Awakening Many”: 113 A Quantitative Study of Youth Impact on Revivals Conclusion 147 Bibliography 151 vi List of Maps, Tables, and Figures Map 1.1: Select Towns in Maine 120 Table 1.1: Number of Converts in Select Towns in Maine, 1816 120 Map 1.2: Select Towns in New Hampshire 123 Table 1.2: Number of Converts in Select Towns in 124 New Hampshire, 1814-1817 Map 1.3: Select Towns in Connecticut 125 Table 1.3: Number of Converts in Select Towns in 126 Connecticut, 1810-1818 Map 1.4: Select Towns in Massachusetts 127 Table 1.4: Number of Converts in Select Towns in 127 Massachusetts, 1816-1817 Map 1.5: Select Towns in Vermont 130 Table 1.5: Number of Converts in Select Towns in 130 Vermont, 1816-1817 Figure 1: Average Age of those Admitted Each Year 137 from 1801-1848 Figure 2: Average Age of those Admitted For Each 139 Five Year Period from 1801-1848 Figure 3: Age Breakdown of Those Accepted on Trial 141 for Each Five Year Period from 1801-1848 Figure 4: Percentage of Those Admitted on Trial, 142 Age 25 and Under, for Each Five Year Period Figure 5: Overall Age Breakdown of Those Accepted 144 on Trial from 1801-1848 Introduction and Historiography “Children of the Godly”: Understanding Youth and the Second Great Awakening Early nineteenth-century America was characterized by periods of widespread religious activity and frequent revivals. The spirit of freedom permeated the people of the United States, which was emerging from a successful revolution just a few decades before, and pervaded the social, economic, and spiritual lives of the people—especially those of New York and New England.1 This new period of religious fervor, termed the Second Great Awakening, was characterized by prevalent conversion—personal religious experiences which caused individuals to devote themselves to Christ—and subsequent joining of various churches, dramatic manifestations, and frequent religious gatherings. Authors have discussed extensively the reasons for the emergence of such revivals and the impact they had on communities and society as a whole, examining them primarily through a macro-lens. However, the religious experience and impact of a significant segment of the population, the youth, has largely been unwritten. During the first half of the nineteenth century, many youth engaged themselves in religious gatherings through frequent attendance at various church and spiritual meetings, sharing of religious conversion experiences, proselytizing work among peers, and general excitement for religious topics. Yet, despite this involvement, scholars have largely overlooked the role that youth played in the spread of, the involvement in, and the continuation of revivals during the first half of the nineteenth century—thus a wide 1 Nathan O Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). 2 scholastic gap remains to be filled specifically focusing on youth involvement in religion.2 Even with the abundance of nineteenth-century records that expound upon youth conversion experiences, basic religiosity, and revival and church data, few scholars have told the story of the lived religion of youth.3 While this approach of exploring “practiced religion” has been applied to other historical groups throughout time, this method has never been specifically implemented in a significant way in relation to nineteenth-century youth and the Second Great Awakening.4 This method of exploring and examining everyday experience “opens doors to an astonishing range of historical queries” about the practices of youth.5 What was the driving force behind the youths’ desire for religious activity? What role did social interaction between peers, parents, pastors and others play in the participation of youth in 2 Joseph F. Kett, Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1977); Joseph F.
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