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Annus Albaruthenicus 2005 2005 ANNUS ALBARUTHENICUS 2005 ГОД БЕЛАРУСКІ 2005 VILLA SOKRATES ANNUS ALBARUTHENICUS 2005 ГОД БЕЛАРУСКІ 2005 ШОСТЫ ТОМ Рэдактар САКРАТ ЯНОВІЧ KRYNKI 2005 Выдавецкае афармленьне ЮРКА ХМЯЛЕЎСКІ Editor: STOWARZYSZENIE VILLA SOKRATES 16-120 KRYNKI POLAND Phone: (0-xxxx-85) 722 81 44 E-mail: [email protected] Друк: OFFSET-PRINT BIAŁYSTOK © Copyright by Villa Sokrates ISSN 1640-3320 ЗЬМЕСТ – CONTENTS Ryszard Radzik: Die ideologischen Grundlagen des weißrussischen Staatswesens ....................................................................................................7 Sakrat Yanovich: Belarus tomorrow .................................................................31 Oleg Łatyszonek, Ales’ Bely: On the Scandinavian origin of Rahvalod ..........49 Nina Barscheuskaya: The way belarusian emigration treats ethnographic of Belarus ................................................................................65 Michael Fleming: The Belarusian minority in the 2002 Polish census..............83 Jan Maksymiuk: An Unclaimed Creative Potential or the Belarusians in the Bialystok Region as a Trlingual People ...............................................97 Ivan Burlyka: Do modern Belarusians care about the belarusian literature? ....................................................................................................105 Barbara Törnquist-Plewa: Language and Belarusian Nation-Building in the Light of Modern Theories on Nationalism .........................................109 Zoltán András: Az ófehérorosz Trisztán és Izolda-legenda dél-európai összefüggései ............................................................................ 119 Piatro Vasiuchenka: The outlines of artistic world of Sakrat Yanovich: chronotope, irony, symbol ............................................................................129 Leon Tarasewicz: The province is not to blame!..............................................137 Sokrat Janowicz: The Belarusian will emerge in time.....................................145 Arnold McMillin: Anatol Sys – a soul in torment ...........................................149 Ales Rasanau: Eroberer ...................................................................................179 Чэслаў Мілаш: Тое, і інш. .............................................................................213 Карэл Чапэк: Часы заняпаду, і інш. .............................................................253 Пэр Лагерквіст: Вызваленне ........................................................................263 Калевала ..........................................................................................................271 Ірляндская паэзія, (пераклады Алены Таболіч) ...........................................281 Ales Rasanau: On this Land ............................................................................286 Nil Hilevich: Late at night ................................................................................288 Філіп Ларкін: Дні, і інш. ...............................................................................289 Томас Транстромэр і інш., (са шведскай паэзіі) ........................................292 Бэртальт Брэхт: Пра спакушэньне анёлаў, і інш. .......................................299 Ёган Вольфганг Гётэ: XXIII .........................................................................301 Марні Вудроў: Сабачае жыцьцё ..................................................................303 Ryhor Baradulin: Kiedy witają się dusze ........................................................315 Łarysa Hienijuš: Noc, etc. ...............................................................................331 Eva Ściepaniuk: Bitter chocolate ....................................................................335 Czesław Seniuch: Monument ...........................................................................341 Ivan Burlyka: Contemporary change in Belarus: view from Sweden..............345 6 Ryszard Radzik Die ideologischen Grundlagen des weißrussischen Staatswesens Frühjahr 2004 erschien in Minsk ein akademisches Lehrbuch un- ter dem Titel „Die Grundlagen der Ideologie des weißrussischen Staates“.1 Der ziemlich großformatige Band enthält knapp 500 Im Seiten Text in russischer Sprache. Er erschien im Verlag der Ver- waltungsakademie am Präsidenten der Republik Weißrussland. Im „Vorwort“ ist zu lesen: „Die Ideologie soll zunächst den weltanschaulichen Kern enthalten.“ Nach der Auffassung der Autoren wird dieser Kern durch den Begriff der weißrussischen Staatsbürgerschaft, das nationale Bewusstsein und den Patriotismus gebildet (S. 4). Noch bevor man die Seiten dieses Buches aufschlägt, kann man sich die folgende Frage stellen: Ist es in einer demokratischen und plura- listischen Gesellschaft zulässig, dass man der akademischen Jugend, also der künf- tigen Elite des Landes, die Pfl icht auferlegt, nur eine, ideologisch durchdrungene 1 Основы идеологии белорусского государства. Учебное пособие для вузов, Минск 2004, 491 S. 7 Ryszard Radzik Vision, welche die Gesamtheit des gesellschaftlichen Lebens des Landes erfasst, zu internalisieren? Im Kontext dieser Frage wird davon ausgegangen, dass diese Vision im Lehrbuch ein kohärentes Ganzes bildet und keine Auseinandersetzung zwischen Anhängern verschiedener ideologischer Optionen darstellt. Wenn ein solches Lehrbuch ein Instrument politischer und ideologischer Indoktrinierung der Gesellschaft ist, muss die Antwort auf die hier gestellte Frage negativ ausfallen. Die Besonderheit der weißrussischen Gesellschaft (sie bildet einen zwingenden Kontext bei der Besprechung des Lehrbuches) erfordert jedoch – wie ich meine – eine gewisse Vertiefung in die weißrussische Wirklichkeit. Die klar überragende Mehrheit der Gesellschaften in Europa bildete sich in den letzten zwei Jahrhunder- ten als moderne Gemeinschaften in Anlehnung an die Idee der Nation heraus. Die nationalen Werte sicherten den Zusammenhalt dieser Gesellschaften, hierarchi- sierten (zumindest partiell) die Ziele der individuellen und kollektiven Aktivitäten, statteten die Gesellschaften mit einem Raum der Emotionen aus, bewogen sie zu einem Wettbewerb mit anderen Nationen und – was damit zusammenhängt – zur Bereitschaft für Aufopferungen im Zuge der Verwirklichung nationaler Interessen. Kulturnationen (wie etwa die Slowaken, Esten, Letten) formten sich rund um die eigene ethnische Kultur herum, insbesondere um die Sprache. Die politischen Na- tionen taten dies rund um die seit Jahrhunderten bestehenden staatlichen Struktu- ren und um die Tradition einer Loyalität gegenüber dem Staat herum, der ihnen im Laufe der Entwicklung in der Regel demokratische und wirtschaftliche Freiheiten gewährte. Den Weißrussen erlaubte man nicht, dass sie zu einer Nation werden. Es standen dahinter zunächst in der Zeit des Zarenimperiums und später der So- wjetunion die Russen und in der Zeit der zweiten polnischen Republik, zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen, die Polen. Die Weißrussen verfügen ebenfalls über keine starke Tradition eines ganz souveränen eigenen Staates. Die Weißrussen und die Ukrainer (aus der östlichen Ukraine und in hohem Grade auch aus dem mittleren Teil dieses Landes) bildeten sich im 20. Jahrhundert zu modernen Gesellschaften heraus, indem sie sich um Werte sowjetischen Typus gruppierten. Das Weißrussen- tum errichtete man auf einer bäuerlichen Grundlage, die von konservativen Werten und Verhaltensweisen durchdrungen war, mit der Neigung zum Sicheinschließen im Bereich des Hergebrachten. Es verbergen sich hinter ihm Millionen von Men- schen des Typs homo sovieticus. Das weißrussische Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl ist schwach und es kann ansonsten im Fall der Weißrussen fast kaum eine Rede von einer modernen nationalen Gemeinschaft europäischen Typus sein. Die Eigen- staatlichkeit erlangten sie sozusagen durch Zufall, ohne dass sie davon geträumt 8 oder aber – sei es auch nur unblutig – gekämpft hätten. Alles kam über sie quasi Die ideologischen Grundlagen... in der Folge historischer Turbulenzen, deren Zeuge Europa zu Beginn der 1990er Jahre war. Die Weißrussen waren damals nicht so wie etwa die Polen bereit, sich im Namen übergeordneter nationaler Interessen massenhaft aufzuopfern bzw. sich zu Massenprotesten aufzuschwingen. Nichtsdestoweniger entstanden in Weißrussland nach 13 Jahren formaler Un- abhängigkeit politische, wirtschaftliche und zuweilen auch nationale Gruppierun- gen, die am Fortbestand des weißrussischen Staatswesens interessiert sind. Die Machtausübung im eigenen Staat ist ja etwas Anderes als die Verwaltung eines rus- sischen Gouvernements. Denkbar ist also eine Situation, in der die Behörden des Landes zum Schluss kommen, dass die Gesellschaft ein ideologisches Bindemittel nötig habe, das starke Bindungen aufbauen und die Gesellschaft in ein Subjekt sich und den Nachbarn gegenüber verwandeln würde. Dies würde zur Stärkung des Staatswesens beitragen und den Staat mit dem Kontext der Autotelie verse- hen. Die staatliche Ideologie könnte dann nicht – wie es dem sowjetischen Modell entspräche – als ein Mittel der Herrschaft über die Gesellschaft dienen. Sie könnte auch nicht die sowjetischen Muster nachahmen – weder inhaltlich noch in der Art der Verbreitung – denn eben das sowjetische Erbe bildet den Hintergrund der Schwäche der weißrussischen gemeinschaftlichen Bezüge. Obwohl man also ver- muten kann, dass die Idee des Lehrbuches sowjetischer Provenienz ist, kann man sich andererseits vorstellen, dass sein Inhalt zur authentischen Errichtung einer modernen, starken Gemeinschaft der Weißrussen beitragen
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